grape-extra_validators 1.0.0

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.4.0/gems/grape-1.2.5/CONTRIBUTING.md

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+Contributing to Grape
+=====================
+
+Grape is work of [hundreds of contributors](https://github.com/ruby-grape/grape/graphs/contributors). You're encouraged to submit [pull requests](https://github.com/ruby-grape/grape/pulls), [propose features and discuss issues](https://github.com/ruby-grape/grape/issues). When in doubt, ask a question in the [Grape Google Group](http://groups.google.com/group/ruby-grape).
+
+#### Fork the Project
+
+Fork the [project on Github](https://github.com/ruby-grape/grape) and check out your copy.
+
+```
+git clone https://github.com/contributor/grape.git
+cd grape
+git remote add upstream https://github.com/ruby-grape/grape.git
+```
+
+#### Create a Topic Branch
+
+Make sure your fork is up-to-date and create a topic branch for your feature or bug fix.
+
+```
+git checkout master
+git pull upstream master
+git checkout -b my-feature-branch
+```
+
+#### Bundle Install and Test
+
+Ensure that you can build the project and run tests.
+
+```
+bundle install
+bundle exec rake
+```
+
+Run tests against all supported versions of Rails.
+
+```
+appraisal install
+appraisal rake spec
+```
+
+#### Write Tests
+
+Try to write a test that reproduces the problem you're trying to fix or describes a feature that you want to build. Add to [spec/grape](spec/grape).
+
+We definitely appreciate pull requests that highlight or reproduce a problem, even without a fix.
+
+#### Write Code
+
+Implement your feature or bug fix.
+
+Ruby style is enforced with [Rubocop](https://github.com/bbatsov/rubocop), run `bundle exec rubocop` and fix any style issues highlighted.
+
+Make sure that `bundle exec rake` completes without errors.
+
+#### Write Documentation
+
+Document any external behavior in the [README](README.md).
+
+#### Update Changelog
+
+Add a line to [CHANGELOG](CHANGELOG.md) under *Next Release*. Make it look like every other line, including your name and link to your Github account.
+
+#### Commit Changes
+
+Make sure git knows your name and email address:
+
+```
+git config --global user.name "Your Name"
+git config --global user.email "contributor@example.com"
+```
+
+Writing good commit logs is important. A commit log should describe what changed and why.
+
+```
+git add ...
+git commit
+```
+
+#### Push
+
+```
+git push origin my-feature-branch
+```
+
+#### Make a Pull Request
+
+Go to https://github.com/contributor/grape and select your feature branch. Click the 'Pull Request' button and fill out the form. Pull requests are usually reviewed within a few days.
+
+#### Rebase
+
+If you've been working on a change for a while, rebase with upstream/master.
+
+```
+git fetch upstream
+git rebase upstream/master
+git push origin my-feature-branch -f
+```
+
+#### Update CHANGELOG Again
+
+Update the [CHANGELOG](CHANGELOG.md) with the pull request number. A typical entry looks as follows.
+
+```
+* [#123](https://github.com/ruby-grape/grape/pull/123): Reticulated splines - [@contributor](https://github.com/contributor).
+```
+
+Amend your previous commit and force push the changes.
+
+```
+git commit --amend
+git push origin my-feature-branch -f
+```
+
+#### Check on Your Pull Request
+
+Go back to your pull request after a few minutes and see whether it passed muster with Travis-CI. Everything should look green, otherwise fix issues and amend your commit as described above.
+
+#### Be Patient
+
+It's likely that your change will not be merged and that the nitpicky maintainers will ask you to do more, or fix seemingly benign problems. Hang on there!
+
+#### Thank You
+
+Please do know that we really appreciate and value your time and work. We love you, really.

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.4.0/gems/grape-1.2.5/LICENSE

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+Copyright (c) 2010-2019 Michael Bleigh, Intridea Inc. and Contributors.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.4.0/gems/grape-1.2.5/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3868 @@
+![grape logo](grape.png)
+
+[![Gem Version](https://badge.fury.io/rb/grape.svg)](http://badge.fury.io/rb/grape)
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/ruby-grape/grape.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/ruby-grape/grape)
+[![Code Climate](https://codeclimate.com/github/ruby-grape/grape.svg)](https://codeclimate.com/github/ruby-grape/grape)
+[![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/github/ruby-grape/grape/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/github/ruby-grape/grape?branch=master)
+[![Inline docs](https://inch-ci.org/github/ruby-grape/grape.svg)](https://inch-ci.org/github/ruby-grape/grape)
+[![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/ruby-grape/grape](https://badges.gitter.im/ruby-grape/grape.svg)](https://gitter.im/ruby-grape/grape?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+- [What is Grape?](#what-is-grape)
+- [Stable Release](#stable-release)
+- [Project Resources](#project-resources)
+- [Installation](#installation)
+- [Basic Usage](#basic-usage)
+- [Mounting](#mounting)
+  - [All](#all)
+  - [Rack](#rack)
+  - [ActiveRecord without Rails](#activerecord-without-rails)
+  - [Alongside Sinatra (or other frameworks)](#alongside-sinatra-or-other-frameworks)
+  - [Rails](#rails)
+    - [Rails < 5.2](#rails--52)
+    - [Rails 6.0](#rails-60)
+  - [Modules](#modules)
+- [Remounting](#remounting)
+  - [Mount Configuration](#mount-configuration)
+- [Versioning](#versioning)
+  - [Path](#path)
+  - [Header](#header)
+  - [Accept-Version Header](#accept-version-header)
+  - [Param](#param)
+- [Describing Methods](#describing-methods)
+- [Configuration](#configuration)
+- [Parameters](#parameters)
+  - [Params Class](#params-class)
+  - [Declared](#declared)
+  - [Include Parent Namespaces](#include-parent-namespaces)
+  - [Include Missing](#include-missing)
+- [Parameter Validation and Coercion](#parameter-validation-and-coercion)
+  - [Supported Parameter Types](#supported-parameter-types)
+  - [Integer/Fixnum and Coercions](#integerfixnum-and-coercions)
+  - [Custom Types and Coercions](#custom-types-and-coercions)
+  - [Multipart File Parameters](#multipart-file-parameters)
+  - [First-Class JSON Types](#first-class-json-types)
+  - [Multiple Allowed Types](#multiple-allowed-types)
+  - [Validation of Nested Parameters](#validation-of-nested-parameters)
+  - [Dependent Parameters](#dependent-parameters)
+  - [Group Options](#group-options)
+  - [Renaming](#renaming)
+  - [Built-in Validators](#built-in-validators)
+    - [allow_blank](#allow_blank)
+    - [values](#values)
+    - [except_values](#except_values)
+    - [same_as](#same_as)
+    - [regexp](#regexp)
+    - [mutually_exclusive](#mutually_exclusive)
+    - [exactly_one_of](#exactly_one_of)
+    - [at_least_one_of](#at_least_one_of)
+    - [all_or_none_of](#all_or_none_of)
+    - [Nested mutually_exclusive, exactly_one_of, at_least_one_of, all_or_none_of](#nested-mutually_exclusive-exactly_one_of-at_least_one_of-all_or_none_of)
+  - [Namespace Validation and Coercion](#namespace-validation-and-coercion)
+  - [Custom Validators](#custom-validators)
+  - [Validation Errors](#validation-errors)
+  - [I18n](#i18n)
+  - [Custom Validation messages](#custom-validation-messages)
+    - [presence, allow_blank, values, regexp](#presence-allow_blank-values-regexp)
+    - [same_as](#same_as-1)
+    - [all_or_none_of](#all_or_none_of-1)
+    - [mutually_exclusive](#mutually_exclusive-1)
+    - [exactly_one_of](#exactly_one_of-1)
+    - [at_least_one_of](#at_least_one_of-1)
+    - [Coerce](#coerce)
+    - [With Lambdas](#with-lambdas)
+    - [Pass symbols for i18n translations](#pass-symbols-for-i18n-translations)
+    - [Overriding Attribute Names](#overriding-attribute-names)
+    - [With Default](#with-default)
+- [Headers](#headers)
+  - [Request](#request)
+    - [Header Case Handling](#header-case-handling)
+  - [Response](#response)
+- [Routes](#routes)
+- [Helpers](#helpers)
+- [Path Helpers](#path-helpers)
+- [Parameter Documentation](#parameter-documentation)
+- [Cookies](#cookies)
+- [HTTP Status Code](#http-status-code)
+- [Redirecting](#redirecting)
+- [Recognizing Path](#recognizing-path)
+- [Allowed Methods](#allowed-methods)
+- [Raising Exceptions](#raising-exceptions)
+  - [Default Error HTTP Status Code](#default-error-http-status-code)
+  - [Handling 404](#handling-404)
+- [Exception Handling](#exception-handling)
+    - [Rescuing exceptions inside namespaces](#rescuing-exceptions-inside-namespaces)
+    - [Unrescuable Exceptions](#unrescuable-exceptions)
+    - [Exceptions that should be rescued explicitly](#exceptions-that-should-be-rescued-explicitly)
+  - [Rails 3.x](#rails-3x)
+- [Logging](#logging)
+- [API Formats](#api-formats)
+  - [JSONP](#jsonp)
+  - [CORS](#cors)
+- [Content-type](#content-type)
+- [API Data Formats](#api-data-formats)
+- [JSON and XML Processors](#json-and-xml-processors)
+- [RESTful Model Representations](#restful-model-representations)
+  - [Grape Entities](#grape-entities)
+  - [Hypermedia and Roar](#hypermedia-and-roar)
+  - [Rabl](#rabl)
+  - [Active Model Serializers](#active-model-serializers)
+- [Sending Raw or No Data](#sending-raw-or-no-data)
+- [Authentication](#authentication)
+  - [Basic and Digest Auth](#basic-and-digest-auth)
+  - [Register custom middleware for authentication](#register-custom-middleware-for-authentication)
+- [Describing and Inspecting an API](#describing-and-inspecting-an-api)
+- [Current Route and Endpoint](#current-route-and-endpoint)
+- [Before, After and Finally](#before-after-and-finally)
+- [Anchoring](#anchoring)
+- [Using Custom Middleware](#using-custom-middleware)
+  - [Grape Middleware](#grape-middleware)
+  - [Rails Middleware](#rails-middleware)
+  - [Remote IP](#remote-ip)
+- [Writing Tests](#writing-tests)
+  - [Writing Tests with Rack](#writing-tests-with-rack)
+    - [RSpec](#rspec)
+    - [Airborne](#airborne)
+    - [MiniTest](#minitest)
+  - [Writing Tests with Rails](#writing-tests-with-rails)
+    - [RSpec](#rspec-1)
+    - [MiniTest](#minitest-1)
+  - [Stubbing Helpers](#stubbing-helpers)
+- [Reloading API Changes in Development](#reloading-api-changes-in-development)
+  - [Reloading in Rack Applications](#reloading-in-rack-applications)
+  - [Reloading in Rails Applications](#reloading-in-rails-applications)
+- [Performance Monitoring](#performance-monitoring)
+  - [Active Support Instrumentation](#active-support-instrumentation)
+    - [endpoint_run.grape](#endpoint_rungrape)
+    - [endpoint_render.grape](#endpoint_rendergrape)
+    - [endpoint_run_filters.grape](#endpoint_run_filtersgrape)
+    - [endpoint_run_validators.grape](#endpoint_run_validatorsgrape)
+    - [format_response.grape](#format_responsegrape)
+  - [Monitoring Products](#monitoring-products)
+- [Contributing to Grape](#contributing-to-grape)
+- [License](#license)
+- [Copyright](#copyright)
+
+## What is Grape?
+
+Grape is a REST-like API framework for Ruby. It's designed to run on Rack
+or complement existing web application frameworks such as Rails and Sinatra by
+providing a simple DSL to easily develop RESTful APIs. It has built-in support
+for common conventions, including multiple formats, subdomain/prefix restriction,
+content negotiation, versioning and much more.
+
+## Stable Release
+
+You're reading the documentation for the stable release of Grape, **1.2.5**.
+Please read [UPGRADING](UPGRADING.md) when upgrading from a previous version.
+
+## Project Resources
+
+* [Grape Website](http://www.ruby-grape.org)
+* [Documentation](http://www.rubydoc.info/gems/grape)
+* Need help? Try [Grape Google Group](http://groups.google.com/group/ruby-grape) or [Gitter](https://gitter.im/ruby-grape/grape)
+* [Follow us on Twitter](https://twitter.com/grapeframework)
+
+## Installation
+
+Grape is available as a gem, to install it just install the gem:
+
+    gem install grape
+
+If you're using Bundler, add the gem to Gemfile.
+
+    gem 'grape'
+
+Run `bundle install`.
+
+## Basic Usage
+
+Grape APIs are Rack applications that are created by subclassing `Grape::API`.
+Below is a simple example showing some of the more common features of Grape in
+the context of recreating parts of the Twitter API.
+
+```ruby
+module Twitter
+  class API < Grape::API
+    version 'v1', using: :header, vendor: 'twitter'
+    format :json
+    prefix :api
+
+    helpers do
+      def current_user
+        @current_user ||= User.authorize!(env)
+      end
+
+      def authenticate!
+        error!('401 Unauthorized', 401) unless current_user
+      end
+    end
+
+    resource :statuses do
+      desc 'Return a public timeline.'
+      get :public_timeline do
+        Status.limit(20)
+      end
+
+      desc 'Return a personal timeline.'
+      get :home_timeline do
+        authenticate!
+        current_user.statuses.limit(20)
+      end
+
+      desc 'Return a status.'
+      params do
+        requires :id, type: Integer, desc: 'Status ID.'
+      end
+      route_param :id do
+        get do
+          Status.find(params[:id])
+        end
+      end
+
+      desc 'Create a status.'
+      params do
+        requires :status, type: String, desc: 'Your status.'
+      end
+      post do
+        authenticate!
+        Status.create!({
+          user: current_user,
+          text: params[:status]
+        })
+      end
+
+      desc 'Update a status.'
+      params do
+        requires :id, type: String, desc: 'Status ID.'
+        requires :status, type: String, desc: 'Your status.'
+      end
+      put ':id' do
+        authenticate!
+        current_user.statuses.find(params[:id]).update({
+          user: current_user,
+          text: params[:status]
+        })
+      end
+
+      desc 'Delete a status.'
+      params do
+        requires :id, type: String, desc: 'Status ID.'
+      end
+      delete ':id' do
+        authenticate!
+        current_user.statuses.find(params[:id]).destroy
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+## Mounting
+
+### All
+
+
+By default Grape will compile the routes on the first route, it is possible to pre-load routes using the `compile!` method.
+
+```ruby
+Twitter::API.compile!
+```
+
+This can be added to your `config.ru` (if using rackup), `application.rb` (if using rails), or any file that loads your server.
+
+### Rack
+
+The above sample creates a Rack application that can be run from a rackup `config.ru` file
+with `rackup`:
+
+```ruby
+run Twitter::API
+```
+
+(With pre-loading you can use)
+
+```ruby
+Twitter::API.compile!
+run Twitter::API
+```
+
+And would respond to the following routes:
+
+    GET /api/statuses/public_timeline
+    GET /api/statuses/home_timeline
+    GET /api/statuses/:id
+    POST /api/statuses
+    PUT /api/statuses/:id
+    DELETE /api/statuses/:id
+
+Grape will also automatically respond to HEAD and OPTIONS for all GET, and just OPTIONS for all other routes.
+
+### ActiveRecord without Rails
+
+If you want to use ActiveRecord within Grape, you will need to make sure that ActiveRecord's connection pool
+is handled correctly.
+
+The easiest way to achieve that is by using ActiveRecord's `ConnectionManagement` middleware in your
+`config.ru` before mounting Grape, e.g.:
+
+```ruby
+use ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement
+
+run Twitter::API
+```
+
+### Alongside Sinatra (or other frameworks)
+
+If you wish to mount Grape alongside another Rack framework such as Sinatra, you can do so easily using
+`Rack::Cascade`:
+
+```ruby
+# Example config.ru
+
+require 'sinatra'
+require 'grape'
+
+class API < Grape::API
+  get :hello do
+    { hello: 'world' }
+  end
+end
+
+class Web < Sinatra::Base
+  get '/' do
+    'Hello world.'
+  end
+end
+
+use Rack::Session::Cookie
+run Rack::Cascade.new [API, Web]
+```
+
+### Rails
+
+Place API files into `app/api`. Rails expects a subdirectory that matches the name of the Ruby module and a file name that matches the name of the class. In our example, the file name location and directory for `Twitter::API` should be `app/api/twitter/api.rb`.
+
+Modify `config/routes`:
+
+```ruby
+mount Twitter::API => '/'
+```
+
+#### Rails < 5.2
+
+Modify `application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+config.paths.add File.join('app', 'api'), glob: File.join('**', '*.rb')
+config.autoload_paths += Dir[Rails.root.join('app', 'api', '*')]
+```
+
+See [below](#reloading-api-changes-in-development) for additional code that enables reloading of API changes in development.
+
+#### Rails 6.0
+
+For Rails versions greater than 6.0.0.beta2, `Zeitwerk` autoloader is the default for CRuby. By default `Zeitwerk` inflects `api` as `Api` instead of `API`. To make our example work, you need to uncomment the lines at the bottom of `config/initializers/inflections.rb`, and add `API` as an acronym:
+
+```ruby
+ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections(:en) do |inflect|
+  inflect.acronym 'API'
+end
+```
+
+### Modules
+
+You can mount multiple API implementations inside another one. These don't have to be
+different versions, but may be components of the same API.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  mount Twitter::APIv1
+  mount Twitter::APIv2
+end
+```
+
+You can also mount on a path, which is similar to using `prefix` inside the mounted API itself.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  mount Twitter::APIv1 => '/v1'
+end
+```
+
+Keep in mind such declarations as `before/after/rescue_from` must be placed before `mount` in a case where they should be inherited.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  before do
+    header 'X-Base-Header', 'will be defined for all APIs that are mounted below'
+  end
+
+  mount Twitter::Users
+  mount Twitter::Search
+end
+```
+
+## Remounting
+
+You can mount the same endpoints in two different locations.
+
+```ruby
+class Voting::API < Grape::API
+  namespace 'votes' do
+    get do
+      # Your logic
+    end
+
+    post do
+      # Your logic
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class Post::API < Grape::API
+  mount Voting::API
+end
+
+class Comment::API < Grape::API
+  mount Voting::API
+end
+```
+
+Assuming that the post and comment endpoints are mounted in `/posts` and `/comments`, you should now be able to do `get /posts/votes`, `post /posts/votes`, `get /comments/votes` and `post /comments/votes`.
+
+### Mount Configuration
+
+You can configure remountable endpoints to change how they behave according to where they are mounted.
+
+```ruby
+class Voting::API < Grape::API
+  namespace 'votes' do
+    desc "Vote for your #{configuration[:votable]}"
+    get do
+      # Your logic
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class Post::API < Grape::API
+  mount Voting::API, with: { votable: 'posts' }
+end
+
+class Comment::API < Grape::API
+  mount Voting::API, with: { votable: 'comments' }
+end
+```
+
+Note that if you're passing a hash as the first parameter to `mount`, you will need to explicitly put `()` around parameters:
+```ruby
+# good
+mount({ ::Some::Api => '/some/api' }, with: { condition: true })
+
+# bad
+mount ::Some::Api => '/some/api', with: { condition: true }
+```
+
+You can access `configuration` on the class (to use as dynamic attributes), inside blocks (like namespace)
+
+If you want logic happening given on an `configuration`, you can use the helper `given`.
+
+```ruby
+class ConditionalEndpoint::API < Grape::API
+  given configuration[:some_setting] do
+    get 'mount_this_endpoint_conditionally' do
+      configuration[:configurable_response]
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you want a block of logic running every time an endpoint is mounted (within which you can access the `configuration` Hash)
+
+
+```ruby
+class ConditionalEndpoint::API < Grape::API
+  mounted do
+    YourLogger.info "This API was mounted at: #{Time.now}"
+
+    get configuration[:endpoint_name] do
+      configuration[:configurable_response]
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+More complex results can be achieved by using `mounted` as an expression within which the `configuration` is already evaluated as a Hash.
+
+```ruby
+class ExpressionEndpointAPI < Grape::API
+  get(mounted { configuration[:route_name] || 'default_name' }) do
+    # some logic
+  end
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+class BasicAPI < Grape::API
+  desc 'Statuses index' do
+    params: mounted { configuration[:entity] || API::Entities::Status }.documentation
+  end
+  params do
+    requires :all, using: mounted { configuration[:entity] || API::Entities::Status }.documentation
+  end
+  get '/statuses' do
+    statuses = Status.all
+    type = current_user.admin? ? :full : :default
+    present statuses, with: mounted { configuration[:entity] || API::Entities::Status }, type: type
+  end
+end
+
+class V1 < Grape::API
+  version 'v1'
+  mount BasicAPI, with: { entity: mounted { configuration[:entity] || API::Enitities::Status } }
+end
+
+class V2 < Grape::API
+  version 'v2'
+  mount BasicAPI, with: { entity: mounted { configuration[:entity] || API::Enitities::V2::Status } }
+end
+```
+
+## Versioning
+
+There are four strategies in which clients can reach your API's endpoints: `:path`,
+`:header`, `:accept_version_header` and `:param`. The default strategy is `:path`.
+
+### Path
+
+```ruby
+version 'v1', using: :path
+```
+
+Using this versioning strategy, clients should pass the desired version in the URL.
+
+    curl http://localhost:9292/v1/statuses/public_timeline
+
+### Header
+
+```ruby
+version 'v1', using: :header, vendor: 'twitter'
+```
+
+Currently, Grape only supports versioned media types in the following format:
+
+```
+vnd.vendor-and-or-resource-v1234+format
+```
+
+Basically all tokens between the final `-` and the `+` will be interpreted as the version.
+
+Using this versioning strategy, clients should pass the desired version in the HTTP `Accept` head.
+
+    curl -H Accept:application/vnd.twitter-v1+json http://localhost:9292/statuses/public_timeline
+
+By default, the first matching version is used when no `Accept` header is
+supplied. This behavior is similar to routing in Rails. To circumvent this default behavior,
+one could use the `:strict` option. When this option is set to `true`, a `406 Not Acceptable` error
+is returned when no correct `Accept` header is supplied.
+
+When an invalid `Accept` header is supplied, a `406 Not Acceptable` error is returned if the `:cascade`
+option is set to `false`. Otherwise a `404 Not Found` error is returned by Rack if no other route
+matches.
+
+### Accept-Version Header
+
+```ruby
+version 'v1', using: :accept_version_header
+```
+
+Using this versioning strategy, clients should pass the desired version in the HTTP `Accept-Version` header.
+
+    curl -H "Accept-Version:v1" http://localhost:9292/statuses/public_timeline
+
+By default, the first matching version is used when no `Accept-Version` header is
+supplied. This behavior is similar to routing in Rails. To circumvent this default behavior,
+one could use the `:strict` option. When this option is set to `true`, a `406 Not Acceptable` error
+is returned when no correct `Accept` header is supplied and the `:cascade` option is set to `false`.
+Otherwise a `404 Not Found` error is returned by Rack if no other route matches.
+
+### Param
+
+```ruby
+version 'v1', using: :param
+```
+
+Using this versioning strategy, clients should pass the desired version as a request parameter,
+either in the URL query string or in the request body.
+
+    curl http://localhost:9292/statuses/public_timeline?apiver=v1
+
+The default name for the query parameter is 'apiver' but can be specified using the `:parameter` option.
+
+```ruby
+version 'v1', using: :param, parameter: 'v'
+```
+
+    curl http://localhost:9292/statuses/public_timeline?v=v1
+
+
+## Describing Methods
+
+You can add a description to API methods and namespaces. The description would be used by [grape-swagger][grape-swagger] to generate swagger compliant documentation.
+
+Note: Description block is only for documentation and won't affects API behavior.
+
+```ruby
+desc 'Returns your public timeline.' do
+  summary 'summary'
+  detail 'more details'
+  params  API::Entities::Status.documentation
+  success API::Entities::Entity
+  failure [[401, 'Unauthorized', 'Entities::Error']]
+  named 'My named route'
+  headers XAuthToken: {
+            description: 'Validates your identity',
+            required: true
+          },
+          XOptionalHeader: {
+            description: 'Not really needed',
+            required: false
+          }
+  hidden false
+  deprecated false
+  is_array true
+  nickname 'nickname'
+  produces ['application/json']
+  consumes ['application/json']
+  tags ['tag1', 'tag2']
+end
+get :public_timeline do
+  Status.limit(20)
+end
+```
+
+* `detail`: A more enhanced description
+* `params`: Define parameters directly from an `Entity`
+* `success`: (former entity) The `Entity` to be used to present by default this route
+* `failure`: (former http_codes) A definition of the used failure HTTP Codes and Entities
+* `named`: A helper to give a route a name and find it with this name in the documentation Hash
+* `headers`: A definition of the used Headers
+* Other options can be found in [grape-swagger][grape-swagger]
+
+[grape-swagger]: https://github.com/ruby-grape/grape-swagger
+
+## Configuration
+
+Use `Grape.configure` to set up global settings at load time.
+Currently the configurable settings are:
+
+* `param_builder`: Sets the [Parameter Builder](#parameters), defaults to `Grape::Extensions::ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess::ParamBuilder`.
+
+To change a setting value make sure that at some point during load time the following code runs
+
+```ruby
+Grape.configure do |config|
+  config.setting = value
+end
+```
+
+For example, for the `param_builder`, the following code could run in an initializer:
+
+```ruby
+Grape.configure do |config|
+  config.param_builder = Grape::Extensions::Hashie::Mash::ParamBuilder
+end
+```
+
+You can also configure a single API:
+
+```ruby
+API.configure do |config|
+  config[key] = value
+end
+```
+
+This will be available inside the API with `configuration`, as if it were
+[mount configuration](#mount-configuration).
+
+## Parameters
+
+Request parameters are available through the `params` hash object. This includes `GET`, `POST`
+and `PUT` parameters, along with any named parameters you specify in your route strings.
+
+```ruby
+get :public_timeline do
+  Status.order(params[:sort_by])
+end
+```
+
+Parameters are automatically populated from the request body on `POST` and `PUT` for form input, JSON and
+XML content-types.
+
+The request:
+
+```
+curl -d '{"text": "140 characters"}' 'http://localhost:9292/statuses' -H Content-Type:application/json -v
+```
+
+The Grape endpoint:
+
+```ruby
+post '/statuses' do
+  Status.create!(text: params[:text])
+end
+```
+
+Multipart POSTs and PUTs are supported as well.
+
+The request:
+
+```
+curl --form image_file='@image.jpg;type=image/jpg' http://localhost:9292/upload
+```
+
+The Grape endpoint:
+
+```ruby
+post 'upload' do
+  # file in params[:image_file]
+end
+```
+
+In the case of conflict between either of:
+
+* route string parameters
+* `GET`, `POST` and `PUT` parameters
+* the contents of the request body on `POST` and `PUT`
+
+Route string parameters will have precedence.
+
+### Params Class
+
+By default parameters are available as `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess`. This can be changed to, for example, Ruby `Hash` or `Hashie::Mash` for the entire API.
+
+```ruby
+class API < Grape::API
+  include Grape::Extensions::Hashie::Mash::ParamBuilder
+
+  params do
+    optional :color, type: String
+  end
+  get do
+    params.color # instead of params[:color]
+  end
+```
+
+The class can also be overridden on individual parameter blocks using `build_with` as follows.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  build_with Grape::Extensions::Hash::ParamBuilder
+  optional :color, type: String
+end
+```
+
+Or globally with the [Configuration](#configuration) `Grape.configure.param_builder`.
+
+In the example above, `params["color"]` will return `nil` since `params` is a plain `Hash`.
+
+Available parameter builders are `Grape::Extensions::Hash::ParamBuilder`, `Grape::Extensions::ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess::ParamBuilder` and `Grape::Extensions::Hashie::Mash::ParamBuilder`.
+
+### Declared
+
+Grape allows you to access only the parameters that have been declared by your `params` block. It filters out the params that have been passed, but are not allowed. Consider the following API endpoint:
+
+````ruby
+format :json
+
+post 'users/signup' do
+  { 'declared_params' => declared(params) }
+end
+````
+
+If you do not specify any parameters, `declared` will return an empty hash.
+
+**Request**
+
+````bash
+curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" localhost:9292/users/signup -d '{"user": {"first_name":"first name", "last_name": "last name"}}'
+````
+
+**Response**
+
+````json
+{
+  "declared_params": {}
+}
+
+````
+
+Once we add parameters requirements, grape will start returning only the declared parameters.
+
+````ruby
+format :json
+
+params do
+  requires :user, type: Hash do
+    requires :first_name, type: String
+    requires :last_name, type: String
+  end
+end
+
+post 'users/signup' do
+  { 'declared_params' => declared(params) }
+end
+````
+
+**Request**
+
+````bash
+curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" localhost:9292/users/signup -d '{"user": {"first_name":"first name", "last_name": "last name", "random": "never shown"}}'
+````
+
+**Response**
+
+````json
+{
+  "declared_params": {
+    "user": {
+      "first_name": "first name",
+      "last_name": "last name"
+    }
+  }
+}
+````
+
+The returned hash is an `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess`.
+
+The `#declared` method is not available to `before` filters, as those are evaluated prior to parameter coercion.
+
+### Include Parent Namespaces
+
+By default `declared(params)` includes parameters that were defined in all parent namespaces. If you want to return only parameters from your current namespace, you can set `include_parent_namespaces` option to `false`.
+
+````ruby
+format :json
+
+namespace :parent do
+  params do
+    requires :parent_name, type: String
+  end
+
+  namespace ':parent_name' do
+    params do
+      requires :child_name, type: String
+    end
+    get ':child_name' do
+      {
+        'without_parent_namespaces' => declared(params, include_parent_namespaces: false),
+        'with_parent_namespaces' => declared(params, include_parent_namespaces: true),
+      }
+    end
+  end
+end
+````
+
+**Request**
+
+````bash
+curl -X GET -H "Content-Type: application/json" localhost:9292/parent/foo/bar
+````
+
+**Response**
+
+````json
+{
+  "without_parent_namespaces": {
+    "child_name": "bar"
+  },
+  "with_parent_namespaces": {
+    "parent_name": "foo",
+    "child_name": "bar"
+  },
+}
+````
+
+### Include Missing
+
+By default `declared(params)` includes parameters that have `nil` values. If you want to return only the parameters that are not `nil`, you can use the `include_missing` option. By default, `include_missing` is set to `true`. Consider the following API:
+
+````ruby
+format :json
+
+params do
+  requires :first_name, type: String
+  optional :last_name, type: String
+end
+
+post 'users/signup' do
+  { 'declared_params' => declared(params, include_missing: false) }
+end
+````
+
+**Request**
+
+````bash
+curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" localhost:9292/users/signup -d '{"user": {"first_name":"first name", "random": "never shown"}}'
+````
+
+**Response with include_missing:false**
+
+````json
+{
+  "declared_params": {
+    "user": {
+      "first_name": "first name"
+    }
+  }
+}
+````
+
+**Response with include_missing:true**
+
+````json
+{
+  "declared_params": {
+    "first_name": "first name",
+    "last_name": null
+  }
+}
+````
+
+It also works on nested hashes:
+
+````ruby
+format :json
+
+params do
+  requires :user, type: Hash do
+    requires :first_name, type: String
+    optional :last_name, type: String
+    requires :address, type: Hash do
+      requires :city, type: String
+      optional :region, type: String
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+post 'users/signup' do
+  { 'declared_params' => declared(params, include_missing: false) }
+end
+````
+
+**Request**
+
+````bash
+curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" localhost:9292/users/signup -d '{"user": {"first_name":"first name", "random": "never shown", "address": { "city": "SF"}}}'
+````
+
+**Response with include_missing:false**
+
+````json
+{
+  "declared_params": {
+    "user": {
+      "first_name": "first name",
+      "address": {
+        "city": "SF"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+````
+
+**Response with include_missing:true**
+
+````json
+{
+  "declared_params": {
+    "user": {
+      "first_name": "first name",
+      "last_name": null,
+      "address": {
+        "city": "Zurich",
+        "region": null
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+````
+
+Note that an attribute with a `nil` value is not considered *missing* and will also be returned
+when `include_missing` is set to `false`:
+
+**Request**
+
+````bash
+curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" localhost:9292/users/signup -d '{"user": {"first_name":"first name", "last_name": null, "address": { "city": "SF"}}}'
+````
+
+**Response with include_missing:false**
+
+````json
+{
+  "declared_params": {
+    "user": {
+      "first_name": "first name",
+      "last_name": null,
+      "address": { "city": "SF"}
+    }
+  }
+}
+````
+
+## Parameter Validation and Coercion
+
+You can define validations and coercion options for your parameters using a `params` block.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :id, type: Integer
+  optional :text, type: String, regexp: /\A[a-z]+\z/
+  group :media, type: Hash do
+    requires :url
+  end
+  optional :audio, type: Hash do
+    requires :format, type: Symbol, values: [:mp3, :wav, :aac, :ogg], default: :mp3
+  end
+  mutually_exclusive :media, :audio
+end
+put ':id' do
+  # params[:id] is an Integer
+end
+```
+
+When a type is specified an implicit validation is done after the coercion to ensure
+the output type is the one declared.
+
+Optional parameters can have a default value.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  optional :color, type: String, default: 'blue'
+  optional :random_number, type: Integer, default: -> { Random.rand(1..100) }
+  optional :non_random_number, type: Integer, default:  Random.rand(1..100)
+end
+```
+
+Note that default values will be passed through to any validation options specified.
+The following example will always fail if `:color` is not explicitly provided.
+
+Default values are eagerly evaluated. Above `:non_random_number` will evaluate to the same
+number for each call to the endpoint of this `params` block. To have the default evaluate
+lazily with each request use a lambda, like `:random_number` above.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  optional :color, type: String, default: 'blue', values: ['red', 'green']
+end
+```
+
+The correct implementation is to ensure the default value passes all validations.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  optional :color, type: String, default: 'blue', values: ['blue', 'red', 'green']
+end
+```
+
+### Supported Parameter Types
+
+The following are all valid types, supported out of the box by Grape:
+
+* Integer
+* Float
+* BigDecimal
+* Numeric
+* Date
+* DateTime
+* Time
+* Boolean
+* String
+* Symbol
+* Rack::Multipart::UploadedFile (alias `File`)
+* JSON
+
+### Integer/Fixnum and Coercions
+
+Please be aware that the behavior differs between Ruby 2.4 and earlier versions.
+In Ruby 2.4, values consisting of numbers are converted to Integer, but in earlier versions it will be treated as Fixnum.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :integers, type: Hash do
+    requires :int, coerce: Integer
+  end
+end
+get '/int' do
+  params[:integers][:int].class
+end
+
+...
+
+get '/int' integers: { int: '45' }
+  #=> Integer in ruby 2.4
+  #=> Fixnum in earlier ruby versions
+```
+
+### Custom Types and Coercions
+
+Aside from the default set of supported types listed above, any class can be
+used as a type as long as an explicit coercion method is supplied. If the type
+implements a class-level `parse` method, Grape will use it automatically.
+This method must take one string argument and return an instance of the correct
+type, or raise an exception to indicate the value was invalid. E.g.,
+
+```ruby
+class Color
+  attr_reader :value
+  def initialize(color)
+    @value = color
+  end
+
+  def self.parse(value)
+    fail 'Invalid color' unless %w(blue red green).include?(value)
+    new(value)
+  end
+end
+
+params do
+  requires :color, type: Color, default: Color.new('blue')
+  requires :more_colors, type: Array[Color] # Collections work
+  optional :unique_colors, type: Set[Color] # Duplicates discarded
+end
+
+get '/stuff' do
+  # params[:color] is already a Color.
+  params[:color].value
+end
+```
+
+Alternatively, a custom coercion method may be supplied for any type of parameter
+using `coerce_with`. Any class or object may be given that implements a `parse` or
+`call` method, in that order of precedence. The method must accept a single string
+parameter, and the return value must match the given `type`.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :passwd, type: String, coerce_with: Base64.method(:decode64)
+  requires :loud_color, type: Color, coerce_with: ->(c) { Color.parse(c.downcase) }
+
+  requires :obj, type: Hash, coerce_with: JSON do
+    requires :words, type: Array[String], coerce_with: ->(val) { val.split(/\s+/) }
+    optional :time, type: Time, coerce_with: Chronic
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Example of use of `coerce_with` with a lambda (a class with a `parse` method could also have been used)
+It will parse a string and return an Array of Integers, matching the `Array[Integer]` `type`.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :values, type: Array[Integer], coerce_with: ->(val) { val.split(/\s+/).map(&:to_i) }
+end
+```
+
+Grape will assert that coerced values match the given `type`, and will reject the request
+if they do not. To override this behaviour, custom types may implement a `parsed?` method
+that should accept a single argument and return `true` if the value passes type validation.
+
+```ruby
+class SecureUri
+  def self.parse(value)
+    URI.parse value
+  end
+
+  def self.parsed?(value)
+    value.is_a? URI::HTTPS
+  end
+end
+
+params do
+  requires :secure_uri, type: SecureUri
+end
+```
+
+### Multipart File Parameters
+
+Grape makes use of `Rack::Request`'s built-in support for multipart file parameters. Such parameters can be declared with `type: File`:
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :avatar, type: File
+end
+post '/' do
+  params[:avatar][:filename] # => 'avatar.png'
+  params[:avatar][:type] # => 'image/png'
+  params[:avatar][:tempfile] # => #<File>
+end
+```
+
+### First-Class `JSON` Types
+
+Grape supports complex parameters given as JSON-formatted strings using the special `type: JSON`
+declaration. JSON objects and arrays of objects are accepted equally, with nested validation
+rules applied to all objects in either case:
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :json, type: JSON do
+    requires :int, type: Integer, values: [1, 2, 3]
+  end
+end
+get '/' do
+  params[:json].inspect
+end
+
+client.get('/', json: '{"int":1}') # => "{:int=>1}"
+client.get('/', json: '[{"int":"1"}]') # => "[{:int=>1}]"
+
+client.get('/', json: '{"int":4}') # => HTTP 400
+client.get('/', json: '[{"int":4}]') # => HTTP 400
+```
+
+Additionally `type: Array[JSON]` may be used, which explicitly marks the parameter as an array
+of objects. If a single object is supplied it will be wrapped.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :json, type: Array[JSON] do
+    requires :int, type: Integer
+  end
+end
+get '/' do
+  params[:json].each { |obj| ... } # always works
+end
+```
+For stricter control over the type of JSON structure which may be supplied,
+use `type: Array, coerce_with: JSON` or `type: Hash, coerce_with: JSON`.
+
+### Multiple Allowed Types
+
+Variant-type parameters can be declared using the `types` option rather than `type`:
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :status_code, types: [Integer, String, Array[Integer, String]]
+end
+get '/' do
+  params[:status_code].inspect
+end
+
+client.get('/', status_code: 'OK_GOOD') # => "OK_GOOD"
+client.get('/', status_code: 300) # => 300
+client.get('/', status_code: %w(404 NOT FOUND)) # => [404, "NOT", "FOUND"]
+```
+
+As a special case, variant-member-type collections may also be declared, by
+passing a `Set` or `Array` with more than one member to `type`:
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :status_codes, type: Array[Integer,String]
+end
+get '/' do
+  params[:status_codes].inspect
+end
+
+client.get('/', status_codes: %w(1 two)) # => [1, "two"]
+```
+
+### Validation of Nested Parameters
+
+Parameters can be nested using `group` or by calling `requires` or `optional` with a block.
+In the [above example](#parameter-validation-and-coercion), this means `params[:media][:url]` is required along with `params[:id]`,
+and `params[:audio][:format]` is required only if `params[:audio]` is present.
+With a block, `group`, `requires` and `optional` accept an additional option `type` which can
+be either `Array` or `Hash`, and defaults to `Array`. Depending on the value, the nested
+parameters will be treated either as values of a hash or as values of hashes in an array.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  optional :preferences, type: Array do
+    requires :key
+    requires :value
+  end
+
+  requires :name, type: Hash do
+    requires :first_name
+    requires :last_name
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Dependent Parameters
+
+Suppose some of your parameters are only relevant if another parameter is given;
+Grape allows you to express this relationship through the `given` method in your
+parameters block, like so:
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  optional :shelf_id, type: Integer
+  given :shelf_id do
+    requires :bin_id, type: Integer
+  end
+end
+```
+
+In the example above Grape will use `blank?` to check whether the `shelf_id` param is present.
+
+`given` also takes a `Proc` with custom code. Below, the param `description` is required only if the value of `category` is equal `foo`:
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  optional :category
+  given category: ->(val) { val == 'foo' } do
+    requires :description
+  end
+end
+```
+
+You can rename parameters:
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  optional :category, as: :type
+  given type: ->(val) { val == 'foo' } do
+    requires :description
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Note: param in `given` should be the renamed one. In the example, it should be `type`, not `category`.
+
+### Group Options
+
+Parameters options can be grouped. It can be useful if you want to extract
+common validation or types for several parameters. The example below presents a
+typical case when parameters share common options.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :first_name, type: String, regexp: /w+/, desc: 'First name'
+  requires :middle_name, type: String, regexp: /w+/, desc: 'Middle name'
+  requires :last_name, type: String, regexp: /w+/, desc: 'Last name'
+end
+```
+
+Grape allows you to present the same logic through the `with` method in your
+parameters block, like so:
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  with(type: String, regexp: /w+/) do
+    requires :first_name, desc: 'First name'
+    requires :middle_name, desc: 'Middle name'
+    requires :last_name, desc: 'Last name'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Renaming
+
+You can rename parameters using `as`, which can be useful when refactoring existing APIs:
+
+```ruby
+resource :users do
+  params do
+    requires :email_address, as: :email
+    requires :password
+  end
+  post do
+    User.create!(declared(params)) # User takes email and password
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The value passed to `as` will be the key when calling `params` or `declared(params)`.
+
+### Built-in Validators
+
+#### `allow_blank`
+
+Parameters can be defined as `allow_blank`, ensuring that they contain a value. By default, `requires`
+only validates that a parameter was sent in the request, regardless its value. With `allow_blank: false`,
+empty values or whitespace only values are invalid.
+
+`allow_blank` can be combined with both `requires` and `optional`. If the parameter is required, it has to contain
+a value. If it's optional, it's possible to not send it in the request, but if it's being sent, it has to have
+some value, and not an empty string/only whitespaces.
+
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :username, allow_blank: false
+  optional :first_name, allow_blank: false
+end
+```
+
+#### `values`
+
+Parameters can be restricted to a specific set of values with the `:values` option.
+
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :status, type: Symbol, values: [:not_started, :processing, :done]
+  optional :numbers, type: Array[Integer], default: 1, values: [1, 2, 3, 5, 8]
+end
+```
+
+Supplying a range to the `:values` option ensures that the parameter is (or parameters are) included in that range (using `Range#include?`).
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :latitude, type: Float, values: -90.0..+90.0
+  requires :longitude, type: Float, values: -180.0..+180.0
+  optional :letters, type: Array[String], values: 'a'..'z'
+end
+```
+
+Note that *both* range endpoints have to be a `#kind_of?` your `:type` option (if you don't supply the `:type` option, it will be guessed to be equal to the class of the range's first endpoint). So the following is invalid:
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :invalid1, type: Float, values: 0..10 # 0.kind_of?(Float) => false
+  optional :invalid2, values: 0..10.0 # 10.0.kind_of?(0.class) => false
+end
+```
+
+The `:values` option can also be supplied with a `Proc`, evaluated lazily with each request.
+If the Proc has arity zero (i.e. it takes no arguments) it is expected to return either a list
+or a range which will then be used to validate the parameter.
+
+For example, given a status model you may want to restrict by hashtags that you have
+previously defined in the `HashTag` model.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :hashtag, type: String, values: -> { Hashtag.all.map(&:tag) }
+end
+```
+
+Alternatively, a Proc with arity one (i.e. taking one argument) can be used to explicitly validate
+each parameter value.  In that case, the Proc is expected to return a truthy value if the parameter
+value is valid. The parameter will be considered invalid if the Proc returns a falsy value or if it
+raises a StandardError.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :number, type: Integer, values: ->(v) { v.even? && v < 25 }
+end
+```
+
+While Procs are convenient for single cases, consider using [Custom Validators](#custom-validators) in cases where a validation is used more than once.
+
+#### `except_values`
+
+Parameters can be restricted from having a specific set of values with the `:except_values` option.
+
+The `except_values` validator behaves similarly to the `values` validator in that it accepts either
+an Array, a Range, or a Proc.  Unlike the `values` validator, however, `except_values` only accepts
+Procs with arity zero.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :browser, except_values: [ 'ie6', 'ie7', 'ie8' ]
+  requires :port, except_values: { value: 0..1024, message: 'is not allowed' }
+  requires :hashtag, except_values: -> { Hashtag.FORBIDDEN_LIST }
+end
+```
+
+#### `same_as`
+
+A `same_as` option can be given to ensure that values of parameters match.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :password
+  requires :password_confirmation, same_as: :password
+end
+```
+
+#### `regexp`
+
+Parameters can be restricted to match a specific regular expression with the `:regexp` option. If the value
+does not match the regular expression an error will be returned. Note that this is true for both `requires`
+and `optional` parameters.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :email, regexp: /.+@.+/
+end
+```
+
+The validator will pass if the parameter was sent without value. To ensure that the parameter contains a value, use `allow_blank: false`.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :email, allow_blank: false, regexp: /.+@.+/
+end
+```
+
+#### `mutually_exclusive`
+
+Parameters can be defined as `mutually_exclusive`, ensuring that they aren't present at the same time in a request.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  optional :beer
+  optional :wine
+  mutually_exclusive :beer, :wine
+end
+```
+
+Multiple sets can be defined:
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  optional :beer
+  optional :wine
+  mutually_exclusive :beer, :wine
+  optional :scotch
+  optional :aquavit
+  mutually_exclusive :scotch, :aquavit
+end
+```
+
+**Warning**: Never define mutually exclusive sets with any required params. Two mutually exclusive required params will mean params are never valid, thus making the endpoint useless. One required param mutually exclusive with an optional param will mean the latter is never valid.
+
+#### `exactly_one_of`
+
+Parameters can be defined as 'exactly_one_of', ensuring that exactly one parameter gets selected.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  optional :beer
+  optional :wine
+  exactly_one_of :beer, :wine
+end
+```
+
+Note that using `:default` with `mutually_exclusive` will cause multiple parameters to always have a default value and raise a `Grape::Exceptions::Validation` mutually exclusive exception.
+
+#### `at_least_one_of`
+
+Parameters can be defined as 'at_least_one_of', ensuring that at least one parameter gets selected.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  optional :beer
+  optional :wine
+  optional :juice
+  at_least_one_of :beer, :wine, :juice
+end
+```
+
+#### `all_or_none_of`
+
+Parameters can be defined as 'all_or_none_of', ensuring that all or none of parameters gets selected.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  optional :beer
+  optional :wine
+  optional :juice
+  all_or_none_of :beer, :wine, :juice
+end
+```
+
+#### Nested `mutually_exclusive`, `exactly_one_of`, `at_least_one_of`, `all_or_none_of`
+
+All of these methods can be used at any nested level.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :food, type: Hash do
+    optional :meat
+    optional :fish
+    optional :rice
+    at_least_one_of :meat, :fish, :rice
+  end
+  group :drink, type: Hash do
+    optional :beer
+    optional :wine
+    optional :juice
+    exactly_one_of :beer, :wine, :juice
+  end
+  optional :dessert, type: Hash do
+    optional :cake
+    optional :icecream
+    mutually_exclusive :cake, :icecream
+  end
+  optional :recipe, type: Hash do
+    optional :oil
+    optional :meat
+    all_or_none_of :oil, :meat
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Namespace Validation and Coercion
+
+Namespaces allow parameter definitions and apply to every method within the namespace.
+
+```ruby
+namespace :statuses do
+  params do
+    requires :user_id, type: Integer, desc: 'A user ID.'
+  end
+  namespace ':user_id' do
+    desc "Retrieve a user's status."
+    params do
+      requires :status_id, type: Integer, desc: 'A status ID.'
+    end
+    get ':status_id' do
+      User.find(params[:user_id]).statuses.find(params[:status_id])
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The `namespace` method has a number of aliases, including: `group`, `resource`,
+`resources`, and `segment`. Use whichever reads the best for your API.
+
+You can conveniently define a route parameter as a namespace using `route_param`.
+
+```ruby
+namespace :statuses do
+  route_param :id do
+    desc 'Returns all replies for a status.'
+    get 'replies' do
+      Status.find(params[:id]).replies
+    end
+    desc 'Returns a status.'
+    get do
+      Status.find(params[:id])
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+You can also define a route parameter type by passing to `route_param`'s options.
+
+```ruby
+namespace :arithmetic do
+  route_param :n, type: Integer do
+    desc 'Returns in power'
+    get 'power' do
+      params[:n] ** params[:n]
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Custom Validators
+
+```ruby
+class AlphaNumeric < Grape::Validations::Base
+  def validate_param!(attr_name, params)
+    unless params[attr_name] =~ /\A[[:alnum:]]+\z/
+      fail Grape::Exceptions::Validation, params: [@scope.full_name(attr_name)], message: 'must consist of alpha-numeric characters'
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :text, alpha_numeric: true
+end
+```
+
+You can also create custom classes that take parameters.
+
+```ruby
+class Length < Grape::Validations::Base
+  def validate_param!(attr_name, params)
+    unless params[attr_name].length <= @option
+      fail Grape::Exceptions::Validation, params: [@scope.full_name(attr_name)], message: "must be at the most #{@option} characters long"
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :text, length: 140
+end
+```
+
+You can also create custom validation that use request to validate the attribute. For example if you want to have parameters that are available to only admins, you can do the following.
+
+```ruby
+class Admin < Grape::Validations::Base
+  def validate(request)
+    # return if the param we are checking was not in request
+    # @attrs is a list containing the attribute we are currently validating
+    # in our sample case this method once will get called with
+    # @attrs being [:admin_field] and once with @attrs being [:admin_false_field]
+    return unless request.params.key?(@attrs.first)
+    # check if admin flag is set to true
+    return unless @option
+    # check if user is admin or not
+    # as an example get a token from request and check if it's admin or not
+    fail Grape::Exceptions::Validation, params: @attrs, message: 'Can not set admin-only field.' unless request.headers['X-Access-Token'] == 'admin'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+And use it in your endpoint definition as:
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  optional :admin_field, type: String, admin: true
+  optional :non_admin_field, type: String
+  optional :admin_false_field, type: String, admin: false
+end
+```
+
+Every validation will have it's own instance of the validator, which means that the validator can have a state.
+
+### Validation Errors
+
+Validation and coercion errors are collected and an exception of type `Grape::Exceptions::ValidationErrors` is raised. If the exception goes uncaught it will respond with a status of 400 and an error message. The validation errors are grouped by parameter name and can be accessed via `Grape::Exceptions::ValidationErrors#errors`.
+
+
+The default response from a `Grape::Exceptions::ValidationErrors` is a humanly readable string, such as "beer, wine are mutually exclusive", in the following example.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  optional :beer
+  optional :wine
+  optional :juice
+  exactly_one_of :beer, :wine, :juice
+end
+```
+
+You can rescue a `Grape::Exceptions::ValidationErrors` and respond with a custom response or turn the response into well-formatted JSON for a JSON API that separates individual parameters and the corresponding error messages. The following `rescue_from` example produces `[{"params":["beer","wine"],"messages":["are mutually exclusive"]}]`.
+
+```ruby
+format :json
+subject.rescue_from Grape::Exceptions::ValidationErrors do |e|
+  error! e, 400
+end
+```
+
+`Grape::Exceptions::ValidationErrors#full_messages` returns the validation messages as an array. `Grape::Exceptions::ValidationErrors#message` joins the messages to one string.
+
+For responding with an array of validation messages, you can use `Grape::Exceptions::ValidationErrors#full_messages`.
+```ruby
+format :json
+subject.rescue_from Grape::Exceptions::ValidationErrors do |e|
+  error!({ messages: e.full_messages }, 400)
+end
+```
+
+Grape returns all validation and coercion errors found by default.
+To skip all subsequent validation checks when a specific param is found invalid, use `fail_fast: true`.
+
+The following example will not check if `:wine` is present unless it finds `:beer`.
+```ruby
+params do
+  required :beer, fail_fast: true
+  required :wine
+end
+```
+The result of empty params would be a single `Grape::Exceptions::ValidationErrors` error.
+
+Similarly, no regular expression test will be performed if `:blah` is blank in the following example.
+```ruby
+params do
+  required :blah, allow_blank: false, regexp: /blah/, fail_fast: true
+end
+```
+
+### I18n
+
+Grape supports I18n for parameter-related error messages, but will fallback to English if
+translations for the default locale have not been provided. See [en.yml](lib/grape/locale/en.yml) for message keys.
+
+In case your app enforces available locales only and :en is not included in your available locales, Grape cannot fall back to English and will return the translation key for the error message. To avoid this behaviour, either provide a translation for your default locale or add :en to your available locales.
+
+### Custom Validation messages
+
+Grape supports custom validation messages for parameter-related and coerce-related error messages.
+
+#### `presence`, `allow_blank`, `values`, `regexp`
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :name, values: { value: 1..10, message: 'not in range from 1 to 10' }, allow_blank: { value: false, message: 'cannot be blank' }, regexp: { value: /^[a-z]+$/, message: 'format is invalid' }, message: 'is required'
+end
+```
+
+#### `same_as`
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :password
+  requires :password_confirmation, same_as: { value: :password, message: 'not match' }
+end
+```
+
+#### `all_or_none_of`
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  optional :beer
+  optional :wine
+  optional :juice
+  all_or_none_of :beer, :wine, :juice, message: "all params are required or none is required"
+end
+```
+
+#### `mutually_exclusive`
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  optional :beer
+  optional :wine
+  optional :juice
+  mutually_exclusive :beer, :wine, :juice, message: "are mutually exclusive cannot pass both params"
+end
+```
+
+#### `exactly_one_of`
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  optional :beer
+  optional :wine
+  optional :juice
+  exactly_one_of :beer, :wine, :juice, message: { exactly_one: "are missing, exactly one parameter is required", mutual_exclusion: "are mutually exclusive, exactly one parameter is required" }
+end
+```
+
+#### `at_least_one_of`
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  optional :beer
+  optional :wine
+  optional :juice
+  at_least_one_of :beer, :wine, :juice, message: "are missing, please specify at least one param"
+end
+```
+
+#### `Coerce`
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :int, type: { value: Integer, message: "type cast is invalid" }
+end
+```
+
+#### `With Lambdas`
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :name, values: { value: -> { (1..10).to_a }, message: 'not in range from 1 to 10' }
+end
+```
+
+#### `Pass symbols for i18n translations`
+
+You can pass a symbol if you want i18n translations for your custom validation messages.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :name, message: :name_required
+end
+```
+```ruby
+# en.yml
+
+en:
+  grape:
+    errors:
+      format: ! '%{attributes} %{message}'
+      messages:
+        name_required: 'must be present'
+```
+
+#### Overriding Attribute Names
+
+You can also override attribute names.
+
+```ruby
+# en.yml
+
+en:
+  grape:
+    errors:
+      format: ! '%{attributes} %{message}'
+      messages:
+        name_required: 'must be present'
+      attributes:
+        name: 'Oops! Name'
+```
+Will produce 'Oops! Name must be present'
+
+#### With Default
+
+You cannot set a custom message option for Default as it requires interpolation `%{option1}: %{value1} is incompatible with %{option2}: %{value2}`. You can change the default error message for Default by changing the `incompatible_option_values` message key inside [en.yml](lib/grape/locale/en.yml)
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  requires :name, values: { value: -> { (1..10).to_a }, message: 'not in range from 1 to 10' }, default: 5
+end
+```
+
+## Headers
+
+### Request
+Request headers are available through the `headers` helper or from `env` in their original form.
+
+```ruby
+get do
+  error!('Unauthorized', 401) unless headers['Secret-Password'] == 'swordfish'
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+get do
+  error!('Unauthorized', 401) unless env['HTTP_SECRET_PASSWORD'] == 'swordfish'
+end
+```
+
+#### Header Case Handling
+
+The above example may have been requested as follows:
+
+``` shell
+curl -H "secret_PassWord: swordfish" ...
+```
+
+The header name will have been normalized for you.
+
+- In the `header` helper names will be coerced into a capitalized kebab case.
+- In the `env` collection they appear in all uppercase, in snake case, and prefixed with 'HTTP_'.
+
+The header name will have been normalized per HTTP standards defined in [RFC2616 Section 4.2](https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec4.html#sec4.2) regardless of what is being sent by a client.
+
+### Response
+
+You can set a response header with `header` inside an API.
+
+```ruby
+header 'X-Robots-Tag', 'noindex'
+```
+
+When raising `error!`, pass additional headers as arguments. Additional headers will be merged with headers set before `error!` call.
+
+```ruby
+error! 'Unauthorized', 401, 'X-Error-Detail' => 'Invalid token.'
+```
+
+## Routes
+
+To define routes you can use the `route` method or the shorthands for the HTTP verbs. To define a route that accepts any route set to `:any`.
+Parts of the path that are denoted with a colon will be interpreted as route parameters.
+
+```ruby
+route :get, 'status' do
+end
+
+# is the same as
+
+get 'status' do
+end
+
+# is the same as
+
+get :status do
+end
+
+# is NOT the same as
+
+get ':status' do # this makes param[:status] available
+end
+
+# This will make both param[:status_id] and param[:id] available
+
+get 'statuses/:status_id/reviews/:id' do
+end
+```
+
+To declare a namespace that prefixes all routes within, use the `namespace` method. `group`, `resource`, `resources` and `segment` are aliases to this method. Any endpoints within will share their parent context as well as any configuration done in the namespace context.
+
+The `route_param` method is a convenient method for defining a parameter route segment. If you define a type, it will add a validation for this parameter.
+
+```ruby
+route_param :id, type: Integer do
+  get 'status' do
+  end
+end
+
+# is the same as
+
+namespace ':id' do
+  params do
+    requires :id, type: Integer
+  end
+
+  get 'status' do
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Optionally, you can define requirements for your named route parameters using regular
+expressions on namespace or endpoint. The route will match only if all requirements are met.
+
+```ruby
+get ':id', requirements: { id: /[0-9]*/ } do
+  Status.find(params[:id])
+end
+
+namespace :outer, requirements: { id: /[0-9]*/ } do
+  get :id do
+  end
+
+  get ':id/edit' do
+  end
+end
+```
+
+## Helpers
+
+You can define helper methods that your endpoints can use with the `helpers`
+macro by either giving a block or an array of modules.
+
+```ruby
+module StatusHelpers
+  def user_info(user)
+    "#{user} has statused #{user.statuses} status(s)"
+  end
+end
+
+module HttpCodesHelpers
+  def unauthorized
+    401
+  end
+end
+
+class API < Grape::API
+  # define helpers with a block
+  helpers do
+    def current_user
+      User.find(params[:user_id])
+    end
+  end
+
+  # or mix in an array of modules
+  helpers StatusHelpers, HttpCodesHelpers
+
+  before do
+    error!('Access Denied', unauthorized) unless current_user
+  end
+
+  get 'info' do
+    # helpers available in your endpoint and filters
+    user_info(current_user)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+You can define reusable `params` using `helpers`.
+
+```ruby
+class API < Grape::API
+  helpers do
+    params :pagination do
+      optional :page, type: Integer
+      optional :per_page, type: Integer
+    end
+  end
+
+  desc 'Get collection'
+  params do
+    use :pagination # aliases: includes, use_scope
+  end
+  get do
+    Collection.page(params[:page]).per(params[:per_page])
+  end
+end
+```
+
+You can also define reusable `params` using shared helpers.
+
+```ruby
+module SharedParams
+  extend Grape::API::Helpers
+
+  params :period do
+    optional :start_date
+    optional :end_date
+  end
+
+  params :pagination do
+    optional :page, type: Integer
+    optional :per_page, type: Integer
+  end
+end
+
+class API < Grape::API
+  helpers SharedParams
+
+  desc 'Get collection.'
+  params do
+    use :period, :pagination
+  end
+
+  get do
+    Collection
+      .from(params[:start_date])
+      .to(params[:end_date])
+      .page(params[:page])
+      .per(params[:per_page])
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Helpers support blocks that can help set default values. The following API can return a collection sorted by `id` or `created_at` in `asc` or `desc` order.
+
+```ruby
+module SharedParams
+  extend Grape::API::Helpers
+
+  params :order do |options|
+    optional :order_by, type: Symbol, values: options[:order_by], default: options[:default_order_by]
+    optional :order, type: Symbol, values: %i(asc desc), default: options[:default_order]
+  end
+end
+
+class API < Grape::API
+  helpers SharedParams
+
+  desc 'Get a sorted collection.'
+  params do
+    use :order, order_by: %i(id created_at), default_order_by: :created_at, default_order: :asc
+  end
+
+  get do
+    Collection.send(params[:order], params[:order_by])
+  end
+end
+```
+
+## Path Helpers
+
+If you need methods for generating paths inside your endpoints, please see the [grape-route-helpers](https://github.com/reprah/grape-route-helpers) gem.
+
+## Parameter Documentation
+
+You can attach additional documentation to `params` using a `documentation` hash.
+
+```ruby
+params do
+  optional :first_name, type: String, documentation: { example: 'Jim' }
+  requires :last_name, type: String, documentation: { example: 'Smith' }
+end
+```
+
+## Cookies
+
+You can set, get and delete your cookies very simply using `cookies` method.
+
+```ruby
+class API < Grape::API
+  get 'status_count' do
+    cookies[:status_count] ||= 0
+    cookies[:status_count] += 1
+    { status_count: cookies[:status_count] }
+  end
+
+  delete 'status_count' do
+    { status_count: cookies.delete(:status_count) }
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Use a hash-based syntax to set more than one value.
+
+```ruby
+cookies[:status_count] = {
+  value: 0,
+  expires: Time.tomorrow,
+  domain: '.twitter.com',
+  path: '/'
+}
+
+cookies[:status_count][:value] +=1
+```
+
+Delete a cookie with `delete`.
+
+```ruby
+cookies.delete :status_count
+```
+
+Specify an optional path.
+
+```ruby
+cookies.delete :status_count, path: '/'
+```
+
+## HTTP Status Code
+
+By default Grape returns a 201 for `POST`-Requests, 204 for `DELETE`-Requests that don't return any content, and 200 status code for all other Requests.
+You can use `status` to query and set the actual HTTP Status Code
+
+```ruby
+post do
+  status 202
+
+  if status == 200
+     # do some thing
+  end
+end
+```
+
+You can also use one of status codes symbols that are provided by [Rack utils](http://www.rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/Rack/Utils#HTTP_STATUS_CODES-constant)
+
+```ruby
+post do
+  status :no_content
+end
+```
+
+## Redirecting
+
+You can redirect to a new url temporarily (302) or permanently (301).
+
+```ruby
+redirect '/statuses'
+```
+
+```ruby
+redirect '/statuses', permanent: true
+```
+
+## Recognizing Path
+
+You can recognize the endpoint matched with given path.
+
+This API returns an instance of `Grape::Endpoint`.
+
+```ruby
+class API < Grape::API
+  get '/statuses' do
+  end
+end
+
+API.recognize_path '/statuses'
+```
+
+## Allowed Methods
+
+When you add a `GET` route for a resource, a route for the `HEAD`
+method will also be added automatically. You can disable this
+behavior with `do_not_route_head!`.
+
+``` ruby
+class API < Grape::API
+  do_not_route_head!
+
+  get '/example' do
+    # only responds to GET
+  end
+end
+```
+
+When you add a route for a resource, a route for the `OPTIONS`
+method will also be added. The response to an OPTIONS request will
+include an "Allow" header listing the supported methods. If the resource
+has `before` and `after` callbacks they will be executed, but no other callbacks will
+run.
+
+```ruby
+class API < Grape::API
+  get '/rt_count' do
+    { rt_count: current_user.rt_count }
+  end
+
+  params do
+    requires :value, type: Integer, desc: 'Value to add to the rt count.'
+  end
+  put '/rt_count' do
+    current_user.rt_count += params[:value].to_i
+    { rt_count: current_user.rt_count }
+  end
+end
+```
+
+``` shell
+curl -v -X OPTIONS http://localhost:3000/rt_count
+
+> OPTIONS /rt_count HTTP/1.1
+>
+< HTTP/1.1 204 No Content
+< Allow: OPTIONS, GET, PUT
+```
+
+You can disable this behavior with `do_not_route_options!`.
+
+If a request for a resource is made with an unsupported HTTP method, an
+HTTP 405 (Method Not Allowed) response will be returned. If the resource
+has `before` callbacks they will be executed, but no other callbacks will
+run.
+
+``` shell
+curl -X DELETE -v http://localhost:3000/rt_count/
+
+> DELETE /rt_count/ HTTP/1.1
+> Host: localhost:3000
+>
+< HTTP/1.1 405 Method Not Allowed
+< Allow: OPTIONS, GET, PUT
+```
+
+## Raising Exceptions
+
+You can abort the execution of an API method by raising errors with `error!`.
+
+```ruby
+error! 'Access Denied', 401
+```
+
+Anything that responds to `#to_s` can be given as a first argument to `error!`.
+
+```ruby
+error! :not_found, 404
+```
+
+You can also return JSON formatted objects by raising error! and passing a hash
+instead of a message.
+
+```ruby
+error!({ error: 'unexpected error', detail: 'missing widget' }, 500)
+```
+
+You can set additional headers for the response. They will be merged with headers set before `error!` call.
+
+```ruby
+error!('Something went wrong', 500, 'X-Error-Detail' => 'Invalid token.')
+```
+
+You can present documented errors with a Grape entity using the the [grape-entity](https://github.com/ruby-grape/grape-entity) gem.
+
+```ruby
+module API
+  class Error < Grape::Entity
+    expose :code
+    expose :message
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The following example specifies the entity to use in the `http_codes` definition.
+
+```ruby
+desc 'My Route' do
+ failure [[408, 'Unauthorized', API::Error]]
+end
+error!({ message: 'Unauthorized' }, 408)
+```
+
+The following example specifies the presented entity explicitly in the error message.
+
+```ruby
+desc 'My Route' do
+ failure [[408, 'Unauthorized']]
+end
+error!({ message: 'Unauthorized', with: API::Error }, 408)
+```
+
+### Default Error HTTP Status Code
+
+By default Grape returns a 500 status code from `error!`. You can change this with `default_error_status`.
+
+``` ruby
+class API < Grape::API
+  default_error_status 400
+  get '/example' do
+    error! 'This should have http status code 400'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Handling 404
+
+For Grape to handle all the 404s for your API, it can be useful to use a catch-all.
+In its simplest form, it can be like:
+
+```ruby
+route :any, '*path' do
+  error! # or something else
+end
+```
+
+It is very crucial to __define this endpoint at the very end of your API__, as it
+literally accepts every request.
+
+## Exception Handling
+
+Grape can be told to rescue all `StandardError` exceptions and return them in the API format.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  rescue_from :all
+end
+```
+
+This mimics [default `rescue` behaviour](https://ruby-doc.org/core/StandardError.html) when an exception type is not provided.
+Any other exception should be rescued explicitly, see [below](#exceptions-that-should-be-rescued-explicitly).
+
+Grape can also rescue from all exceptions and still use the built-in exception handing.
+This will give the same behavior as `rescue_from :all` with the addition that Grape will use the exception handling defined by all Exception classes that inherit `Grape::Exceptions::Base`.
+
+The intent of this setting is to provide a simple way to cover the most common exceptions and return any unexpected exceptions in the API format.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  rescue_from :grape_exceptions
+end
+```
+
+You can also rescue specific exceptions.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  rescue_from ArgumentError, UserDefinedError
+end
+```
+
+In this case ```UserDefinedError``` must be inherited from ```StandardError```.
+
+Notice that you could combine these two approaches (rescuing custom errors takes precedence). For example, it's useful for handling all exceptions except Grape validation errors.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  rescue_from Grape::Exceptions::ValidationErrors do |e|
+    error!(e, 400)
+  end
+
+  rescue_from :all
+end
+```
+
+The error format will match the request format. See "Content-Types" below.
+
+Custom error formatters for existing and additional types can be defined with a proc.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  error_formatter :txt, ->(message, backtrace, options, env, original_exception) {
+    "error: #{message} from #{backtrace}"
+  }
+end
+```
+
+You can also use a module or class.
+
+```ruby
+module CustomFormatter
+  def self.call(message, backtrace, options, env, original_exception)
+    { message: message, backtrace: backtrace }
+  end
+end
+
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  error_formatter :custom, CustomFormatter
+end
+```
+
+You can rescue all exceptions with a code block. The `error!` wrapper automatically sets the default error code and content-type.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  rescue_from :all do |e|
+    error!("rescued from #{e.class.name}")
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Optionally, you can set the format, status code and headers.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  format :json
+  rescue_from :all do |e|
+    error!({ error: 'Server error.' }, 500, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/error' })
+  end
+end
+```
+
+You can also rescue all exceptions with a code block and handle the Rack response at the lowest level.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  rescue_from :all do |e|
+    Rack::Response.new([ e.message ], 500, { 'Content-type' => 'text/error' })
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Or rescue specific exceptions.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  rescue_from ArgumentError do |e|
+    error!("ArgumentError: #{e.message}")
+  end
+
+  rescue_from NoMethodError do |e|
+    error!("NoMethodError: #{e.message}")
+  end
+end
+```
+
+By default, `rescue_from` will rescue the exceptions listed and all their subclasses.
+
+Assume you have the following exception classes defined.
+
+```ruby
+module APIErrors
+  class ParentError < StandardError; end
+  class ChildError < ParentError; end
+end
+```
+
+Then the following `rescue_from` clause will rescue exceptions of type `APIErrors::ParentError` and its subclasses (in this case `APIErrors::ChildError`).
+
+```ruby
+rescue_from APIErrors::ParentError do |e|
+    error!({
+      error: "#{e.class} error",
+      message: e.message
+    }, e.status)
+end
+```
+
+To only rescue the base exception class, set `rescue_subclasses: false`.
+The code below will rescue exceptions of type `RuntimeError` but _not_ its subclasses.
+
+```ruby
+rescue_from RuntimeError, rescue_subclasses: false do |e|
+    error!({
+      status: e.status,
+      message: e.message,
+      errors: e.errors
+    }, e.status)
+end
+```
+
+Helpers are also available inside `rescue_from`.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  format :json
+  helpers do
+    def server_error!
+      error!({ error: 'Server error.' }, 500, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/error' })
+    end
+  end
+
+  rescue_from :all do |e|
+    server_error!
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The `rescue_from` handler must return a `Rack::Response` object, call `error!`, or raise an exception (either the original exception or another custom one). The exception raised in `rescue_from` will be handled outside Grape. For example, if you mount Grape in Rails, the exception will be handle by [Rails Action Controller](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/action_controller_overview.html#rescue).
+
+Alternately, use the `with` option in `rescue_from` to specify a method or a `proc`.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  format :json
+  helpers do
+    def server_error!
+      error!({ error: 'Server error.' }, 500, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/error' })
+    end
+  end
+
+  rescue_from :all,          with: :server_error!
+  rescue_from ArgumentError, with: -> { Rack::Response.new('rescued with a method', 400) }
+end
+```
+
+Inside the `rescue_from` block, the environment of the original controller method(`.self` receiver) is accessible through the `#context` method.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  rescue_from :all do |e|
+    user_id = context.params[:user_id]
+    error!("error for #{user_id}")
+  end
+end
+```
+
+#### Rescuing exceptions inside namespaces
+
+You could put `rescue_from` clauses inside a namespace and they will take precedence over ones
+defined in the root scope:
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  rescue_from ArgumentError do |e|
+    error!("outer")
+  end
+
+  namespace :statuses do
+    rescue_from ArgumentError do |e|
+      error!("inner")
+    end
+    get do
+      raise ArgumentError.new
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Here `'inner'` will be result of handling occurred `ArgumentError`.
+
+#### Unrescuable Exceptions
+
+`Grape::Exceptions::InvalidVersionHeader`, which is raised when the version in the request header doesn't match the currently evaluated version for the endpoint, will _never_ be rescued from a `rescue_from` block (even a `rescue_from :all`) This is because Grape relies on Rack to catch that error and try the next versioned-route for cases where there exist identical Grape endpoints with different versions.
+
+#### Exceptions that should be rescued explicitly
+
+Any exception that is not subclass of `StandardError` should be rescued explicitly.
+Usually it is not a case for an application logic as such errors point to problems in Ruby runtime.
+This is following [standard recommendations for exceptions handling](https://ruby-doc.org/core/Exception.html).
+
+### Rails 3.x
+
+When mounted inside containers, such as Rails 3.x, errors such as "404 Not Found" or
+"406 Not Acceptable" will likely be handled and rendered by Rails handlers. For instance,
+accessing a nonexistent route "/api/foo" raises a 404, which inside rails will ultimately
+be translated to an `ActionController::RoutingError`, which most likely will get rendered
+to a HTML error page.
+
+Most APIs will enjoy preventing downstream handlers from handling errors. You may set the
+`:cascade` option to `false` for the entire API or separately on specific `version` definitions,
+which will remove the `X-Cascade: true` header from API responses.
+
+```ruby
+cascade false
+```
+
+```ruby
+version 'v1', using: :header, vendor: 'twitter', cascade: false
+```
+
+## Logging
+
+`Grape::API` provides a `logger` method which by default will return an instance of the `Logger`
+class from Ruby's standard library.
+
+To log messages from within an endpoint, you need to define a helper to make the logger
+available in the endpoint context.
+
+```ruby
+class API < Grape::API
+  helpers do
+    def logger
+      API.logger
+    end
+  end
+  post '/statuses' do
+    logger.info "#{current_user} has statused"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+To change the logger level.
+
+```ruby
+class API < Grape::API
+  self.logger.level = Logger::INFO
+end
+```
+
+You can also set your own logger.
+
+```ruby
+class MyLogger
+  def warning(message)
+    puts "this is a warning: #{message}"
+  end
+end
+
+class API < Grape::API
+  logger MyLogger.new
+  helpers do
+    def logger
+      API.logger
+    end
+  end
+  get '/statuses' do
+    logger.warning "#{current_user} has statused"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+For similar to Rails request logging try the [grape_logging](https://github.com/aserafin/grape_logging) or [grape-middleware-logger](https://github.com/ridiculous/grape-middleware-logger) gems.
+
+## API Formats
+
+Your API can declare which content-types to support by using `content_type`. If you do not specify any, Grape will support
+_XML_, _JSON_, _BINARY_, and _TXT_ content-types. The default format is `:txt`; you can change this with `default_format`.
+Essentially, the two APIs below are equivalent.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  # no content_type declarations, so Grape uses the defaults
+end
+
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  # the following declarations are equivalent to the defaults
+
+  content_type :xml, 'application/xml'
+  content_type :json, 'application/json'
+  content_type :binary, 'application/octet-stream'
+  content_type :txt, 'text/plain'
+
+  default_format :txt
+end
+```
+
+If you declare any `content_type` whatsoever, the Grape defaults will be overridden. For example, the following API will only
+support the `:xml` and `:rss` content-types, but not `:txt`, `:json`, or `:binary`. Importantly, this means the `:txt`
+default format is not supported! So, make sure to set a new `default_format`.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  content_type :xml, 'application/xml'
+  content_type :rss, 'application/xml+rss'
+
+  default_format :xml
+end
+```
+
+Serialization takes place automatically. For example, you do not have to call `to_json` in each JSON API endpoint
+implementation. The response format (and thus the automatic serialization) is determined in the following order:
+* Use the file extension, if specified. If the file is .json, choose the JSON format.
+* Use the value of the `format` parameter in the query string, if specified.
+* Use the format set by the `format` option, if specified.
+* Attempt to find an acceptable format from the `Accept` header.
+* Use the default format, if specified by the `default_format` option.
+* Default to `:txt`.
+
+For example, consider the following API.
+
+```ruby
+class MultipleFormatAPI < Grape::API
+  content_type :xml, 'application/xml'
+  content_type :json, 'application/json'
+
+  default_format :json
+
+  get :hello do
+    { hello: 'world' }
+  end
+end
+```
+
+* `GET /hello` (with an `Accept: */*` header) does not have an extension or a `format` parameter, so it will respond with
+  JSON (the default format).
+* `GET /hello.xml` has a recognized extension, so it will respond with XML.
+* `GET /hello?format=xml` has a recognized `format` parameter, so it will respond with XML.
+* `GET /hello.xml?format=json` has a recognized extension (which takes precedence over the `format` parameter), so it will
+  respond with XML.
+* `GET /hello.xls` (with an `Accept: */*` header) has an extension, but that extension is not recognized, so it will respond
+  with JSON (the default format).
+* `GET /hello.xls` with an `Accept: application/xml` header has an unrecognized extension, but the `Accept` header
+  corresponds to a recognized format, so it will respond with XML.
+* `GET /hello.xls` with an `Accept: text/plain` header has an unrecognized extension *and* an unrecognized `Accept` header,
+  so it will respond with JSON (the default format).
+
+You can override this process explicitly by specifying `env['api.format']` in the API itself.
+For example, the following API will let you upload arbitrary files and return their contents as an attachment with the correct MIME type.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  post 'attachment' do
+    filename = params[:file][:filename]
+    content_type MIME::Types.type_for(filename)[0].to_s
+    env['api.format'] = :binary # there's no formatter for :binary, data will be returned "as is"
+    header 'Content-Disposition', "attachment; filename*=UTF-8''#{CGI.escape(filename)}"
+    params[:file][:tempfile].read
+  end
+end
+```
+
+You can have your API only respond to a single format with `format`. If you use this, the API will **not** respond to file
+extensions other than specified in `format`. For example, consider the following API.
+
+```ruby
+class SingleFormatAPI < Grape::API
+  format :json
+
+  get :hello do
+    { hello: 'world' }
+  end
+end
+```
+
+* `GET /hello` will respond with JSON.
+* `GET /hello.json` will respond with JSON.
+* `GET /hello.xml`, `GET /hello.foobar`, or *any* other extension will respond with an HTTP 404 error code.
+* `GET /hello?format=xml` will respond with an HTTP 406 error code, because the XML format specified by the request parameter
+  is not supported.
+* `GET /hello` with an `Accept: application/xml` header will still respond with JSON, since it could not negotiate a
+  recognized content-type from the headers and JSON is the effective default.
+
+The formats apply to parsing, too. The following API will only respond to the JSON content-type and will not parse any other
+input than `application/json`, `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`, `multipart/form-data`, `multipart/related` and
+`multipart/mixed`. All other requests will fail with an HTTP 406 error code.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  format :json
+end
+```
+
+When the content-type is omitted, Grape will return a 406 error code unless `default_format` is specified.
+The following API will try to parse any data without a content-type using a JSON parser.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  format :json
+  default_format :json
+end
+```
+
+If you combine `format` with `rescue_from :all`, errors will be rendered using the same format.
+If you do not want this behavior, set the default error formatter with `default_error_formatter`.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  format :json
+  content_type :txt, 'text/plain'
+  default_error_formatter :txt
+end
+```
+
+Custom formatters for existing and additional types can be defined with a proc.
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  content_type :xls, 'application/vnd.ms-excel'
+  formatter :xls, ->(object, env) { object.to_xls }
+end
+```
+
+You can also use a module or class.
+
+```ruby
+module XlsFormatter
+  def self.call(object, env)
+    object.to_xls
+  end
+end
+
+class Twitter::API < Grape::API
+  content_type :xls, 'application/vnd.ms-excel'
+  formatter :xls, XlsFormatter
+end
+```
+
+Built-in formatters are the following.
+
+* `:json`: use object's `to_json` when available, otherwise call `MultiJson.dump`
+* `:xml`: use object's `to_xml` when available, usually via `MultiXml`, otherwise call `to_s`
+* `:txt`: use object's `to_txt` when available, otherwise `to_s`
+* `:serializable_hash`: use object's `serializable_hash` when available, otherwise fallback to `:json`
+* `:binary`: data will be returned "as is"
+
+If a body is present in a request to an API, with a Content-Type header value that is of an unsupported type a
+"415 Unsupported Media Type" error code will be returned by Grape.
+
+Response statuses that indicate no content as defined by [Rack](https://github.com/rack)
+[here](https://github.com/rack/rack/blob/master/lib/rack/utils.rb#L567)
+will bypass serialization and the body entity - though there should be none -
+will not be modified.
+
+### JSONP
+
+Grape supports JSONP via [Rack::JSONP](https://github.com/rack/rack-contrib), part of the
+[rack-contrib](https://github.com/rack/rack-contrib) gem. Add `rack-contrib` to your `Gemfile`.
+
+```ruby
+require 'rack/contrib'
+
+class API < Grape::API
+  use Rack::JSONP
+  format :json
+  get '/' do
+    'Hello World'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### CORS
+
+Grape supports CORS via [Rack::CORS](https://github.com/cyu/rack-cors), part of the
+[rack-cors](https://github.com/cyu/rack-cors) gem. Add `rack-cors` to your `Gemfile`,
+then use the middleware in your config.ru file.
+
+```ruby
+require 'rack/cors'
+
+use Rack::Cors do
+  allow do
+    origins '*'
+    resource '*', headers: :any, methods: :get
+  end
+end
+
+run Twitter::API
+
+```
+
+## Content-type
+
+Content-type is set by the formatter. You can override the content-type of the response at runtime
+by setting the `Content-Type` header.
+
+```ruby
+class API < Grape::API
+  get '/home_timeline_js' do
+    content_type 'application/javascript'
+    "var statuses = ...;"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+## API Data Formats
+
+Grape accepts and parses input data sent with the POST and PUT methods as described in the Parameters
+section above. It also supports custom data formats. You must declare additional content-types via
+`content_type` and optionally supply a parser via `parser` unless a parser is already available within
+Grape to enable a custom format. Such a parser can be a function or a class.
+
+With a parser, parsed data is available "as-is" in `env['api.request.body']`.
+Without a parser, data is available "as-is" and in `env['api.request.input']`.
+
+The following example is a trivial parser that will assign any input with the "text/custom" content-type
+to `:value`. The parameter will be available via `params[:value]` inside the API call.
+
+```ruby
+module CustomParser
+  def self.call(object, env)
+    { value: object.to_s }
+  end
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+content_type :txt, 'text/plain'
+content_type :custom, 'text/custom'
+parser :custom, CustomParser
+
+put 'value' do
+  params[:value]
+end
+```
+
+You can invoke the above API as follows.
+
+```
+curl -X PUT -d 'data' 'http://localhost:9292/value' -H Content-Type:text/custom -v
+```
+
+You can disable parsing for a content-type with `nil`. For example, `parser :json, nil` will disable JSON parsing altogether. The request data is then available as-is in `env['api.request.body']`.
+
+## JSON and XML Processors
+
+Grape uses `JSON` and `ActiveSupport::XmlMini` for JSON and XML parsing by default. It also detects and supports [multi_json](https://github.com/intridea/multi_json) and [multi_xml](https://github.com/sferik/multi_xml). Adding those gems to your Gemfile and requiring them will enable them and allow you to swap the JSON and XML back-ends.
+
+## RESTful Model Representations
+
+Grape supports a range of ways to present your data with some help from a generic `present` method,
+which accepts two arguments: the object to be presented and the options associated with it. The options
+hash may include `:with`, which defines the entity to expose.
+
+### Grape Entities
+
+Add the [grape-entity](https://github.com/ruby-grape/grape-entity) gem to your Gemfile.
+Please refer to the [grape-entity documentation](https://github.com/ruby-grape/grape-entity/blob/master/README.md)
+for more details.
+
+The following example exposes statuses.
+
+```ruby
+module API
+  module Entities
+    class Status < Grape::Entity
+      expose :user_name
+      expose :text, documentation: { type: 'string', desc: 'Status update text.' }
+      expose :ip, if: { type: :full }
+      expose :user_type, :user_id, if: ->(status, options) { status.user.public? }
+      expose :digest do |status, options|
+        Digest::MD5.hexdigest(status.txt)
+      end
+      expose :replies, using: API::Status, as: :replies
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Statuses < Grape::API
+    version 'v1'
+
+    desc 'Statuses index' do
+      params: API::Entities::Status.documentation
+    end
+    get '/statuses' do
+      statuses = Status.all
+      type = current_user.admin? ? :full : :default
+      present statuses, with: API::Entities::Status, type: type
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+You can use entity documentation directly in the params block with `using: Entity.documentation`.
+
+```ruby
+module API
+  class Statuses < Grape::API
+    version 'v1'
+
+    desc 'Create a status'
+    params do
+      requires :all, except: [:ip], using: API::Entities::Status.documentation.except(:id)
+    end
+    post '/status' do
+      Status.create! params
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+You can present with multiple entities using an optional Symbol argument.
+
+```ruby
+  get '/statuses' do
+    statuses = Status.all.page(1).per(20)
+    present :total_page, 10
+    present :per_page, 20
+    present :statuses, statuses, with: API::Entities::Status
+  end
+```
+
+The response will be
+
+```
+  {
+    total_page: 10,
+    per_page: 20,
+    statuses: []
+  }
+```
+
+In addition to separately organizing entities, it may be useful to put them as namespaced
+classes underneath the model they represent.
+
+```ruby
+class Status
+  def entity
+    Entity.new(self)
+  end
+
+  class Entity < Grape::Entity
+    expose :text, :user_id
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you organize your entities this way, Grape will automatically detect the `Entity` class and
+use it to present your models. In this example, if you added `present Status.new` to your endpoint,
+Grape will automatically detect that there is a `Status::Entity` class and use that as the
+representative entity. This can still be overridden by using the `:with` option or an explicit
+`represents` call.
+
+You can present `hash` with `Grape::Presenters::Presenter` to keep things consistent.
+
+```ruby
+get '/users' do
+  present { id: 10, name: :dgz }, with: Grape::Presenters::Presenter
+end
+````
+The response will be
+
+```ruby
+{
+  id:   10,
+  name: 'dgz'
+}
+```
+
+It has the same result with
+
+```ruby
+get '/users' do
+  present :id, 10
+  present :name, :dgz
+end
+```
+
+### Hypermedia and Roar
+
+You can use [Roar](https://github.com/apotonick/roar) to render HAL or Collection+JSON with the help of [grape-roar](https://github.com/ruby-grape/grape-roar), which defines a custom JSON formatter and enables presenting entities with Grape's `present` keyword.
+
+### Rabl
+
+You can use [Rabl](https://github.com/nesquena/rabl) templates with the help of the
+[grape-rabl](https://github.com/ruby-grape/grape-rabl) gem, which defines a custom Grape Rabl
+formatter.
+
+### Active Model Serializers
+
+You can use [Active Model Serializers](https://github.com/rails-api/active_model_serializers) serializers with the help of the
+[grape-active_model_serializers](https://github.com/jrhe/grape-active_model_serializers) gem, which defines a custom Grape AMS
+formatter.
+
+## Sending Raw or No Data
+
+In general, use the binary format to send raw data.
+
+```ruby
+class API < Grape::API
+  get '/file' do
+    content_type 'application/octet-stream'
+    File.binread 'file.bin'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+You can set the response body explicitly with `body`.
+
+```ruby
+class API < Grape::API
+  get '/' do
+    content_type 'text/plain'
+    body 'Hello World'
+    # return value ignored
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Use `body false` to return `204 No Content` without any data or content-type.
+
+You can also set the response to a file with `file`.
+
+```ruby
+class API < Grape::API
+  get '/' do
+    file '/path/to/file'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you want a file to be streamed using Rack::Chunked, use `stream`.
+
+```ruby
+class API < Grape::API
+  get '/' do
+    stream '/path/to/file'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+## Authentication
+
+### Basic and Digest Auth
+
+Grape has built-in Basic and Digest authentication (the given `block`
+is executed in the context of the current `Endpoint`).  Authentication
+applies to the current namespace and any children, but not parents.
+
+```ruby
+http_basic do |username, password|
+  # verify user's password here
+  { 'test' => 'password1' }[username] == password
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+http_digest({ realm: 'Test Api', opaque: 'app secret' }) do |username|
+  # lookup the user's password here
+  { 'user1' => 'password1' }[username]
+end
+```
+
+### Register custom middleware for authentication
+
+Grape can use custom Middleware for authentication. How to implement these
+Middleware have a look at `Rack::Auth::Basic` or similar implementations.
+
+
+For registering a Middleware you need the following options:
+
+* `label` - the name for your authenticator to use it later
+* `MiddlewareClass` - the MiddlewareClass to use for authentication
+* `option_lookup_proc` - A Proc with one Argument to lookup the options at
+runtime (return value is an `Array` as Parameter for the Middleware).
+
+Example:
+
+```ruby
+
+Grape::Middleware::Auth::Strategies.add(:my_auth, AuthMiddleware, ->(options) { [options[:realm]] } )
+
+
+auth :my_auth, { realm: 'Test Api'} do |credentials|
+  # lookup the user's password here
+  { 'user1' => 'password1' }[username]
+end
+
+```
+
+Use [Doorkeeper](https://github.com/doorkeeper-gem/doorkeeper), [warden-oauth2](https://github.com/opperator/warden-oauth2) or [rack-oauth2](https://github.com/nov/rack-oauth2) for OAuth2 support.
+
+You can access the controller params, headers, and helpers through the context with the `#context` method inside any auth middleware inherited from `Grape::Middlware::Auth::Base`.
+
+## Describing and Inspecting an API
+
+Grape routes can be reflected at runtime. This can notably be useful for generating documentation.
+
+Grape exposes arrays of API versions and compiled routes. Each route contains a `route_prefix`, `route_version`, `route_namespace`, `route_method`, `route_path` and `route_params`. You can add custom route settings to the route metadata with `route_setting`.
+
+```ruby
+class TwitterAPI < Grape::API
+  version 'v1'
+  desc 'Includes custom settings.'
+  route_setting :custom, key: 'value'
+  get do
+
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Examine the routes at runtime.
+
+```ruby
+TwitterAPI::versions # yields [ 'v1', 'v2' ]
+TwitterAPI::routes # yields an array of Grape::Route objects
+TwitterAPI::routes[0].version # => 'v1'
+TwitterAPI::routes[0].description # => 'Includes custom settings.'
+TwitterAPI::routes[0].settings[:custom] # => { key: 'value' }
+```
+
+Note that `Route#route_xyz` methods have been deprecated since 0.15.0.
+
+Please use `Route#xyz` instead.
+
+Note that difference of `Route#options` and `Route#settings`.
+
+The `options` can be referred from your route, it should be set by specifing key and value on verb methods such as `get`, `post` and `put`.
+The `settings` can also be referred from your route, but it should be set by specifing key and value on `route_setting`.
+
+## Current Route and Endpoint
+
+It's possible to retrieve the information about the current route from within an API call with `route`.
+
+```ruby
+class MyAPI < Grape::API
+  desc 'Returns a description of a parameter.'
+  params do
+    requires :id, type: Integer, desc: 'Identity.'
+  end
+  get 'params/:id' do
+    route.route_params[params[:id]] # yields the parameter description
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The current endpoint responding to the request is `self` within the API block
+or `env['api.endpoint']` elsewhere. The endpoint has some interesting properties,
+such as `source` which gives you access to the original code block of the API
+implementation. This can be particularly useful for building a logger middleware.
+
+```ruby
+class ApiLogger < Grape::Middleware::Base
+  def before
+    file = env['api.endpoint'].source.source_location[0]
+    line = env['api.endpoint'].source.source_location[1]
+    logger.debug "[api] #{file}:#{line}"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+## Before, After and Finally
+
+Blocks can be executed before or after every API call, using `before`, `after`,
+`before_validation` and `after_validation`.
+If the API fails the `after` call will not be trigered, if you need code to execute for sure
+use the `finally`.
+
+Before and after callbacks execute in the following order:
+
+1. `before`
+2. `before_validation`
+3. _validations_
+4. `after_validation` (upon successful validation)
+5. _the API call_ (upon successful validation)
+6. `after` (upon successful validation and API call)
+7. `finally` (always)
+
+Steps 4, 5 and 6 only happen if validation succeeds.
+
+If a request for a resource is made with an unsupported HTTP method (returning
+HTTP 405) only `before` callbacks will be executed.  The remaining callbacks will
+be bypassed.
+
+If a request for a resource is made that triggers the built-in `OPTIONS` handler,
+only `before` and `after` callbacks will be executed.  The remaining callbacks will
+be bypassed.
+
+For example, using a simple `before` block to set a header.
+
+```ruby
+before do
+  header 'X-Robots-Tag', 'noindex'
+end
+```
+
+You can ensure a block of code runs after every request (including failures) with `finally`:
+
+```ruby
+finally do
+  # this code will run after every request (successful or failed)
+end
+```
+
+**Namespaces**
+
+Callbacks apply to each API call within and below the current namespace:
+
+```ruby
+class MyAPI < Grape::API
+  get '/' do
+    "root - #{@blah}"
+  end
+
+  namespace :foo do
+    before do
+      @blah = 'blah'
+    end
+
+    get '/' do
+      "root - foo - #{@blah}"
+    end
+
+    namespace :bar do
+      get '/' do
+        "root - foo - bar - #{@blah}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The behavior is then:
+
+```bash
+GET /           # 'root - '
+GET /foo        # 'root - foo - blah'
+GET /foo/bar    # 'root - foo - bar - blah'
+```
+
+Params on a `namespace` (or whichever alias you are using) will also be available when using `before_validation` or `after_validation`:
+
+```ruby
+class MyAPI < Grape::API
+  params do
+    requires :blah, type: Integer
+  end
+  resource ':blah' do
+    after_validation do
+      # if we reach this point validations will have passed
+      @blah = declared(params, include_missing: false)[:blah]
+    end
+
+    get '/' do
+      @blah.class
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The behavior is then:
+
+```bash
+GET /123        # 'Integer'
+GET /foo        # 400 error - 'blah is invalid'
+```
+
+**Versioning**
+
+When a callback is defined within a version block, it's only called for the routes defined in that block.
+
+```ruby
+class Test < Grape::API
+  resource :foo do
+    version 'v1', :using => :path do
+      before do
+        @output ||= 'v1-'
+      end
+      get '/' do
+        @output += 'hello'
+      end
+    end
+
+    version 'v2', :using => :path do
+      before do
+        @output ||= 'v2-'
+      end
+      get '/' do
+        @output += 'hello'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The behavior is then:
+
+```bash
+GET /foo/v1       # 'v1-hello'
+GET /foo/v2       # 'v2-hello'
+```
+
+**Altering Responses**
+
+Using `present` in any callback allows you to add data to a response:
+
+```ruby
+class MyAPI < Grape::API
+  format :json
+
+  after_validation do
+    present :name, params[:name] if params[:name]
+  end
+
+  get '/greeting' do
+    present :greeting, 'Hello!'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The behavior is then:
+
+```bash
+GET /greeting              # {"greeting":"Hello!"}
+GET /greeting?name=Alan    # {"name":"Alan","greeting":"Hello!"}
+```
+
+Instead of altering a response, you can also terminate and rewrite it from any callback using `error!`, including `after`. This will cause all subsequent steps in the process to not be called. **This includes the actual api call and any callbacks**
+
+## Anchoring
+
+Grape by default anchors all request paths, which means that the request URL
+should match from start to end to match, otherwise a `404 Not Found` is
+returned. However, this is sometimes not what you want, because it is not always
+known upfront what can be expected from the call. This is because Rack-mount by
+default anchors requests to match from the start to the end, or not at all.
+Rails solves this problem by using a `anchor: false` option in your routes.
+In Grape this option can be used as well when a method is defined.
+
+For instance when your API needs to get part of an URL, for instance:
+
+```ruby
+class TwitterAPI < Grape::API
+  namespace :statuses do
+    get '/(*:status)', anchor: false do
+
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This will match all paths starting with '/statuses/'. There is one caveat though:
+the `params[:status]` parameter only holds the first part of the request url.
+Luckily this can be circumvented by using the described above syntax for path
+specification and using the `PATH_INFO` Rack environment variable, using
+`env['PATH_INFO']`. This will hold everything that comes after the '/statuses/'
+part.
+
+## Using Custom Middleware
+
+### Grape Middleware
+
+You can make a custom middleware by using `Grape::Middleware::Base`.
+It's inherited from some grape official middlewares in fact.
+
+For example, you can write a middleware to log application exception.
+
+```ruby
+class LoggingError < Grape::Middleware::Base
+  def after
+    return unless @app_response && @app_response[0] == 500
+    env['rack.logger'].error("Raised error on #{env['PATH_INFO']}")
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Your middleware can overwrite application response as follows, except error case.
+
+```ruby
+class Overwriter < Grape::Middleware::Base
+  def after
+    [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, ['Overwritten.']]
+  end
+end
+```
+
+You can add your custom middleware with `use`, that push the middleware onto the stack, and you can also control where the middleware is inserted using `insert`, `insert_before` and `insert_after`.
+
+```ruby
+class CustomOverwriter < Grape::Middleware::Base
+  def after
+    [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, [@options[:message]]]
+  end
+end
+
+
+class API < Grape::API
+  use Overwriter
+  insert_before Overwriter, CustomOverwriter, message: 'Overwritten again.'
+  insert 0, CustomOverwriter, message: 'Overwrites all other middleware.'
+
+  get '/' do
+  end
+end
+```
+
+You can access the controller params, headers, and helpers through the context with the `#context` method inside any middleware inherited from `Grape::Middlware::Base`.
+
+### Rails Middleware
+
+Note that when you're using Grape mounted on Rails you don't have to use Rails middleware because it's already included into your middleware stack.
+You only have to implement the helpers to access the specific `env` variable.
+
+### Remote IP
+
+By default you can access remote IP with `request.ip`. This is the remote IP address implemented by Rack. Sometimes it is desirable to get the remote IP [Rails-style](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10997005/whats-the-difference-between-request-remote-ip-and-request-ip-in-rails) with `ActionDispatch::RemoteIp`.
+
+Add `gem 'actionpack'` to your Gemfile and `require 'action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb'`. Use the middleware in your API and expose a `client_ip` helper. See [this documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/RemoteIp.html) for additional options.
+
+```ruby
+class API < Grape::API
+  use ActionDispatch::RemoteIp
+
+  helpers do
+    def client_ip
+      env['action_dispatch.remote_ip'].to_s
+    end
+  end
+
+  get :remote_ip do
+    { ip: client_ip }
+  end
+end
+```
+
+## Writing Tests
+
+### Writing Tests with Rack
+
+Use `rack-test` and define your API as `app`.
+
+#### RSpec
+
+You can test a Grape API with RSpec by making HTTP requests and examining the response.
+
+```ruby
+require 'spec_helper'
+
+describe Twitter::API do
+  include Rack::Test::Methods
+
+  def app
+    Twitter::API
+  end
+
+  context 'GET /api/statuses/public_timeline' do
+    it 'returns an empty array of statuses' do
+      get '/api/statuses/public_timeline'
+      expect(last_response.status).to eq(200)
+      expect(JSON.parse(last_response.body)).to eq []
+    end
+  end
+  context 'GET /api/statuses/:id' do
+    it 'returns a status by id' do
+      status = Status.create!
+      get "/api/statuses/#{status.id}"
+      expect(last_response.body).to eq status.to_json
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+There's no standard way of sending arrays of objects via an HTTP GET, so POST JSON data and specify the correct content-type.
+
+```ruby
+describe Twitter::API do
+  context 'POST /api/statuses' do
+    it 'creates many statuses' do
+      statuses = [{ text: '...' }, { text: '...'}]
+      post '/api/statuses', statuses.to_json, 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json'
+      expect(last_response.body).to eq 201
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+#### Airborne
+
+You can test with other RSpec-based frameworks, including [Airborne](https://github.com/brooklynDev/airborne), which uses `rack-test` to make requests.
+
+```ruby
+require 'airborne'
+
+Airborne.configure do |config|
+  config.rack_app = Twitter::API
+end
+
+describe Twitter::API do
+  context 'GET /api/statuses/:id' do
+    it 'returns a status by id' do
+      status = Status.create!
+      get "/api/statuses/#{status.id}"
+      expect_json(status.as_json)
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+#### MiniTest
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class Twitter::APITest < MiniTest::Test
+  include Rack::Test::Methods
+
+  def app
+    Twitter::API
+  end
+
+  def test_get_api_statuses_public_timeline_returns_an_empty_array_of_statuses
+    get '/api/statuses/public_timeline'
+    assert last_response.ok?
+    assert_equal [], JSON.parse(last_response.body)
+  end
+
+  def test_get_api_statuses_id_returns_a_status_by_id
+    status = Status.create!
+    get "/api/statuses/#{status.id}"
+    assert_equal status.to_json, last_response.body
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Writing Tests with Rails
+
+#### RSpec
+
+```ruby
+describe Twitter::API do
+  context 'GET /api/statuses/public_timeline' do
+    it 'returns an empty array of statuses' do
+      get '/api/statuses/public_timeline'
+      expect(response.status).to eq(200)
+      expect(JSON.parse(response.body)).to eq []
+    end
+  end
+  context 'GET /api/statuses/:id' do
+    it 'returns a status by id' do
+      status = Status.create!
+      get "/api/statuses/#{status.id}"
+      expect(response.body).to eq status.to_json
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+In Rails, HTTP request tests would go into the `spec/requests` group. You may want your API code to go into
+`app/api` - you can match that layout under `spec` by adding the following in `spec/rails_helper.rb`.
+
+```ruby
+RSpec.configure do |config|
+  config.include RSpec::Rails::RequestExampleGroup, type: :request, file_path: /spec\/api/
+end
+```
+
+#### MiniTest
+
+```ruby
+class Twitter::APITest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include Rack::Test::Methods
+
+  def app
+    Rails.application
+  end
+
+  test 'GET /api/statuses/public_timeline returns an empty array of statuses' do
+    get '/api/statuses/public_timeline'
+    assert last_response.ok?
+    assert_equal [], JSON.parse(last_response.body)
+  end
+
+  test 'GET /api/statuses/:id returns a status by id' do
+    status = Status.create!
+    get "/api/statuses/#{status.id}"
+    assert_equal status.to_json, last_response.body
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Stubbing Helpers
+
+Because helpers are mixed in based on the context when an endpoint is defined, it can
+be difficult to stub or mock them for testing. The `Grape::Endpoint.before_each` method
+can help by allowing you to define behavior on the endpoint that will run before every
+request.
+
+```ruby
+describe 'an endpoint that needs helpers stubbed' do
+  before do
+    Grape::Endpoint.before_each do |endpoint|
+      allow(endpoint).to receive(:helper_name).and_return('desired_value')
+    end
+  end
+
+  after do
+    Grape::Endpoint.before_each nil
+  end
+
+  it 'stubs the helper' do
+
+  end
+end
+```
+
+## Reloading API Changes in Development
+
+### Reloading in Rack Applications
+
+Use [grape-reload](https://github.com/AlexYankee/grape-reload).
+
+### Reloading in Rails Applications
+
+Add API paths to `config/application.rb`.
+
+```ruby
+# Auto-load API and its subdirectories
+config.paths.add File.join('app', 'api'), glob: File.join('**', '*.rb')
+config.autoload_paths += Dir[Rails.root.join('app', 'api', '*')]
+```
+
+Create `config/initializers/reload_api.rb`.
+
+```ruby
+if Rails.env.development?
+  ActiveSupport::Dependencies.explicitly_unloadable_constants << 'Twitter::API'
+
+  api_files = Dir[Rails.root.join('app', 'api', '**', '*.rb')]
+  api_reloader = ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new(api_files) do
+    Rails.application.reload_routes!
+  end
+  ActionDispatch::Callbacks.to_prepare do
+    api_reloader.execute_if_updated
+  end
+end
+```
+
+For Rails >= 5.1.4, change this:
+
+```ruby
+ActionDispatch::Callbacks.to_prepare do
+  api_reloader.execute_if_updated
+end
+```
+
+to this:
+
+```ruby
+ActiveSupport::Reloader.to_prepare do
+  api_reloader.execute_if_updated
+end
+```
+
+See [StackOverflow #3282655](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3282655/ruby-on-rails-3-reload-lib-directory-for-each-request/4368838#4368838) for more information.
+
+## Performance Monitoring
+
+### Active Support Instrumentation
+
+Grape has built-in support for [ActiveSupport::Notifications](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Notifications.html) which provides simple hook points to instrument key parts of your application.
+
+The following are currently supported:
+
+#### endpoint_run.grape
+
+The main execution of an endpoint, includes filters and rendering.
+
+* *endpoint* - The endpoint instance
+
+#### endpoint_render.grape
+
+The execution of the main content block of the endpoint.
+
+* *endpoint* - The endpoint instance
+
+#### endpoint_run_filters.grape
+
+* *endpoint* - The endpoint instance
+* *filters* - The filters being executed
+* *type* - The type of filters (before, before_validation, after_validation, after)
+
+#### endpoint_run_validators.grape
+
+The execution of validators.
+
+* *endpoint* - The endpoint instance
+* *validators* - The validators being executed
+* *request* - The request being validated
+
+#### format_response.grape
+
+Serialization or template rendering.
+
+* *env* - The request environment
+* *formatter* - The formatter object (e.g., `Grape::Formatter::Json`)
+
+See the [ActiveSupport::Notifications documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Notifications.html) for information on how to subscribe to these events.
+
+### Monitoring Products
+
+Grape integrates with following third-party tools:
+
+* **New Relic** - [built-in support](https://docs.newrelic.com/docs/agents/ruby-agent/frameworks/grape-instrumentation) from v3.10.0 of the official [newrelic_rpm](https://github.com/newrelic/rpm) gem, also [newrelic-grape](https://github.com/xinminlabs/newrelic-grape) gem
+* **Librato Metrics** - [grape-librato](https://github.com/seanmoon/grape-librato) gem
+* **[Skylight](https://www.skylight.io/)** - [skylight](https://github.com/skylightio/skylight-ruby) gem, [documentation](https://docs.skylight.io/grape/)
+* **[AppSignal](https://www.appsignal.com)** - [appsignal-ruby](https://github.com/appsignal/appsignal-ruby) gem, [documentation](http://docs.appsignal.com/getting-started/supported-frameworks.html#grape)
+* **[ElasticAPM](https://www.elastic.co/products/apm) - [elastic-apm](https://github.com/elastic/apm-agent-ruby) gem, [documentation](https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/apm/agent/ruby/3.x/getting-started-rack.html#getting-started-grape)
+
+## Contributing to Grape
+
+Grape is work of hundreds of contributors. You're encouraged to submit pull requests, propose
+features and discuss issues.
+
+See [CONTRIBUTING](CONTRIBUTING.md).
+
+## License
+
+MIT License. See LICENSE for details.
+
+## Copyright
+
+Copyright (c) 2010-2019 Michael Bleigh, Intridea Inc. and Contributors.