gr-plot 0.0.1

data/lib/gr/plot.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1553 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'gr'
+autoload :GR3, 'gr3'
+
+# FIXME: Plot should not depend on Numo::Narrray unless the GR3 module is required.
+# Note: The Plot class has a linspace function that is independent of Numo..
+require 'numo/narray'
+
+module GR
+  # This class offers a simple, matlab-style API built on top of the GR package.
+  # The class name Plot may be changed in the future.
+  class Plot
+    # Why is the Plot class NOT object-oriented?
+    #
+    # Because the code here is mainly ported from GR.jl.
+    # https://github.com/jheinen/GR.jl/blob/master/src/jlgr.jl
+    #
+    # The Python implementation is also Julia compliant.
+    # https://github.com/sciapp/python-gr
+    #
+    # Julia is not an object-oriented language (at least in 2019).
+    # So, you will see many if branches here.
+    # This is not the Ruby code style. But it WORKS.
+    #
+    # I want to thank Josef Heinen(@jheinen), the creator of GR.jl
+    # and Florian Rhiem(@FlorianRhiem), the creator of python-gr.
+    #
+    # If you are interested in an object-oriented implementation,
+    # See rubyplot.
+    # https://github.com/SciRuby/rubyplot
+
+    # Plot kinds conform to GR.jl
+    PLOT_KIND = %i[line step scatter stem hist contour contourf hexbin heatmap
+                   nonuniformheatmap wireframe surface plot3 scatter3 imshow
+                   isosurface polar polarhist polarheatmap nonuniformpolarheatmap
+                   trisurf tricont shade volume].freeze
+
+    # Keyword options conform to GR.jl.
+    KW_ARGS = %i[accelerate algorithm alpha ax backgroundcolor barwidth baseline
+                 clabels clear clim color colormap crange figsize font grid
+                 horizontal isovalue kind label labels levels linewidth location
+                 nbins ratio rotation scale size spec subplot tilt title update
+                 xaxis xflip xform xlabel xlim xlog xrange xticks yaxis yflip
+                 ylabel ylim ylog zflip yrange yticks viewport vp where window
+                 zaxis zlabel zlim zlog zrange zticks].freeze
+
+    FONTS = {
+      times_roman: 101,
+      times_italic: 102,
+      times_bold: 103,
+      times_bolditalic: 104,
+      helvetica_regular: 105,
+      helvetica_oblique: 106,
+      helvetica_bold: 107,
+      helvetica_boldoblique: 108,
+      courier_regular: 109,
+      courier_oblique: 110,
+      courier_bold: 111,
+      courier_boldoblique: 112,
+      symbol: 113,
+      bookman_light: 114,
+      bookman_lightitalic: 115,
+      bookman_demi: 116,
+      bookman_demiitalic: 117,
+      newcenturyschlbk_roman: 118,
+      newcenturyschlbk_italic: 119,
+      newcenturyschlbk_bold: 120,
+      newcenturyschlbk_bolditalic: 121,
+      avantgarde_book: 122,
+      avantgarde_bookoblique: 123,
+      avantgarde_demi: 124,
+      avantgarde_demioblique: 125,
+      palatino_roman: 126,
+      palatino_italic: 127,
+      palatino_bold: 128,
+      palatino_bolditalic: 129,
+      zapfchancery_mediumitalic: 130,
+      zapfdingbats: 131,
+      cmuserif_math: 232, # original: cmuserif-math
+      dejavusans: 233
+    }.freeze
+
+    @last_plot = nil
+    class << self
+      attr_accessor :last_plot
+    end
+
+    attr_accessor :args, :kvs, :scheme
+
+    def initialize(*raw_args)
+      # Keywords are cloned to avoid disruptive changes
+      @kvs = raw_args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? raw_args.pop.clone : {}
+      @args = plot_args(raw_args) # method name is the same as Julia/Python
+
+      # Check keyword options.
+      kvs.each_key { |k| warn "Unknown keyword: #{k}" unless KW_ARGS.include? k }
+
+      # label(singular form) is a original keyword arg which GR.jl does not have.
+      kvs[:labels] ||= [kvs[:label]] if kvs.has_key? :label
+
+      # Don't use ||= here, because we need to tell `false` from `nil`
+      kvs[:size]    = [600, 450]   unless kvs.has_key? :size
+      kvs[:ax]      = false        unless kvs.has_key? :ax
+      kvs[:subplot] = [0, 1, 0, 1] unless kvs.has_key? :subplot
+      kvs[:clear]   = true         unless kvs.has_key? :clear
+      kvs[:update]  = true         unless kvs.has_key? :update
+
+      @scheme     = 0
+      @background = 0xffffff
+      # @handle     = nil           # This variable will be used in gr_meta
+
+      self.class.last_plot = self
+    end
+
+    def set_viewport(kind, subplot)
+      mwidth, mheight, width, height = GR.inqdspsize
+      dpi = width / mwidth * 0.0254
+      w, h = if kvs[:figsize]
+               [(0.0254 * width  * kvs[:figsize][0] / mwidth),
+                (0.0254 * height * kvs[:figsize][1] / mheight)]
+             elsif dpi > 200
+               kvs[:size].map { |i| i * dpi / 100 }
+             else
+               kvs[:size]
+             end
+
+      vp = subplot.clone
+
+      if w > h
+        ratio = h / w.to_f
+        msize = mwidth * w / width
+        GR.setwsviewport(0, msize, 0, msize * ratio)
+        GR.setwswindow(0, 1, 0, ratio)
+        vp[2] *= ratio
+        vp[3] *= ratio
+      else
+        ratio = w / h.to_f
+        msize = mheight * h / height
+        GR.setwsviewport(0, msize * ratio, 0, msize)
+        GR.setwswindow(0, ratio, 0, 1)
+        vp[0] *= ratio
+        vp[1] *= ratio
+      end
+
+      if %i[wireframe surface plot3 scatter3 trisurf volume].include?(kind)
+        extent = [vp[1] - vp[0], vp[3] - vp[2]].min
+        vp1 = 0.5 * (vp[0] + vp[1] - extent)
+        vp2 = 0.5 * (vp[0] + vp[1] + extent)
+        vp3 = 0.5 * (vp[2] + vp[3] - extent)
+        vp4 = 0.5 * (vp[2] + vp[3] + extent)
+      else
+        vp1, vp2, vp3, vp4 = vp
+      end
+
+      left_margin = kvs.has_key?(:ylabel) ? 0.05 : 0
+      right_margin = if %i[contour contourf hexbin heatmap nonuniformheatmap polarheatmap
+                           nonuniformpolarheatmap surface trisurf volume].include?(kind)
+                       (vp2 - vp1) * 0.1
+                     else
+                       0
+                     end
+      bottom_margin = kvs.has_key?(:xlabel) ? 0.05 : 0
+      top_margin = kvs.has_key?(:title) ? 0.075 : 0
+
+      viewport = [vp1 + (0.075 + left_margin) * (vp2 - vp1),
+                  vp1 + (0.95 - right_margin) * (vp2 - vp1),
+                  vp3 + (0.075 + bottom_margin) * (vp4 - vp3),
+                  vp3 + (0.975 - top_margin) * (vp4 - vp3)]
+
+      if %i[line step scatter stem].include?(kind) && kvs[:labels]
+        location = kvs[:location] || 1
+        if [11, 12, 13].include?(location)
+          w, h = legend_size
+          viewport[1] -= w + 0.1
+        end
+      end
+
+      GR.setviewport(*viewport)
+
+      kvs[:viewport] = viewport
+      kvs[:vp]       = vp
+      kvs[:ratio]    = ratio
+
+      if kvs[:backgroundcolor]
+        GR.savestate
+        GR.selntran(0)
+        GR.setfillintstyle(GR::INTSTYLE_SOLID)
+        GR.setfillcolorind(kvs[:backgroundcolor])
+        if w > h
+          GR.fillrect(subplot[0], subplot[1],
+                      ratio * subplot[2], ratio * subplot[3])
+        else
+          GR.fillrect(ratio * subplot[0], ratio * subplot[1],
+                      subplot[2], subplot[3])
+        end
+        GR.selntran(1)
+        GR.restorestate
+      end
+
+      if %i[polar polarhist polarheatmap nonuniformpolarheatmap].include? kind
+        xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax = viewport
+        xcenter = 0.5 * (xmin + xmax)
+        ycenter = 0.5 * (ymin + ymax)
+        r = 0.5 * [xmax - xmin, ymax - ymin].min
+        GR.setviewport(xcenter - r, xcenter + r, ycenter - r, ycenter + r)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def set_window(kind)
+      scale = 0
+      unless %i[polar polarhist polarheatmap nonuniformpolarheatmap].include?(kind)
+        scale |= GR::OPTION_X_LOG  if kvs[:xlog]
+        scale |= GR::OPTION_Y_LOG  if kvs[:ylog]
+        scale |= GR::OPTION_Z_LOG  if kvs[:zlog]
+        scale |= GR::OPTION_FLIP_X if kvs[:xflip]
+        scale |= GR::OPTION_FLIP_Y if kvs[:yflip]
+        scale |= GR::OPTION_FLIP_Z if kvs[:zflip]
+      end
+      kvs[:scale] = scale
+
+      if kvs.has_key?(:panzoom)
+        xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax = GR.panzoom(*kvs[:panzoom])
+        kvs[:xrange] = [xmin, xmax]
+        kvs[:yrange] = [ymin, ymax]
+      else
+        minmax(kind)
+      end
+
+      major_count = if %i[wireframe surface plot3 scatter3 polar polarhist
+                          polarheatmap nonuniformpolarheatmap trisurf volume].include?(kind)
+                      2
+                    else
+                      5
+                    end
+
+      kvs[:xticks] = [kvs[:xticks], major_count] if kvs[:xticks].is_a? Numeric
+      kvs[:yticks] = [kvs[:yticks], major_count] if kvs[:yticks].is_a? Numeric
+      kvs[:zticks] = [kvs[:zticks], major_count] if kvs[:zticks].is_a? Numeric
+
+      xmin, xmax = kvs[:xrange]
+      if %i[heatmap polarheatmap].include?(kind) && kvs.has_key?(:xlim)
+        xmin -= 0.5
+        xmax += 0.5
+      end
+      xtick, majorx = if (scale & GR::OPTION_X_LOG) == 0
+                        if !%i[heatmap polarheatmap].include?(kind) &&
+                           !kvs.has_key?(:xlim) &&
+                           !kvs[:panzoom]
+                          xmin, xmax = GR.adjustlimits(xmin, xmax)
+                        end
+                        if kvs.has_key?(:xticks)
+                          kvs[:xticks]
+                        else
+                          [auto_tick(xmin, xmax) / major_count, major_count]
+                        end
+                      else
+                        [1, 1]
+                      end
+      xorg = (scale & GR::OPTION_FLIP_X) == 0 ? [xmin, xmax] : [xmax, xmin]
+      kvs[:xaxis] = xtick, xorg, majorx
+
+      ymin, ymax = kvs[:yrange]
+      if %i[heatmap polarheatmap].include?(kind) && kvs.has_key?(:ylim)
+        ymin -= 0.5
+        ymax += 0.5
+      end
+      if kind == :hist
+        if kvs[:horizontal] && !kvs.has_key?(:xlim)
+          xmin = (scale & GR::OPTION_X_LOG) == 0 ? 0 : 1
+        elsif !kvs.has_key?(:ylim)
+          ymin = (scale & GR::OPTION_Y_LOG) == 0 ? 0 : 1
+        end
+      end
+      ytick, majory = if (scale & GR::OPTION_Y_LOG) == 0
+                        if !%i[heatmap polarheatmap].include?(kind) &&
+                           !kvs.has_key?(:ylim) &&
+                           !kvs[:panzoom]
+                          ymin, ymax = GR.adjustlimits(ymin, ymax)
+                        end
+                        if kvs.has_key?(:yticks)
+                          kvs[:yticks]
+                        else
+                          [auto_tick(ymin, ymax) / major_count, major_count]
+                        end
+                      else
+                        [1, 1]
+                      end
+      yorg = (scale & GR::OPTION_FLIP_Y) == 0 ? [ymin, ymax] : [ymax, ymin]
+      kvs[:yaxis] = ytick, yorg, majory
+
+      if %i[wireframe surface plot3 scatter3 trisurf volume].include?(kind)
+        zmin, zmax = kvs[:zrange]
+        ztick, majorz = if (scale & GR::OPTION_Z_LOG) == 0
+                          zmin, zmax = GR.adjustlimits(zmin, zmax) if kvs.has_key?(:zlim)
+                          if kvs.has_key?(:zticks)
+                            kvs[:zticks]
+                          else
+                            [auto_tick(zmin, zmax) / major_count, major_count]
+                          end
+                        else
+                          [1, 1]
+                        end
+        zorg = (scale & GR::OPTION_FLIP_Z) == 0 ? [zmin, zmax] : [zmax, zmin]
+        kvs[:zaxis] = ztick, zorg, majorz
+      end
+
+      kvs[:window] = xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax
+      if %i[polar polarhist polarheatmap nonuniformpolarheatmap trisurf].include?(kind)
+        GR.setwindow(-1, 1, -1, 1)
+      else
+        GR.setwindow(xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
+      end
+      if %i[wireframe surface plot3 scatter3 trisurf volume].include?(kind)
+        rotation = kvs[:rotation] || 40
+        tilt     = kvs[:tilt]     || 60
+        GR.setwindow3d(xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, zmin, zmax)
+        GR.setspace3d(-rotation, tilt, 30, 0)
+      end
+
+      kvs[:scale] = scale
+      GR.setscale(scale)
+    end
+
+    def draw_axes(kind, pass = 1)
+      viewport = kvs[:viewport]
+      vp = kvs[:vp]
+      _ratio = kvs[:ratio]
+      xtick, xorg, majorx = kvs[:xaxis]
+      ytick, yorg, majory = kvs[:yaxis]
+      drawgrid = kvs.has_key?(:grid) ? kvs[:grid] : true
+      xtick = 10 if kvs[:scale] & GR::OPTION_X_LOG != 0
+      ytick = 10 if kvs[:scale] & GR::OPTION_Y_LOG != 0
+      GR.setlinecolorind(1)
+      diag = Math.sqrt((viewport[1] - viewport[0])**2 + (viewport[3] - viewport[2])**2)
+      GR.setlinewidth(1)
+      ticksize = 0.0075 * diag
+      if %i[wireframe surface plot3 scatter3 trisurf volume].include?(kind)
+        charheight = [0.024 * diag, 0.012].max
+        GR.setcharheight(charheight)
+        ztick, zorg, majorz = kvs[:zaxis]
+        if pass == 1 && drawgrid
+          GR.grid3d(xtick, 0, ztick, xorg[0], yorg[1], zorg[0], 2, 0, 2)
+          GR.grid3d(0, ytick, 0, xorg[0], yorg[1], zorg[0], 0, 2, 0)
+        else
+          GR.axes3d(xtick, 0, ztick, xorg[0], yorg[0], zorg[0], majorx, 0, majorz, -ticksize)
+          GR.axes3d(0, ytick, 0, xorg[1], yorg[0], zorg[0], 0, majory, 0, ticksize)
+        end
+      else
+        charheight = [0.018 * diag, 0.012].max
+        GR.setcharheight(charheight)
+        if %i[heatmap nonuniformheatmap shade].include?(kind)
+          ticksize = -ticksize
+        elsif drawgrid
+          GR.grid(xtick, ytick, 0, 0, majorx, majory)
+        end
+        if kvs.has_key?(:xticklabels) || kvs.has_key?(:yticklabels)
+          fx = if kvs.has_key?(:xticklabels)
+                 GRCommons::Fiddley::Function.new(
+                   :void, %i[double double string double]
+                 ) do |x, y, _svalue, value|
+                   label = value < 0 ? '' : kvs[:xticklabels][value] || ''
+                   GR.textext(x, y, label)
+                 end
+               else
+                 GRCommons::Fiddley::Function.new(
+                   :void, %i[double double string double]
+                 ) do |x, y, _svalue, value|
+                   GR.textext(x, y, value.to_s)
+                 end
+               end
+          fy = if kvs.has_key?(:yticklabels)
+                 GRCommons::Fiddley::Function.new(
+                   :void, %i[double double string double]
+                 ) do |x, y, _svalue, value|
+                   label = value < 0 ? '' : kvs[:yticklabels][value] || ''
+                   GR.textext(x, y, label)
+                 end
+               else
+                 GRCommons::Fiddley::Function.new(
+                   :void, %i[double double string double]
+                 ) do |x, y, _svalue, value|
+                   GR.textext(x, y, value.to_s)
+                 end
+               end
+          GR.axeslbl(xtick, ytick, xorg[0], yorg[0], majorx, majory, ticksize, fx, fy)
+        else
+          GR.axes(xtick, ytick, xorg[0], yorg[0], majorx, majory, ticksize)
+        end
+        GR.axes(xtick, ytick, xorg[1], yorg[1], -majorx, -majory, -ticksize)
+      end
+
+      if kvs.has_key?(:title)
+        GR.savestate
+        GR.settextalign(GR::TEXT_HALIGN_CENTER, GR::TEXT_VALIGN_TOP)
+        text(0.5 * (viewport[0] + viewport[1]), vp[3], kvs[:title].to_s)
+        GR.restorestate
+      end
+      if %i[wireframe surface plot3 scatter3 trisurf volume].include?(kind)
+        xlabel = (kvs[:xlabel] || '').to_s
+        ylabel = (kvs[:ylabel] || '').to_s
+        zlabel = (kvs[:zlabel] || '').to_s
+        GR.titles3d(xlabel, ylabel, zlabel)
+      else
+        if kvs.has_key?(:xlabel)
+          GR.savestate
+          GR.settextalign(GR::TEXT_HALIGN_CENTER, GR::TEXT_VALIGN_BOTTOM)
+          text(0.5 * (viewport[0] + viewport[1]), vp[2] + 0.5 * charheight, kvs[:xlabel].to_s)
+          GR.restorestate
+        end
+        if kvs.has_key?(:ylabel)
+          GR.savestate
+          GR.settextalign(GR::TEXT_HALIGN_CENTER, GR::TEXT_VALIGN_TOP)
+          GR.setcharup(-1, 0)
+          text(vp[0] + 0.5 * charheight, 0.5 * (viewport[2] + viewport[3]), kvs[:ylabel].to_s)
+          GR.restorestate
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def draw_polar_axes
+      viewport = kvs[:viewport]
+      diag = Math.sqrt((viewport[1] - viewport[0])**2 + (viewport[3] - viewport[2])**2)
+      charheight = [0.018 * diag, 0.012].max
+
+      window = kvs[:window]
+      rmin = window[2]
+      rmax = window[3]
+
+      GR.savestate
+      GR.setcharheight(charheight)
+      GR.setlinetype(GR::LINETYPE_SOLID)
+
+      tick = auto_tick(rmin, rmax)
+      n = ((rmax - rmin) / tick + 0.5).round
+      (n + 1).times do |i|
+        r = i.to_f / n
+        if i.even?
+          GR.setlinecolorind(88)
+          GR.drawarc(-r, r, -r, r, 0, 359) if i > 0
+          GR.settextalign(GR::TEXT_HALIGN_LEFT, GR::TEXT_VALIGN_HALF)
+          x, y = GR.wctondc(0.05, r)
+          GR.text(x, y, (rmin + i * tick).to_s) # FIXME: round. significant digits.
+        else
+          GR.setlinecolorind(90)
+          GR.drawarc(-r, r, -r, r, 0, 359)
+        end
+      end
+      0.step(by: 45, to: 315) do |alpha|
+        sinf = Math.sin(alpha * Math::PI / 180)
+        cosf = Math.cos(alpha * Math::PI / 180)
+        GR.polyline([cosf, 0], [sinf, 0])
+        GR.settextalign(GR::TEXT_HALIGN_CENTER, GR::TEXT_VALIGN_HALF)
+        x, y = GR.wctondc(1.1 * cosf, 1.1 * sinf)
+        GR.textext(x, y, "#{alpha}^o")
+      end
+      GR.restorestate
+    end
+
+    def plot_polar(θ, ρ)
+      window = kvs[:window]
+      rmax = window[3].to_f
+      ρ = ρ.map { |i| i / rmax }
+      n = ρ.length
+      x = []
+      y = []
+      n.times do |i|
+        x << ρ[i] * Math.cos(θ[i])
+        y << ρ[i] * Math.sin(θ[i])
+      end
+      GR.polyline(x, y)
+    end
+
+    def plot_img(img)
+      viewport = kvs[:vp].clone
+      viewport[3] -= 0.05 if kvs.has_key?(:title)
+      vp = kvs[:vp]
+
+      if img.is_a? String
+        width, height, data = GR.readimage(img)
+      else
+        height, width = img.shape
+        cmin, cmax = kvs[:crange]
+        data = img.map { |i| normalize_color(i, cmin, cmax) }
+        data = data.map { |i| (1000 + i * 255).round }
+      end
+
+      if width * (viewport[3] - viewport[2]) < height * (viewport[1] - viewport[0])
+        w = width.to_f / height * (viewport[3] - viewport[2])
+        xmin = [0.5 * (viewport[0] + viewport[1] - w), viewport[0]].max
+        xmax = [0.5 * (viewport[0] + viewport[1] + w), viewport[1]].min
+        ymin = viewport[2]
+        ymax = viewport[3]
+      else
+        h = height.to_f / width * (viewport[1] - viewport[0])
+        xmin = viewport[0]
+        xmax = viewport[1]
+        ymin = [0.5 * (viewport[3] + viewport[2] - h), viewport[2]].max
+        ymax = [0.5 * (viewport[3] + viewport[2] + h), viewport[3]].min
+      end
+
+      GR.selntran(0)
+      GR.setscale(0)
+      if kvs.has_key?(:xflip)
+        tmp = xmax
+        xmax = xmin
+        xmin = tmp
+      end
+      if kvs.has_key?(:yflip)
+        tmp = ymax
+        ymax = ymin
+        ymin = tmp
+      end
+      if img.is_a? String
+        GR.drawimage(xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, width, height, data)
+      else
+        GR.cellarray(xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, width, height, data)
+      end
+
+      if kvs.has_key?(:title)
+        GR.savestate
+        GR.settextalign(GR::TEXT_HALIGN_CENTER, GR::TEXT_VALIGN_TOP)
+        text(0.5 * (viewport[0] + viewport[1]), vp[3], kvs[:title].to_s)
+        GR.restorestate
+      end
+      GR.selntran(1)
+    end
+
+    def plot_iso(v)
+      viewport = kvs[:viewport]
+
+      if viewport[3] - viewport[2] < viewport[1] - viewport[0]
+        width = viewport[3] - viewport[2]
+        centerx = 0.5 * (viewport[0] + viewport[1])
+        xmin = [centerx - 0.5 * width, viewport[0]].max
+        xmax = [centerx + 0.5 * width, viewport[1]].min
+        ymin = viewport[2]
+        ymax = viewport[3]
+      else
+        height = viewport[1] - viewport[0]
+        centery = 0.5 * (viewport[2] + viewport[3])
+        xmin = viewport[0]
+        xmax = viewport[1]
+        ymin = [centery - 0.5 * height, viewport[2]].max
+        ymax = [centery + 0.5 * height, viewport[3]].min
+      end
+
+      GR.selntran(0)
+      v = Numo::DFloat.cast(v) if v.is_a? Array
+      values = ((v - v.min) / (v.max - v.min) * (2**16 - 1)).round
+      values = Numo::UInt16.cast(values)
+      nx, ny, nz = v.shape
+      isovalue = ((kvs[:isovalue] || 0.5) - v.min) / (v.max - v.min)
+      rotation = ((kvs[:rotation] || 40) * Math::PI / 180.0)
+      tilt = ((kvs[:tilt] || 70) * Math::PI / 180.0)
+      r = 2.5
+      GR3.clear
+      mesh = GR3.createisosurfacemesh(values, [2.0 / (nx - 1), 2.0 / (ny - 1), 2.0 / (nz - 1)],
+                                      [-1, -1, -1],
+                                      (isovalue * (2**16 - 1)).round)
+      color = kvs[:color] || [0.0, 0.5, 0.8]
+      GR3.setbackgroundcolor(1, 1, 1, 0)
+      GR3.drawmesh(mesh, 1, [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0], color, [1, 1, 1])
+      GR3.cameralookat(r * Math.sin(tilt) * Math.sin(rotation),
+                       r * Math.cos(tilt), r * Math.sin(tilt) * Math.cos(rotation),
+                       0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0)
+      GR3.drawimage(xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, 500, 500, GR3::DRAWABLE_GKS)
+      GR3.deletemesh(mesh)
+      GR.selntran(1)
+    end
+
+    def colorbar(off = 0, colors = 256)
+      GR.savestate
+      viewport = kvs[:viewport]
+      zmin, zmax = kvs[:zrange]
+      mask = (GR::OPTION_Z_LOG | GR::OPTION_FLIP_Y | GR::OPTION_FLIP_Z)
+      options = if kvs.has_key?(:zflip)
+                  (GR.inqscale | GR::OPTION_FLIP_Y)
+                elsif kvs.has_key?(:yflip)
+                  GR.inqscale & ~GR::OPTION_FLIP_Y
+                else
+                  GR.inqscale
+                end
+      GR.setscale(options & mask)
+      h = 0.5 * (zmax - zmin) / (colors - 1)
+      GR.setwindow(0, 1, zmin, zmax)
+      GR.setviewport(viewport[1] + 0.02 + off, viewport[1] + 0.05 + off,
+                     viewport[2], viewport[3])
+      l = linspace(1000, 1255, colors).map(&:round)
+      GR.cellarray(0, 1, zmax + h, zmin - h, 1, colors, l)
+      GR.setlinecolorind(1)
+      diag = Math.sqrt((viewport[1] - viewport[0])**2 + (viewport[3] - viewport[2])**2)
+      charheight = [0.016 * diag, 0.012].max
+      GR.setcharheight(charheight)
+      if kvs[:scale] & GR::OPTION_Z_LOG == 0
+        ztick = auto_tick(zmin, zmax)
+        GR.axes(0, ztick, 1, zmin, 0, 1, 0.005)
+      else
+        GR.setscale(GR::OPTION_Y_LOG)
+        GR.axes(0, 2, 1, zmin, 0, 1, 0.005)
+      end
+      GR.restorestate
+    end
+
+    def plot_data(_figure = true)
+      # GR.init
+
+      # target = GR.displayname
+      # if flag && target != None
+      #   if target == "js" || target == "meta"
+      #       send_meta(0)
+      #   else
+      #       send_serialized(target)
+      #   end
+      #   return
+      # end
+
+      kind = kvs[:kind] || :line
+      GR.clearws if kvs[:clear]
+
+      if scheme != 0
+        # Not yet.
+      end
+
+      if kvs.has_key?(:font)
+        name = kvs[:font]
+        # 'Cmuserif-Math' => :cmuserif_math
+        sym_name = name.to_s.gsub('-', '_').downcase.to_sym
+        if FONTS.include?(sym_name)
+          font = FONTS[sym_name]
+          GR.settextfontprec(font, font > 200 ? 3 : 0)
+        else
+          font = GR.loadfont(name)
+          if font >= 0
+            GR.settextfontprec(font, 3)
+          else
+            warn "Unknown font name: #{name}"
+          end
+        end
+      else
+        # The following fonts are the default in GR.jl
+        # Japanese, Chinese, Korean, etc. cannot be displayed.
+
+        # GR.settextfontprec(232, 3) # CM Serif Roman
+      end
+
+      set_viewport(kind, kvs[:subplot])
+      unless kvs[:ax]
+        set_window(kind)
+        if %i[polar polarhist].include?(kind)
+          draw_polar_axes
+        elsif !%i[imshow isosurface polarheatmap nonuniformpolarheatmap].include?(kind)
+          draw_axes(kind)
+        end
+      end
+
+      if kvs.has_key?(:colormap)
+        GR.setcolormap(kvs[:colormap])
+      else
+        GR.setcolormap(GR::COLORMAP_VIRIDIS)
+      end
+
+      GR.uselinespec(' ')
+      args.each do |x, y, z, c, spec|
+        spec ||= kvs[:spec] ||= ''
+        GR.savestate
+        GR.settransparency(kvs[:alpha]) if kvs.has_key?(:alpha)
+
+        case kind
+
+        when :line
+          mask = GR.uselinespec(spec)
+          linewidth = kvs[:linewidth]
+          # Slightly different from Julia,
+          # Because the implementation of polyline and polymarker is different.
+          z ||= linewidth # FIXME
+          GR.polyline(x, y, z, c) if hasline(mask)
+          GR.polymarker(x, y, z, c) if hasmarker(mask)
+
+        when :step
+          mask = GR.uselinespec(spec)
+          if hasline(mask)
+            where = kvs[:where] || 'mid'
+            n = x.length
+            xs = [x[0]]
+            case where
+            when 'pre'
+              ys = [y[0]]
+              (n - 1).times do |i|
+                xs << x[i]     << x[i + 1]
+                ys << y[i + 1] << y[i + 1]
+              end
+            when 'post'
+              ys = [y[0]]
+              (n - 1).times do |i|
+                xs << x[i + 1] << x[i + 1]
+                ys << y[i]     << y[i + 1]
+              end
+            else
+              ys = []
+              (n - 1).times do |i|
+                xs << 0.5 * (x[i] + x[i + 1]) << 0.5 * (x[i] + x[i + 1])
+                ys << y[i] << y[i]
+              end
+              xs << x[n - 1]
+              ys << y[n - 1] << y[n - 1]
+            end
+            GR.polyline(xs, ys)
+          end
+          GR.polymarker(x, y) if hasmarker(mask)
+
+        when :scatter
+          GR.setmarkertype(GR::MARKERTYPE_SOLID_CIRCLE)
+          z = z&.map { |i| i * 0.01 }
+          c = c&.map { |i| normalize_color(i, *kvs[:crange]) }
+          GR.polymarker(x, y, z, c)
+
+        when :stem
+          GR.setlinecolorind(1)
+          GR.polyline(kvs[:window][0..1], [0, 0])
+          GR.setmarkertype(GR::MARKERTYPE_SOLID_CIRCLE)
+          GR.uselinespec(spec)
+          x = x.to_a if narray?(x)
+          y = y.to_a if narray?(y)
+          x.zip(y).each do |xi, yi|
+            GR.polyline([xi, xi], [0, yi])
+          end
+          GR.polymarker(x, y)
+
+        when :hist
+          if kvs[:horizontal]
+            xmin = kvs[:window][0]
+            x.length.times do |i|
+              GR.setfillcolorind(989)
+              GR.setfillintstyle(GR::INTSTYLE_SOLID)
+              GR.fillrect(xmin, x[i], y[i], y[i + 1])
+              GR.setfillcolorind(1)
+              GR.setfillintstyle(GR::INTSTYLE_HOLLOW)
+              GR.fillrect(xmin, x[i], y[i], y[i + 1])
+            end
+          else
+            ymin = kvs[:window][2]
+            y.length.times do |i|
+              GR.setfillcolorind(989)
+              GR.setfillintstyle(GR::INTSTYLE_SOLID)
+              GR.fillrect(x[i], x[i + 1], ymin, y[i])
+              GR.setfillcolorind(1)
+              GR.setfillintstyle(GR::INTSTYLE_HOLLOW)
+              GR.fillrect(x[i], x[i + 1], ymin, y[i])
+            end
+          end
+
+        when :polarhist
+          ymax = kvs[:window][3].to_f
+          ρ = y.map { |i| i / ymax }
+          θ = x.map { |i| i * 180 / Math::PI }
+          (1...ρ.length).each do |i|
+            GR.setfillcolorind(989)
+            GR.setfillintstyle(GR::INTSTYLE_SOLID)
+            GR.fillarc(-ρ[i], ρ[i], -ρ[i], ρ[i], θ[i - 1], θ[i])
+            GR.setfillcolorind(1)
+            GR.setfillintstyle(GR::INTSTYLE_HOLLOW)
+            GR.fillarc(-ρ[i], ρ[i], -ρ[i], ρ[i], θ[i - 1], θ[i])
+          end
+
+        when :polarheatmap, :nonuniformpolarheatmap
+          w, h = z.shape
+          cmap = colormap
+          cmin, cmax = kvs[:zrange]
+          data = z.map { |i| normalize_color(i, cmin, cmax) }
+          data.reverse(axis: 0) if kvs[:xflip]
+          data.reverse(axis: 1) if kvs[:yflip]
+          colors = data * 255 + 1000
+          colors = colors.transpose # Julia is column major
+          case kind
+          when :polarheatmap
+            GR.polarcellarray(0, 0, 0, 360, 0, 1, w, h, colors)
+          when :nonuniformpolarheatmap
+            ymax = y.max.to_f
+            ρ = y.map { |i| i / ymax }
+            θ = x.map { |i| i * 180 / Math::PI }
+            GR.nonuniformpolarcellarray(θ, ρ, w, h, colors)
+          end
+          draw_polar_axes
+          kvs[:zrange] = [cmin, cmax]
+          colorbar
+
+        when :contour, :contourf
+          zmin, zmax = kvs[:zrange]
+          if narray?(z) && z.ndim == 2
+            a, b = z.shape
+            x = (1..b).to_a
+            y = (1..a).to_a
+            zmin, zmax = z.minmax
+          elsif equal_length(x, y, z)
+            x, y, z = GR.gridit(x, y, z, 200, 200)
+            zmin, zmax = z.compact.minmax # compact : removed nil
+          end
+
+          # kvs[:zlim] is supposed to be Array or Range
+          if kvs.has_key?(:zlim)
+            zmin = kvs[:zlim].first if kvs[:zlim].first
+            zmax = kvs[:zlim].last if kvs[:zlim].last
+          end
+          GR.setprojectiontype(0)
+          GR.setspace(zmin, zmax, 0, 90)
+          levels = kvs[:levels] || 0
+          clabels = kvs[:clabels] || false
+          if levels.is_a? Integer
+            hmin, hmax = GR.adjustrange(zmin, zmax)
+            h = linspace(hmin, hmax, levels == 0 ? 21 : levels + 1)
+          else
+            h = levels
+          end
+          case kind
+          when :contour
+            GR._contour_(x, y, h, z, clabels ? 1 : 1000)
+          when :contourf
+            GR._contourf_(x, y, h, z, clabels ? 1 : 0)
+          end
+          colorbar(0, h.length)
+
+        when :hexbin
+          nbins = kvs[:nbins] || 40
+          cntmax = GR._hexbin_(x, y, nbins)
+          if cntmax > 0
+            kvs[:zrange] = [0, cntmax]
+            colorbar
+          end
+
+        when :heatmap, :nonuniformheatmap
+          case z
+          when Array
+            if z.all? { |zi| zi.size = z[0].size }
+              w = z.size
+              h = z[0].size
+            else
+              raise
+            end
+          when ->(obj) { narray?(obj) }
+            w, h = z.shape
+          else
+            raise
+          end
+          cmap = colormap
+          cmin, cmax = kvs[:crange]
+          levels = kvs[:levels] || 256
+          data = z.flatten.to_a.map { |i| normalize_color(i, cmin, cmax) } # NArray -> Array
+          if kind == :heatmap
+            rgba = data.map { |v| to_rgba(v, cmap) }
+            GR.drawimage(0.5, w + 0.5, h + 0.5, 0.5, w, h, rgba)
+          else
+            colors = data.map { |i| (1000 + i * 255).round }
+            GR.nonuniformcellarray(x, y, w, h, colors)
+          end
+          colorbar(0, levels)
+
+        when :wireframe
+          if narray?(z) && z.ndim == 2
+            a, b = z.shape
+            x = (1..b).to_a
+            y = (1..a).to_a
+          elsif equal_length(x, y, z)
+            x, y, z = GR.gridit(x, y, z, 50, 50)
+          end
+          GR.setfillcolorind(0)
+          GR._surface_(x, y, z, GR::OPTION_FILLED_MESH)
+          draw_axes(kind, 2)
+
+        when :surface
+          if narray?(z) && z.ndim == 2
+            a, b = z.shape
+            x = (1..b).to_a
+            y = (1..a).to_a
+          elsif equal_length(x, y, z)
+            x, y, z = GR.gridit(x, y, z, 200, 200)
+          end
+          if kvs[:accelerate] == false
+            GR._surface_(x, y, z, GR::OPTION_COLORED_MESH)
+          else
+            require 'gr3'
+            GR3.clear
+            GR3.surface(x, y, z, GR::OPTION_COLORED_MESH)
+          end
+          draw_axes(kind, 2)
+          colorbar(0.05)
+
+        when :volume
+          algorithm = kvs[:algorithm] || 0
+          require 'gr3'
+          GR3.clear
+          dmin, dmax = GR3.volume(z, algorithm)
+          draw_axes(kind, 2)
+          kvs[:zrange] = [dmin, dmax]
+          colorbar(0.05)
+
+        when :plot3
+          mask = GR.uselinespec(spec)
+          GR.polyline3d(x, y, z) if hasline(mask)
+          GR.polymarker3d(x, y, z) if hasmarker(mask)
+          draw_axes(kind, 2)
+
+        when :scatter3
+          GR.setmarkertype(GR::MARKERTYPE_SOLID_CIRCLE)
+          if c
+            cmin, cmax = kvs[:crange]
+            c = c.map { |i| normalize_color(i, cmin, cmax) }
+            cind = c.map { |i| (1000 + i * 255).round }
+            x.length.times do |i|
+              GR.setmarkercolorind(cind[i])
+              GR.polymarker3d([x[i]], [y[i]], [z[i]])
+            end
+          else
+            GR.polymarker3d(x, y, z)
+          end
+          draw_axes(kind, 2)
+
+        when :imshow
+          plot_img(z)
+
+        when :isosurface
+          plot_iso(z)
+
+        when :polar
+          GR.uselinespec(spec)
+          plot_polar(x, y)
+
+        when :trisurf
+          GR.trisurface(x, y, z)
+          draw_axes(kind, 2)
+          colorbar(0.05)
+
+        when :tricont
+          zmin, zmax = kvs[:zrange]
+          levels = linspace(zmin, zmax, 20)
+          GR.tricontour(x, y, z, levels)
+
+        when :shade
+          xform = kvs[:xform] || 5
+          if x.to_a.include? Float::NAN # FIXME: Ruby is different from Julia?
+            # How to check NArray?
+            GR.shadelines(x, y, xform: xform)
+          else
+            GR.shadepoints(x, y, xform: xform)
+          end
+
+        when :bar
+          0.step(x.length - 1, 2) do |i|
+            GR.setfillcolorind(989)
+            GR.setfillintstyle(GR::INTSTYLE_SOLID)
+            GR.fillrect(x[i], x[i + 1], y[i], y[i + 1])
+            GR.setfillcolorind(1)
+            GR.setfillintstyle(GR::INTSTYLE_HOLLOW)
+            GR.fillrect(x[i], x[i + 1], y[i], y[i + 1])
+          end
+        end
+
+        GR.restorestate
+      end
+
+      draw_legend if %i[line step scatter stem].include?(kind) && kvs.has_key?(:labels)
+
+      if kvs[:update]
+        GR.updatews
+        # if GR.isinline()
+        #  restore_context()
+        #  return GR.show()
+        # end
+      end
+
+      # flag && restore_context()
+    end
+
+    def draw_legend
+      w, h = legend_size
+      viewport = kvs[:viewport]
+      location = kvs[:location] || 1
+      num_labels = kvs[:labels].length
+      GR.savestate
+      GR.selntran 0
+      GR.setscale 0
+      px = case location
+           when 11, 12, 13
+             viewport[1] + 0.11
+           when 8, 9, 10
+             0.5 * (viewport[0] + viewport[1] - w + 0.05)
+           when 2, 3, 6
+             viewport[0] + 0.11
+           else
+             viewport[1] - 0.05 - w
+           end
+      py = case location
+           when 5, 6, 7, 10, 12
+             0.5 * (viewport[2] + viewport[3] + h - 0.03)
+           when 13
+             viewport[2] + h
+           when 3, 4, 8
+             viewport[2] + h + 0.03
+           when 11
+             viewport[3] - 0.03
+           else
+             viewport[3] - 0.06
+           end
+      GR.setfillintstyle(GR::INTSTYLE_SOLID)
+      GR.setfillcolorind(0)
+      GR.fillrect(px - 0.08, px + w + 0.02, py + 0.03, py - h)
+      GR.setlinetype(GR::LINETYPE_SOLID)
+      GR.setlinecolorind(1)
+      GR.setlinewidth(1)
+      GR.drawrect(px - 0.08, px + w + 0.02, py + 0.03, py - h)
+      i = 0
+      GR.uselinespec(' ')
+      args.each do |_x, _y, _z, _c, spec|
+        if i < num_labels
+          label = kvs[:labels][i]
+          label = label.to_s
+          _tbx, tby = inqtext(0, 0, label)
+          dy = [(tby[2] - tby[0]) - 0.03, 0].max
+          py -= 0.5 * dy
+        end
+        GR.savestate
+        mask = GR.uselinespec(spec || '')
+        GR.polyline([px - 0.07, px - 0.01], [py, py]) if hasline(mask)
+        GR.polymarker([px - 0.06, px - 0.02], [py, py]) if hasmarker(mask)
+        GR.restorestate
+        GR.settextalign(GR::TEXT_HALIGN_LEFT, GR::TEXT_VALIGN_HALF)
+        if i < num_labels
+          text(px, py, label)
+          py -= 0.5 * dy
+          i += 1
+        end
+        py -= 0.03
+      end
+      GR.selntran(1)
+      GR.restorestate
+    end
+
+    def to_svg
+      ## Need IRuby improvemend.
+      GR.show(false) if ENV['GKS_WSTYPE'] == 'svg'
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def hasline(mask)
+      mask == 0x00 || (mask & 0x01 != 0)
+    end
+
+    def hasmarker(mask)
+      mask & 0x02 != 0
+    end
+
+    def colormap
+      # rgb
+      Array.new(256) do |colorind|
+        color = GR.inqcolor(1000 + colorind)
+        [(color & 0xff)         / 255.0,
+         ((color >> 8)  & 0xff) / 255.0,
+         ((color >> 16) & 0xff) / 255.0]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_rgba(value, cmap)
+      begin
+        r, g, b = cmap[(value * 255).round]
+        a = 1.0
+      rescue StandardError # nil
+        r = 0
+        g = 0
+        b = 0
+        a = 0
+      end
+
+      ((a * 255).round << 24) + ((b * 255).round << 16) +
+        ((g * 255).round << 8) + (r * 255).round
+    end
+
+    # https://gist.github.com/rysk-t/8d1aef0fb67abde1d259#gistcomment-1925021
+    def linspace(low, high, num)
+      [*0..(num - 1)].collect { |i| low + i.to_f * (high - low) / (num - 1) }
+    end
+
+    def plot_args(args)
+      # FIXME
+      args = [args] unless args.all? do |i|
+                             i.is_a?(Array) && (i[0].is_a?(Array) || narray?(i[0]))
+                           end
+      args.map do |xyzc|
+        spec = nil
+        case xyzc.last
+        when String
+          spec = xyzc.pop
+        when Hash
+          spec = xyzc.pop[:spec]
+        end
+
+        x, y, z, c = xyzc.map do |i|
+          if i.is_a?(Array) || narray?(i) || i.nil?
+            i
+          elsif i.respond_to?(:to_a)
+            # Convert an Array-like class such as Daru::Vector to an Array
+            i.to_a
+          else # String
+            i
+          end
+        end
+        [x, y, z, c, spec]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Normalize a color c with the range [cmin, cmax]
+    #   0 <= normalize_color(c, cmin, cmax) <= 1
+    def normalize_color(c, cmin, cmax)
+      # NOTE: narray.map{|i| normalize_color(i)} There's room for speedup.
+      c = c.to_f # if c is Integer
+      c = c.clamp(cmin, cmax) - cmin
+      c /= (cmax - cmin) if cmin != cmax
+      c
+    end
+
+    def inqtext(x, y, s)
+      s = s.to_s
+      if s.length >= 2 && s[0] == '$' && s[-1] == '$'
+        GR.inqmathtex(x, y, s[1..-2])
+      elsif s.include?('\\') || s.include?('_') || s.include?('^')
+        GR.inqtextext(x, y, s)
+      else
+        GR.inqtext(x, y, s)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def text(x, y, s)
+      s = s.to_s
+      if s.length >= 2 && s[0] == '$' && s[-1] == '$'
+        GR.mathtex(x, y, s[1..-2])
+      elsif s.include?('\\') || s.include?('_') || s.include?('^')
+        GR.textext(x, y, s)
+      else
+        GR.text(x, y, s)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def fix_minmax(a, b)
+      if a == b
+        a -= a != 0 ? 0.1 * a : 0.1
+        b += b != 0 ? 0.1 * b : 0.1
+      end
+      [a, b]
+    end
+
+    def minmax(kind)
+      xmin = ymin = zmin = cmin = Float::INFINITY
+      xmax = ymax = zmax = cmax = -Float::INFINITY
+      scale = kvs[:scale]
+      args.each do |x, y, z, c|
+        if x
+          if scale & GR::OPTION_X_LOG != 0
+            # duck typing for NArray
+            x = x.map { |v| v > 0 ? v : Float::NAN }
+          end
+          x0, x1 = x.minmax
+          xmin = [x0, xmin].min
+          xmax = [x1, xmax].max
+        elsif kind == :volume
+          xmin = -1
+          xmax = 1
+        else
+          xmin = 0
+          xmax = 1
+        end
+        if y
+          if scale & GR::OPTION_Y_LOG != 0
+            y = y.map { |v| v > 0 ? v : Float::NAN }
+          end
+          y0, y1 = y.minmax
+          ymin = [y0, ymin].min
+          ymax = [y1, ymax].max
+        elsif kind == :volume
+          ymin = -1
+          ymax = 1
+        else
+          ymin = 0
+          ymax = 1
+        end
+        if z
+          if scale & GR::OPTION_Z_LOG != 0
+            z = z.map { |v| v > 0 ? v : Float::NAN }
+          end
+          z0, z1 = z.minmax
+          zmin = [z0, zmin].min
+          zmax = [z1, zmax].max
+        end
+        if c
+          c0, c1 = c.minmax
+          cmin = [c0, cmin].min
+          cmax = [c1, cmax].max
+        elsif z
+          z0, z1 = z.minmax
+          cmin = [z0, zmin].min
+          cmax = [z1, zmax].max
+        end
+      end
+      xmin, xmax = fix_minmax(xmin, xmax)
+      ymin, ymax = fix_minmax(ymin, ymax)
+      zmin, zmax = fix_minmax(zmin, zmax)
+
+      # kvs[:xlim], kvs[:ylim], kvs[:zlim] is supposed to be Array or Range
+      kvs[:xrange] = [(kvs[:xlim]&.first || xmin), (kvs[:xlim]&.last || xmax)]
+      kvs[:yrange] = [(kvs[:ylim]&.first || ymin), (kvs[:ylim]&.last || ymax)]
+      kvs[:zrange] = [(kvs[:zlim]&.first || zmin), (kvs[:zlim]&.last || zmax)]
+
+      if kvs.has_key?(:clim)
+        c0, c1 = kvs[:clim]
+        c0 ||= cmin
+        c1 ||= cmax
+        kvs[:crange] = [c0, c1]
+      else
+        kvs[:crange] = [cmin, cmax]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_wc(wn)
+      xmin, ymin = GR.ndctowc(wn[0], wn[2])
+      xmax, ymax = GR.ndctowc(wn[1], wn[3])
+      [xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax]
+    end
+
+    def auto_tick(amin, amax)
+      scale = 10.0**Math.log10(amax - amin).truncate
+      tick_size = [5.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.02, 0.01]
+      i = tick_size.find_index do |tsize|
+        ((amax - amin) / scale / tsize) > 7 # maximum number of tick marks
+      end
+      tick_size[i - 1] * scale
+    end
+
+    def legend_size
+      scale = GR.inqscale
+      GR.selntran(0)
+      GR.setscale(0)
+      w = 0
+      h = 0
+      kvs[:labels].each do |label|
+        label = label.to_s
+        tbx, tby = inqtext(0, 0, label)
+        w = [w, tbx[2] - tbx[0]].max
+        h += [tby[2] - tby[0], 0.03].max
+      end
+      GR.setscale(scale)
+      GR.selntran(1)
+      [w, h]
+    end
+
+    def equal_length(*args)
+      GRCommons::GRCommonUtils.equal_length(*args)
+    end
+
+    def narray?(data)
+      GRCommons::GRCommonUtils.narray?(data)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class << self
+    # (Plot) Draw one or more line plots.
+    def plot(*args)
+      create_plot(:line, *args)
+    end
+
+    # (Plot) Draw one or more step or staircase plots.
+    def step(*args)
+      create_plot(:step, *args)
+    end
+
+    # (Plot) Draw one or more scatter plots.
+    def scatter(*args)
+      create_plot(:scatter, *args)
+    end
+
+    # (Plot) Draw a stem plot.
+    def stem(*args)
+      create_plot(:stem, *args)
+    end
+
+    # (Plot)
+    def polarhistogram(x, kv = {})
+      plt = GR::Plot.new(x, kv)
+      plt.kvs[:kind] = :polarhist
+      nbins = plt.kvs[:nbins] || 0
+      x, y = hist(x, nbins)
+      plt.args = [[x, y, nil, nil, '']]
+      plt.plot_data
+    end
+
+    # (Plot) Draw a heatmap.
+    def heatmap(*args)
+      # FIXME
+      args, kv = format_xyzc(*args)
+      _x, _y, z = args
+      ysize, xsize = z.shape
+      z = z.reshape(xsize, ysize)
+      create_plot(:heatmap, kv) do |plt|
+        plt.kvs[:xlim] ||= [0.5, xsize + 0.5]
+        plt.kvs[:ylim] ||= [0.5, ysize + 0.5]
+        plt.args = [[(1..xsize).to_a, (1..ysize).to_a, z, nil, '']]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # (Plot) Draw a polarheatmap.
+    def polarheatmap(*args)
+      d = args.shift
+      # FIXME
+      z = Numo::DFloat.cast(d)
+      raise 'expected 2-D array' unless z.ndim == 2
+
+      create_plot(:polarheatmap, z, *args) do |plt|
+        width, height = z.shape
+        plt.kvs[:xlim] ||= [0.5, width + 0.5]
+        plt.kvs[:ylim] ||= [0.5, height + 0.5]
+        plt.args = [[(1..width).to_a, (1..height).to_a, z, nil, '']]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # (Plot) Draw a nonuniformpolarheatmap.
+    def nonuniformpolarheatmap(*args)
+      # FIXME
+      args, kv = format_xyzc(*args)
+      _x, _y, z = args
+      ysize, xsize = z.shape
+      z = z.reshape(xsize, ysize)
+      create_plot(:nonuniformpolarheatmap, kv) do |plt|
+        plt.kvs[:xlim] ||= [0.5, xsize + 0.5]
+        plt.kvs[:ylim] ||= [0.5, ysize + 0.5]
+        plt.args = [[(1..xsize).to_a, (1..ysize).to_a, z, nil, '']]
+      end
+    end
+
+    alias _contour_ contour
+    # (Plot) Draw a contour plot.
+    def contour(*args)
+      create_plot(:contour, *format_xyzc(*args))
+    end
+
+    alias _contourf_ contourf
+    # (Plot) Draw a filled contour plot.
+    def contourf(*args)
+      create_plot(:contourf, *format_xyzc(*args))
+    end
+
+    alias _hexbin_ hexbin
+    # (Plot) Draw a hexagon binning plot.
+    def hexbin(*args)
+      create_plot(:hexbin, *args)
+    end
+
+    # (Plot) Draw a triangular contour plot.
+    def tricont(*args)
+      create_plot(:tricont, *format_xyzc(*args))
+    end
+
+    # (Plot) Draw a three-dimensional wireframe plot.
+    def wireframe(*args)
+      create_plot(:wireframe, *format_xyzc(*args))
+    end
+
+    # (Plot) Draw a three-dimensional surface plot.
+    alias _surface_ surface
+    def surface(*args)
+      create_plot(:surface, *format_xyzc(*args))
+    end
+
+    # (Plot)
+    def polar(*args)
+      create_plot(:polar, *args)
+    end
+
+    # (Plot) Draw a triangular surface plot.
+    def trisurf(*args)
+      create_plot(:trisurf, *format_xyzc(*args))
+    end
+
+    # (Plot) Draw one or more three-dimensional line plots.
+    def plot3(*args)
+      create_plot(:plot3, *args)
+    end
+
+    # (Plot) Draw one or more three-dimensional scatter plots.
+    def scatter3(*args)
+      create_plot(:scatter3, *args)
+    end
+
+    alias _shade_ shade
+    # (Plot)
+    def shade(*args)
+      create_plot(:shade, *args)
+    end
+
+    # (Plot)
+    def volume(v, kv = {})
+      create_plot(:volume, v, kv) do |plt|
+        plt.args = [[nil, nil, v, nil, '']]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # (Plot) Draw a bar plot.
+    def barplot(labels, heights, kv = {})
+      labels = labels.map(&:to_s)
+      wc, hc = barcoordinates(heights)
+      create_plot(:bar, labels, heights, kv) do |plt|
+        if kv[:horizontal]
+          plt.args = [[hc, wc, nil, nil, '']]
+          plt.kvs[:yticks] = [1, 1]
+          plt.kvs[:yticklabels] = labels
+        else
+          plt.args = [[wc, hc, nil, nil, '']]
+          plt.kvs[:xticks] = [1, 1]
+          plt.kvs[:xticklabels] = labels
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # (Plot) Draw a histogram.
+    def histogram(series, kv = {})
+      create_plot(:hist, series, kv) do |plt|
+        nbins = plt.kvs[:nbins] || 0
+        x, y = hist(series, nbins)
+        plt.args = if kv[:horizontal]
+                     [[y, x, nil, nil, '']]
+                   else
+                     [[x, y, nil, nil, '']]
+                   end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # (Plot) Draw an image.
+    def imshow(img, kv = {})
+      img = Numo::DFloat.cast(img) # Umm...
+      create_plot(:imshow, img, kv) do |plt|
+        plt.args = [[nil, nil, img, nil, '']]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # (Plot) Draw an isosurface.
+    def isosurface(v, kv = {})
+      v = Numo::DFloat.cast(v) # Umm...
+      create_plot(:isosurface, v, kv) do |plt|
+        plt.args = [[nil, nil, v, nil, '']]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def hold(flag = true)
+      plt = GR::Plot.last_plot
+      plt.kvs.slice(:window, :scale, :xaxis, :yaxis, :zaxis).merge({ ax: flag, clear: !flag })
+    end
+
+    # Set current subplot index.
+    def subplot(nr, nc, p, kv = {})
+      xmin = 1
+      xmax = 0
+      ymin = 1
+      ymax = 0
+      p = [p] if p.is_a? Integer
+      p.each do |i|
+        r = (nr - (i - 1) / nc).to_f
+        c = ((i - 1) % nc + 1).to_f
+        xmin = [xmin, (c - 1) / nc].min
+        xmax = [xmax, c / nc].max
+        ymin = [ymin, (r - 1) / nr].min
+        ymax = [ymax, r / nr].max
+      end
+      {
+        subplot: [xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax],
+        # The policy of clearing when p[0]==1 is controversial
+        clear: p[0] == 1,
+        update: p[-1] == nr * nc
+      }.merge kv
+    end
+
+    # (Plot) Save the current figure to a file.
+    def savefig(filename, kv = {})
+      GR.beginprint(filename)
+      plt = GR::Plot.last_plot
+      plt.kvs.merge!(kv)
+      plt.plot_data(false)
+      GR.endprint
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def create_plot(type, *args)
+      plt = GR::Plot.new(*args)
+      plt.kvs[:kind] = type
+      yield(plt) if block_given?
+      plt.plot_data
+      plt
+    end
+
+    def format_xyzc(*args)
+      kv = if args[-1].is_a? Hash
+             args.pop
+           else
+             {}
+           end
+
+      args = [args] unless args.all? do |i|
+                             i.is_a?(Array) && (i[0].is_a?(Array) || narray?(i[0]))
+                           end
+      args.map! do |xyzc|
+        if xyzc.size == 1
+          if xyzc[0].is_a? Array
+            z = Numo::DFloat.cast(xyzc[0])
+          elsif narray?(xyzc[0])
+            z = xyzc[0]
+          end
+          xsize, ysize = z.shape
+          x = (1..ysize).to_a * xsize
+          y = (1..xsize).map { |i| Array.new(ysize, i) }.flatten
+          [x, y, z]
+        else
+
+          xyzc
+        end
+      end
+      [*args, kv]
+    end
+
+    def hist(x, nbins = 0)
+      nbins = (3.3 * Math.log10(x.length)).round + 1 if nbins <= 1
+      begin
+        require 'histogram/array'
+      rescue LoadError => e
+        e.message << " Please add gem 'histogram' to your project's Gemfile."
+        raise e
+      end
+      x = x.to_a if narray?(x)
+      x, y = x.histogram(nbins, bin_boundary: :min)
+      x.push(x[-1] + x[1] - x[0])
+      [x, y]
+    end
+
+    def barcoordinates(heights, barwidth = 0.8, baseline = 0.0)
+      halfw = barwidth / 2.0
+      wc = []
+      hc = []
+      heights.each_with_index do |value, i|
+        wc << i - halfw
+        wc << i + halfw
+        hc << baseline
+        hc << value
+      end
+      [wc, hc]
+    end
+  end
+end