gps_pvt 0.2.3 → 0.4.0

data/ext/ninja-scan-light/tool/navigation/GLONASS.h

@@ -0,0 +1,1270 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016, M.Naruoka (fenrir)
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
+ * are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+ *
+ * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+ *   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ *   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ *   and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * - Neither the name of the naruoka.org nor the names of its contributors
+ *   may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *   without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+ * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+ * THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS
+ * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY,
+ * OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+ * PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+ * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE,
+ * EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ */
+
+#ifndef __GLONASS_H__
+#define __GLONASS_H__
+
+/** @file
+ * @brief GLONASS ICD definitions
+ */
+
+
+#include <ctime>
+#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
+#include <cmath>
+#include <climits>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <ctime>
+
+#include "GPS.h"
+#include "algorithm/integral.h"
+
+template <class FloatT = double>
+class GLONASS_SpaceNode {
+  public:
+    typedef FloatT float_t;
+    
+    static const float_t light_speed;
+    static const float_t L1_frequency_base;
+    static const float_t L1_frequency_gap;
+    static const float_t L2_frequency_base;
+    static const float_t L2_frequency_gap;
+
+  public:
+    typedef GLONASS_SpaceNode<float_t> self_t;
+
+    typedef unsigned char u8_t;
+    typedef signed char s8_t;
+    typedef unsigned short u16_t;
+    typedef signed short s16_t;
+    typedef unsigned int u32_t;
+    typedef signed int s32_t;
+    
+    typedef int int_t;
+    typedef unsigned int uint_t;
+
+    static float_t L1_frequency(const int_t &freq_ch) {
+      return L1_frequency_base + L1_frequency_gap * freq_ch;
+    }
+    static float_t L2_frequency(const int_t &freq_ch) {
+      return L2_frequency_base + L2_frequency_gap * freq_ch;
+    }
+
+    typedef typename GPS_SpaceNode<float_t>::DataParser DataParser;
+
+    template <class InputT,
+        int EffectiveBits = sizeof(InputT) * CHAR_BIT,
+        int PaddingBits_MSB = (int)sizeof(InputT) * CHAR_BIT - EffectiveBits>
+    struct BroadcastedMessage : public DataParser {
+#define convert_u(bits, offset_bits, length, name) \
+static u ## bits ## _t name(const InputT *buf){ \
+  return \
+      DataParser::template bits2num<u ## bits ## _t, EffectiveBits, PaddingBits_MSB>( \
+        buf, offset_bits, length); \
+}
+#define convert_s(bits, offset_bits, length, name) \
+static s ## bits ## _t name(const InputT *buf){ \
+  u ## bits ## _t temp( \
+      DataParser::template bits2num<u ## bits ## _t, EffectiveBits, PaddingBits_MSB>( \
+        buf, offset_bits, length)); \
+  static const u ## bits ## _t mask((u ## bits ## _t)1 << (length - 1)); /* MSB is sign bit */ \
+  return (temp & mask) ? ((s ## bits ## _t)-1 * (temp & (mask - 1))) : temp; \
+}
+      convert_u( 8,  1,  4, m);
+      convert_u( 8, 77,  8, KX);
+
+      struct String1 {
+        convert_u( 8,  7,  2, P1);
+        convert_u(16,  9, 12, t_k);
+        convert_s(32, 21, 24, xn_dot);
+        convert_s( 8, 45,  5, xn_ddot);
+        convert_s(32, 50, 27, xn);
+      };
+      struct String2 {
+        convert_u( 8,  5,  3, B_n);
+        convert_u( 8,  8,  1, P2);
+        convert_u( 8,  9,  7, t_b);
+        convert_s(32, 21, 24, yn_dot);
+        convert_s( 8, 45,  5, yn_ddot);
+        convert_s(32, 50, 27, yn);
+      };
+      struct String3 {
+        convert_u( 8,  5,  1, P3);
+        convert_s(16,  6, 11, gamma_n);
+        convert_u( 8, 18,  2, p);
+        convert_u( 8, 20,  1, l_n);
+        convert_s(32, 21, 24, zn_dot);
+        convert_s( 8, 45,  5, zn_ddot);
+        convert_s(32, 50, 27, zn);
+      };
+      struct String4 {
+        convert_s(32,  5, 22, tau_n);
+        convert_u( 8, 27,  5, delta_tau_n);
+        convert_u( 8, 32,  5, E_n);
+        convert_u( 8, 51,  1, P4);
+        convert_u( 8, 52,  4, F_T);
+        convert_u(16, 59, 11, N_T);
+        convert_u( 8, 70,  5, n);
+        convert_u( 8, 75,  2, M);
+      };
+      struct String5_Alnamac {
+        convert_u(16,  5, 11, NA);
+        convert_s(32, 16, 32, tau_c);
+        convert_u( 8, 49,  5, N_4);
+        convert_s(32, 54, 22, tau_GPS);
+        convert_u( 8, 76,  1, l_n);
+      };
+
+      struct String6_Alnamac { // String 6; same as 8, 10, 12, 14
+        convert_u( 8,  5,  1, C_n);
+        convert_u( 8,  6,  2, M_n);
+        convert_u( 8,  8,  5, nA);
+        convert_s(16, 13, 10, tauA_n);
+        convert_s(32, 23, 21, lambdaA_n);
+        convert_s(32, 44, 18, delta_iA_n);
+        convert_u(16, 62, 15, epsilonA_n);
+      };
+      struct String7_Alnamac { // String 7; same as 9, 11, 13, 15
+        convert_s(16,  5, 16, omegaA_n);
+        convert_u(32, 21, 21, tA_lambda_n);
+        convert_s(32, 42, 22, delta_TA_n);
+        convert_s( 8, 64,  7, delta_TA_dot_n);
+        convert_u( 8, 71,  5, HA_n);
+        convert_u( 8, 76,  1, l_n);
+      };
+
+      struct Frame5_String14 {
+        convert_s(16,  5, 11, B1);
+        convert_s(16, 16, 10, B2);
+        convert_u( 8, 26,  2, KP);
+      };
+#undef convert_s
+#undef convert_u
+    };
+
+    struct TimeProperties {
+      float_t tau_c; ///< GLONASS time scale correction to UTC(SU) time [s]
+      float_t tau_GPS; ///< fractional part of time difference from GLONASS time to GPS time [s], integer part should be derived from another source
+      struct date_t {
+        int_t year; // 20XX
+        int_t day_of_year; // Jan. 1st = 0
+        static const int_t days_m[12];
+        /**
+         * @return (std::tm)
+         */
+        std::tm c_tm() const {
+          std::tm res = {0};
+          res.tm_year = year - 1900;
+          res.tm_yday = res.tm_mday = day_of_year; // tm_yday ranges [0, 365]
+          do{
+            if(res.tm_mday < days_m[0]){break;} // tm_mon ranges [0, 11], Check January
+            res.tm_mday -= days_m[0];
+            ++res.tm_mon;
+            if((year % 400 == 0) || ((year % 4 == 0) && (year % 100 != 0))){ // is leap year?
+              if(res.tm_mday < (days_m[1] + 1)){break;} // Check February in leap year
+              res.tm_mday -= (days_m[1] + 1);
+              ++res.tm_mon;
+            }
+            for(; res.tm_mon < (int)(sizeof(days_m) / sizeof(days_m[0])); ++res.tm_mon){
+              if(res.tm_mday < days_m[res.tm_mon]){break;}
+              res.tm_mday -= days_m[res.tm_mon];
+            }
+          }while(false);
+          ++res.tm_mday; // tm_mday ranges [1, 31]
+          {
+            /* day of week according to (modified) Sakamoto's methods
+             *  @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determination_of_the_day_of_the_week#Sakamoto's_methods
+             */
+            int_t y(year - 1); // year/1/1
+            res.tm_wday = (y + y/4 - y/100 + y/400 + day_of_year + 1) % 7;
+          }
+          return res;
+        }
+        static date_t from_c_tm(const std::tm &date){
+          static const struct days_t {
+            int_t sum_m[sizeof(days_m) / sizeof(days_m[0])];
+            days_t(){
+              sum_m[0] = 0;
+              for(unsigned int i(1); i < sizeof(days_m) / sizeof(days_m[0]); ++i){
+                sum_m[i] = sum_m[i - 1] + days_m[i - 1];
+              }
+            }
+          } days;
+          date_t res = {date.tm_year + 1900, days.sum_m[date.tm_mon] + date.tm_mday - 1};
+          if((date.tm_mon >= 2)
+              && ((res.year % 400 == 0) || ((res.year % 4 == 0) && (res.year % 100 != 0)))){
+            ++res.day_of_year; // leap year
+          }
+          return res;
+        }
+        static float_t julian_day(const std::tm &date){
+          // (5.48) of "Preliminary Orbit Determination" by Curtis, Howard D
+          // @see original Boulet(1991)
+          int y(date.tm_year + 1900), m(date.tm_mon + 1);
+          return 1721013.5 // expect all argument of (int) to be >= 0
+              + 367 * y
+              - (int)(7 * (y + (int)((m + 9) / 12)) / 4)
+              + (int)(275 * m / 9)
+              + date.tm_mday;
+        }
+        static float_t Greenwich_sidereal_time_deg(
+            const std::tm &date, const float_t &ut_hr = 0){
+          // @see "Preliminary Orbit Determination" by Curtis, Howard D
+          float_t T0((julian_day(date) - 2451545) / 36525); // (5.49)
+          float_t theta_G0_deg( // (5.50)
+              100.4606184
+              + 36000.77004 * T0
+              + 0.000387933 * std::pow(T0, 2)
+              - 2.583E-8 * std::pow(T0, 3));
+          return theta_G0_deg + 360.98564724 * ut_hr / 24; // (5.51)
+        }
+      } date;
+      bool l_n; // health flag; 0 - healthy, 1 - malfunction
+
+      struct raw_t {
+        s32_t tau_c;
+        s32_t tau_GPS;
+        u8_t N_4;
+        u16_t NA;
+        bool l_n;
+#define fetch_item(name) name = BroadcastedMessage< \
+   InputT, (int)sizeof(InputT) * CHAR_BIT - PaddingBits_MSB - PaddingBits_LSB, PaddingBits_MSB> \
+   :: String5_Alnamac :: name (src)
+        template <int PaddingBits_MSB, int PaddingBits_LSB, class InputT>
+        void update_string5(const InputT *src){
+          fetch_item(tau_c);
+          fetch_item(tau_GPS);
+          fetch_item(N_4);
+          fetch_item(NA);
+          fetch_item(l_n);
+        }
+#undef fetch_item
+
+        enum {
+          SF_tau_c, SF_tau_GPS,
+          SF_NUM,
+        };
+        static const float_t sf[SF_NUM];
+
+        static date_t raw2date(const u8_t &N_4_, const u16_t &NA_) {
+          // @see A.3.1.3 (ver.5.1)
+          date_t res;
+          res.year = 1996 + 4 * (N_4_ - 1);
+          if(NA_ <= 366){
+            res.day_of_year = NA_ - 1;
+          }else if(NA_ <= 731){
+            res.year += 1;
+            res.day_of_year = NA_ - 367;
+          }else if(NA_ <= 1096){
+            res.year += 2;
+            res.day_of_year = NA_ - 732;
+          }else if(NA_ <= 1461){
+            res.year += 3;
+            res.day_of_year = NA_ - 1097;
+          }
+          return res;
+        }
+
+        operator TimeProperties() const {
+          TimeProperties res;
+#define CONVERT(TARGET) \
+{res.TARGET = sf[SF_ ## TARGET] * TARGET;}
+          CONVERT(tau_c);
+          CONVERT(tau_GPS);
+          res.date = raw2date(N_4, NA);
+          res.l_n = (l_n > 0);
+#undef CONVERT
+          return res;
+        }
+
+        raw_t &operator=(const TimeProperties &t){
+#define CONVERT(TARGET) \
+{TARGET = (s32_t)((t.TARGET + 0.5 * sf[SF_ ## TARGET]) / sf[SF_ ## TARGET]);}
+          CONVERT(tau_c);
+          CONVERT(tau_GPS);
+          std::div_t divmod(std::div(t.date.year - 1996, 4));
+          N_4 = divmod.quot + 1;
+          NA = t.date.day_of_year + 1;
+          switch(divmod.rem){
+            case 1: NA += 366; break;
+            case 2: NA += 731; break;
+            case 3: NA += 1096; break;
+          }
+          l_n = (t.l_n ? 1 : 0);
+#undef CONVERT
+          return *this;
+        }
+      };
+
+      bool is_equivalent(const TimeProperties &t) const {
+        do{
+#define CHECK(TARGET) if(TARGET != t.TARGET){break;}
+          CHECK(l_n);
+          CHECK(date.year);
+          CHECK(date.day_of_year);
+#undef CHECK
+#define CHECK(TARGET) \
+if(std::abs(TARGET - t.TARGET) > raw_t::sf[raw_t::SF_ ## TARGET]){break;}
+          CHECK(tau_c);
+          CHECK(tau_GPS);
+#undef CHECK
+          return true;
+        }while(false);
+        return false;
+      }
+    };
+
+    class SatelliteProperties {
+      public:
+        struct Ephemeris {
+          uint_t svid;
+          int_t freq_ch;
+          uint_t t_k; ///< time referenced to the beginning of the frame from current day [s]
+          uint_t t_b; ///< base time of ephemeris parameters in UTC(SU) + 3hr [s]
+          uint_t M; ///< satellite type; 0 - GLONASS, 1 - GLONASS-M
+          float_t gamma_n; ///< gamma_n(t_c = t_b) = d/dt (t_c - t_n) [dimensionless]
+          float_t tau_n; ///< tau_n(t_c = t_b) = t_c (GLONASS time) - t_n(n-th satellite time) [s]
+          float_t xn, yn, zn; // [m]
+          float_t xn_dot, yn_dot, zn_dot; // [m/s]
+          float_t xn_ddot, yn_ddot, zn_ddot; // [m/s^2]
+          uint_t B_n; // health flag
+          uint_t p; // satellite operation mode
+          uint_t N_T; // current date counting up from leap year Jan. 1st [days]
+          float_t F_T; // user range accuracy at t_b [m]
+          uint_t n; // time difference between L1 and L2
+          float_t delta_tau_n;
+          uint_t E_n; // [days]
+          uint_t P1; // [s] time interval of two adjacent t_b; 0 - 0, 1 - 30, 2 - 45, 3 - 60 mins
+          bool P2;
+          //bool P3; // flag for alnamac; 1 - five, 0 - four
+          bool P4; // flag for ephemeris; 1 - uploaded by the control segment
+          bool l_n; // health flag; 0 - healthy, 1 - malfunction
+
+          float_t L1_frequency() const {
+            return GLONASS_SpaceNode::L1_frequency(freq_ch);
+          }
+
+          float_t L2_frequency() const {
+            return GLONASS_SpaceNode::L2_frequency(freq_ch);
+          }
+
+          struct constellation_t { // TODO make it to be a subclass of System_XYZ<float_t, PZ90>
+            float_t position[3];
+            float_t velocity[3];
+            float_t pos_abs2() const {
+              float_t res(0);
+              for(int i(0); i < 3; ++i){
+                res += (position[i] * position[i]);
+              }
+              return res;
+            }
+            constellation_t operator+(const constellation_t &another) const { // for RK4
+              constellation_t res(*this);
+              for(int i(0); i < 3; ++i){
+                res.position[i] += another.position[i];
+                res.velocity[i] += another.velocity[i];
+              }
+              return res;
+            }
+            constellation_t operator*(const float_t &sf) const { // for RK4
+              constellation_t res(*this);
+              for(int i(0); i < 3; ++i){
+                res.position[i] *= sf;
+                res.velocity[i] *= sf;
+              }
+              return res;
+            }
+            constellation_t operator/(const float_t &sf) const { // for RK4
+              return operator*(((float_t)1)/sf);
+            }
+            // TODO constant definitions should be moved to PZ-90(.02, .11)
+            static const float_t omega_E;
+            constellation_t abs_corrdinate(const float_t &sidereal_time_in_rad){
+              // @see Appendix.A PZ-90 to O-X0Y0Z0
+              float_t crad(std::cos(sidereal_time_in_rad)), srad(std::sin(sidereal_time_in_rad));
+              float_t
+                  x0(position[0] * crad - position[1] * srad),
+                  y0(position[0] * srad + position[1] * crad);
+              constellation_t res = {
+                {x0, y0, position[2]},
+                {
+                  velocity[0] * crad - velocity[1] * srad - omega_E * y0,
+                  velocity[0] * srad + velocity[1] * crad + omega_E * x0,
+                  velocity[2]
+                }
+              };
+              return res;
+            }
+            constellation_t rel_corrdinate(const float_t &sidereal_time_in_rad){
+              // @see Appendix.A O-X0Y0Z0 to PZ-90
+              float_t crad(std::cos(sidereal_time_in_rad)), srad(std::sin(sidereal_time_in_rad));
+              float_t
+                  x( position[0] * crad + position[1] * srad),
+                  y(-position[0] * srad + position[1] * crad);
+              constellation_t res = {
+                {x, y, position[2]},
+                {
+                   velocity[0] * crad + velocity[1] * srad + omega_E * y,
+                  -velocity[0] * srad + velocity[1] * crad - omega_E * x,
+                   velocity[2]
+                }
+              };
+              return res;
+            }
+            operator typename GPS_SpaceNode<float_t>::SatelliteProperties
+                ::constellation_t() const {
+#if 1
+              // @see https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Reference_Frames_in_GNSS
+              // PZ90.11 -> WGS84 (starting from 3:00 pm on December 31, 2013)
+              typename GPS_SpaceNode<float_t>::SatelliteProperties::constellation_t res = {
+                typename GPS_SpaceNode<float_t>::xyz_t(
+                    position[0] + 0.003, position[1] + 0.001, position[2] + 0.001),
+                typename GPS_SpaceNode<float_t>::xyz_t(
+                    velocity[0], velocity[1], velocity[2]),
+              };
+              return res;
+#else
+              // @see https://www.gsi.go.jp/common/000070971.pdf
+              // @see (originally) Federal Air Navigation Authority (FANA), Aeronautical Information Circular
+              // of the Russian Federation, 12 February 2009, Russia.
+              // PZ90.02 -> WGS84
+              typename GPS_SpaceNode<float_t>::SatelliteProperties::constellation_t res = {
+                typename GPS_SpaceNode<float_t>::xyz_t(
+                    position[0] - 0.36, position[1] + 0.08, position[2] + 0.18),
+                typename GPS_SpaceNode<float_t>::xyz_t(
+                    velocity[0], velocity[1], velocity[2]),
+              };
+              return res;
+#endif
+            }
+          };
+
+          struct eccentric_anomaly_t {
+            float_t E_k;
+            float_t snu_k, cnu_k;
+            eccentric_anomaly_t(const float_t &g_k, const float_t &e_k){
+              static const float_t delta_limit(1E-12);
+              for(int loop(0); loop < 10; loop++){
+                float_t E_k2(g_k + e_k * std::sin(E_k));
+                if(std::abs(E_k2 - E_k) < delta_limit){break;}
+                E_k = E_k2;
+              }
+              float_t sE_k(std::sin(E_k)), cE_k(std::cos(E_k)), denom(-e_k * cE_k + 1);
+              snu_k = std::sqrt(-std::pow(e_k, 2) + 1) * sE_k / denom;
+              cnu_k = (cE_k - e_k) / denom;
+            }
+          };
+
+          struct lunar_solar_perturbations_t {
+            struct arg_t {
+              float_t xi, eta, zeta, r;
+            } m, s;
+            struct constatnt_t {
+              float_t
+                  a_m, a_s, // [m]
+                  e_m, e_s,
+                  i_m;
+            };
+            struct var_t {
+              float_t
+                  epsilon,
+                  g_m, Omega_m, Gamma_m,
+                  g_s, omega_s;
+            };
+
+            static lunar_solar_perturbations_t setup(
+                const constatnt_t &C, const var_t &var){
+
+              lunar_solar_perturbations_t res;
+
+              static const float_t
+                  sf_ci_m(-std::cos(C.i_m) + 1), si_m(std::sin(C.i_m)),
+                  cepsilon(std::cos(var.epsilon)), sepsilon(std::sin(var.epsilon));
+
+              { // ICD ver.4 and 5.1 Eq.(3) lunar (m) corresponding to Appendix.J.1 in CDMA ICD
+                // (ICD4) float_t Omega_m(Omega_om + Omega_1m * T);
+                float_t sOmega_m(std::sin(var.Omega_m)), cOmega_m(std::cos(var.Omega_m));
+
+                float_t xi_ast(-std::pow(cOmega_m, 2) * sf_ci_m + 1);
+                float_t eta_ast(sOmega_m * si_m);
+                float_t zeta_ast(cOmega_m * si_m);
+
+                float_t xi_11(sOmega_m * cOmega_m * sf_ci_m);
+                float_t xi_12(-std::pow(sOmega_m, 2) * sf_ci_m + 1);
+
+                float_t eta_11(xi_ast * cepsilon - zeta_ast * sepsilon);
+                float_t eta_12(xi_11 * cepsilon + eta_ast * sepsilon);
+
+                float_t zeta_11(xi_ast * sepsilon + zeta_ast * cepsilon);
+                float_t zeta_12(zeta_11 * sepsilon - eta_ast * cepsilon);
+
+                // (ICD4) float_t Gamma_m(Gamma_o + Gamma_1 * T);
+                float_t sGamma(std::sin(var.Gamma_m)), cGamma(std::cos(var.Gamma_m));
+
+                // (ICD4) eccentric_anomaly_t E_m(g_om + g_1m * T, C.e_m);
+                eccentric_anomaly_t E_m(var.g_m, C.e_m);
+
+                float_t
+                    srad(E_m.snu_k * cGamma + E_m.cnu_k * sGamma),
+                    crad(E_m.cnu_k * cGamma - E_m.snu_k * sGamma);
+                res.m.xi    = srad * xi_11    + crad * xi_12;
+                res.m.eta   = srad * eta_11   + crad * eta_12;
+                res.m.zeta  = srad * zeta_11  + crad * zeta_12;
+                res.m.r     = C.a_m * (-C.e_m * std::cos(E_m.E_k) + 1);
+              }
+
+              { // ICD ver.4 and 5.1 Eq.(3) solar (s) corresponding to Appendix.S in CDMA ICD
+                // (ICD4) float_t omega_s(dms2rad(281, 13, (15.00 + (6189.03 * T))));
+                float_t co(std::cos(var.omega_s)), so(std::sin(var.omega_s));
+
+                // (ICD4) eccentric_anomaly_t E_s(g_os + g_1s * T, C.e_s);
+                eccentric_anomaly_t E_s(var.g_s, C.e_s);
+
+                float_t
+                    srad(E_s.snu_k * co + E_s.cnu_k * so), // = sin(nu_s + omega_s)
+                    crad(E_s.cnu_k * co - E_s.snu_k * so); // = cos(nu_s + omega_s)
+
+                res.s.xi    = crad;
+                res.s.eta   = srad * cepsilon;
+                res.s.zeta  = srad * sepsilon;
+                res.s.r     = C.a_s * (-C.e_s * std::cos(E_s.E_k) + 1);
+              }
+              return res;
+            }
+            /**
+             * @param days Sum of days from the epoch at 00 hours Moscow Time (MT) on 1st January 1975
+             * to the epoch at 00 hours MT of current date within which the instant t_e is.
+             * @param t_e reference time of ephemeris parameters (in Julian centuries of 36525 ephemeris days);
+             */
+            static lunar_solar_perturbations_t base1975(
+                const float_t &days, const float_t &t_e) {
+#define dms2rad(deg, min, sec) \
+(M_PI / 180 * ((float_t)sec / 3600 + (float_t)min / 60 + deg))
+              static const constatnt_t C = {
+                  3.84385243E8, // a_m // [m]
+                  1.49598E11, // a_s // [m]
+                  0.054900489, // e_m
+                  0.016719, // e_s
+                  dms2rad(5, 8, 43.4), // i_m // 0.08980398 rad
+              };
+              static const float_t
+                  epsilon(dms2rad(23, 26, 33)),
+                  g_om(dms2rad(-63, 53, 43.41)),
+                  g_1m(dms2rad(477198, 50, 56.79)),
+                  Omega_om(dms2rad(259, 10, 59.79)),
+                  Omega_1m(dms2rad(-1934, 8, 31.23)),
+                  Gamma_o(dms2rad(-334, 19, 46.40)),
+                  Gamma_1(dms2rad(4069, 2, 2.52)),
+                  g_os(dms2rad(358, 28, 33.04)),
+                  g_1s(dms2rad(0, 0, 129596579.10));
+
+              float_t T((27392.375 + days + t_e / 86400) / 36525);
+              // 27392.375 equals to interval days between 1900/1/1 0:0:0(GMT) to 1975/1/1 0:0:0(MT)
+              var_t var = {
+                  epsilon, // epsilon
+                  g_om + g_1m * T, // g_m
+                  Omega_om + Omega_1m * T, // Omega_m
+                  Gamma_o + Gamma_1 * T, // Gamma_m
+                  g_os + g_1s * T, // g_s
+                  dms2rad(281, 13, (15.00 + (6189.03 * T))), // omega_s
+              };
+              return setup(C, var);
+#undef dms2rad
+            }
+            static lunar_solar_perturbations_t base2000(
+                const float_t &jd0, const float_t &t_b) {
+              static const constatnt_t C = {
+                  3.84385243E8, // a_m // [m]
+                  1.49598E11, // a_s // [m]
+                  0.054900489, // e_m
+                  0.016719, // e_s
+                  0.0898041080, // i_m
+              };
+
+              float_t T((jd0 + ((t_b - 10800) / 86400) - 2451545.0) / 36525);
+              // 2451545.0 equals to Julian date for 2000/1/1 0:0:0(UTC)
+              float_t T2(std::pow(T, 2));
+
+              var_t var = {
+                  0.4090926006 - 0.0002270711 * T, // epsilon
+                  2.3555557435 + 8328.6914257190 * T + 0.0001545547 * T2, // g_m (q_m)
+                  2.1824391966 - 33.7570459536 * T + 0.0000362262 * T2, // Omega_m
+                  1.4547885346 + 71.0176852437 * T - 0.0001801481 * T2, // Gamma_m
+                  6.2400601269 + 628.3019551714 * T - 0.0000026820 * T2, // g_s (q_s)
+                  -7.6281824375 + 0.0300101976 * T + 0.0000079741 * T2, // omega_s
+              };
+              return setup(C, var);
+            }
+
+          };
+
+          struct differential_t {
+            float_t J_x_a, J_y_a, J_z_a;
+            differential_t() : J_x_a(0), J_y_a(0), J_z_a(0) {}
+            differential_t(const float_t &J_x, const float_t &J_y, const float_t &J_z)
+                : J_x_a(J_x), J_y_a(J_y), J_z_a(J_z) {}
+            /**
+             * @param sidereal_time_in_rad TODO calculate from t_b and UTC
+             */
+            differential_t(const Ephemeris &eph, const float_t &sidereal_time_in_rad){
+              float_t crad(std::cos(sidereal_time_in_rad)), srad(std::sin(sidereal_time_in_rad));
+              J_x_a = eph.xn_ddot * crad - eph.yn_ddot * srad;
+              J_y_a = eph.xn_ddot * srad + eph.yn_ddot * crad;
+              J_z_a = eph.zn_ddot;
+            }
+            constellation_t operator()(const float_t &t, const constellation_t &x) const {
+              // @see APPENDIX 3 EXAMPLES OF ALGORITHMS FOR CALCULATION OF COORDINATES AND VELOCITY
+              float_t r2(x.pos_abs2()), r(std::sqrt(r2));
+              static const float_t
+                  a_e(6378136), mu(398600.44E9), C_20(1082625.75E-9); // values are obtained from ver.5.1; TODO move to PZ-90
+              float_t mu_bar(mu / r2),
+                  x_a_bar(x.position[0] / r), y_a_bar(x.position[1] / r), z_a_bar(x.position[2] / r),
+                  sf_z_a_bar(z_a_bar * z_a_bar * -5 + 1),
+                  rho2(a_e * a_e / r2);
+              constellation_t res = {
+                {x.velocity[0], x.velocity[1], x.velocity[2]},
+                { // @see ver.5.1 Eq.(1)
+                  ((-C_20 * rho2 * sf_z_a_bar * 3 / 2) - 1) * mu_bar * x_a_bar + J_x_a,
+                  ((-C_20 * rho2 * sf_z_a_bar * 3 / 2) - 1) * mu_bar * y_a_bar + J_y_a,
+                  ((-C_20 * rho2 * (sf_z_a_bar + 2) * 3 / 2) - 1) * mu_bar * z_a_bar + J_z_a,
+                }
+              };
+#if 0
+              // If integration is performed in PZ-90, then these additional term is required,
+              // This is derived form simplified algorithm in CDMA ICD, (neither ver 5.1 nor ver.4 ICDs use it)
+              static const float_t omega_E(7.2921151467E-5), omega_E2(omega_E * omega_E);
+              res.velocity[0] += omega_E2 * x.position[0] + omega_E * 2 * x.velocity[1];
+              res.velocity[1] += omega_E2 * x.position[1] - omega_E * 2 * x.velocity[0];
+#endif
+              return res;
+            }
+          };
+
+          struct differential2_t {
+            lunar_solar_perturbations_t J_src;
+            static void equation2(
+                const float_t &mu, const typename lunar_solar_perturbations_t::arg_t &arg,
+                const float_t (&position)[3],
+                float_t (&J)[3]){
+              // Eq.(2)
+              float_t
+                  mu_bar(mu / std::pow(arg.r, 2)),
+                  x_a_bar(position[0] / arg.r),
+                  y_a_bar(position[1] / arg.r),
+                  z_a_bar(position[2] / arg.r),
+                  delta_x(arg.xi - x_a_bar),
+                  delta_y(arg.eta  - y_a_bar),
+                  delta_z(arg.zeta - z_a_bar),
+                  Delta3(std::pow(
+                    std::pow(delta_x, 2) + std::pow(delta_y, 2) + std::pow(delta_z, 2), 1.5));
+              J[0] = mu_bar * (delta_x / Delta3 - arg.xi);
+              J[1] = mu_bar * (delta_y / Delta3 - arg.eta);
+              J[2] = mu_bar * (delta_z / Delta3 - arg.zeta);
+            }
+            void calculate_Jm(const float_t (&position)[3], float_t (&J)[3]) const {
+              equation2(4902.835E9, J_src.m, position, J); // for lunar (m); mu in [m/s]
+            }
+            void calculate_Js(const float_t (&position)[3], float_t (&J)[3]) const {
+              equation2(0.1325263E21, J_src.s, position, J); // for solar (s); mu in [m/s]
+            }
+            constellation_t operator()(const float_t &t, const constellation_t &x) const {
+              // @see APPENDIX 3 EXAMPLES OF ALGORITHMS FOR CALCULATION OF COORDINATES AND VELOCITY
+              float_t J_am[3], J_as[3];
+              calculate_Jm(x.position, J_am);
+              calculate_Js(x.position, J_as);
+              return differential_t(J_am[0] + J_as[0], J_am[1] + J_as[1], J_am[2] + J_as[2])(t, x);
+            }
+          };
+
+          u8_t F_T_index() const;
+
+          u8_t P1_index() const {
+            if(P1 > 45 * 60){
+              return 3;
+            }else if(P1 > 30 * 60){
+              return 2;
+            }else if(P1 > 0){
+              return 1;
+            }else{
+              return 0;
+            }
+          }
+
+          struct raw_t {
+            u8_t svid;
+
+            // String1
+            u8_t P1;
+            u16_t t_k;
+            s32_t xn_dot;       ///< SF: 2^-20 [km/s]
+            s8_t xn_ddot;       ///< SF: 2^-30 [km/s^2]
+            s32_t xn;           ///< SF: 2^-11 [km]
+
+            // String2
+            u8_t B_n;
+            u8_t P2;
+            u8_t t_b;           ///< SF: 15
+            s32_t yn_dot;
+            s8_t yn_ddot;
+            s32_t yn;
+
+            // String3
+            u8_t P3;
+            s16_t gamma_n;      ///< SF: 2^-40
+            u8_t p;
+            u8_t l_n;
+            s32_t zn_dot;
+            s8_t zn_ddot;
+            s32_t zn;
+
+            // String4
+            s32_t tau_n;        ///< SF: 2^-30
+            u8_t delta_tau_n;   ///< SF: 2^-30
+            u8_t E_n;
+            u8_t P4;
+            u8_t F_T;
+            u16_t N_T;          ///< [days]
+            u8_t n;
+            u8_t M;
+
+#define fetch_item(num, name) name = BroadcastedMessage< \
+   InputT, (int)sizeof(InputT) * CHAR_BIT - PaddingBits_MSB - PaddingBits_LSB, PaddingBits_MSB> \
+   :: String ## num :: name (src)
+            template <int PaddingBits_MSB, int PaddingBits_LSB, class InputT>
+            void update_string1(const InputT *src){
+              fetch_item(1, P1);
+              fetch_item(1, t_k);
+              fetch_item(1, xn_dot);
+              fetch_item(1, xn_ddot);
+              fetch_item(1, xn);
+            }
+            template <int PaddingBits_MSB, int PaddingBits_LSB, class InputT>
+            void update_string2(const InputT *src){
+              // String2
+              fetch_item(2, B_n);
+              fetch_item(2, P2);
+              fetch_item(2, t_b);
+              fetch_item(2, yn_dot);
+              fetch_item(2, yn_ddot);
+              fetch_item(2, yn);
+            }
+            template <int PaddingBits_MSB, int PaddingBits_LSB, class InputT>
+            void update_string3(const InputT *src){
+              fetch_item(3, P3);
+              fetch_item(3, gamma_n);
+              fetch_item(3, p);
+              fetch_item(3, l_n);
+              fetch_item(3, zn_dot);
+              fetch_item(3, zn_ddot);
+              fetch_item(3, zn);
+            }
+            template <int PaddingBits_MSB, int PaddingBits_LSB, class InputT>
+            void update_string4(const InputT *src){
+              fetch_item(4, tau_n);
+              fetch_item(4, delta_tau_n);
+              fetch_item(4, E_n);
+              fetch_item(4, P4);
+              fetch_item(4, F_T);
+              fetch_item(4, N_T);
+              fetch_item(4, n);
+              fetch_item(4, M);
+            }
+#undef fetch_item
+
+            enum {
+              SF_xn,       SF_yn = SF_xn,            SF_zn = SF_xn,
+              SF_xn_dot,   SF_yn_dot = SF_xn_dot,    SF_zn_dot = SF_xn_dot,
+              SF_xn_ddot,  SF_yn_ddot = SF_xn_ddot,  SF_zn_ddot = SF_xn_ddot,
+              SF_t_b,
+              SF_gamma_n,
+              SF_tau_n,
+              SF_delta_tau_n,
+              SF_NUM,
+            };
+            static const float_t sf[SF_NUM];
+
+            static const float_t F_T_table[15]; ///< @see Table 4.4
+
+            static const float_t F_T_value(const u8_t &F_T_){
+              if(F_T_ >= (sizeof(F_T_table) / sizeof(F_T_table[0]))){
+                return -1; // not used
+              }else{
+                return F_T_table[F_T_];
+              }
+            }
+
+            static const uint_t P1_value(const u8_t &P1_){
+              switch(P1_){
+                case 1: return 30 * 60;
+                case 2: return 45 * 60;
+                case 3: return 60 * 60;
+                case 0: default: return 0;
+              }
+            }
+
+            operator Ephemeris() const {
+              Ephemeris res;
+#define CONVERT(TARGET) \
+{res.TARGET = sf[SF_ ## TARGET] * TARGET;}
+              res.svid = svid;
+              res.t_k = (((t_k >> 7) & 0x1F) * 3600) // hour
+                  + (((t_k >> 1) & 0x3F) * 60) // min
+                  + ((t_k & 0x1) ? 30 : 0); // sec
+              CONVERT(t_b);
+              res.M = M;
+              CONVERT(gamma_n);
+              CONVERT(tau_n);
+              CONVERT(xn);  CONVERT(xn_dot);  CONVERT(xn_ddot);
+              CONVERT(yn);  CONVERT(yn_dot);  CONVERT(yn_ddot);
+              CONVERT(zn);  CONVERT(zn_dot);  CONVERT(zn_ddot);
+              res.B_n = B_n;
+              res.p = p;
+              res.N_T = N_T;
+
+              res.F_T = F_T_value(F_T);
+              res.n = n;
+              CONVERT(delta_tau_n);
+              res.E_n = E_n;
+              res.P1 = P1_value(P1);
+              res.P2 = (P2 > 0);
+              //res.P3 = (P3 > 0);
+              res.P4 = (P4 > 0);
+              res.l_n = (l_n > 0);
+#undef CONVERT
+              return res;
+            }
+            raw_t &operator=(const Ephemeris &eph){
+              // TODO: m?
+#define CONVERT(TARGET) \
+{TARGET = (s32_t)((eph.TARGET + 0.5 * sf[SF_ ## TARGET]) / sf[SF_ ## TARGET]);}
+              svid = eph.svid;
+              { // t_k
+                std::div_t minutes(div(eph.t_k, 60));
+                std::div_t hrs(div(minutes.quot, 60));
+                t_k = (((hrs.quot << 6) + minutes.quot) << 1) + (minutes.rem > 0 ? 1 : 0);
+              }
+              CONVERT(t_b);
+              M = eph.M;
+              CONVERT(gamma_n);
+              CONVERT(tau_n);
+              CONVERT(xn);  CONVERT(xn_dot);  CONVERT(xn_ddot);
+              CONVERT(yn);  CONVERT(yn_dot);  CONVERT(yn_ddot);
+              CONVERT(zn);  CONVERT(zn_dot);  CONVERT(zn_ddot);
+              B_n = eph.B_n;
+              p = eph.p;
+              N_T = eph.N_T;
+              F_T = eph.F_T_index();
+              n = eph.n;
+              CONVERT(delta_tau_n);
+              E_n  = eph.E_n;
+              if(eph.P1 > 45 * 60){
+                P1 = 3;
+              }else if(eph.P1 > 30 * 60){
+                P1 = 2;
+              }else if(eph.P1 > 0){
+                P1 = 1;
+              }else{
+                P1 = 0;
+              }
+              P2 = (eph.P2 ? 1 : 0);
+              //P3 = (eph.P3 ? 1 : 0);
+              P4 = (eph.P4 ? 1 : 0);
+              l_n = (eph.l_n ? 1 : 0);
+#undef CONVERT
+              return *this;
+            }
+          };
+
+          bool is_equivalent(const Ephemeris &eph) const {
+            do{
+#define CHECK(TARGET) if(TARGET != eph.TARGET){break;}
+              //CHECK(t_k); // t_k is just a reference time
+              CHECK(t_b);
+              CHECK(M);
+              CHECK(B_n);
+              CHECK(p);
+              CHECK(N_T);
+              CHECK(F_T_index());
+              CHECK(n);
+              CHECK(E_n);
+              CHECK(P1);
+              CHECK(P2);
+              //CHECK(P3);
+              CHECK(P4);
+              CHECK(l_n);
+#undef CHECK
+#define CHECK(TARGET) \
+if(std::abs(TARGET - eph.TARGET) > raw_t::sf[raw_t::SF_ ## TARGET]){break;}
+              CHECK(gamma_n);
+              CHECK(tau_n);
+              CHECK(xn);  CHECK(xn_dot);  CHECK(xn_ddot);
+              CHECK(yn);  CHECK(yn_dot);  CHECK(yn_ddot);
+              CHECK(zn);  CHECK(zn_dot);  CHECK(zn_ddot);
+              CHECK(delta_tau_n);
+#undef CHECK
+              return true;
+            }while(false);
+            return false;
+          }
+        };
+
+        /**
+         *
+         * Relationship of time systems
+         * 1) t_GL = t_UTC + 3hr (defined in ICD 3.3.3 GLONASS Time)
+         * 2) t_UTC + 3hr = t_rcv + tau_c + tau_n - gamma_n * (t_rcv - t_b) (defined in ICD 3.3.3 GLONASS Time, also in RINEX spec.)
+         *   where tau_c: system wise, (-tau_c = GLUT in RINEX)
+         *     ta_n, gamm_n: per satellite
+         *     t_b along to UTC + 3hr (a.k.a, t_GL)
+         * 3) t_GPS - t_GL = delta_T + tau_GPS (defined in ICD 4.5 Non-immediate info.)
+         */
+        struct Ephemeris_with_Time : public Ephemeris, TimeProperties {
+          typedef typename Ephemeris::constellation_t constellation_t;
+          constellation_t xa_t_b;
+          float_t sidereal_t_b_rad;
+          typename Ephemeris::differential_t eq_of_motion;
+
+          void calculate_additional() {
+            sidereal_t_b_rad = TimeProperties::date_t::Greenwich_sidereal_time_deg(
+                TimeProperties::date.c_tm(),
+                (float_t)(this->t_b) / (60 * 60) - 3) / 180 * M_PI;
+            constellation_t x_t_b = {
+              {this->xn, this->yn, this->zn},
+              {this->xn_dot, this->yn_dot, this->zn_dot},
+            };
+            xa_t_b = x_t_b.abs_corrdinate(sidereal_t_b_rad); // PZ-90 => O-XYZ
+            eq_of_motion = typename Ephemeris::differential_t((*this), sidereal_t_b_rad);
+          }
+          Ephemeris_with_Time(const Ephemeris &eph, const TimeProperties &t_prop)
+              : Ephemeris(eph), TimeProperties(t_prop) {
+            calculate_additional();
+          }
+          Ephemeris_with_Time(const Ephemeris &eph, const std::tm &t_utc)
+              : Ephemeris(eph) {
+            this->tau_c = this->tau_GPS = 0;
+            std::tm t_mt(t_utc); // calculate Moscow time
+            t_mt.tm_hour += 3;
+            std::mktime(&t_mt); // renormalization
+            this->date = TimeProperties::date_t::from_c_tm(t_mt);
+            this->t_b = (t_mt.tm_hour * 60 + t_mt.tm_min) * 60 + t_mt.tm_sec;
+            calculate_additional();
+          }
+          std::tm c_tm_utc() const {
+            std::tm t(TimeProperties::date.c_tm()); // set date on Moscow time
+            (t.tm_sec = (int)(this->t_b)) -= 3 * 60 * 60; // add second on UTC
+            std::mktime(&t); // renormalization
+            return t;
+          }
+          struct raw_t : public Ephemeris::raw_t, TimeProperties::raw_t {
+            operator Ephemeris_with_Time() const {
+              return Ephemeris_with_Time((Ephemeris)(*this), (TimeProperties)(*this));
+            }
+            raw_t &operator=(const Ephemeris_with_Time &eph){
+              (typename Ephemeris::raw_t &)(*this) = eph;
+              (typename TimeProperties::raw_t &)(*this) = eph;
+              return *this;
+            }
+          };
+          bool is_equivalent(const Ephemeris_with_Time &eph) const {
+            return Ephemeris::is_equivalent(eph) && TimeProperties::is_equivalent(eph);
+          }
+          float_t calculate_clock_error(float_t delta_t, const float_t &pseudo_range = 0) const {
+            delta_t -= pseudo_range / light_speed;
+            return -TimeProperties::tau_c - Ephemeris::tau_n + Ephemeris::gamma_n * delta_t;
+          }
+          /**
+           * @param t_arrival_onboard signal arrival time in onboard time scale,
+           * which is along to glonass time scale (UTC + 3 hr) but is shifted in gradually changing length.
+           */
+          float_t clock_error(
+              const float_t &t_arrival_onboard, const float_t &pseudo_range = 0) const {
+            return calculate_clock_error(t_arrival_onboard - Ephemeris::t_b, pseudo_range);
+          }
+          /**
+           * Calculate constellation(t) based on constellation(t_0).
+           * t_0 is a time around t_b, and is used to calculate
+           * an intermediate result specified with the 3rd argument.
+           * This method is useful to calculate constellation effectively
+           * by using a cache.
+           * @param delta_t time interval from t_0 to t
+           * @param pseudo_range measured pusedo_range to correct delta_t
+           * @param xa_t_0 constellation(t_0)
+           * @param t_0_from_t_b time interval from t_b to t_0
+           */
+          constellation_t calculate_constellation(
+              float_t delta_t, const float_t &pseudo_range,
+              const constellation_t &xa_t_0, const float_t &t_0_from_t_b) const {
+
+            constellation_t res(xa_t_0);
+            { // time integration from t_b to t_transmit
+              float_t delta_t_to_transmit(delta_t - pseudo_range / light_speed);
+              float_t t_step_max(delta_t_to_transmit >= 0 ? 60 : -60);
+              int i(std::floor(delta_t_to_transmit / t_step_max));
+              float_t t_step_remain(delta_t_to_transmit - t_step_max * i);
+              float_t delta_t_itg(0); // accumulative time of integration
+              for(; i > 0; --i, delta_t_itg += t_step_max){
+                res = nextByRK4(eq_of_motion, delta_t_itg, res, t_step_max);
+              }
+              res = nextByRK4(eq_of_motion, delta_t_itg, res, t_step_remain);
+            }
+
+            static const float_t omega_E(0.7292115E-4); // Earth's rotation rate, TODO move to PZ-90.02
+            return res.rel_corrdinate(
+                sidereal_t_b_rad + (omega_E * (delta_t + t_0_from_t_b))); // transform from abs to PZ-90.02
+          }
+          /**
+           * Calculate constellation(t) based on constellation(t_b).
+           * @param delta_t time interval from t_0 to t
+           * @param pseudo_range measured pusedo_range to correct delta_t, default is 0.
+           */
+          constellation_t calculate_constellation(
+              float_t delta_t, const float_t &pseudo_range = 0) const {
+            return calculate_constellation(delta_t, pseudo_range, xa_t_b, float_t(0));
+          }
+          /**
+           * @param t_arrival_glonass signal arrival time in glonass time scale,
+           * which is the corrected onboard time by removing clock error.
+           */
+          constellation_t constellation(
+              const float_t &t_arrival_glonass, const float_t &pseudo_range = 0) const {
+            return calculate_constellation(
+                t_arrival_glonass - Ephemeris::t_b, pseudo_range); // measure in UTC + 3hr scale
+          }
+        };
+
+        struct Ephemeris_with_GPS_Time : public Ephemeris_with_Time {
+          GPS_Time<float_t> t_b_gps;
+          Ephemeris_with_GPS_Time()
+              : Ephemeris_with_Time(Ephemeris(), GPS_Time<float_t>(0, 0).c_tm()),
+              t_b_gps(0, 0) {}
+          /**
+           *
+           * @param deltaT integer part of difference of GPS and GLONASS time scales.
+           * This is often identical to the leap seconds because GLONASS time base is UTC
+           */
+          Ephemeris_with_GPS_Time(const Ephemeris_with_Time &eph, const int_t &deltaT = 0)
+              : Ephemeris_with_Time(eph),
+              t_b_gps(GPS_Time<float_t>(eph.c_tm_utc()) // in UTC scale
+                  + Ephemeris_with_Time::tau_GPS // in (GPS - delta_T) scale (delta_T is integer), -tau_GPS = GLGP in RINEX
+                  + deltaT) {
+          }
+          GPS_Time<float_t> base_time() const {
+            return t_b_gps;
+          }
+          bool is_valid(const GPS_Time<float_t> &t) const {
+            return std::abs(t_b_gps.interval(t)) <= 60 * 60; // 1 hour
+          }
+          using Ephemeris_with_Time::clock_error;
+          float_t clock_error(
+              const GPS_Time<float_t> &t_arrival_onboard, const float_t &pseudo_range = 0) const {
+            return Ephemeris_with_Time::calculate_clock_error(t_arrival_onboard - t_b_gps, pseudo_range);
+          }
+          using Ephemeris_with_Time::constellation;
+          typename Ephemeris_with_Time::constellation_t constellation(
+              const GPS_Time<float_t> &t_arrival_gps, const float_t &pseudo_range = 0) const {
+            return this->calculate_constellation(t_arrival_gps - t_b_gps, pseudo_range);
+          }
+        };
+    };
+
+    struct Satellite : public SatelliteProperties {
+      public:
+        typedef typename SatelliteProperties::Ephemeris_with_GPS_Time eph_t;
+        typedef typename GPS_SpaceNode<float_t>::template PropertyHistory<eph_t> eph_list_t;
+      protected:
+        eph_list_t eph_history;
+      public:
+        Satellite() : eph_history() {
+          // TODO setup first ephemeris as invalid one
+          // eph_t &eph_current(const_cast<eph_t &>(eph_history.current()));
+        }
+
+        template <class Functor>
+        void each_ephemeris(
+            Functor &functor,
+            const typename eph_list_t::each_mode_t &mode = eph_list_t::EACH_ALL) const {
+          eph_history.each(functor, mode);
+        }
+
+        void register_ephemeris(const eph_t &eph, const int &priority_delta = 1){
+          eph_history.add(eph, priority_delta);
+        }
+
+        void merge(const Satellite &another, const bool &keep_original = true){
+          eph_history.merge(another.eph_history, keep_original);
+        }
+
+        const eph_t &ephemeris() const {
+          return eph_history.current();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Select appropriate ephemeris within registered ones.
+         *
+         * @param target_time time at measurement
+         * @return if true, appropriate ephemeris is selected, otherwise, not selected.
+         */
+        bool select_ephemeris(const GPS_Time<float_t> &target_time){
+          return eph_history.select(target_time, &eph_t::is_valid);
+        }
+
+        float_t clock_error(const GPS_Time<float_t> &t, const float_t &pseudo_range = 0) const{
+          return ephemeris().clock_error(t, pseudo_range);
+        }
+
+        typename GPS_SpaceNode<float_t>::SatelliteProperties::constellation_t constellation(
+            const GPS_Time<float_t> &t, const float_t &pseudo_range = 0) const {
+          return (typename GPS_SpaceNode<float_t>::SatelliteProperties::constellation_t)(
+              ephemeris().constellation(t, pseudo_range));
+        }
+
+        typename GPS_SpaceNode<float_t>::xyz_t position(const GPS_Time<float_t> &t, const float_t &pseudo_range = 0) const {
+          return constellation(t, pseudo_range).position;
+        }
+
+        typename GPS_SpaceNode<float_t>::xyz_t velocity(const GPS_Time<float_t> &t, const float_t &pseudo_range = 0) const {
+          return constellation(t, pseudo_range).velocity;
+        }
+    };
+  public:
+    typedef std::map<int, Satellite> satellites_t;
+  protected:
+    satellites_t _satellites;
+  public:
+    GLONASS_SpaceNode()
+        : _satellites() {}
+    ~GLONASS_SpaceNode(){
+      _satellites.clear();
+    }
+    const satellites_t &satellites() const {
+      return _satellites;
+    }
+    Satellite &satellite(const int &prn) {
+      return _satellites[prn];
+    }
+    bool has_satellite(const int &prn) const {
+      return _satellites.find(prn) !=  _satellites.end();
+    }
+    void update_all_ephemeris(const GPS_Time<float_t> &target_time) {
+      for(typename satellites_t::iterator it(_satellites.begin()), it_end(_satellites.end());
+          it != it_end; ++it){
+        it->second.select_ephemeris(target_time);
+      }
+    }
+    typename Satellite::eph_t latest_ephemeris() const {
+      struct {
+        typename Satellite::eph_t res;
+        void operator()(const typename Satellite::eph_t &eph){
+          if(res.t_b_gps < eph.t_b_gps){res = eph;}
+        }
+      } functor;
+      for(typename satellites_t::const_iterator
+          it(_satellites.begin()), it_end(_satellites.end());
+          it != it_end; ++it){
+        it->second.each_ephemeris(functor, Satellite::eph_list_t::EACH_NO_REDUNDANT);
+      }
+      return functor.res;
+    }
+};
+
+template <class FloatT>
+const typename GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::float_t GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::light_speed
+    = 299792458; // [m/s]
+
+template <class FloatT>
+const typename GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::float_t GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::L1_frequency_base
+    = 1602E6; // [Hz]
+
+template <class FloatT>
+const typename GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::float_t GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::L1_frequency_gap
+    = 562.5E3; // [Hz]
+
+template <class FloatT>
+const typename GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::float_t GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::L2_frequency_base
+    = 1246E6; // [Hz]
+
+template <class FloatT>
+const typename GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::float_t GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::L2_frequency_gap
+    = 437.5E3; // [Hz]
+
+template <class FloatT>
+const typename GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::float_t GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::SatelliteProperties::Ephemeris::constellation_t::omega_E
+    = 0.7292115E-4; // [s^-1]
+
+template <class FloatT>
+const typename GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::int_t GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::TimeProperties::date_t::days_m[] = {
+  31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31
+};
+
+#define POWER_2(n) \
+(((n) >= 0) \
+  ? (float_t)(1 << (n >= 0 ? n : 0)) \
+  : (((float_t)1) / (1 << (-(n) >= 30 ? 30 : -(n > 0 ? 0 : n))) \
+    / (1 << (-(n) >= 30 ? (-(n) - 30) : 0))))
+
+template <class FloatT>
+const typename GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::float_t GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::TimeProperties::raw_t::sf[] = {
+  POWER_2(-31), // tau_c [s]
+  POWER_2(-30) /* * 60 * 60 * 24*/, // tau_GPS [s], unit is described as [day] in ICD, however, it may be wrong.
+};
+
+template <class FloatT>
+const typename GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::float_t GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::SatelliteProperties::Ephemeris::raw_t::sf[] = {
+  POWER_2(-11) * 1E3, // x
+  POWER_2(-20) * 1E3, // x_dot
+  POWER_2(-30) * 1E3, // x_ddot
+  15 * 60, // t_b
+  POWER_2(-40), // gamma_n
+  POWER_2(-30), // tau_n
+  POWER_2(-30), // delta_tau_n
+};
+
+#undef POWER_2
+
+template <class FloatT>
+const typename GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::float_t GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::SatelliteProperties::Ephemeris::raw_t::F_T_table[] = {
+  1, 2, 2.5, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512,
+};
+
+template <class FloatT>
+typename GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::u8_t GLONASS_SpaceNode<FloatT>::SatelliteProperties::Ephemeris::F_T_index() const {
+  if(F_T <= 0){ // invalid value
+    return sizeof(raw_t::F_T_table) / sizeof(raw_t::F_T_table[0]);
+  }
+  u8_t res(0);
+  while(res < (sizeof(raw_t::F_T_table) / sizeof(raw_t::F_T_table[0]))){
+    if(F_T <= raw_t::F_T_table[res]){break;}
+    ++res;
+  }
+  return res;
+}
+
+#endif /* __GLONASS_H__ */