gpgme 1.0.8

data/lib/gpgme.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1561 @@
+=begin rdoc
+= What's this?
+
+Ruby-GPGME is a Ruby language binding of GPGME (GnuPG Made Easy).
+
+= Requirements
+
+- Ruby 1.8 or later
+- GPGME 1.1.2 or later http://www.gnupg.org/(en)/related_software/gpgme/index.html
+- gpg-agent (optional, but recommended)
+
+= Installation
+
+ $ gem install ruby-gpgme
+
+or
+
+ $ ruby extconf.rb
+ $ make
+ $ make install
+
+= Examples
+
+<tt>examples/genkey.rb</tt>::	Generate a key pair in your keyring.
+<tt>examples/keylist.rb</tt>::	List your keyring like gpg --list-keys.
+<tt>examples/roundtrip.rb</tt>::  Encrypt and decrypt a plain text.
+<tt>examples/sign.rb</tt>::	Create a clear text signature.
+<tt>examples/verify.rb</tt>::	Verify a clear text signature given from stdin.
+
+= API
+
+Ruby-GPGME provides three levels of API.  The highest level API is
+close to the command line interface of GnuPG.  The mid level API looks
+object-oriented (or rubyish).  The lowest level API is close to the C
+interface of GPGME.
+
+== The highest level API
+
+It can be written in the highest level API to create a cleartext
+signature of the plaintext from stdin as follows.
+
+ $ ruby -rgpgme -e 'GPGME.clearsign($stdin, $stdout)'
+
+== The mid level API
+
+The same example can be rewritten in the mid level API as follows.
+
+ $ ruby -rgpgme -e <<End  
+ ctx = GPGME::Ctx.new
+ plain = GPGME::Data.from_io($stdin)
+ sig = GPGME::Data.from_io($stdout)
+ ctx.sign(plain, sig, GPGME::SIG_MODE_CLEAR)
+ End
+
+== The lowest level API
+
+The same example can be rewritten in the lowest level API as follows.
+
+ $ ruby -rgpgme -e <<End  
+ ret = Array.new
+ GPGME::gpgme_new(ret)
+ ctx = ret.shift
+ GPGME::gpgme_data_new_from_fd(ret, 0)
+ plain = ret.shift
+ GPGME::gpgme_data_new_from_fd(ret, 1)
+ sig = ret.shift
+ GPGME::gpgme_op_sign(ctx, plain, sig, GPGME::SIG_MODE_CLEAR)
+ End
+
+As you see, it's much harder to write a program in this API than the
+higher level API.  However, if you are already familier with the C
+interface of GPGME and/or want to control detailed behavior of GPGME,
+it might be useful.
+
+= License
+
+Copyright (C) 2003,2006,2007,2008,2009 Daiki Ueno
+
+This file is a part of Ruby-GPGME.
+
+Ruby-GPGME is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+Ruby-GPGME is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+=end
+module GPGME
+  VERSION = "1.0.8"
+end
+
+require 'gpgme_n'
+require 'gpgme/constants'
+
+# call-seq:
+#   GPGME.decrypt(cipher, plain=nil, options=Hash.new){|signature| ...}
+#
+# <code>GPGME.decrypt</code> performs decryption.
+#
+# The arguments should be specified as follows.
+# 
+# - GPGME.decrypt(<i>cipher</i>, <i>plain</i>, <i>options</i>)
+# - GPGME.decrypt(<i>cipher</i>, <i>options</i>) -> <i>plain</i>
+#
+# All arguments except <i>cipher</i> are optional.  <i>cipher</i> is
+# input, and <i>plain</i> is output.  If the last argument is a
+# Hash, options will be read from it.
+#
+# An input argument is specified by an IO like object (which responds
+# to <code>read</code>), a string, or a GPGME::Data object.
+#
+# An output argument is specified by an IO like object (which responds
+# to <code>write</code>) or a GPGME::Data object.
+#
+# <i>options</i> are same as <code>GPGME::Ctx.new()</code>.
+#
+def GPGME.decrypt(cipher, *args_options)
+  raise ArgumentError, 'wrong number of arguments' if args_options.length > 2
+  args, options = split_args(args_options)
+  plain = args[0]
+
+  check_version(options)
+  GPGME::Ctx.new(options) do |ctx|
+    cipher_data = input_data(cipher)
+    plain_data = output_data(plain)
+    begin
+      ctx.decrypt_verify(cipher_data, plain_data)
+    rescue GPGME::Error::UnsupportedAlgorithm => exc
+      exc.algorithm = ctx.decrypt_result.unsupported_algorithm
+      raise exc
+    rescue GPGME::Error::WrongKeyUsage => exc
+      exc.key_usage = ctx.decrypt_result.wrong_key_usage
+      raise exc
+    end
+
+    verify_result = ctx.verify_result
+    if verify_result && block_given?
+      verify_result.signatures.each do |signature|
+        yield signature
+      end
+    end
+
+    unless plain
+      plain_data.seek(0, IO::SEEK_SET)
+      plain_data.read
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# call-seq:
+#   GPGME.verify(sig, signed_text=nil, plain=nil, options=Hash.new){|signature| ...}
+#
+# <code>GPGME.verify</code> verifies a signature.
+#
+# The arguments should be specified as follows.
+# 
+# - GPGME.verify(<i>sig</i>, <i>signed_text</i>, <i>plain</i>, <i>options</i>)
+# - GPGME.verify(<i>sig</i>, <i>signed_text</i>, <i>options</i>) -> <i>plain</i>
+#
+# All arguments except <i>sig</i> are optional.  <i>sig</i> and
+# <i>signed_text</i> are input.  <i>plain</i> is output.  If the last
+# argument is a Hash, options will be read from it.
+#
+# An input argument is specified by an IO like object (which responds
+# to <code>read</code>), a string, or a GPGME::Data object.
+#
+# An output argument is specified by an IO like object (which responds
+# to <code>write</code>) or a GPGME::Data object.
+#
+# If <i>sig</i> is a detached signature, then the signed text should
+# be provided in <i>signed_text</i> and <i>plain</i> should be
+# <tt>nil</tt>.  Otherwise, if <i>sig</i> is a normal (or cleartext)
+# signature, <i>signed_text</i> should be <tt>nil</tt>.
+#
+# <i>options</i> are same as <code>GPGME::Ctx.new()</code>.
+#
+def GPGME.verify(sig, *args_options) # :yields: signature
+  raise ArgumentError, 'wrong number of arguments' if args_options.length > 3
+  args, options = split_args(args_options)
+  signed_text, plain = args
+
+  check_version(options)
+  GPGME::Ctx.new(options) do |ctx|
+    sig_data = input_data(sig)
+    if signed_text
+      signed_text_data = input_data(signed_text)
+      plain_data = nil
+    else
+      signed_text_data = nil
+      plain_data = output_data(plain)
+    end
+    ctx.verify(sig_data, signed_text_data, plain_data)
+    ctx.verify_result.signatures.each do |signature|
+      yield signature
+    end
+    if !signed_text && !plain
+      plain_data.seek(0, IO::SEEK_SET)
+      plain_data.read
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# call-seq:
+#   GPGME.sign(plain, sig=nil, options=Hash.new)
+#
+# <code>GPGME.sign</code> creates a signature of the plaintext.
+#
+# The arguments should be specified as follows.
+# 
+# - GPGME.sign(<i>plain</i>, <i>sig</i>, <i>options</i>)
+# - GPGME.sign(<i>plain</i>, <i>options</i>) -> <i>sig</i>
+#
+# All arguments except <i>plain</i> are optional.  <i>plain</i> is
+# input and <i>sig</i> is output.  If the last argument is a Hash,
+# options will be read from it.
+#
+# An input argument is specified by an IO like object (which responds
+# to <code>read</code>), a string, or a GPGME::Data object.
+#
+# An output argument is specified by an IO like object (which responds
+# to <code>write</code>) or a GPGME::Data object.
+#
+# <i>options</i> are same as <code>GPGME::Ctx.new()</code> except for
+#
+# - <tt>:signers</tt> Signing keys.  If specified, it is an array
+#   whose elements are a GPGME::Key object or a string.
+# - <tt>:mode</tt> Desired type of a signature.  Either
+#   <tt>GPGME::SIG_MODE_NORMAL</tt> for a normal signature,
+#   <tt>GPGME::SIG_MODE_DETACH</tt> for a detached signature, or
+#   <tt>GPGME::SIG_MODE_CLEAR</tt> for a cleartext signature.
+#
+def GPGME.sign(plain, *args_options)
+  raise ArgumentError, 'wrong number of arguments' if args_options.length > 2
+  args, options = split_args(args_options)
+  sig = args[0]
+
+  check_version(options)
+  GPGME::Ctx.new(options) do |ctx|
+    ctx.add_signer(*resolve_keys(options[:signers], true, [:sign])) if options[:signers]
+    mode = options[:mode] || GPGME::SIG_MODE_NORMAL
+    plain_data = input_data(plain)
+    sig_data = output_data(sig)
+    begin
+      ctx.sign(plain_data, sig_data, mode)
+    rescue GPGME::Error::UnusableSecretKey => exc
+      exc.keys = ctx.sign_result.invalid_signers
+      raise exc
+    end
+
+    unless sig
+      sig_data.seek(0, IO::SEEK_SET)
+      sig_data.read
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# call-seq:
+#   GPGME.clearsign(plain, sig=nil, options=Hash.new)
+#
+# <code>GPGME.clearsign</code> creates a cleartext signature of the plaintext.
+#
+# The arguments should be specified as follows.
+# 
+# - GPGME.clearsign(<i>plain</i>, <i>sig</i>, <i>options</i>)
+# - GPGME.clearsign(<i>plain</i>, <i>options</i>) -> <i>sig</i>
+#
+# All arguments except <i>plain</i> are optional.  <i>plain</i> is
+# input and <i>sig</i> is output.  If the last argument is a Hash,
+# options will be read from it.
+#
+# An input argument is specified by an IO like object (which responds
+# to <code>read</code>), a string, or a GPGME::Data object.
+#
+# An output argument is specified by an IO like object (which responds
+# to <code>write</code>) or a GPGME::Data object.
+#
+# <i>options</i> are same as <code>GPGME::Ctx.new()</code> except for
+#
+# - <tt>:signers</tt> Signing keys.  If specified, it is an array
+#   whose elements are a GPGME::Key object or a string.
+#
+def GPGME.clearsign(plain, *args_options)
+  raise ArgumentError, 'wrong number of arguments' if args_options.length > 2
+  args, options = split_args(args_options)
+  args.push(options.merge({:mode => GPGME::SIG_MODE_CLEAR}))
+  GPGME.sign(plain, *args)
+end
+
+# call-seq:
+#   GPGME.detach_sign(plain, sig=nil, options=Hash.new)
+#
+# <code>GPGME.detach_sign</code> creates a detached signature of the plaintext.
+#
+# The arguments should be specified as follows.
+# 
+# - GPGME.detach_sign(<i>plain</i>, <i>sig</i>, <i>options</i>)
+# - GPGME.detach_sign(<i>plain</i>, <i>options</i>) -> <i>sig</i>
+#
+# All arguments except <i>plain</i> are optional.  <i>plain</i> is
+# input and <i>sig</i> is output.  If the last argument is a Hash,
+# options will be read from it.
+#
+# An input argument is specified by an IO like object (which responds
+# to <code>read</code>), a string, or a GPGME::Data object.
+#
+# An output argument is specified by an IO like object (which responds
+# to <code>write</code>) or a GPGME::Data object.
+#
+# <i>options</i> are same as <code>GPGME::Ctx.new()</code> except for
+#
+# - <tt>:signers</tt> Signing keys.  If specified, it is an array
+#   whose elements are a GPGME::Key object or a string.
+#
+def GPGME.detach_sign(plain, *args_options)
+  raise ArgumentError, 'wrong number of arguments' if args_options.length > 2
+  args, options = split_args(args_options)
+  args.push(options.merge({:mode => GPGME::SIG_MODE_DETACH}))
+  GPGME.sign(plain, *args)
+end
+
+# call-seq:
+#   GPGME.encrypt(recipients, plain, cipher=nil, options=Hash.new)
+#
+# <code>GPGME.encrypt</code> performs encryption.
+#
+# The arguments should be specified as follows.
+# 
+# - GPGME.encrypt(<i>recipients</i>, <i>plain</i>, <i>cipher</i>, <i>options</i>)
+# - GPGME.encrypt(<i>recipients</i>, <i>plain</i>, <i>options</i>) -> <i>cipher</i>
+#
+# All arguments except <i>recipients</i> and <i>plain</i> are
+# optional.  <i>plain</i> is input and <i>cipher</i> is output.  If
+# the last argument is a Hash, options will be read from it.
+#
+# The recipients are specified by an array whose elements are a string
+# or a GPGME::Key object.  If <i>recipients</i> is <tt>nil</tt>, it
+# performs symmetric encryption.
+#
+# An input argument is specified by an IO like object (which responds
+# to <code>read</code>), a string, or a GPGME::Data object.
+#
+# An output argument is specified by an IO like object (which responds
+# to <code>write</code>) or a GPGME::Data object.
+#
+# <i>options</i> are same as <code>GPGME::Ctx.new()</code> except for
+#
+# - <tt>:sign</tt> If <tt>true</tt>, it performs a combined sign and
+#   encrypt operation.
+# - <tt>:signers</tt> Signing keys.  If specified, it is an array
+#   whose elements are a GPGME::Key object or a string.
+# - <tt>:always_trust</tt> Setting this to <tt>true</tt> specifies all
+#   the recipients should be trusted.
+#
+def GPGME.encrypt(recipients, plain, *args_options)
+  raise ArgumentError, 'wrong number of arguments' if args_options.length > 3
+  args, options = split_args(args_options)
+  cipher = args[0]
+  recipient_keys = recipients ? resolve_keys(recipients, false, [:encrypt]) : nil
+
+  check_version(options)
+  GPGME::Ctx.new(options) do |ctx|
+    plain_data = input_data(plain)
+    cipher_data = output_data(cipher)
+    begin
+      flags = 0
+      if options[:always_trust]
+        flags |= GPGME::ENCRYPT_ALWAYS_TRUST
+      end
+      if options[:sign]
+        if options[:signers]
+          ctx.add_signer(*resolve_keys(options[:signers], true, [:sign]))
+        end
+        ctx.encrypt_sign(recipient_keys, plain_data, cipher_data, flags)
+      else
+        ctx.encrypt(recipient_keys, plain_data, cipher_data, flags)
+      end
+    rescue GPGME::Error::UnusablePublicKey => exc
+      exc.keys = ctx.encrypt_result.invalid_recipients
+      raise exc
+    rescue GPGME::Error::UnusableSecretKey => exc
+      exc.keys = ctx.sign_result.invalid_signers
+      raise exc
+    end
+
+    unless cipher
+      cipher_data.seek(0, IO::SEEK_SET)
+      cipher_data.read
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# call-seq:
+#   GPGME.list_keys(pattern=nil, secret_only=false, options=Hash.new){|key| ...}
+#
+# <code>GPGME.list_keys</code> iterates over the key ring.
+#
+# The arguments should be specified as follows.
+# 
+# - GPGME.list_keys(<i>pattern</i>, <i>secret_only</i>, <i>options</i>)
+#
+# All arguments are optional.  If the last argument is a Hash, options
+# will be read from it.
+#
+# <i>pattern</i> is a string or <tt>nil</tt>.  If <i>pattern</i> is
+# <tt>nil</tt>, all available keys are returned.  If
+# <i>secret_only</i> is <tt>true</tt>, the only secret keys are
+# returned.
+#
+# <i>options</i> are same as <code>GPGME::Ctx.new()</code>.
+#
+def GPGME.list_keys(*args_options) # :yields: key
+  raise ArgumentError, 'wrong number of arguments' if args_options.length > 3
+  args, options = split_args(args_options)
+  pattern, secret_only = args
+  check_version(options)
+  GPGME::Ctx.new do |ctx|
+    if block_given?  
+      ctx.each_key(pattern, secret_only || false) do |key|
+        yield key
+      end
+    else
+      ctx.keys(pattern, secret_only || false)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# call-seq:
+#   GPGME.export(pattern)
+#
+# <code>GPGME.export</code> extracts public keys from the key ring.
+#
+# The arguments should be specified as follows.
+# 
+# - GPGME.export(<i>pattern</i>, <i>options</i>) -> <i>keydata</i>
+# - GPGME.export(<i>pattern</i>, <i>keydata</i>, <i>options</i>)
+#
+# All arguments are optional.  If the last argument is a Hash, options
+# will be read from it.
+#
+# <i>pattern</i> is a string or <tt>nil</tt>.  If <i>pattern</i> is
+# <tt>nil</tt>, all available public keys are returned.
+# <i>keydata</i> is output.
+#
+# An output argument is specified by an IO like object (which responds
+# to <code>write</code>) or a GPGME::Data object.
+#
+# <i>options</i> are same as <code>GPGME::Ctx.new()</code>.
+#
+def GPGME.export(*args_options)
+  raise ArgumentError, 'wrong number of arguments' if args_options.length > 2
+  args, options = split_args(args_options)
+  pattern, key = args[0]
+  key_data = output_data(key)
+  check_version(options)
+  GPGME::Ctx.new(options) do |ctx|
+    ctx.export_keys(pattern, key_data)
+
+    unless key
+      key_data.seek(0, IO::SEEK_SET)
+      key_data.read
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# call-seq:
+#   GPGME.import(keydata)
+#
+# <code>GPGME.import</code> adds the keys to the key ring.
+#
+# The arguments should be specified as follows.
+# 
+# - GPGME.import(<i>keydata</i>, <i>options</i>)
+#
+# All arguments are optional.  If the last argument is a Hash, options
+# will be read from it.
+#
+# <i>keydata</i> is input.
+#
+# An input argument is specified by an IO like object (which responds
+# to <code>read</code>), a string, or a GPGME::Data object.
+#
+# <i>options</i> are same as <code>GPGME::Ctx.new()</code>.
+#
+def GPGME.import(*args_options)
+  raise ArgumentError, 'wrong number of arguments' if args_options.length > 2
+  args, options = split_args(args_options)
+  key = args[0]
+  key_data = input_data(key)
+  check_version(options)
+  GPGME::Ctx.new(options) do |ctx|
+    ctx.import_keys(key_data)
+    ctx.import_result
+  end
+end
+
+module GPGME
+  # :stopdoc:
+  private
+
+  def split_args(args_options)
+    if args_options.length > 0 and args_options[-1].respond_to? :to_hash
+      args = args_options[0 ... -1]
+      options = args_options[-1].to_hash
+    else
+      args = args_options
+      options = Hash.new
+    end
+    [args, options]
+  end
+  module_function :split_args
+
+  def check_version(options = nil)
+    version = nil
+    if options.kind_of?(String)
+      version = options
+    elsif options.include?(:version)
+      version = options[:version]
+    end
+    unless GPGME::gpgme_check_version(version)
+      raise Error::InvalidVersion.new
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :check_version
+
+  def resolve_keys(keys_or_names, secret_only, purposes = Array.new)
+    keys = Array.new
+    keys_or_names.each do |key_or_name|
+      if key_or_name.kind_of? Key
+        keys << key_or_name
+      elsif key_or_name.kind_of? String
+        GPGME::Ctx.new do |ctx|
+          key = ctx.keys(key_or_name, secret_only).find {|k|
+            k.usable_for?(purposes)
+          }
+          keys << key if key
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    keys
+  end
+  module_function :resolve_keys
+
+  def input_data(input)
+    if input.kind_of? GPGME::Data
+      input
+    elsif input.respond_to? :to_str
+      GPGME::Data.from_str(input.to_str)
+    elsif input.respond_to? :read
+      GPGME::Data.from_callbacks(IOCallbacks.new(input))
+    else
+      raise ArgumentError, input.inspect
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :input_data
+
+  def output_data(output)
+    if output.kind_of? GPGME::Data
+      output
+    elsif output.respond_to? :write
+      GPGME::Data.from_callbacks(IOCallbacks.new(output))
+    elsif !output
+      GPGME::Data.empty
+    else
+      raise ArgumentError, output.inspect
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :output_data
+
+  class IOCallbacks
+    def initialize(io)
+      @io = io
+    end
+
+    def read(hook, length)
+      @io.read(length)
+    end
+
+    def write(hook, buffer, length)
+      @io.write(buffer[0 .. length])
+    end
+
+    def seek(hook, offset, whence)
+      return @io.pos if offset == 0 && whence == IO::SEEK_CUR
+      @io.seek(offset, whence)
+      @io.pos
+    end
+  end
+
+  PROTOCOL_NAMES = {
+    PROTOCOL_OpenPGP => :OpenPGP,
+    PROTOCOL_CMS => :CMS
+  }
+
+  KEYLIST_MODE_NAMES = {
+    KEYLIST_MODE_LOCAL => :local,
+    KEYLIST_MODE_EXTERN => :extern,
+    KEYLIST_MODE_SIGS => :sigs,
+    KEYLIST_MODE_VALIDATE => :validate
+  }
+
+  VALIDITY_NAMES = {
+    VALIDITY_UNKNOWN => :unknown,
+    VALIDITY_UNDEFINED => :undefined,
+    VALIDITY_NEVER => :never,
+    VALIDITY_MARGINAL => :marginal,
+    VALIDITY_FULL => :full,
+    VALIDITY_ULTIMATE => :ultimate
+  }
+  # :startdoc:
+end
+
+module GPGME
+  class Error < StandardError
+    def initialize(error)
+      @error = error
+    end
+    attr_reader :error
+
+    # Return the error code.
+    #
+    # The error code indicates the type of an error, or the reason why
+    # an operation failed.
+    def code
+      GPGME::gpgme_err_code(@error)
+    end
+
+    # Return the error source.
+    #
+    # The error source has not a precisely defined meaning.  Sometimes
+    # it is the place where the error happened, sometimes it is the
+    # place where an error was encoded into an error value.  Usually
+    # the error source will give an indication to where to look for
+    # the problem.  This is not always true, but it is attempted to
+    # achieve this goal.
+    def source
+      GPGME::gpgme_err_source(@error)
+    end
+
+    # Return a description of the error code.
+    def message
+      GPGME::gpgme_strerror(@error)
+    end
+
+    class General < self; end
+    class InvalidValue < self; end
+    class UnusablePublicKey < self
+      attr_accessor :keys
+    end
+    class UnusableSecretKey < self
+      attr_accessor :keys
+    end
+    class NoData < self; end
+    class Conflict < self; end
+    class NotImplemented < self; end
+    class DecryptFailed < self; end
+    class BadPassphrase < self; end
+    class Canceled < self; end
+    class InvalidEngine < self; end
+    class AmbiguousName < self; end
+    class WrongKeyUsage < self
+      attr_accessor :key_usage
+    end
+    class CertificateRevoked < self; end
+    class CertificateExpired < self; end
+    class NoCRLKnown < self; end
+    class NoPolicyMatch < self; end
+    class NoSecretKey < self; end
+    class MissingCertificate < self; end
+    class BadCertificateChain < self; end
+    class UnsupportedAlgorithm < self
+      attr_accessor :algorithm
+    end
+    class BadSignature < self; end
+    class NoPublicKey < self; end
+    class InvalidVersion < self; end
+  end
+
+  def error_to_exception(err)   # :nodoc:
+    case GPGME::gpgme_err_code(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_EOF
+      EOFError.new
+    when GPG_ERR_NO_ERROR
+      nil
+    when GPG_ERR_GENERAL
+      Error::General.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_ENOMEM
+      Errno::ENOMEM.new
+    when GPG_ERR_INV_VALUE
+      Error::InvalidValue.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_UNUSABLE_PUBKEY
+      Error::UnusablePublicKey.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_UNUSABLE_SECKEY
+      Error::UnusableSecretKey.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_NO_DATA
+      Error::NoData.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_CONFLICT
+      Error::Conflict.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED
+      Error::NotImplemented.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_DECRYPT_FAILED
+      Error::DecryptFailed.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_BAD_PASSPHRASE
+      Error::BadPassphrase.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_CANCELED
+      Error::Canceled.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_INV_ENGINE
+      Error::InvalidEngine.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_AMBIGUOUS_NAME
+      Error::AmbiguousName.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_WRONG_KEY_USAGE
+      Error::WrongKeyUsage.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_CERT_REVOKED
+      Error::CertificateRevoked.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_CERT_EXPIRED
+      Error::CertificateExpired.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_NO_CRL_KNOWN
+      Error::NoCRLKnown.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_NO_POLICY_MATCH
+      Error::NoPolicyMatch.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_NO_SECKEY
+      Error::NoSecretKey.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_MISSING_CERT
+      Error::MissingCertificate.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_BAD_CERT_CHAIN
+      Error::BadCertificateChain.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM
+      Error::UnsupportedAlgorithm.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_BAD_SIGNATURE
+      Error::BadSignature.new(err)
+    when GPG_ERR_NO_PUBKEY
+      Error::NoPublicKey.new(err)
+    else
+      Error.new(err)
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :error_to_exception
+  private :error_to_exception
+
+  class << self
+    alias pubkey_algo_name gpgme_pubkey_algo_name
+    alias hash_algo_name gpgme_hash_algo_name
+  end
+
+  # Verify that the engine implementing the protocol <i>proto</i> is
+  # installed in the system.
+  def engine_check_version(proto)
+    err = GPGME::gpgme_engine_check_version(proto)
+    exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+    raise exc if exc
+  end
+  module_function :engine_check_version
+
+  # Return a list of info structures of enabled engines.
+  def engine_info
+    rinfo = Array.new
+    GPGME::gpgme_get_engine_info(rinfo)
+    rinfo
+  end
+  module_function :engine_info
+
+  # Change the default configuration of the crypto engine implementing
+  # protocol <i>proto</i>.
+  #
+  # <i>file_name</i> is the file name of the executable program
+  # implementing the protocol.
+  # <i>home_dir</i> is the directory name of the configuration directory.
+  def set_engine_info(proto, file_name, home_dir)
+    err = GPGME::gpgme_set_engine_info(proto, file_name, home_dir)
+    exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+    raise exc if exc
+  end
+  module_function :set_engine_info
+
+  # A class for managing data buffers.
+  class Data
+    BLOCK_SIZE = 4096
+
+    # Create a new instance.
+    #
+    # The created data types depend on <i>arg</i>.  If <i>arg</i> is
+    # <tt>nil</tt>, it creates an instance with an empty buffer.
+    # Otherwise, <i>arg</i> is either a string, an IO, or a Pathname.
+    def self.new(arg = nil, copy = false)
+      if arg.nil?
+        return empty
+      elsif arg.respond_to? :to_str
+        return from_str(arg.to_str, copy)
+      elsif arg.respond_to? :to_io
+        return from_io(arg.to_io)
+      elsif arg.respond_to? :open
+        return from_io(arg.open)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Create a new instance with an empty buffer.
+    def self.empty
+      rdh = Array.new
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_data_new(rdh)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+      rdh[0]
+    end
+
+    # Create a new instance with internal buffer.
+    def self.from_str(buf, copy = true)
+      rdh = Array.new
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_data_new_from_mem(rdh, buf, buf.length)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+      rdh[0]
+    end
+
+    # Create a new instance associated with a given IO.
+    def self.from_io(io)
+      from_callbacks(IOCallbacks.new(arg))
+    end
+
+    # Create a new instance from the specified file descriptor.
+    def self.from_fd(fd)
+      rdh = Array.new
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_data_new_from_fd(rdh, fd)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+      rdh[0]
+    end
+
+    # Create a new instance from the specified callbacks.
+    def self.from_callbacks(callbacks, hook_value = nil)
+      rdh = Array.new
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_data_new_from_cbs(rdh, callbacks, hook_value)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+      rdh[0]
+    end
+
+    # Read at most <i>length</i> bytes from the data object, or to the end
+    # of file if <i>length</i> is omitted or is <tt>nil</tt>.
+    def read(length = nil)
+      if length
+	GPGME::gpgme_data_read(self, length)
+      else
+	buf = String.new
+        loop do
+          s = GPGME::gpgme_data_read(self, BLOCK_SIZE)
+          break unless s
+          buf << s
+        end
+        buf
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Seek to a given <i>offset</i> in the data object according to the
+    # value of <i>whence</i>.
+    def seek(offset, whence = IO::SEEK_SET)
+      GPGME::gpgme_data_seek(self, offset, IO::SEEK_SET)
+    end
+
+    # Write <i>length</i> bytes from <i>buffer</i> into the data object.
+    def write(buffer, length = buffer.length)
+      GPGME::gpgme_data_write(self, buffer, length)
+    end
+
+    # Return the encoding of the underlying data.
+    def encoding
+      GPGME::gpgme_data_get_encoding(self)
+    end
+
+    # Set the encoding to a given <i>encoding</i> of the underlying
+    # data object.
+    def encoding=(encoding)
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_data_set_encoding(self, encoding)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+      encoding
+    end
+  end
+
+  class EngineInfo
+    private_class_method :new
+    
+    attr_reader :protocol, :file_name, :version, :req_version, :home_dir
+    alias required_version req_version
+  end
+
+  # A context within which all cryptographic operations are performed.
+  class Ctx
+    # Create a new instance from the given <i>options</i>.
+    # <i>options</i> is a Hash whose keys are
+    #
+    # * <tt>:protocol</tt>  Either <tt>PROTOCOL_OpenPGP</tt> or
+    #   <tt>PROTOCOL_CMS</tt>.
+    #
+    # * <tt>:armor</tt>  If <tt>true</tt>, the output should be ASCII armored.
+    #
+    # * <tt>:textmode</tt>  If <tt>true</tt>, inform the recipient that the
+    #   input is text.
+    #
+    # * <tt>:keylist_mode</tt>  Either
+    #   <tt>KEYLIST_MODE_LOCAL</tt>,
+    #   <tt>KEYLIST_MODE_EXTERN</tt>,
+    #   <tt>KEYLIST_MODE_SIGS</tt>, or
+    #   <tt>KEYLIST_MODE_VALIDATE</tt>.
+    # * <tt>:passphrase_callback</tt>  A callback function.
+    # * <tt>:passphrase_callback_value</tt> An object passed to
+    #   passphrase_callback.
+    # * <tt>:progress_callback</tt>  A callback function.
+    # * <tt>:progress_callback_value</tt> An object passed to
+    #   progress_callback.
+    #
+    def self.new(options = Hash.new)
+      rctx = Array.new
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_new(rctx)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+      ctx = rctx[0]
+      options.each_pair do |key, value|
+        case key
+        when :protocol
+          ctx.protocol = value
+        when :armor
+          ctx.armor = value
+        when :textmode
+          ctx.textmode = value
+        when :keylist_mode
+          ctx.keylist_mode = value
+        when :passphrase_callback
+          ctx.set_passphrase_callback(value,
+                                      options[:passphrase_callback_value])
+        when :progress_callback
+          ctx.set_progress_callback(value,
+                                      options[:progress_callback_value])
+        end
+      end
+      if block_given?
+        begin
+          yield ctx
+        ensure
+          GPGME::gpgme_release(ctx)
+        end
+      else
+        ctx
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Set the <i>protocol</i> used within this context.
+    def protocol=(proto)
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_set_protocol(self, proto)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+      proto
+    end
+
+    # Return the protocol used within this context.
+    def protocol
+      GPGME::gpgme_get_protocol(self)
+    end
+
+    # Tell whether the output should be ASCII armored.
+    def armor=(yes)
+      GPGME::gpgme_set_armor(self, yes ? 1 : 0)
+      yes
+    end
+
+    # Return true if the output is ASCII armored.
+    def armor
+      GPGME::gpgme_get_armor(self) == 1 ? true : false
+    end
+
+    # Tell whether canonical text mode should be used.
+    def textmode=(yes)
+      GPGME::gpgme_set_textmode(self, yes ? 1 : 0)
+      yes
+    end
+
+    # Return true if canonical text mode is enabled.
+    def textmode
+      GPGME::gpgme_get_textmode(self) == 1 ? true : false
+    end
+
+    # Change the default behaviour of the key listing functions.
+    def keylist_mode=(mode)
+      GPGME::gpgme_set_keylist_mode(self, mode)
+      mode
+    end
+
+    # Return the current key listing mode.
+    def keylist_mode
+      GPGME::gpgme_get_keylist_mode(self)
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class} protocol=#{PROTOCOL_NAMES[protocol] || protocol}, \
+armor=#{armor}, textmode=#{textmode}, \
+keylist_mode=#{KEYLIST_MODE_NAMES[keylist_mode]}>"
+    end
+
+    # Set the passphrase callback with given hook value.
+    # <i>passfunc</i> should respond to <code>call</code> with 5 arguments.
+    #
+    #  def passfunc(hook, uid_hint, passphrase_info, prev_was_bad, fd)
+    #    $stderr.write("Passphrase for #{uid_hint}: ")
+    #    $stderr.flush
+    #    begin
+    #      system('stty -echo')
+    #      io = IO.for_fd(fd, 'w')
+    #      io.puts(gets)
+    #      io.flush
+    #    ensure
+    #      (0 ... $_.length).each do |i| $_[i] = ?0 end if $_
+    #      system('stty echo')
+    #    end
+    #    $stderr.puts
+    #  end
+    #
+    #  ctx.set_passphrase_callback(method(:passfunc))
+    #
+    def set_passphrase_callback(passfunc, hook_value = nil)
+      GPGME::gpgme_set_passphrase_cb(self, passfunc, hook_value)
+    end
+    alias set_passphrase_cb set_passphrase_callback
+
+    # Set the progress callback with given hook value.
+    # <i>progfunc</i> should respond to <code>call</code> with 5 arguments.
+    #
+    #  def progfunc(hook, what, type, current, total)
+    #    $stderr.write("#{what}: #{current}/#{total}\r")
+    #    $stderr.flush
+    #  end
+    #
+    #  ctx.set_progress_callback(method(:progfunc))
+    #
+    def set_progress_callback(progfunc, hook_value = nil)
+      GPGME::gpgme_set_progress_cb(self, progfunc, hook_value)
+    end
+    alias set_progress_cb set_progress_callback
+
+    # Initiate a key listing operation for given pattern.
+    # If <i>pattern</i> is <tt>nil</tt>, all available keys are
+    # returned.  If <i>secret_only</i> is <tt>true</tt>, the only
+    # secret keys are returned.
+    def keylist_start(pattern = nil, secret_only = false)
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_op_keylist_start(self, pattern, secret_only ? 1 : 0)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+    end
+
+    # Advance to the next key in the key listing operation.
+    def keylist_next
+      rkey = Array.new
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_op_keylist_next(self, rkey)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+      rkey[0]
+    end
+
+    # End a pending key list operation.
+    def keylist_end
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_op_keylist_end(self)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+    end
+
+    # Convenient method to iterate over keys.
+    # If <i>pattern</i> is <tt>nil</tt>, all available keys are
+    # returned.  If <i>secret_only</i> is <tt>true</tt>, the only
+    # secret keys are returned.
+    def each_key(pattern = nil, secret_only = false, &block) # :yields: key
+      keylist_start(pattern, secret_only)
+      begin
+	loop do
+	  yield keylist_next
+	end
+        keys
+      rescue EOFError
+	# The last key in the list has already been returned.
+      ensure
+	keylist_end
+      end
+    end
+    alias each_keys each_key
+
+    def keys(pattern = nil, secret_only = nil)
+      keys = Array.new
+      each_key(pattern, secret_only) do |key|
+        keys << key
+      end
+      keys
+    end
+
+    # Get the key with the <i>fingerprint</i>.
+    # If <i>secret</i> is <tt>true</tt>, secret key is returned.
+    def get_key(fingerprint, secret = false)
+      rkey = Array.new
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_get_key(self, fingerprint, rkey, secret ? 1 : 0)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+      rkey[0]
+    end
+
+    # Generate a new key pair.
+    # <i>parms</i> is a string which looks like
+    #
+    #  <GnupgKeyParms format="internal">
+    #  Key-Type: DSA
+    #  Key-Length: 1024
+    #  Subkey-Type: ELG-E
+    #  Subkey-Length: 1024
+    #  Name-Real: Joe Tester
+    #  Name-Comment: with stupid passphrase
+    #  Name-Email: joe@foo.bar
+    #  Expire-Date: 0
+    #  Passphrase: abc
+    #  </GnupgKeyParms>
+    #
+    # If <i>pubkey</i> and <i>seckey</i> are both set to <tt>nil</tt>,
+    # it stores the generated key pair into your key ring.
+    def generate_key(parms, pubkey = Data.new, seckey = Data.new)
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_op_genkey(self, parms, pubkey, seckey)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+    end
+    alias genkey generate_key
+
+    # Extract the public keys of the recipients.
+    def export_keys(recipients, keydata = Data.new)
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_op_export(self, recipients, 0, keydata)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+      keydata
+    end
+    alias export export_keys
+
+    # Add the keys in the data buffer to the key ring.
+    def import_keys(keydata)
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_op_import(self, keydata)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+    end
+    alias import import_keys
+
+    def import_result
+      GPGME::gpgme_op_import_result(self)
+    end
+
+    # Delete the key from the key ring.
+    # If allow_secret is false, only public keys are deleted,
+    # otherwise secret keys are deleted as well.
+    def delete_key(key, allow_secret = false)
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_op_delete(self, key, allow_secret ? 1 : 0)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+    end
+    alias delete delete_key
+
+    # Edit attributes of the key in the local key ring.
+    def edit_key(key, editfunc, hook_value = nil, out = Data.new)
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_op_edit(self, key, editfunc, hook_value, out)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+    end
+    alias edit edit_key
+
+    # Edit attributes of the key on the card.
+    def edit_card_key(key, editfunc, hook_value = nil, out = Data.new)
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_op_card_edit(self, key, editfunc, hook_value, out)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+    end
+    alias edit_card edit_card_key
+    alias card_edit edit_card_key
+
+    # Decrypt the ciphertext and return the plaintext.
+    def decrypt(cipher, plain = Data.new)
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_op_decrypt(self, cipher, plain)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+      plain
+    end
+
+    def decrypt_verify(cipher, plain = Data.new)
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_op_decrypt_verify(self, cipher, plain)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+      plain
+    end
+
+    def decrypt_result
+      GPGME::gpgme_op_decrypt_result(self)
+    end
+
+    # Verify that the signature in the data object is a valid signature.
+    def verify(sig, signed_text = nil, plain = Data.new)
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_op_verify(self, sig, signed_text, plain)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+      plain
+    end
+
+    def verify_result
+      GPGME::gpgme_op_verify_result(self)
+    end
+
+    # Decrypt the ciphertext and return the plaintext.
+    def decrypt_verify(cipher, plain = Data.new)
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_op_decrypt_verify(self, cipher, plain)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+      plain
+    end
+
+    # Remove the list of signers from this object.
+    def clear_signers
+      GPGME::gpgme_signers_clear(self)
+    end
+
+    # Add _keys_ to the list of signers.
+    def add_signer(*keys)
+      keys.each do |key|
+        err = GPGME::gpgme_signers_add(self, key)
+        exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+        raise exc if exc
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Create a signature for the text.
+    # <i>plain</i> is a data object which contains the text.
+    # <i>sig</i> is a data object where the generated signature is stored.
+    def sign(plain, sig = Data.new, mode = GPGME::SIG_MODE_NORMAL)
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_op_sign(self, plain, sig, mode)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+      sig
+    end
+
+    def sign_result
+      GPGME::gpgme_op_sign_result(self)
+    end
+
+    # Encrypt the plaintext in the data object for the recipients and
+    # return the ciphertext.
+    def encrypt(recp, plain, cipher = Data.new, flags = 0)
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_op_encrypt(self, recp, flags, plain, cipher)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+      cipher
+    end
+
+    def encrypt_result
+      GPGME::gpgme_op_encrypt_result(self)
+    end
+
+    def encrypt_sign(recp, plain, cipher = Data.new, flags = 0)
+      err = GPGME::gpgme_op_encrypt_sign(self, recp, flags, plain, cipher)
+      exc = GPGME::error_to_exception(err)
+      raise exc if exc
+      cipher
+    end
+  end
+
+  # A public or secret key.
+  class Key
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    attr_reader :keylist_mode, :protocol, :owner_trust
+    attr_reader :issuer_serial, :issuer_name, :chain_id
+    attr_reader :subkeys, :uids
+
+    def trust
+      return :revoked if @revoked == 1
+      return :expired if @expired == 1
+      return :disabled if @disabled == 1
+      return :invalid if @invalid == 1
+    end
+
+    def capability
+      caps = Array.new
+      caps << :encrypt if @can_encrypt
+      caps << :sign if @can_sign
+      caps << :certify if @can_certify
+      caps << :authenticate if @can_authenticate
+      caps
+    end
+
+    def usable_for?(purposes)
+      unless purposes.kind_of? Array
+        purposes = [purposes]
+      end
+      return false if [:revoked, :expired, :disabled, :invalid].include? trust
+      return (purposes - capability).empty?
+    end
+
+    def secret?
+      @secret == 1
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      primary_subkey = subkeys[0]
+      sprintf("#<#{self.class} %s %4d%c/%s %s trust=%s, owner_trust=%s, \
+capability=%s, subkeys=%s, uids=%s>",
+              primary_subkey.secret? ? 'sec' : 'pub',
+              primary_subkey.length,
+              primary_subkey.pubkey_algo_letter,
+              primary_subkey.fingerprint[-8 .. -1],
+              primary_subkey.timestamp.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'),
+              trust.inspect,
+              VALIDITY_NAMES[@owner_trust].inspect,
+              capability.inspect,
+              subkeys.inspect,
+              uids.inspect)
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      primary_subkey = subkeys[0]
+      s = sprintf("%s   %4d%c/%s %s\n",
+                  primary_subkey.secret? ? 'sec' : 'pub',
+                  primary_subkey.length,
+                  primary_subkey.pubkey_algo_letter,
+                  primary_subkey.fingerprint[-8 .. -1],
+                  primary_subkey.timestamp.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))
+      uids.each do |user_id|
+        s << "uid\t\t#{user_id.name} <#{user_id.email}>\n"
+      end
+      subkeys.each do |subkey|
+        s << subkey.to_s
+      end
+      s
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SubKey
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    attr_reader :pubkey_algo, :length, :keyid, :fpr
+    alias fingerprint fpr
+
+    def trust
+      return :revoked if @revoked == 1
+      return :expired if @expired == 1
+      return :disabled if @disabled == 1
+      return :invalid if @invalid == 1
+    end
+
+    def capability
+      caps = Array.new
+      caps << :encrypt if @can_encrypt
+      caps << :sign if @can_sign
+      caps << :certify if @can_certify
+      caps << :authenticate if @can_authenticate
+      caps
+    end
+
+    def usable_for?(purposes)
+      unless purposes.kind_of? Array
+        purposes = [purposes]
+      end
+      return false if [:revoked, :expired, :disabled, :invalid].include? trust
+      return (purposes - capability).empty?
+    end
+
+    def secret?
+      @secret == 1
+    end
+
+    def timestamp
+      Time.at(@timestamp)
+    end
+
+    def expires
+      Time.at(@expires)
+    end
+
+    PUBKEY_ALGO_LETTERS = {
+      PK_RSA => ?R,
+      PK_ELG_E => ?g,
+      PK_ELG => ?G,
+      PK_DSA => ?D
+    }
+
+    def pubkey_algo_letter
+      PUBKEY_ALGO_LETTERS[@pubkey_algo] || ??
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      sprintf("#<#{self.class} %s %4d%c/%s %s trust=%s, capability=%s>",
+              secret? ? 'ssc' : 'sub',
+              length,
+              pubkey_algo_letter,
+              (@fingerprint || @keyid)[-8 .. -1],
+              timestamp.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'),
+              trust.inspect,
+              capability.inspect)
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      sprintf("%s   %4d%c/%s %s\n",
+              secret? ? 'ssc' : 'sub',
+              length,
+              pubkey_algo_letter,
+              (@fingerprint || @keyid)[-8 .. -1],
+              timestamp.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))
+    end
+  end
+
+  class UserID
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    attr_reader :validity, :uid, :name, :comment, :email, :signatures
+
+    def revoked?
+      @revoked == 1
+    end
+
+    def invalid?
+      @invalid == 1
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class} #{name} <#{email}> \
+validity=#{VALIDITY_NAMES[validity]}, signatures=#{signatures.inspect}>"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class KeySig
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    attr_reader :pubkey_algo, :keyid
+
+    def revoked?
+      @revoked == 1
+    end
+
+    def expired?
+      @expired == 1
+    end
+
+    def invalid?
+      @invalid == 1
+    end
+
+    def exportable?
+      @exportable == 1
+    end
+
+    def timestamp
+      Time.at(@timestamp)
+    end
+
+    def expires
+      Time.at(@expires)
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class} #{keyid} timestamp=#{timestamp}, expires=#{expires}>"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class VerifyResult
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    attr_reader :signatures
+  end
+
+  class Signature
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    attr_reader :summary, :fpr, :status, :notations, :wrong_key_usage
+    attr_reader :validity, :validity_reason
+    attr_reader :pka_trust, :pka_address
+    alias fingerprint fpr
+
+    def timestamp
+      Time.at(@timestamp)
+    end
+
+    def exp_timestamp
+      Time.at(@exp_timestamp)
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      ctx = Ctx.new
+      if from_key = ctx.get_key(fingerprint)
+        from = "#{from_key.subkeys[0].keyid} #{from_key.uids[0].uid}"
+      else
+        from = fingerprint
+      end
+      case GPGME::gpgme_err_code(status)
+      when GPGME::GPG_ERR_NO_ERROR
+	"Good signature from #{from}"
+      when GPGME::GPG_ERR_SIG_EXPIRED
+	"Expired signature from #{from}"
+      when GPGME::GPG_ERR_KEY_EXPIRED
+	"Signature made from expired key #{from}"
+      when GPGME::GPG_ERR_CERT_REVOKED
+	"Signature made from revoked key #{from}"
+      when GPGME::GPG_ERR_BAD_SIGNATURE
+	"Bad signature from #{from}"
+      when GPGME::GPG_ERR_NO_ERROR
+	"No public key for #{from}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DecryptResult
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    attr_reader :unsupported_algorithm, :wrong_key_usage
+  end
+
+  class SignResult
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    attr_reader :invalid_signers, :signatures
+  end
+
+  class EncryptResult
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    attr_reader :invalid_recipients
+  end
+
+  class InvalidKey
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    attr_reader :fpr, :reason
+    alias fingerprint fpr
+  end
+
+  class NewSignature
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    attr_reader :type, :pubkey_algo, :hash_algo, :sig_class, :fpr
+    alias fingerprint fpr
+
+    def timestamp
+      Time.at(@timestamp)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ImportStatus
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    attr_reader :fpr, :result, :status
+    alias fingerprint fpr
+  end
+
+  class ImportResult
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    attr_reader :considered, :no_user_id, :imported, :imported_rsa, :unchanged
+    attr_reader :new_user_ids, :new_sub_keys, :new_signatures, :new_revocations
+    attr_reader :secret_read, :secret_imported, :secret_unchanged
+    attr_reader :not_imported, :imports
+  end
+end