googlecloud 0.0.2 → 0.0.4

data/packages/gcutil-1.7.1/lib/iso8601/LICENSE

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+Copyright (c) 2007 Michael Twomey
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
+TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
+SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

data/packages/gcutil-1.7.1/lib/iso8601/iso8601/__init__.py

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+from iso8601 import *

data/packages/gcutil-1.7.1/lib/iso8601/iso8601/iso8601.py

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+"""ISO 8601 date time string parsing
+
+Basic usage:
+>>> import iso8601
+>>> iso8601.parse_date("2007-01-25T12:00:00Z")
+datetime.datetime(2007, 1, 25, 12, 0, tzinfo=<iso8601.iso8601.Utc ...>)
+>>>
+
+"""
+
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, tzinfo
+import re
+
+__all__ = ["parse_date", "ParseError"]
+
+# Adapted from http://delete.me.uk/2005/03/iso8601.html
+ISO8601_REGEX = re.compile(r"(?P<year>[0-9]{4})(-(?P<month>[0-9]{1,2})(-(?P<day>[0-9]{1,2})"
+    r"((?P<separator>.)(?P<hour>[0-9]{2}):(?P<minute>[0-9]{2})(:(?P<second>[0-9]{2})(\.(?P<fraction>[0-9]+))?)?"
+    r"(?P<timezone>Z|(([-+])([0-9]{2}):([0-9]{2})))?)?)?)?"
+)
+TIMEZONE_REGEX = re.compile("(?P<prefix>[+-])(?P<hours>[0-9]{2}).(?P<minutes>[0-9]{2})")
+
+class ParseError(Exception):
+    """Raised when there is a problem parsing a date string"""
+
+# Yoinked from python docs
+ZERO = timedelta(0)
+class Utc(tzinfo):
+    """UTC
+    
+    """
+    def utcoffset(self, dt):
+        return ZERO
+
+    def tzname(self, dt):
+        return "UTC"
+
+    def dst(self, dt):
+        return ZERO
+UTC = Utc()
+
+class FixedOffset(tzinfo):
+    """Fixed offset in hours and minutes from UTC
+    
+    """
+    def __init__(self, offset_hours, offset_minutes, name):
+        self.__offset = timedelta(hours=offset_hours, minutes=offset_minutes)
+        self.__name = name
+
+    def utcoffset(self, dt):
+        return self.__offset
+
+    def tzname(self, dt):
+        return self.__name
+
+    def dst(self, dt):
+        return ZERO
+    
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<FixedOffset %r>" % self.__name
+
+def parse_timezone(tzstring, default_timezone=UTC):
+    """Parses ISO 8601 time zone specs into tzinfo offsets
+    
+    """
+    if tzstring == "Z":
+        return default_timezone
+    # This isn't strictly correct, but it's common to encounter dates without
+    # timezones so I'll assume the default (which defaults to UTC).
+    # Addresses issue 4.
+    if tzstring is None:
+        return default_timezone
+    m = TIMEZONE_REGEX.match(tzstring)
+    prefix, hours, minutes = m.groups()
+    hours, minutes = int(hours), int(minutes)
+    if prefix == "-":
+        hours = -hours
+        minutes = -minutes
+    return FixedOffset(hours, minutes, tzstring)
+
+def parse_date(datestring, default_timezone=UTC):
+    """Parses ISO 8601 dates into datetime objects
+    
+    The timezone is parsed from the date string. However it is quite common to
+    have dates without a timezone (not strictly correct). In this case the
+    default timezone specified in default_timezone is used. This is UTC by
+    default.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(datestring, basestring):
+        raise ParseError("Expecting a string %r" % datestring)
+    m = ISO8601_REGEX.match(datestring)
+    if not m:
+        raise ParseError("Unable to parse date string %r" % datestring)
+    groups = m.groupdict()
+    tz = parse_timezone(groups["timezone"], default_timezone=default_timezone)
+    if groups["fraction"] is None:
+        groups["fraction"] = 0
+    else:
+        groups["fraction"] = int(float("0.%s" % groups["fraction"]) * 1e6)
+    return datetime(int(groups["year"]), int(groups["month"]), int(groups["day"]),
+        int(groups["hour"]), int(groups["minute"]), int(groups["second"]),
+        int(groups["fraction"]), tz)

data/packages/gcutil-1.7.1/lib/iso8601/iso8601/test_iso8601.py

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+import iso8601
+
+def test_iso8601_regex():
+    assert iso8601.ISO8601_REGEX.match("2006-10-11T00:14:33Z")
+
+def test_timezone_regex():
+    assert iso8601.TIMEZONE_REGEX.match("+01:00")
+    assert iso8601.TIMEZONE_REGEX.match("+00:00")
+    assert iso8601.TIMEZONE_REGEX.match("+01:20")
+    assert iso8601.TIMEZONE_REGEX.match("-01:00")
+
+def test_parse_date():
+    d = iso8601.parse_date("2006-10-20T15:34:56Z")
+    assert d.year == 2006
+    assert d.month == 10
+    assert d.day == 20
+    assert d.hour == 15
+    assert d.minute == 34
+    assert d.second == 56
+    assert d.tzinfo == iso8601.UTC
+
+def test_parse_date_fraction():
+    d = iso8601.parse_date("2006-10-20T15:34:56.123Z")
+    assert d.year == 2006
+    assert d.month == 10
+    assert d.day == 20
+    assert d.hour == 15
+    assert d.minute == 34
+    assert d.second == 56
+    assert d.microsecond == 123000
+    assert d.tzinfo == iso8601.UTC
+
+def test_parse_date_fraction_2():
+    """From bug 6
+    
+    """
+    d = iso8601.parse_date("2007-5-7T11:43:55.328Z'")
+    assert d.year == 2007
+    assert d.month == 5
+    assert d.day == 7
+    assert d.hour == 11
+    assert d.minute == 43
+    assert d.second == 55
+    assert d.microsecond == 328000
+    assert d.tzinfo == iso8601.UTC
+
+def test_parse_date_tz():
+    d = iso8601.parse_date("2006-10-20T15:34:56.123+02:30")
+    assert d.year == 2006
+    assert d.month == 10
+    assert d.day == 20
+    assert d.hour == 15
+    assert d.minute == 34
+    assert d.second == 56
+    assert d.microsecond == 123000
+    assert d.tzinfo.tzname(None) == "+02:30"
+    offset = d.tzinfo.utcoffset(None)
+    assert offset.days == 0
+    assert offset.seconds == 60 * 60 * 2.5
+
+def test_parse_invalid_date():
+    try:
+        iso8601.parse_date(None)
+    except iso8601.ParseError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        assert 1 == 2
+
+def test_parse_invalid_date2():
+    try:
+        iso8601.parse_date("23")
+    except iso8601.ParseError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        assert 1 == 2
+
+def test_parse_no_timezone():
+    """issue 4 - Handle datetime string without timezone
+    
+    This tests what happens when you parse a date with no timezone. While not
+    strictly correct this is quite common. I'll assume UTC for the time zone
+    in this case.
+    """
+    d = iso8601.parse_date("2007-01-01T08:00:00")
+    assert d.year == 2007
+    assert d.month == 1
+    assert d.day == 1
+    assert d.hour == 8
+    assert d.minute == 0
+    assert d.second == 0
+    assert d.microsecond == 0
+    assert d.tzinfo == iso8601.UTC
+
+def test_parse_no_timezone_different_default():
+    tz = iso8601.FixedOffset(2, 0, "test offset")
+    d = iso8601.parse_date("2007-01-01T08:00:00", default_timezone=tz)
+    assert d.tzinfo == tz
+
+def test_space_separator():
+    """Handle a separator other than T
+    
+    """
+    d = iso8601.parse_date("2007-06-23 06:40:34.00Z")
+    assert d.year == 2007
+    assert d.month == 6
+    assert d.day == 23
+    assert d.hour == 6
+    assert d.minute == 40
+    assert d.second == 34
+    assert d.microsecond == 0
+    assert d.tzinfo == iso8601.UTC

data/packages/gcutil-1.7.1/lib/python_gflags/AUTHORS

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+google-gflags@googlegroups.com
+

data/packages/gcutil-1.7.1/lib/python_gflags/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+Copyright (c) 2006, Google Inc.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+met:
+
+    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+distribution.
+    * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

data/packages/gcutil-1.7.1/lib/python_gflags/gflags.py

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+#!/usr/bin/env python
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2002, Google Inc.
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+# met:
+#
+#     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+#     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+# distribution.
+#     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+# this software without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+# ---
+# Author: Chad Lester
+# Design and style contributions by:
+#   Amit Patel, Bogdan Cocosel, Daniel Dulitz, Eric Tiedemann,
+#   Eric Veach, Laurence Gonsalves, Matthew Springer
+# Code reorganized a bit by Craig Silverstein
+
+"""This module is used to define and parse command line flags.
+
+This module defines a *distributed* flag-definition policy: rather than
+an application having to define all flags in or near main(), each python
+module defines flags that are useful to it.  When one python module
+imports another, it gains access to the other's flags.  (This is
+implemented by having all modules share a common, global registry object
+containing all the flag information.)
+
+Flags are defined through the use of one of the DEFINE_xxx functions.
+The specific function used determines how the flag is parsed, checked,
+and optionally type-converted, when it's seen on the command line.
+
+
+IMPLEMENTATION: DEFINE_* creates a 'Flag' object and registers it with a
+'FlagValues' object (typically the global FlagValues FLAGS, defined
+here).  The 'FlagValues' object can scan the command line arguments and
+pass flag arguments to the corresponding 'Flag' objects for
+value-checking and type conversion.  The converted flag values are
+available as attributes of the 'FlagValues' object.
+
+Code can access the flag through a FlagValues object, for instance
+gflags.FLAGS.myflag.  Typically, the __main__ module passes the command
+line arguments to gflags.FLAGS for parsing.
+
+At bottom, this module calls getopt(), so getopt functionality is
+supported, including short- and long-style flags, and the use of -- to
+terminate flags.
+
+Methods defined by the flag module will throw 'FlagsError' exceptions.
+The exception argument will be a human-readable string.
+
+
+FLAG TYPES: This is a list of the DEFINE_*'s that you can do.  All flags
+take a name, default value, help-string, and optional 'short' name
+(one-letter name).  Some flags have other arguments, which are described
+with the flag.
+
+DEFINE_string: takes any input, and interprets it as a string.
+
+DEFINE_bool or
+DEFINE_boolean: typically does not take an argument: say --myflag to
+                set FLAGS.myflag to true, or --nomyflag to set
+                FLAGS.myflag to false.  Alternately, you can say
+                   --myflag=true  or --myflag=t or --myflag=1  or
+                   --myflag=false or --myflag=f or --myflag=0
+
+DEFINE_float: takes an input and interprets it as a floating point
+              number.  Takes optional args lower_bound and upper_bound;
+              if the number specified on the command line is out of
+              range, it will raise a FlagError.
+
+DEFINE_integer: takes an input and interprets it as an integer.  Takes
+                optional args lower_bound and upper_bound as for floats.
+
+DEFINE_enum: takes a list of strings which represents legal values.  If
+             the command-line value is not in this list, raise a flag
+             error.  Otherwise, assign to FLAGS.flag as a string.
+
+DEFINE_list: Takes a comma-separated list of strings on the commandline.
+             Stores them in a python list object.
+
+DEFINE_spaceseplist: Takes a space-separated list of strings on the
+                     commandline.  Stores them in a python list object.
+                     Example: --myspacesepflag "foo bar baz"
+
+DEFINE_multistring: The same as DEFINE_string, except the flag can be
+                    specified more than once on the commandline.  The
+                    result is a python list object (list of strings),
+                    even if the flag is only on the command line once.
+
+DEFINE_multi_int: The same as DEFINE_integer, except the flag can be
+                  specified more than once on the commandline.  The
+                  result is a python list object (list of ints), even if
+                  the flag is only on the command line once.
+
+
+SPECIAL FLAGS: There are a few flags that have special meaning:
+   --help          prints a list of all the flags in a human-readable fashion
+   --helpshort     prints a list of all key flags (see below).
+   --helpxml       prints a list of all flags, in XML format.  DO NOT parse
+                   the output of --help and --helpshort.  Instead, parse
+                   the output of --helpxml.  For more info, see
+                   "OUTPUT FOR --helpxml" below.
+   --flagfile=foo  read flags from file foo.
+   --undefok=f1,f2 ignore unrecognized option errors for f1,f2.
+                   For boolean flags, you should use --undefok=boolflag, and
+                   --boolflag and --noboolflag will be accepted.  Do not use
+                   --undefok=noboolflag.
+   --              as in getopt(), terminates flag-processing
+
+
+FLAGS VALIDATORS: If your program:
+  - requires flag X to be specified
+  - needs flag Y to match a regular expression
+  - or requires any more general constraint to be satisfied
+then validators are for you!
+
+Each validator represents a constraint over one flag, which is enforced
+starting from the initial parsing of the flags and until the program
+terminates.
+
+Also, lower_bound and upper_bound for numerical flags are enforced using flag
+validators.
+
+Howto:
+If you want to enforce a constraint over one flag, use
+
+gflags.RegisterValidator(flag_name,
+                        checker,
+                        message='Flag validation failed',
+                        flag_values=FLAGS)
+
+After flag values are initially parsed, and after any change to the specified
+flag, method checker(flag_value) will be executed. If constraint is not
+satisfied, an IllegalFlagValue exception will be raised. See
+RegisterValidator's docstring for a detailed explanation on how to construct
+your own checker.
+
+
+EXAMPLE USAGE:
+
+FLAGS = gflags.FLAGS
+
+gflags.DEFINE_integer('my_version', 0, 'Version number.')
+gflags.DEFINE_string('filename', None, 'Input file name', short_name='f')
+
+gflags.RegisterValidator('my_version',
+                        lambda value: value % 2 == 0,
+                        message='--my_version must be divisible by 2')
+gflags.MarkFlagAsRequired('filename')
+
+
+NOTE ON --flagfile:
+
+Flags may be loaded from text files in addition to being specified on
+the commandline.
+
+Any flags you don't feel like typing, throw them in a file, one flag per
+line, for instance:
+   --myflag=myvalue
+   --nomyboolean_flag
+You then specify your file with the special flag '--flagfile=somefile'.
+You CAN recursively nest flagfile= tokens OR use multiple files on the
+command line.  Lines beginning with a single hash '#' or a double slash
+'//' are comments in your flagfile.
+
+Any flagfile=<file> will be interpreted as having a relative path from
+the current working directory rather than from the place the file was
+included from:
+   myPythonScript.py --flagfile=config/somefile.cfg
+
+If somefile.cfg includes further --flagfile= directives, these will be
+referenced relative to the original CWD, not from the directory the
+including flagfile was found in!
+
+The caveat applies to people who are including a series of nested files
+in a different dir than they are executing out of.  Relative path names
+are always from CWD, not from the directory of the parent include
+flagfile. We do now support '~' expanded directory names.
+
+Absolute path names ALWAYS work!
+
+
+EXAMPLE USAGE:
+
+
+  FLAGS = gflags.FLAGS
+
+  # Flag names are globally defined!  So in general, we need to be
+  # careful to pick names that are unlikely to be used by other libraries.
+  # If there is a conflict, we'll get an error at import time.
+  gflags.DEFINE_string('name', 'Mr. President', 'your name')
+  gflags.DEFINE_integer('age', None, 'your age in years', lower_bound=0)
+  gflags.DEFINE_boolean('debug', False, 'produces debugging output')
+  gflags.DEFINE_enum('gender', 'male', ['male', 'female'], 'your gender')
+
+  def main(argv):
+    try:
+      argv = FLAGS(argv)  # parse flags
+    except gflags.FlagsError, e:
+      print '%s\\nUsage: %s ARGS\\n%s' % (e, sys.argv[0], FLAGS)
+      sys.exit(1)
+    if FLAGS.debug: print 'non-flag arguments:', argv
+    print 'Happy Birthday', FLAGS.name
+    if FLAGS.age is not None:
+      print 'You are a %d year old %s' % (FLAGS.age, FLAGS.gender)
+
+  if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main(sys.argv)
+
+
+KEY FLAGS:
+
+As we already explained, each module gains access to all flags defined
+by all the other modules it transitively imports.  In the case of
+non-trivial scripts, this means a lot of flags ...  For documentation
+purposes, it is good to identify the flags that are key (i.e., really
+important) to a module.  Clearly, the concept of "key flag" is a
+subjective one.  When trying to determine whether a flag is key to a
+module or not, assume that you are trying to explain your module to a
+potential user: which flags would you really like to mention first?
+
+We'll describe shortly how to declare which flags are key to a module.
+For the moment, assume we know the set of key flags for each module.
+Then, if you use the app.py module, you can use the --helpshort flag to
+print only the help for the flags that are key to the main module, in a
+human-readable format.
+
+NOTE: If you need to parse the flag help, do NOT use the output of
+--help / --helpshort.  That output is meant for human consumption, and
+may be changed in the future.  Instead, use --helpxml; flags that are
+key for the main module are marked there with a <key>yes</key> element.
+
+The set of key flags for a module M is composed of:
+
+1. Flags defined by module M by calling a DEFINE_* function.
+
+2. Flags that module M explictly declares as key by using the function
+
+     DECLARE_key_flag(<flag_name>)
+
+3. Key flags of other modules that M specifies by using the function
+
+     ADOPT_module_key_flags(<other_module>)
+
+   This is a "bulk" declaration of key flags: each flag that is key for
+   <other_module> becomes key for the current module too.
+
+Notice that if you do not use the functions described at points 2 and 3
+above, then --helpshort prints information only about the flags defined
+by the main module of our script.  In many cases, this behavior is good
+enough.  But if you move part of the main module code (together with the
+related flags) into a different module, then it is nice to use
+DECLARE_key_flag / ADOPT_module_key_flags and make sure --helpshort
+lists all relevant flags (otherwise, your code refactoring may confuse
+your users).
+
+Note: each of DECLARE_key_flag / ADOPT_module_key_flags has its own
+pluses and minuses: DECLARE_key_flag is more targeted and may lead a
+more focused --helpshort documentation.  ADOPT_module_key_flags is good
+for cases when an entire module is considered key to the current script.
+Also, it does not require updates to client scripts when a new flag is
+added to the module.
+
+
+EXAMPLE USAGE 2 (WITH KEY FLAGS):
+
+Consider an application that contains the following three files (two
+auxiliary modules and a main module)
+
+File libfoo.py:
+
+  import gflags
+
+  gflags.DEFINE_integer('num_replicas', 3, 'Number of replicas to start')
+  gflags.DEFINE_boolean('rpc2', True, 'Turn on the usage of RPC2.')
+
+  ... some code ...
+
+File libbar.py:
+
+  import gflags
+
+  gflags.DEFINE_string('bar_gfs_path', '/gfs/path',
+                      'Path to the GFS files for libbar.')
+  gflags.DEFINE_string('email_for_bar_errors', 'bar-team@google.com',
+                      'Email address for bug reports about module libbar.')
+  gflags.DEFINE_boolean('bar_risky_hack', False,
+                       'Turn on an experimental and buggy optimization.')
+
+  ... some code ...
+
+File myscript.py:
+
+  import gflags
+  import libfoo
+  import libbar
+
+  gflags.DEFINE_integer('num_iterations', 0, 'Number of iterations.')
+
+  # Declare that all flags that are key for libfoo are
+  # key for this module too.
+  gflags.ADOPT_module_key_flags(libfoo)
+
+  # Declare that the flag --bar_gfs_path (defined in libbar) is key
+  # for this module.
+  gflags.DECLARE_key_flag('bar_gfs_path')
+
+  ... some code ...
+
+When myscript is invoked with the flag --helpshort, the resulted help
+message lists information about all the key flags for myscript:
+--num_iterations, --num_replicas, --rpc2, and --bar_gfs_path.
+
+Of course, myscript uses all the flags declared by it (in this case,
+just --num_replicas) or by any of the modules it transitively imports
+(e.g., the modules libfoo, libbar).  E.g., it can access the value of
+FLAGS.bar_risky_hack, even if --bar_risky_hack is not declared as a key
+flag for myscript.
+
+
+OUTPUT FOR --helpxml:
+
+The --helpxml flag generates output with the following structure:
+
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<AllFlags>
+  <program>PROGRAM_BASENAME</program>
+  <usage>MAIN_MODULE_DOCSTRING</usage>
+  (<flag>
+    [<key>yes</key>]
+    <file>DECLARING_MODULE</file>
+    <name>FLAG_NAME</name>
+    <meaning>FLAG_HELP_MESSAGE</meaning>
+    <default>DEFAULT_FLAG_VALUE</default>
+    <current>CURRENT_FLAG_VALUE</current>
+    <type>FLAG_TYPE</type>
+    [OPTIONAL_ELEMENTS]
+  </flag>)*
+</AllFlags>
+
+Notes:
+
+1. The output is intentionally similar to the output generated by the
+C++ command-line flag library.  The few differences are due to the
+Python flags that do not have a C++ equivalent (at least not yet),
+e.g., DEFINE_list.
+
+2. New XML elements may be added in the future.
+
+3. DEFAULT_FLAG_VALUE is in serialized form, i.e., the string you can
+pass for this flag on the command-line.  E.g., for a flag defined
+using DEFINE_list, this field may be foo,bar, not ['foo', 'bar'].
+
+4. CURRENT_FLAG_VALUE is produced using str().  This means that the
+string 'false' will be represented in the same way as the boolean
+False.  Using repr() would have removed this ambiguity and simplified
+parsing, but would have broken the compatibility with the C++
+command-line flags.
+
+5. OPTIONAL_ELEMENTS describe elements relevant for certain kinds of
+flags: lower_bound, upper_bound (for flags that specify bounds),
+enum_value (for enum flags), list_separator (for flags that consist of
+a list of values, separated by a special token).
+
+6. We do not provide any example here: please use --helpxml instead.
+
+This module requires at least python 2.2.1 to run.
+"""
+
+import cgi
+import getopt
+import os
+import re
+import string
+import struct
+import sys
+# pylint: disable-msg=C6204
+try:
+  import fcntl
+except ImportError:
+  fcntl = None
+try:
+  # Importing termios will fail on non-unix platforms.
+  import termios
+except ImportError:
+  termios = None
+
+import gflags_validators
+# pylint: enable-msg=C6204
+
+
+# Are we running under pychecker?
+_RUNNING_PYCHECKER = 'pychecker.python' in sys.modules
+
+
+def _GetCallingModuleObjectAndName():
+  """Returns the module that's calling into this module.
+
+  We generally use this function to get the name of the module calling a
+  DEFINE_foo... function.
+  """
+  # Walk down the stack to find the first globals dict that's not ours.
+  for depth in range(1, sys.getrecursionlimit()):
+    if not sys._getframe(depth).f_globals is globals():
+      globals_for_frame = sys._getframe(depth).f_globals
+      module, module_name = _GetModuleObjectAndName(globals_for_frame)
+      if module_name is not None:
+        return module, module_name
+  raise AssertionError("No module was found")
+
+
+def _GetCallingModule():
+  """Returns the name of the module that's calling into this module."""
+  return _GetCallingModuleObjectAndName()[1]
+
+
+def _GetThisModuleObjectAndName():
+  """Returns: (module object, module name) for this module."""
+  return _GetModuleObjectAndName(globals())
+
+
+# module exceptions:
+class FlagsError(Exception):
+  """The base class for all flags errors."""
+  pass
+
+
+class DuplicateFlag(FlagsError):
+  """Raised if there is a flag naming conflict."""
+  pass
+
+class CantOpenFlagFileError(FlagsError):
+  """Raised if flagfile fails to open: doesn't exist, wrong permissions, etc."""
+  pass
+
+
+class DuplicateFlagCannotPropagateNoneToSwig(DuplicateFlag):
+  """Special case of DuplicateFlag -- SWIG flag value can't be set to None.
+
+  This can be raised when a duplicate flag is created. Even if allow_override is
+  True, we still abort if the new value is None, because it's currently
+  impossible to pass None default value back to SWIG. See FlagValues.SetDefault
+  for details.
+  """
+  pass
+
+
+class DuplicateFlagError(DuplicateFlag):
+  """A DuplicateFlag whose message cites the conflicting definitions.
+
+  A DuplicateFlagError conveys more information than a DuplicateFlag,
+  namely the modules where the conflicting definitions occur. This
+  class was created to avoid breaking external modules which depend on
+  the existing DuplicateFlags interface.
+  """
+
+  def __init__(self, flagname, flag_values, other_flag_values=None):
+    """Create a DuplicateFlagError.
+
+    Args:
+      flagname: Name of the flag being redefined.
+      flag_values: FlagValues object containing the first definition of
+          flagname.
+      other_flag_values: If this argument is not None, it should be the
+          FlagValues object where the second definition of flagname occurs.
+          If it is None, we assume that we're being called when attempting
+          to create the flag a second time, and we use the module calling
+          this one as the source of the second definition.
+    """
+    self.flagname = flagname
+    first_module = flag_values.FindModuleDefiningFlag(
+        flagname, default='<unknown>')
+    if other_flag_values is None:
+      second_module = _GetCallingModule()
+    else:
+      second_module = other_flag_values.FindModuleDefiningFlag(
+          flagname, default='<unknown>')
+    msg = "The flag '%s' is defined twice. First from %s, Second from %s" % (
+        self.flagname, first_module, second_module)
+    DuplicateFlag.__init__(self, msg)
+
+
+class IllegalFlagValue(FlagsError):
+  """The flag command line argument is illegal."""
+  pass
+
+
+class UnrecognizedFlag(FlagsError):
+  """Raised if a flag is unrecognized."""
+  pass
+
+
+# An UnrecognizedFlagError conveys more information than an UnrecognizedFlag.
+# Since there are external modules that create DuplicateFlags, the interface to
+# DuplicateFlag shouldn't change.  The flagvalue will be assigned the full value
+# of the flag and its argument, if any, allowing handling of unrecognized flags
+# in an exception handler.
+# If flagvalue is the empty string, then this exception is an due to a
+# reference to a flag that was not already defined.
+class UnrecognizedFlagError(UnrecognizedFlag):
+  def __init__(self, flagname, flagvalue=''):
+    self.flagname = flagname
+    self.flagvalue = flagvalue
+    UnrecognizedFlag.__init__(
+        self, "Unknown command line flag '%s'" % flagname)
+
+# Global variable used by expvar
+_exported_flags = {}
+_help_width = 80  # width of help output
+
+
+def GetHelpWidth():
+  """Returns: an integer, the width of help lines that is used in TextWrap."""
+  if (not sys.stdout.isatty()) or (termios is None) or (fcntl is None):
+    return _help_width
+  try:
+    data = fcntl.ioctl(sys.stdout, termios.TIOCGWINSZ, '1234')
+    columns = struct.unpack('hh', data)[1]
+    # Emacs mode returns 0.
+    # Here we assume that any value below 40 is unreasonable
+    if columns >= 40:
+      return columns
+    # Returning an int as default is fine, int(int) just return the int.
+    return int(os.getenv('COLUMNS', _help_width))
+
+  except (TypeError, IOError, struct.error):
+    return _help_width
+
+
+def CutCommonSpacePrefix(text):
+  """Removes a common space prefix from the lines of a multiline text.
+
+  If the first line does not start with a space, it is left as it is and
+  only in the remaining lines a common space prefix is being searched
+  for. That means the first line will stay untouched. This is especially
+  useful to turn doc strings into help texts. This is because some
+  people prefer to have the doc comment start already after the
+  apostrophe and then align the following lines while others have the
+  apostrophes on a separate line.
+
+  The function also drops trailing empty lines and ignores empty lines
+  following the initial content line while calculating the initial
+  common whitespace.
+
+  Args:
+    text: text to work on
+
+  Returns:
+    the resulting text
+  """
+  text_lines = text.splitlines()
+  # Drop trailing empty lines
+  while text_lines and not text_lines[-1]:
+    text_lines = text_lines[:-1]
+  if text_lines:
+    # We got some content, is the first line starting with a space?
+    if text_lines[0] and text_lines[0][0].isspace():
+      text_first_line = []
+    else:
+      text_first_line = [text_lines.pop(0)]
+    # Calculate length of common leading whitespace (only over content lines)
+    common_prefix = os.path.commonprefix([line for line in text_lines if line])
+    space_prefix_len = len(common_prefix) - len(common_prefix.lstrip())
+    # If we have a common space prefix, drop it from all lines
+    if space_prefix_len:
+      for index in xrange(len(text_lines)):
+        if text_lines[index]:
+          text_lines[index] = text_lines[index][space_prefix_len:]
+    return '\n'.join(text_first_line + text_lines)
+  return ''
+
+
+def TextWrap(text, length=None, indent='', firstline_indent=None, tabs='    '):
+  """Wraps a given text to a maximum line length and returns it.
+
+  We turn lines that only contain whitespace into empty lines.  We keep
+  new lines and tabs (e.g., we do not treat tabs as spaces).
+
+  Args:
+    text:             text to wrap
+    length:           maximum length of a line, includes indentation
+                      if this is None then use GetHelpWidth()
+    indent:           indent for all but first line
+    firstline_indent: indent for first line; if None, fall back to indent
+    tabs:             replacement for tabs
+
+  Returns:
+    wrapped text
+
+  Raises:
+    FlagsError: if indent not shorter than length
+    FlagsError: if firstline_indent not shorter than length
+  """
+  # Get defaults where callee used None
+  if length is None:
+    length = GetHelpWidth()
+  if indent is None:
+    indent = ''
+  if len(indent) >= length:
+    raise FlagsError('Indent must be shorter than length')
+  # In line we will be holding the current line which is to be started
+  # with indent (or firstline_indent if available) and then appended
+  # with words.
+  if firstline_indent is None:
+    firstline_indent = ''
+    line = indent
+  else:
+    line = firstline_indent
+    if len(firstline_indent) >= length:
+      raise FlagsError('First line indent must be shorter than length')
+
+  # If the callee does not care about tabs we simply convert them to
+  # spaces If callee wanted tabs to be single space then we do that
+  # already here.
+  if not tabs or tabs == ' ':
+    text = text.replace('\t', ' ')
+  else:
+    tabs_are_whitespace = not tabs.strip()
+
+  line_regex = re.compile('([ ]*)(\t*)([^ \t]+)', re.MULTILINE)
+
+  # Split the text into lines and the lines with the regex above. The
+  # resulting lines are collected in result[]. For each split we get the
+  # spaces, the tabs and the next non white space (e.g. next word).
+  result = []
+  for text_line in text.splitlines():
+    # Store result length so we can find out whether processing the next
+    # line gave any new content
+    old_result_len = len(result)
+    # Process next line with line_regex. For optimization we do an rstrip().
+    # - process tabs (changes either line or word, see below)
+    # - process word (first try to squeeze on line, then wrap or force wrap)
+    # Spaces found on the line are ignored, they get added while wrapping as
+    # needed.
+    for spaces, current_tabs, word in line_regex.findall(text_line.rstrip()):
+      # If tabs weren't converted to spaces, handle them now
+      if current_tabs:
+        # If the last thing we added was a space anyway then drop
+        # it. But let's not get rid of the indentation.
+        if (((result and line != indent) or
+             (not result and line != firstline_indent)) and line[-1] == ' '):
+          line = line[:-1]
+        # Add the tabs, if that means adding whitespace, just add it at
+        # the line, the rstrip() code while shorten the line down if
+        # necessary
+        if tabs_are_whitespace:
+          line += tabs * len(current_tabs)
+        else:
+          # if not all tab replacement is whitespace we prepend it to the word
+          word = tabs * len(current_tabs) + word
+      # Handle the case where word cannot be squeezed onto current last line
+      if len(line) + len(word) > length and len(indent) + len(word) <= length:
+        result.append(line.rstrip())
+        line = indent + word
+        word = ''
+        # No space left on line or can we append a space?
+        if len(line) + 1 >= length:
+          result.append(line.rstrip())
+          line = indent
+        else:
+          line += ' '
+      # Add word and shorten it up to allowed line length. Restart next
+      # line with indent and repeat, or add a space if we're done (word
+      # finished) This deals with words that cannot fit on one line
+      # (e.g. indent + word longer than allowed line length).
+      while len(line) + len(word) >= length:
+        line += word
+        result.append(line[:length])
+        word = line[length:]
+        line = indent
+      # Default case, simply append the word and a space
+      if word:
+        line += word + ' '
+    # End of input line. If we have content we finish the line. If the
+    # current line is just the indent but we had content in during this
+    # original line then we need to add an empty line.
+    if (result and line != indent) or (not result and line != firstline_indent):
+      result.append(line.rstrip())
+    elif len(result) == old_result_len:
+      result.append('')
+    line = indent
+
+  return '\n'.join(result)
+
+
+def DocToHelp(doc):
+  """Takes a __doc__ string and reformats it as help."""
+
+  # Get rid of starting and ending white space. Using lstrip() or even
+  # strip() could drop more than maximum of first line and right space
+  # of last line.
+  doc = doc.strip()
+
+  # Get rid of all empty lines
+  whitespace_only_line = re.compile('^[ \t]+$', re.M)
+  doc = whitespace_only_line.sub('', doc)
+
+  # Cut out common space at line beginnings
+  doc = CutCommonSpacePrefix(doc)
+
+  # Just like this module's comment, comments tend to be aligned somehow.
+  # In other words they all start with the same amount of white space
+  # 1) keep double new lines
+  # 2) keep ws after new lines if not empty line
+  # 3) all other new lines shall be changed to a space
+  # Solution: Match new lines between non white space and replace with space.
+  doc = re.sub('(?<=\S)\n(?=\S)', ' ', doc, re.M)
+
+  return doc
+
+
+def _GetModuleObjectAndName(globals_dict):
+  """Returns the module that defines a global environment, and its name.
+
+  Args:
+    globals_dict: A dictionary that should correspond to an environment
+      providing the values of the globals.
+
+  Returns:
+    A pair consisting of (1) module object and (2) module name (a
+    string).  Returns (None, None) if the module could not be
+    identified.
+  """
+  # The use of .items() (instead of .iteritems()) is NOT a mistake: if
+  # a parallel thread imports a module while we iterate over
+  # .iteritems() (not nice, but possible), we get a RuntimeError ...
+  # Hence, we use the slightly slower but safer .items().
+  for name, module in sys.modules.items():
+    if getattr(module, '__dict__', None) is globals_dict:
+      if name == '__main__':
+        # Pick a more informative name for the main module.
+        name = sys.argv[0]
+      return (module, name)
+  return (None, None)
+
+
+def _GetMainModule():
+  """Returns: string, name of the module from which execution started."""
+  # First, try to use the same logic used by _GetCallingModuleObjectAndName(),
+  # i.e., call _GetModuleObjectAndName().  For that we first need to
+  # find the dictionary that the main module uses to store the
+  # globals.
+  #
+  # That's (normally) the same dictionary object that the deepest
+  # (oldest) stack frame is using for globals.
+  deepest_frame = sys._getframe(0)
+  while deepest_frame.f_back is not None:
+    deepest_frame = deepest_frame.f_back
+  globals_for_main_module = deepest_frame.f_globals
+  main_module_name = _GetModuleObjectAndName(globals_for_main_module)[1]
+  # The above strategy fails in some cases (e.g., tools that compute
+  # code coverage by redefining, among other things, the main module).
+  # If so, just use sys.argv[0].  We can probably always do this, but
+  # it's safest to try to use the same logic as _GetCallingModuleObjectAndName()
+  if main_module_name is None:
+    main_module_name = sys.argv[0]
+  return main_module_name
+
+
+class FlagValues:
+  """Registry of 'Flag' objects.
+
+  A 'FlagValues' can then scan command line arguments, passing flag
+  arguments through to the 'Flag' objects that it owns.  It also
+  provides easy access to the flag values.  Typically only one
+  'FlagValues' object is needed by an application: gflags.FLAGS
+
+  This class is heavily overloaded:
+
+  'Flag' objects are registered via __setitem__:
+       FLAGS['longname'] = x   # register a new flag
+
+  The .value attribute of the registered 'Flag' objects can be accessed
+  as attributes of this 'FlagValues' object, through __getattr__.  Both
+  the long and short name of the original 'Flag' objects can be used to
+  access its value:
+       FLAGS.longname          # parsed flag value
+       FLAGS.x                 # parsed flag value (short name)
+
+  Command line arguments are scanned and passed to the registered 'Flag'
+  objects through the __call__ method.  Unparsed arguments, including
+  argv[0] (e.g. the program name) are returned.
+       argv = FLAGS(sys.argv)  # scan command line arguments
+
+  The original registered Flag objects can be retrieved through the use
+  of the dictionary-like operator, __getitem__:
+       x = FLAGS['longname']   # access the registered Flag object
+
+  The str() operator of a 'FlagValues' object provides help for all of
+  the registered 'Flag' objects.
+  """
+
+  def __init__(self):
+    # Since everything in this class is so heavily overloaded, the only
+    # way of defining and using fields is to access __dict__ directly.
+
+    # Dictionary: flag name (string) -> Flag object.
+    self.__dict__['__flags'] = {}
+    # Dictionary: module name (string) -> list of Flag objects that are defined
+    # by that module.
+    self.__dict__['__flags_by_module'] = {}
+    # Dictionary: module id (int) -> list of Flag objects that are defined by
+    # that module.
+    self.__dict__['__flags_by_module_id'] = {}
+    # Dictionary: module name (string) -> list of Flag objects that are
+    # key for that module.
+    self.__dict__['__key_flags_by_module'] = {}
+
+    # Set if we should use new style gnu_getopt rather than getopt when parsing
+    # the args.  Only possible with Python 2.3+
+    self.UseGnuGetOpt(False)
+
+  def UseGnuGetOpt(self, use_gnu_getopt=True):
+    """Use GNU-style scanning. Allows mixing of flag and non-flag arguments.
+
+    See http://docs.python.org/library/getopt.html#getopt.gnu_getopt
+
+    Args:
+      use_gnu_getopt: wether or not to use GNU style scanning.
+    """
+    self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt'] = use_gnu_getopt
+
+  def IsGnuGetOpt(self):
+    return self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt']
+
+  def FlagDict(self):
+    return self.__dict__['__flags']
+
+  def FlagsByModuleDict(self):
+    """Returns the dictionary of module_name -> list of defined flags.
+
+    Returns:
+      A dictionary.  Its keys are module names (strings).  Its values
+      are lists of Flag objects.
+    """
+    return self.__dict__['__flags_by_module']
+
+  def FlagsByModuleIdDict(self):
+    """Returns the dictionary of module_id -> list of defined flags.
+
+    Returns:
+      A dictionary.  Its keys are module IDs (ints).  Its values
+      are lists of Flag objects.
+    """
+    return self.__dict__['__flags_by_module_id']
+
+  def KeyFlagsByModuleDict(self):
+    """Returns the dictionary of module_name -> list of key flags.
+
+    Returns:
+      A dictionary.  Its keys are module names (strings).  Its values
+      are lists of Flag objects.
+    """
+    return self.__dict__['__key_flags_by_module']
+
+  def _RegisterFlagByModule(self, module_name, flag):
+    """Records the module that defines a specific flag.
+
+    We keep track of which flag is defined by which module so that we
+    can later sort the flags by module.
+
+    Args:
+      module_name: A string, the name of a Python module.
+      flag: A Flag object, a flag that is key to the module.
+    """
+    flags_by_module = self.FlagsByModuleDict()
+    flags_by_module.setdefault(module_name, []).append(flag)
+
+  def _RegisterFlagByModuleId(self, module_id, flag):
+    """Records the module that defines a specific flag.
+
+    Args:
+      module_id: An int, the ID of the Python module.
+      flag: A Flag object, a flag that is key to the module.
+    """
+    flags_by_module_id = self.FlagsByModuleIdDict()
+    flags_by_module_id.setdefault(module_id, []).append(flag)
+
+  def _RegisterKeyFlagForModule(self, module_name, flag):
+    """Specifies that a flag is a key flag for a module.
+
+    Args:
+      module_name: A string, the name of a Python module.
+      flag: A Flag object, a flag that is key to the module.
+    """
+    key_flags_by_module = self.KeyFlagsByModuleDict()
+    # The list of key flags for the module named module_name.
+    key_flags = key_flags_by_module.setdefault(module_name, [])
+    # Add flag, but avoid duplicates.
+    if flag not in key_flags:
+      key_flags.append(flag)
+
+  def _GetFlagsDefinedByModule(self, module):
+    """Returns the list of flags defined by a module.
+
+    Args:
+      module: A module object or a module name (a string).
+
+    Returns:
+      A new list of Flag objects.  Caller may update this list as he
+      wishes: none of those changes will affect the internals of this
+      FlagValue object.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(module, str):
+      module = module.__name__
+
+    return list(self.FlagsByModuleDict().get(module, []))
+
+  def _GetKeyFlagsForModule(self, module):
+    """Returns the list of key flags for a module.
+
+    Args:
+      module: A module object or a module name (a string)
+
+    Returns:
+      A new list of Flag objects.  Caller may update this list as he
+      wishes: none of those changes will affect the internals of this
+      FlagValue object.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(module, str):
+      module = module.__name__
+
+    # Any flag is a key flag for the module that defined it.  NOTE:
+    # key_flags is a fresh list: we can update it without affecting the
+    # internals of this FlagValues object.
+    key_flags = self._GetFlagsDefinedByModule(module)
+
+    # Take into account flags explicitly declared as key for a module.
+    for flag in self.KeyFlagsByModuleDict().get(module, []):
+      if flag not in key_flags:
+        key_flags.append(flag)
+    return key_flags
+
+  def FindModuleDefiningFlag(self, flagname, default=None):
+    """Return the name of the module defining this flag, or default.
+
+    Args:
+      flagname: Name of the flag to lookup.
+      default: Value to return if flagname is not defined. Defaults
+          to None.
+
+    Returns:
+      The name of the module which registered the flag with this name.
+      If no such module exists (i.e. no flag with this name exists),
+      we return default.
+    """
+    for module, flags in self.FlagsByModuleDict().iteritems():
+      for flag in flags:
+        if flag.name == flagname or flag.short_name == flagname:
+          return module
+    return default
+
+  def FindModuleIdDefiningFlag(self, flagname, default=None):
+    """Return the ID of the module defining this flag, or default.
+
+    Args:
+      flagname: Name of the flag to lookup.
+      default: Value to return if flagname is not defined. Defaults
+          to None.
+
+    Returns:
+      The ID of the module which registered the flag with this name.
+      If no such module exists (i.e. no flag with this name exists),
+      we return default.
+    """
+    for module_id, flags in self.FlagsByModuleIdDict().iteritems():
+      for flag in flags:
+        if flag.name == flagname or flag.short_name == flagname:
+          return module_id
+    return default
+
+  def AppendFlagValues(self, flag_values):
+    """Appends flags registered in another FlagValues instance.
+
+    Args:
+      flag_values: registry to copy from
+    """
+    for flag_name, flag in flag_values.FlagDict().iteritems():
+      # Each flags with shortname appears here twice (once under its
+      # normal name, and again with its short name).  To prevent
+      # problems (DuplicateFlagError) with double flag registration, we
+      # perform a check to make sure that the entry we're looking at is
+      # for its normal name.
+      if flag_name == flag.name:
+        try:
+          self[flag_name] = flag
+        except DuplicateFlagError:
+          raise DuplicateFlagError(flag_name, self,
+                                   other_flag_values=flag_values)
+
+  def RemoveFlagValues(self, flag_values):
+    """Remove flags that were previously appended from another FlagValues.
+
+    Args:
+      flag_values: registry containing flags to remove.
+    """
+    for flag_name in flag_values.FlagDict():
+      self.__delattr__(flag_name)
+
+  def __setitem__(self, name, flag):
+    """Registers a new flag variable."""
+    fl = self.FlagDict()
+    if not isinstance(flag, Flag):
+      raise IllegalFlagValue(flag)
+    if not isinstance(name, type("")):
+      raise FlagsError("Flag name must be a string")
+    if len(name) == 0:
+      raise FlagsError("Flag name cannot be empty")
+    # If running under pychecker, duplicate keys are likely to be
+    # defined.  Disable check for duplicate keys when pycheck'ing.
+    if (name in fl and not flag.allow_override and
+        not fl[name].allow_override and not _RUNNING_PYCHECKER):
+      module, module_name = _GetCallingModuleObjectAndName()
+      if (self.FindModuleDefiningFlag(name) == module_name and
+          id(module) != self.FindModuleIdDefiningFlag(name)):
+        # If the flag has already been defined by a module with the same name,
+        # but a different ID, we can stop here because it indicates that the
+        # module is simply being imported a subsequent time.
+        return
+      raise DuplicateFlagError(name, self)
+    short_name = flag.short_name
+    if short_name is not None:
+      if (short_name in fl and not flag.allow_override and
+          not fl[short_name].allow_override and not _RUNNING_PYCHECKER):
+        raise DuplicateFlagError(short_name, self)
+      fl[short_name] = flag
+    fl[name] = flag
+    global _exported_flags
+    _exported_flags[name] = flag
+
+  def __getitem__(self, name):
+    """Retrieves the Flag object for the flag --name."""
+    return self.FlagDict()[name]
+
+  def __getattr__(self, name):
+    """Retrieves the 'value' attribute of the flag --name."""
+    fl = self.FlagDict()
+    if name not in fl:
+      raise AttributeError(name)
+    return fl[name].value
+
+  def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+    """Sets the 'value' attribute of the flag --name."""
+    fl = self.FlagDict()
+    fl[name].value = value
+    self._AssertValidators(fl[name].validators)
+    return value
+
+  def _AssertAllValidators(self):
+    all_validators = set()
+    for flag in self.FlagDict().itervalues():
+      for validator in flag.validators:
+        all_validators.add(validator)
+    self._AssertValidators(all_validators)
+
+  def _AssertValidators(self, validators):
+    """Assert if all validators in the list are satisfied.
+
+    Asserts validators in the order they were created.
+    Args:
+      validators: Iterable(gflags_validators.Validator), validators to be
+        verified
+    Raises:
+      AttributeError: if validators work with a non-existing flag.
+      IllegalFlagValue: if validation fails for at least one validator
+    """
+    for validator in sorted(
+        validators, key=lambda validator: validator.insertion_index):
+      try:
+        validator.Verify(self)
+      except gflags_validators.Error, e:
+        message = validator.PrintFlagsWithValues(self)
+        raise IllegalFlagValue('%s: %s' % (message, str(e)))
+
+  def _FlagIsRegistered(self, flag_obj):
+    """Checks whether a Flag object is registered under some name.
+
+    Note: this is non trivial: in addition to its normal name, a flag
+    may have a short name too.  In self.FlagDict(), both the normal and
+    the short name are mapped to the same flag object.  E.g., calling
+    only "del FLAGS.short_name" is not unregistering the corresponding
+    Flag object (it is still registered under the longer name).
+
+    Args:
+      flag_obj: A Flag object.
+
+    Returns:
+      A boolean: True iff flag_obj is registered under some name.
+    """
+    flag_dict = self.FlagDict()
+    # Check whether flag_obj is registered under its long name.
+    name = flag_obj.name
+    if flag_dict.get(name, None) == flag_obj:
+      return True
+    # Check whether flag_obj is registered under its short name.
+    short_name = flag_obj.short_name
+    if (short_name is not None and
+        flag_dict.get(short_name, None) == flag_obj):
+      return True
+    # The flag cannot be registered under any other name, so we do not
+    # need to do a full search through the values of self.FlagDict().
+    return False
+
+  def __delattr__(self, flag_name):
+    """Deletes a previously-defined flag from a flag object.
+
+    This method makes sure we can delete a flag by using
+
+      del flag_values_object.<flag_name>
+
+    E.g.,
+
+      gflags.DEFINE_integer('foo', 1, 'Integer flag.')
+      del gflags.FLAGS.foo
+
+    Args:
+      flag_name: A string, the name of the flag to be deleted.
+
+    Raises:
+      AttributeError: When there is no registered flag named flag_name.
+    """
+    fl = self.FlagDict()
+    if flag_name not in fl:
+      raise AttributeError(flag_name)
+
+    flag_obj = fl[flag_name]
+    del fl[flag_name]
+
+    if not self._FlagIsRegistered(flag_obj):
+      # If the Flag object indicated by flag_name is no longer
+      # registered (please see the docstring of _FlagIsRegistered), then
+      # we delete the occurrences of the flag object in all our internal
+      # dictionaries.
+      self.__RemoveFlagFromDictByModule(self.FlagsByModuleDict(), flag_obj)
+      self.__RemoveFlagFromDictByModule(self.FlagsByModuleIdDict(), flag_obj)
+      self.__RemoveFlagFromDictByModule(self.KeyFlagsByModuleDict(), flag_obj)
+
+  def __RemoveFlagFromDictByModule(self, flags_by_module_dict, flag_obj):
+    """Removes a flag object from a module -> list of flags dictionary.
+
+    Args:
+      flags_by_module_dict: A dictionary that maps module names to lists of
+        flags.
+      flag_obj: A flag object.
+    """
+    for unused_module, flags_in_module in flags_by_module_dict.iteritems():
+      # while (as opposed to if) takes care of multiple occurrences of a
+      # flag in the list for the same module.
+      while flag_obj in flags_in_module:
+        flags_in_module.remove(flag_obj)
+
+  def SetDefault(self, name, value):
+    """Changes the default value of the named flag object."""
+    fl = self.FlagDict()
+    if name not in fl:
+      raise AttributeError(name)
+    fl[name].SetDefault(value)
+    self._AssertValidators(fl[name].validators)
+
+  def __contains__(self, name):
+    """Returns True if name is a value (flag) in the dict."""
+    return name in self.FlagDict()
+
+  has_key = __contains__  # a synonym for __contains__()
+
+  def __iter__(self):
+    return iter(self.FlagDict())
+
+  def __call__(self, argv):
+    """Parses flags from argv; stores parsed flags into this FlagValues object.
+
+    All unparsed arguments are returned.  Flags are parsed using the GNU
+    Program Argument Syntax Conventions, using getopt:
+
+    http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_mono/libc.html#Getopt
+
+    Args:
+       argv: argument list. Can be of any type that may be converted to a list.
+
+    Returns:
+       The list of arguments not parsed as options, including argv[0]
+
+    Raises:
+       FlagsError: on any parsing error
+    """
+    # Support any sequence type that can be converted to a list
+    argv = list(argv)
+
+    shortopts = ""
+    longopts = []
+
+    fl = self.FlagDict()
+
+    # This pre parses the argv list for --flagfile=<> options.
+    argv = argv[:1] + self.ReadFlagsFromFiles(argv[1:], force_gnu=False)
+
+    # Correct the argv to support the google style of passing boolean
+    # parameters.  Boolean parameters may be passed by using --mybool,
+    # --nomybool, --mybool=(true|false|1|0).  getopt does not support
+    # having options that may or may not have a parameter.  We replace
+    # instances of the short form --mybool and --nomybool with their
+    # full forms: --mybool=(true|false).
+    original_argv = list(argv)  # list() makes a copy
+    shortest_matches = None
+    for name, flag in fl.items():
+      if not flag.boolean:
+        continue
+      if shortest_matches is None:
+        # Determine the smallest allowable prefix for all flag names
+        shortest_matches = self.ShortestUniquePrefixes(fl)
+      no_name = 'no' + name
+      prefix = shortest_matches[name]
+      no_prefix = shortest_matches[no_name]
+
+      # Replace all occurrences of this boolean with extended forms
+      for arg_idx in range(1, len(argv)):
+        arg = argv[arg_idx]
+        if arg.find('=') >= 0: continue
+        if arg.startswith('--'+prefix) and ('--'+name).startswith(arg):
+          argv[arg_idx] = ('--%s=true' % name)
+        elif arg.startswith('--'+no_prefix) and ('--'+no_name).startswith(arg):
+          argv[arg_idx] = ('--%s=false' % name)
+
+    # Loop over all of the flags, building up the lists of short options
+    # and long options that will be passed to getopt.  Short options are
+    # specified as a string of letters, each letter followed by a colon
+    # if it takes an argument.  Long options are stored in an array of
+    # strings.  Each string ends with an '=' if it takes an argument.
+    for name, flag in fl.items():
+      longopts.append(name + "=")
+      if len(name) == 1:  # one-letter option: allow short flag type also
+        shortopts += name
+        if not flag.boolean:
+          shortopts += ":"
+
+    longopts.append('undefok=')
+    undefok_flags = []
+
+    # In case --undefok is specified, loop to pick up unrecognized
+    # options one by one.
+    unrecognized_opts = []
+    args = argv[1:]
+    while True:
+      try:
+        if self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt']:
+          optlist, unparsed_args = getopt.gnu_getopt(args, shortopts, longopts)
+        else:
+          optlist, unparsed_args = getopt.getopt(args, shortopts, longopts)
+        break
+      except getopt.GetoptError, e:
+        if not e.opt or e.opt in fl:
+          # Not an unrecognized option, re-raise the exception as a FlagsError
+          raise FlagsError(e)
+        # Remove offender from args and try again
+        for arg_index in range(len(args)):
+          if ((args[arg_index] == '--' + e.opt) or
+              (args[arg_index] == '-' + e.opt) or
+              (args[arg_index].startswith('--' + e.opt + '='))):
+            unrecognized_opts.append((e.opt, args[arg_index]))
+            args = args[0:arg_index] + args[arg_index+1:]
+            break
+        else:
+          # We should have found the option, so we don't expect to get
+          # here.  We could assert, but raising the original exception
+          # might work better.
+          raise FlagsError(e)
+
+    for name, arg in optlist:
+      if name == '--undefok':
+        flag_names = arg.split(',')
+        undefok_flags.extend(flag_names)
+        # For boolean flags, if --undefok=boolflag is specified, then we should
+        # also accept --noboolflag, in addition to --boolflag.
+        # Since we don't know the type of the undefok'd flag, this will affect
+        # non-boolean flags as well.
+        # NOTE: You shouldn't use --undefok=noboolflag, because then we will
+        # accept --nonoboolflag here.  We are choosing not to do the conversion
+        # from noboolflag -> boolflag because of the ambiguity that flag names
+        # can start with 'no'.
+        undefok_flags.extend('no' + name for name in flag_names)
+        continue
+      if name.startswith('--'):
+        # long option
+        name = name[2:]
+        short_option = 0
+      else:
+        # short option
+        name = name[1:]
+        short_option = 1
+      if name in fl:
+        flag = fl[name]
+        if flag.boolean and short_option: arg = 1
+        flag.Parse(arg)
+
+    # If there were unrecognized options, raise an exception unless
+    # the options were named via --undefok.
+    for opt, value in unrecognized_opts:
+      if opt not in undefok_flags:
+        raise UnrecognizedFlagError(opt, value)
+
+    if unparsed_args:
+      if self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt']:
+        # if using gnu_getopt just return the program name + remainder of argv.
+        ret_val = argv[:1] + unparsed_args
+      else:
+        # unparsed_args becomes the first non-flag detected by getopt to
+        # the end of argv.  Because argv may have been modified above,
+        # return original_argv for this region.
+        ret_val = argv[:1] + original_argv[-len(unparsed_args):]
+    else:
+      ret_val = argv[:1]
+
+    self._AssertAllValidators()
+    return ret_val
+
+  def Reset(self):
+    """Resets the values to the point before FLAGS(argv) was called."""
+    for f in self.FlagDict().values():
+      f.Unparse()
+
+  def RegisteredFlags(self):
+    """Returns: a list of the names and short names of all registered flags."""
+    return list(self.FlagDict())
+
+  def FlagValuesDict(self):
+    """Returns: a dictionary that maps flag names to flag values."""
+    flag_values = {}
+
+    for flag_name in self.RegisteredFlags():
+      flag = self.FlagDict()[flag_name]
+      flag_values[flag_name] = flag.value
+
+    return flag_values
+
+  def __str__(self):
+    """Generates a help string for all known flags."""
+    return self.GetHelp()
+
+  def GetHelp(self, prefix=''):
+    """Generates a help string for all known flags."""
+    helplist = []
+
+    flags_by_module = self.FlagsByModuleDict()
+    if flags_by_module:
+
+      modules = sorted(flags_by_module)
+
+      # Print the help for the main module first, if possible.
+      main_module = _GetMainModule()
+      if main_module in modules:
+        modules.remove(main_module)
+        modules = [main_module] + modules
+
+      for module in modules:
+        self.__RenderOurModuleFlags(module, helplist)
+
+      self.__RenderModuleFlags('gflags',
+                               _SPECIAL_FLAGS.FlagDict().values(),
+                               helplist)
+
+    else:
+      # Just print one long list of flags.
+      self.__RenderFlagList(
+          self.FlagDict().values() + _SPECIAL_FLAGS.FlagDict().values(),
+          helplist, prefix)
+
+    return '\n'.join(helplist)
+
+  def __RenderModuleFlags(self, module, flags, output_lines, prefix=""):
+    """Generates a help string for a given module."""
+    if not isinstance(module, str):
+      module = module.__name__
+    output_lines.append('\n%s%s:' % (prefix, module))
+    self.__RenderFlagList(flags, output_lines, prefix + "  ")
+
+  def __RenderOurModuleFlags(self, module, output_lines, prefix=""):
+    """Generates a help string for a given module."""
+    flags = self._GetFlagsDefinedByModule(module)
+    if flags:
+      self.__RenderModuleFlags(module, flags, output_lines, prefix)
+
+  def __RenderOurModuleKeyFlags(self, module, output_lines, prefix=""):
+    """Generates a help string for the key flags of a given module.
+
+    Args:
+      module: A module object or a module name (a string).
+      output_lines: A list of strings.  The generated help message
+        lines will be appended to this list.
+      prefix: A string that is prepended to each generated help line.
+    """
+    key_flags = self._GetKeyFlagsForModule(module)
+    if key_flags:
+      self.__RenderModuleFlags(module, key_flags, output_lines, prefix)
+
+  def ModuleHelp(self, module):
+    """Describe the key flags of a module.
+
+    Args:
+      module: A module object or a module name (a string).
+
+    Returns:
+      string describing the key flags of a module.
+    """
+    helplist = []
+    self.__RenderOurModuleKeyFlags(module, helplist)
+    return '\n'.join(helplist)
+
+  def MainModuleHelp(self):
+    """Describe the key flags of the main module.
+
+    Returns:
+      string describing the key flags of a module.
+    """
+    return self.ModuleHelp(_GetMainModule())
+
+  def __RenderFlagList(self, flaglist, output_lines, prefix="  "):
+    fl = self.FlagDict()
+    special_fl = _SPECIAL_FLAGS.FlagDict()
+    flaglist = [(flag.name, flag) for flag in flaglist]
+    flaglist.sort()
+    flagset = {}
+    for (name, flag) in flaglist:
+      # It's possible this flag got deleted or overridden since being
+      # registered in the per-module flaglist.  Check now against the
+      # canonical source of current flag information, the FlagDict.
+      if fl.get(name, None) != flag and special_fl.get(name, None) != flag:
+        # a different flag is using this name now
+        continue
+      # only print help once
+      if flag in flagset: continue
+      flagset[flag] = 1
+      flaghelp = ""
+      if flag.short_name: flaghelp += "-%s," % flag.short_name
+      if flag.boolean:
+        flaghelp += "--[no]%s" % flag.name + ":"
+      else:
+        flaghelp += "--%s" % flag.name + ":"
+      flaghelp += "  "
+      if flag.help:
+        flaghelp += flag.help
+      flaghelp = TextWrap(flaghelp, indent=prefix+"  ",
+                          firstline_indent=prefix)
+      if flag.default_as_str:
+        flaghelp += "\n"
+        flaghelp += TextWrap("(default: %s)" % flag.default_as_str,
+                             indent=prefix+"  ")
+      if flag.parser.syntactic_help:
+        flaghelp += "\n"
+        flaghelp += TextWrap("(%s)" % flag.parser.syntactic_help,
+                             indent=prefix+"  ")
+      output_lines.append(flaghelp)
+
+  def get(self, name, default):
+    """Returns the value of a flag (if not None) or a default value.
+
+    Args:
+      name: A string, the name of a flag.
+      default: Default value to use if the flag value is None.
+    """
+
+    value = self.__getattr__(name)
+    if value is not None:  # Can't do if not value, b/c value might be '0' or ""
+      return value
+    else:
+      return default
+
+  def ShortestUniquePrefixes(self, fl):
+    """Returns: dictionary; maps flag names to their shortest unique prefix."""
+    # Sort the list of flag names
+    sorted_flags = []
+    for name, flag in fl.items():
+      sorted_flags.append(name)
+      if flag.boolean:
+        sorted_flags.append('no%s' % name)
+    sorted_flags.sort()
+
+    # For each name in the sorted list, determine the shortest unique
+    # prefix by comparing itself to the next name and to the previous
+    # name (the latter check uses cached info from the previous loop).
+    shortest_matches = {}
+    prev_idx = 0
+    for flag_idx in range(len(sorted_flags)):
+      curr = sorted_flags[flag_idx]
+      if flag_idx == (len(sorted_flags) - 1):
+        next = None
+      else:
+        next = sorted_flags[flag_idx+1]
+        next_len = len(next)
+      for curr_idx in range(len(curr)):
+        if (next is None
+            or curr_idx >= next_len
+            or curr[curr_idx] != next[curr_idx]):
+          # curr longer than next or no more chars in common
+          shortest_matches[curr] = curr[:max(prev_idx, curr_idx) + 1]
+          prev_idx = curr_idx
+          break
+      else:
+        # curr shorter than (or equal to) next
+        shortest_matches[curr] = curr
+        prev_idx = curr_idx + 1  # next will need at least one more char
+    return shortest_matches
+
+  def __IsFlagFileDirective(self, flag_string):
+    """Checks whether flag_string contain a --flagfile=<foo> directive."""
+    if isinstance(flag_string, type("")):
+      if flag_string.startswith('--flagfile='):
+        return 1
+      elif flag_string == '--flagfile':
+        return 1
+      elif flag_string.startswith('-flagfile='):
+        return 1
+      elif flag_string == '-flagfile':
+        return 1
+      else:
+        return 0
+    return 0
+
+  def ExtractFilename(self, flagfile_str):
+    """Returns filename from a flagfile_str of form -[-]flagfile=filename.
+
+    The cases of --flagfile foo and -flagfile foo shouldn't be hitting
+    this function, as they are dealt with in the level above this
+    function.
+    """
+    if flagfile_str.startswith('--flagfile='):
+      return os.path.expanduser((flagfile_str[(len('--flagfile=')):]).strip())
+    elif flagfile_str.startswith('-flagfile='):
+      return os.path.expanduser((flagfile_str[(len('-flagfile=')):]).strip())
+    else:
+      raise FlagsError('Hit illegal --flagfile type: %s' % flagfile_str)
+
+  def __GetFlagFileLines(self, filename, parsed_file_list):
+    """Returns the useful (!=comments, etc) lines from a file with flags.
+
+    Args:
+      filename: A string, the name of the flag file.
+      parsed_file_list: A list of the names of the files we have
+        already read.  MUTATED BY THIS FUNCTION.
+
+    Returns:
+      List of strings. See the note below.
+
+    NOTE(user): This function checks for a nested --flagfile=<foo>
+    tag and handles the lower file recursively. It returns a list of
+    all the lines that _could_ contain command flags. This is
+    EVERYTHING except whitespace lines and comments (lines starting
+    with '#' or '//').
+    """
+    line_list = []  # All line from flagfile.
+    flag_line_list = []  # Subset of lines w/o comments, blanks, flagfile= tags.
+    try:
+      file_obj = open(filename, 'r')
+    except IOError, e_msg:
+      raise CantOpenFlagFileError('ERROR:: Unable to open flagfile: %s' % e_msg)
+
+    line_list = file_obj.readlines()
+    file_obj.close()
+    parsed_file_list.append(filename)
+
+    # This is where we check each line in the file we just read.
+    for line in line_list:
+      if line.isspace():
+        pass
+      # Checks for comment (a line that starts with '#').
+      elif line.startswith('#') or line.startswith('//'):
+        pass
+      # Checks for a nested "--flagfile=<bar>" flag in the current file.
+      # If we find one, recursively parse down into that file.
+      elif self.__IsFlagFileDirective(line):
+        sub_filename = self.ExtractFilename(line)
+        # We do a little safety check for reparsing a file we've already done.
+        if not sub_filename in parsed_file_list:
+          included_flags = self.__GetFlagFileLines(sub_filename,
+                                                   parsed_file_list)
+          flag_line_list.extend(included_flags)
+        else:  # Case of hitting a circularly included file.
+          sys.stderr.write('Warning: Hit circular flagfile dependency: %s\n' %
+                           (sub_filename,))
+      else:
+        # Any line that's not a comment or a nested flagfile should get
+        # copied into 2nd position.  This leaves earlier arguments
+        # further back in the list, thus giving them higher priority.
+        flag_line_list.append(line.strip())
+    return flag_line_list
+
+  def ReadFlagsFromFiles(self, argv, force_gnu=True):
+    """Processes command line args, but also allow args to be read from file.
+
+    Args:
+      argv: A list of strings, usually sys.argv[1:], which may contain one or
+        more flagfile directives of the form --flagfile="./filename".
+        Note that the name of the program (sys.argv[0]) should be omitted.
+      force_gnu: If False, --flagfile parsing obeys normal flag semantics.
+        If True, --flagfile parsing instead follows gnu_getopt semantics.
+        *** WARNING *** force_gnu=False may become the future default!
+
+    Returns:
+
+      A new list which has the original list combined with what we read
+      from any flagfile(s).
+
+    References: Global gflags.FLAG class instance.
+
+    This function should be called before the normal FLAGS(argv) call.
+    This function scans the input list for a flag that looks like:
+    --flagfile=<somefile>. Then it opens <somefile>, reads all valid key
+    and value pairs and inserts them into the input list between the
+    first item of the list and any subsequent items in the list.
+
+    Note that your application's flags are still defined the usual way
+    using gflags DEFINE_flag() type functions.
+
+    Notes (assuming we're getting a commandline of some sort as our input):
+    --> Flags from the command line argv _should_ always take precedence!
+    --> A further "--flagfile=<otherfile.cfg>" CAN be nested in a flagfile.
+        It will be processed after the parent flag file is done.
+    --> For duplicate flags, first one we hit should "win".
+    --> In a flagfile, a line beginning with # or // is a comment.
+    --> Entirely blank lines _should_ be ignored.
+    """
+    parsed_file_list = []
+    rest_of_args = argv
+    new_argv = []
+    while rest_of_args:
+      current_arg = rest_of_args[0]
+      rest_of_args = rest_of_args[1:]
+      if self.__IsFlagFileDirective(current_arg):
+        # This handles the case of -(-)flagfile foo.  In this case the
+        # next arg really is part of this one.
+        if current_arg == '--flagfile' or current_arg == '-flagfile':
+          if not rest_of_args:
+            raise IllegalFlagValue('--flagfile with no argument')
+          flag_filename = os.path.expanduser(rest_of_args[0])
+          rest_of_args = rest_of_args[1:]
+        else:
+          # This handles the case of (-)-flagfile=foo.
+          flag_filename = self.ExtractFilename(current_arg)
+        new_argv.extend(
+            self.__GetFlagFileLines(flag_filename, parsed_file_list))
+      else:
+        new_argv.append(current_arg)
+        # Stop parsing after '--', like getopt and gnu_getopt.
+        if current_arg == '--':
+          break
+        # Stop parsing after a non-flag, like getopt.
+        if not current_arg.startswith('-'):
+          if not force_gnu and not self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt']:
+            break
+
+    if rest_of_args:
+      new_argv.extend(rest_of_args)
+
+    return new_argv
+
+  def FlagsIntoString(self):
+    """Returns a string with the flags assignments from this FlagValues object.
+
+    This function ignores flags whose value is None.  Each flag
+    assignment is separated by a newline.
+
+    NOTE: MUST mirror the behavior of the C++ CommandlineFlagsIntoString
+    from http://code.google.com/p/google-gflags
+    """
+    s = ''
+    for flag in self.FlagDict().values():
+      if flag.value is not None:
+        s += flag.Serialize() + '\n'
+    return s
+
+  def AppendFlagsIntoFile(self, filename):
+    """Appends all flags assignments from this FlagInfo object to a file.
+
+    Output will be in the format of a flagfile.
+
+    NOTE: MUST mirror the behavior of the C++ AppendFlagsIntoFile
+    from http://code.google.com/p/google-gflags
+    """
+    out_file = open(filename, 'a')
+    out_file.write(self.FlagsIntoString())
+    out_file.close()
+
+  def WriteHelpInXMLFormat(self, outfile=None):
+    """Outputs flag documentation in XML format.
+
+    NOTE: We use element names that are consistent with those used by
+    the C++ command-line flag library, from
+    http://code.google.com/p/google-gflags
+    We also use a few new elements (e.g., <key>), but we do not
+    interfere / overlap with existing XML elements used by the C++
+    library.  Please maintain this consistency.
+
+    Args:
+      outfile: File object we write to.  Default None means sys.stdout.
+    """
+    outfile = outfile or sys.stdout
+
+    outfile.write('<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n')
+    outfile.write('<AllFlags>\n')
+    indent = '  '
+    _WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'program', os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]),
+                           indent)
+
+    usage_doc = sys.modules['__main__'].__doc__
+    if not usage_doc:
+      usage_doc = '\nUSAGE: %s [flags]\n' % sys.argv[0]
+    else:
+      usage_doc = usage_doc.replace('%s', sys.argv[0])
+    _WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'usage', usage_doc, indent)
+
+    # Get list of key flags for the main module.
+    key_flags = self._GetKeyFlagsForModule(_GetMainModule())
+
+    # Sort flags by declaring module name and next by flag name.
+    flags_by_module = self.FlagsByModuleDict()
+    all_module_names = list(flags_by_module.keys())
+    all_module_names.sort()
+    for module_name in all_module_names:
+      flag_list = [(f.name, f) for f in flags_by_module[module_name]]
+      flag_list.sort()
+      for unused_flag_name, flag in flag_list:
+        is_key = flag in key_flags
+        flag.WriteInfoInXMLFormat(outfile, module_name,
+                                  is_key=is_key, indent=indent)
+
+    outfile.write('</AllFlags>\n')
+    outfile.flush()
+
+  def AddValidator(self, validator):
+    """Register new flags validator to be checked.
+
+    Args:
+      validator: gflags_validators.Validator
+    Raises:
+      AttributeError: if validators work with a non-existing flag.
+    """
+    for flag_name in validator.GetFlagsNames():
+      flag = self.FlagDict()[flag_name]
+      flag.validators.append(validator)
+
+# end of FlagValues definition
+
+
+# The global FlagValues instance
+FLAGS = FlagValues()
+
+
+def _StrOrUnicode(value):
+  """Converts value to a python string or, if necessary, unicode-string."""
+  try:
+    return str(value)
+  except UnicodeEncodeError:
+    return unicode(value)
+
+
+def _MakeXMLSafe(s):
+  """Escapes <, >, and & from s, and removes XML 1.0-illegal chars."""
+  s = cgi.escape(s)  # Escape <, >, and &
+  # Remove characters that cannot appear in an XML 1.0 document
+  # (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#charsets).
+  #
+  # NOTE: if there are problems with current solution, one may move to
+  # XML 1.1, which allows such chars, if they're entity-escaped (&#xHH;).
+  s = re.sub(r'[\x00-\x08\x0b\x0c\x0e-\x1f]', '', s)
+  # Convert non-ascii characters to entities.  Note: requires python >=2.3
+  s = s.encode('ascii', 'xmlcharrefreplace')   # u'\xce\x88' -> 'u&#904;'
+  return s
+
+
+def _WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, name, value, indent):
+  """Writes a simple XML element.
+
+  Args:
+    outfile: File object we write the XML element to.
+    name: A string, the name of XML element.
+    value: A Python object, whose string representation will be used
+      as the value of the XML element.
+    indent: A string, prepended to each line of generated output.
+  """
+  value_str = _StrOrUnicode(value)
+  if isinstance(value, bool):
+    # Display boolean values as the C++ flag library does: no caps.
+    value_str = value_str.lower()
+  safe_value_str = _MakeXMLSafe(value_str)
+  outfile.write('%s<%s>%s</%s>\n' % (indent, name, safe_value_str, name))
+
+
+class Flag:
+  """Information about a command-line flag.
+
+  'Flag' objects define the following fields:
+    .name  - the name for this flag
+    .default - the default value for this flag
+    .default_as_str - default value as repr'd string, e.g., "'true'" (or None)
+    .value  - the most recent parsed value of this flag; set by Parse()
+    .help  - a help string or None if no help is available
+    .short_name  - the single letter alias for this flag (or None)
+    .boolean  - if 'true', this flag does not accept arguments
+    .present  - true if this flag was parsed from command line flags.
+    .parser  - an ArgumentParser object
+    .serializer - an ArgumentSerializer object
+    .allow_override - the flag may be redefined without raising an error
+
+  The only public method of a 'Flag' object is Parse(), but it is
+  typically only called by a 'FlagValues' object.  The Parse() method is
+  a thin wrapper around the 'ArgumentParser' Parse() method.  The parsed
+  value is saved in .value, and the .present attribute is updated.  If
+  this flag was already present, a FlagsError is raised.
+
+  Parse() is also called during __init__ to parse the default value and
+  initialize the .value attribute.  This enables other python modules to
+  safely use flags even if the __main__ module neglects to parse the
+  command line arguments.  The .present attribute is cleared after
+  __init__ parsing.  If the default value is set to None, then the
+  __init__ parsing step is skipped and the .value attribute is
+  initialized to None.
+
+  Note: The default value is also presented to the user in the help
+  string, so it is important that it be a legal value for this flag.
+  """
+
+  def __init__(self, parser, serializer, name, default, help_string,
+               short_name=None, boolean=0, allow_override=0):
+    self.name = name
+
+    if not help_string:
+      help_string = '(no help available)'
+
+    self.help = help_string
+    self.short_name = short_name
+    self.boolean = boolean
+    self.present = 0
+    self.parser = parser
+    self.serializer = serializer
+    self.allow_override = allow_override
+    self.value = None
+    self.validators = []
+
+    self.SetDefault(default)
+
+  def __hash__(self):
+    return hash(id(self))
+
+  def __eq__(self, other):
+    return self is other
+
+  def __lt__(self, other):
+    if isinstance(other, Flag):
+      return id(self) < id(other)
+    return NotImplemented
+
+  def __GetParsedValueAsString(self, value):
+    if value is None:
+      return None
+    if self.serializer:
+      return repr(self.serializer.Serialize(value))
+    if self.boolean:
+      if value:
+        return repr('true')
+      else:
+        return repr('false')
+    return repr(_StrOrUnicode(value))
+
+  def Parse(self, argument):
+    try:
+      self.value = self.parser.Parse(argument)
+    except ValueError, e:  # recast ValueError as IllegalFlagValue
+      raise IllegalFlagValue("flag --%s=%s: %s" % (self.name, argument, e))
+    self.present += 1
+
+  def Unparse(self):
+    if self.default is None:
+      self.value = None
+    else:
+      self.Parse(self.default)
+    self.present = 0
+
+  def Serialize(self):
+    if self.value is None:
+      return ''
+    if self.boolean:
+      if self.value:
+        return "--%s" % self.name
+      else:
+        return "--no%s" % self.name
+    else:
+      if not self.serializer:
+        raise FlagsError("Serializer not present for flag %s" % self.name)
+      return "--%s=%s" % (self.name, self.serializer.Serialize(self.value))
+
+  def SetDefault(self, value):
+    """Changes the default value (and current value too) for this Flag."""
+    # We can't allow a None override because it may end up not being
+    # passed to C++ code when we're overriding C++ flags.  So we
+    # cowardly bail out until someone fixes the semantics of trying to
+    # pass None to a C++ flag.  See swig_flags.Init() for details on
+    # this behavior.
+    # TODO(user): Users can directly call this method, bypassing all flags
+    # validators (we don't have FlagValues here, so we can not check
+    # validators).
+    # The simplest solution I see is to make this method private.
+    # Another approach would be to store reference to the corresponding
+    # FlagValues with each flag, but this seems to be an overkill.
+    if value is None and self.allow_override:
+      raise DuplicateFlagCannotPropagateNoneToSwig(self.name)
+
+    self.default = value
+    self.Unparse()
+    self.default_as_str = self.__GetParsedValueAsString(self.value)
+
+  def Type(self):
+    """Returns: a string that describes the type of this Flag."""
+    # NOTE: we use strings, and not the types.*Type constants because
+    # our flags can have more exotic types, e.g., 'comma separated list
+    # of strings', 'whitespace separated list of strings', etc.
+    return self.parser.Type()
+
+  def WriteInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, module_name, is_key=False, indent=''):
+    """Writes common info about this flag, in XML format.
+
+    This is information that is relevant to all flags (e.g., name,
+    meaning, etc.).  If you defined a flag that has some other pieces of
+    info, then please override _WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat.
+
+    Please do NOT override this method.
+
+    Args:
+      outfile: File object we write to.
+      module_name: A string, the name of the module that defines this flag.
+      is_key: A boolean, True iff this flag is key for main module.
+      indent: A string that is prepended to each generated line.
+    """
+    outfile.write(indent + '<flag>\n')
+    inner_indent = indent + '  '
+    if is_key:
+      _WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'key', 'yes', inner_indent)
+    _WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'file', module_name, inner_indent)
+    # Print flag features that are relevant for all flags.
+    _WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'name', self.name, inner_indent)
+    if self.short_name:
+      _WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'short_name', self.short_name,
+                             inner_indent)
+    if self.help:
+      _WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'meaning', self.help, inner_indent)
+    # The default flag value can either be represented as a string like on the
+    # command line, or as a Python object.  We serialize this value in the
+    # latter case in order to remain consistent.
+    if self.serializer and not isinstance(self.default, str):
+      default_serialized = self.serializer.Serialize(self.default)
+    else:
+      default_serialized = self.default
+    _WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'default', default_serialized, inner_indent)
+    _WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'current', self.value, inner_indent)
+    _WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'type', self.Type(), inner_indent)
+    # Print extra flag features this flag may have.
+    self._WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(outfile, inner_indent)
+    outfile.write(indent + '</flag>\n')
+
+  def _WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
+    """Writes extra info about this flag, in XML format.
+
+    "Extra" means "not already printed by WriteInfoInXMLFormat above."
+
+    Args:
+      outfile: File object we write to.
+      indent: A string that is prepended to each generated line.
+    """
+    # Usually, the parser knows the extra details about the flag, so
+    # we just forward the call to it.
+    self.parser.WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(outfile, indent)
+# End of Flag definition
+
+
+class _ArgumentParserCache(type):
+  """Metaclass used to cache and share argument parsers among flags."""
+
+  _instances = {}
+
+  def __call__(mcs, *args, **kwargs):
+    """Returns an instance of the argument parser cls.
+
+    This method overrides behavior of the __new__ methods in
+    all subclasses of ArgumentParser (inclusive). If an instance
+    for mcs with the same set of arguments exists, this instance is
+    returned, otherwise a new instance is created.
+
+    If any keyword arguments are defined, or the values in args
+    are not hashable, this method always returns a new instance of
+    cls.
+
+    Args:
+      args: Positional initializer arguments.
+      kwargs: Initializer keyword arguments.
+
+    Returns:
+      An instance of cls, shared or new.
+    """
+    if kwargs:
+      return type.__call__(mcs, *args, **kwargs)
+    else:
+      instances = mcs._instances
+      key = (mcs,) + tuple(args)
+      try:
+        return instances[key]
+      except KeyError:
+        # No cache entry for key exists, create a new one.
+        return instances.setdefault(key, type.__call__(mcs, *args))
+      except TypeError:
+        # An object in args cannot be hashed, always return
+        # a new instance.
+        return type.__call__(mcs, *args)
+
+
+class ArgumentParser(object):
+  """Base class used to parse and convert arguments.
+
+  The Parse() method checks to make sure that the string argument is a
+  legal value and convert it to a native type.  If the value cannot be
+  converted, it should throw a 'ValueError' exception with a human
+  readable explanation of why the value is illegal.
+
+  Subclasses should also define a syntactic_help string which may be
+  presented to the user to describe the form of the legal values.
+
+  Argument parser classes must be stateless, since instances are cached
+  and shared between flags. Initializer arguments are allowed, but all
+  member variables must be derived from initializer arguments only.
+  """
+  __metaclass__ = _ArgumentParserCache
+
+  syntactic_help = ""
+
+  def Parse(self, argument):
+    """Default implementation: always returns its argument unmodified."""
+    return argument
+
+  def Type(self):
+    return 'string'
+
+  def WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
+    pass
+
+
+class ArgumentSerializer:
+  """Base class for generating string representations of a flag value."""
+
+  def Serialize(self, value):
+    return _StrOrUnicode(value)
+
+
+class ListSerializer(ArgumentSerializer):
+
+  def __init__(self, list_sep):
+    self.list_sep = list_sep
+
+  def Serialize(self, value):
+    return self.list_sep.join([_StrOrUnicode(x) for x in value])
+
+
+# Flags validators
+
+
+def RegisterValidator(flag_name,
+                      checker,
+                      message='Flag validation failed',
+                      flag_values=FLAGS):
+  """Adds a constraint, which will be enforced during program execution.
+
+  The constraint is validated when flags are initially parsed, and after each
+  change of the corresponding flag's value.
+  Args:
+    flag_name: string, name of the flag to be checked.
+    checker: method to validate the flag.
+      input  - value of the corresponding flag (string, boolean, etc.
+        This value will be passed to checker by the library). See file's
+        docstring for examples.
+      output - Boolean.
+        Must return True if validator constraint is satisfied.
+        If constraint is not satisfied, it should either return False or
+          raise gflags_validators.Error(desired_error_message).
+    message: error text to be shown to the user if checker returns False.
+      If checker raises gflags_validators.Error, message from the raised
+        Error will be shown.
+    flag_values: FlagValues
+  Raises:
+    AttributeError: if flag_name is not registered as a valid flag name.
+  """
+  flag_values.AddValidator(gflags_validators.SimpleValidator(flag_name,
+                                                            checker,
+                                                            message))
+
+
+def MarkFlagAsRequired(flag_name, flag_values=FLAGS):
+  """Ensure that flag is not None during program execution.
+
+  Registers a flag validator, which will follow usual validator
+  rules.
+  Args:
+    flag_name: string, name of the flag
+    flag_values: FlagValues
+  Raises:
+    AttributeError: if flag_name is not registered as a valid flag name.
+  """
+  RegisterValidator(flag_name,
+                    lambda value: value is not None,
+                    message='Flag --%s must be specified.' % flag_name,
+                    flag_values=flag_values)
+
+
+def _RegisterBoundsValidatorIfNeeded(parser, name, flag_values):
+  """Enforce lower and upper bounds for numeric flags.
+
+  Args:
+    parser: NumericParser (either FloatParser or IntegerParser). Provides lower
+      and upper bounds, and help text to display.
+    name: string, name of the flag
+    flag_values: FlagValues
+  """
+  if parser.lower_bound is not None or parser.upper_bound is not None:
+
+    def Checker(value):
+      if value is not None and parser.IsOutsideBounds(value):
+        message = '%s is not %s' % (value, parser.syntactic_help)
+        raise gflags_validators.Error(message)
+      return True
+
+    RegisterValidator(name,
+                      Checker,
+                      flag_values=flag_values)
+
+
+# The DEFINE functions are explained in mode details in the module doc string.
+
+
+def DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, serializer=None,
+           **args):
+  """Registers a generic Flag object.
+
+  NOTE: in the docstrings of all DEFINE* functions, "registers" is short
+  for "creates a new flag and registers it".
+
+  Auxiliary function: clients should use the specialized DEFINE_<type>
+  function instead.
+
+  Args:
+    parser: ArgumentParser that is used to parse the flag arguments.
+    name: A string, the flag name.
+    default: The default value of the flag.
+    help: A help string.
+    flag_values: FlagValues object the flag will be registered with.
+    serializer: ArgumentSerializer that serializes the flag value.
+    args: Dictionary with extra keyword args that are passes to the
+      Flag __init__.
+  """
+  DEFINE_flag(Flag(parser, serializer, name, default, help, **args),
+              flag_values)
+
+
+def DEFINE_flag(flag, flag_values=FLAGS):
+  """Registers a 'Flag' object with a 'FlagValues' object.
+
+  By default, the global FLAGS 'FlagValue' object is used.
+
+  Typical users will use one of the more specialized DEFINE_xxx
+  functions, such as DEFINE_string or DEFINE_integer.  But developers
+  who need to create Flag objects themselves should use this function
+  to register their flags.
+  """
+  # copying the reference to flag_values prevents pychecker warnings
+  fv = flag_values
+  fv[flag.name] = flag
+  # Tell flag_values who's defining the flag.
+  if isinstance(flag_values, FlagValues):
+    # Regarding the above isinstance test: some users pass funny
+    # values of flag_values (e.g., {}) in order to avoid the flag
+    # registration (in the past, there used to be a flag_values ==
+    # FLAGS test here) and redefine flags with the same name (e.g.,
+    # debug).  To avoid breaking their code, we perform the
+    # registration only if flag_values is a real FlagValues object.
+    module, module_name = _GetCallingModuleObjectAndName()
+    flag_values._RegisterFlagByModule(module_name, flag)
+    flag_values._RegisterFlagByModuleId(id(module), flag)
+
+
+def _InternalDeclareKeyFlags(flag_names,
+                             flag_values=FLAGS, key_flag_values=None):
+  """Declares a flag as key for the calling module.
+
+  Internal function.  User code should call DECLARE_key_flag or
+  ADOPT_module_key_flags instead.
+
+  Args:
+    flag_names: A list of strings that are names of already-registered
+      Flag objects.
+    flag_values: A FlagValues object that the flags listed in
+      flag_names have registered with (the value of the flag_values
+      argument from the DEFINE_* calls that defined those flags).
+      This should almost never need to be overridden.
+    key_flag_values: A FlagValues object that (among possibly many
+      other things) keeps track of the key flags for each module.
+      Default None means "same as flag_values".  This should almost
+      never need to be overridden.
+
+  Raises:
+    UnrecognizedFlagError: when we refer to a flag that was not
+      defined yet.
+  """
+  key_flag_values = key_flag_values or flag_values
+
+  module = _GetCallingModule()
+
+  for flag_name in flag_names:
+    if flag_name not in flag_values:
+      raise UnrecognizedFlagError(flag_name)
+    flag = flag_values.FlagDict()[flag_name]
+    key_flag_values._RegisterKeyFlagForModule(module, flag)
+
+
+def DECLARE_key_flag(flag_name, flag_values=FLAGS):
+  """Declares one flag as key to the current module.
+
+  Key flags are flags that are deemed really important for a module.
+  They are important when listing help messages; e.g., if the
+  --helpshort command-line flag is used, then only the key flags of the
+  main module are listed (instead of all flags, as in the case of
+  --help).
+
+  Sample usage:
+
+    gflags.DECLARED_key_flag('flag_1')
+
+  Args:
+    flag_name: A string, the name of an already declared flag.
+      (Redeclaring flags as key, including flags implicitly key
+      because they were declared in this module, is a no-op.)
+    flag_values: A FlagValues object.  This should almost never
+      need to be overridden.
+  """
+  if flag_name in _SPECIAL_FLAGS:
+    # Take care of the special flags, e.g., --flagfile, --undefok.
+    # These flags are defined in _SPECIAL_FLAGS, and are treated
+    # specially during flag parsing, taking precedence over the
+    # user-defined flags.
+    _InternalDeclareKeyFlags([flag_name],
+                             flag_values=_SPECIAL_FLAGS,
+                             key_flag_values=flag_values)
+    return
+  _InternalDeclareKeyFlags([flag_name], flag_values=flag_values)
+
+
+def ADOPT_module_key_flags(module, flag_values=FLAGS):
+  """Declares that all flags key to a module are key to the current module.
+
+  Args:
+    module: A module object.
+    flag_values: A FlagValues object.  This should almost never need
+      to be overridden.
+
+  Raises:
+    FlagsError: When given an argument that is a module name (a
+    string), instead of a module object.
+  """
+  # NOTE(user): an even better test would be if not
+  # isinstance(module, types.ModuleType) but I didn't want to import
+  # types for such a tiny use.
+  if isinstance(module, str):
+    raise FlagsError('Received module name %s; expected a module object.'
+                     % module)
+  _InternalDeclareKeyFlags(
+      [f.name for f in flag_values._GetKeyFlagsForModule(module.__name__)],
+      flag_values=flag_values)
+  # If module is this flag module, take _SPECIAL_FLAGS into account.
+  if module == _GetThisModuleObjectAndName()[0]:
+    _InternalDeclareKeyFlags(
+        # As we associate flags with _GetCallingModuleObjectAndName(), the
+        # special flags defined in this module are incorrectly registered with
+        # a different module.  So, we can't use _GetKeyFlagsForModule.
+        # Instead, we take all flags from _SPECIAL_FLAGS (a private
+        # FlagValues, where no other module should register flags).
+        [f.name for f in _SPECIAL_FLAGS.FlagDict().values()],
+        flag_values=_SPECIAL_FLAGS,
+        key_flag_values=flag_values)
+
+
+#
+# STRING FLAGS
+#
+
+
+def DEFINE_string(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
+  """Registers a flag whose value can be any string."""
+  parser = ArgumentParser()
+  serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
+  DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
+
+
+#
+# BOOLEAN FLAGS
+#
+
+
+class BooleanParser(ArgumentParser):
+  """Parser of boolean values."""
+
+  def Convert(self, argument):
+    """Converts the argument to a boolean; raise ValueError on errors."""
+    if type(argument) == str:
+      if argument.lower() in ['true', 't', '1']:
+        return True
+      elif argument.lower() in ['false', 'f', '0']:
+        return False
+
+    bool_argument = bool(argument)
+    if argument == bool_argument:
+      # The argument is a valid boolean (True, False, 0, or 1), and not just
+      # something that always converts to bool (list, string, int, etc.).
+      return bool_argument
+
+    raise ValueError('Non-boolean argument to boolean flag', argument)
+
+  def Parse(self, argument):
+    val = self.Convert(argument)
+    return val
+
+  def Type(self):
+    return 'bool'
+
+
+class BooleanFlag(Flag):
+  """Basic boolean flag.
+
+  Boolean flags do not take any arguments, and their value is either
+  True (1) or False (0).  The false value is specified on the command
+  line by prepending the word 'no' to either the long or the short flag
+  name.
+
+  For example, if a Boolean flag was created whose long name was
+  'update' and whose short name was 'x', then this flag could be
+  explicitly unset through either --noupdate or --nox.
+  """
+
+  def __init__(self, name, default, help, short_name=None, **args):
+    p = BooleanParser()
+    Flag.__init__(self, p, None, name, default, help, short_name, 1, **args)
+    if not self.help: self.help = "a boolean value"
+
+
+def DEFINE_boolean(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
+  """Registers a boolean flag.
+
+  Such a boolean flag does not take an argument.  If a user wants to
+  specify a false value explicitly, the long option beginning with 'no'
+  must be used: i.e. --noflag
+
+  This flag will have a value of None, True or False.  None is possible
+  if default=None and the user does not specify the flag on the command
+  line.
+  """
+  DEFINE_flag(BooleanFlag(name, default, help, **args), flag_values)
+
+
+# Match C++ API to unconfuse C++ people.
+DEFINE_bool = DEFINE_boolean
+
+
+class HelpFlag(BooleanFlag):
+  """
+  HelpFlag is a special boolean flag that prints usage information and
+  raises a SystemExit exception if it is ever found in the command
+  line arguments.  Note this is called with allow_override=1, so other
+  apps can define their own --help flag, replacing this one, if they want.
+  """
+  def __init__(self):
+    BooleanFlag.__init__(self, "help", 0, "show this help",
+                         short_name="?", allow_override=1)
+  def Parse(self, arg):
+    if arg:
+      doc = sys.modules["__main__"].__doc__
+      flags = str(FLAGS)
+      print doc or ("\nUSAGE: %s [flags]\n" % sys.argv[0])
+      if flags:
+        print "flags:"
+        print flags
+      sys.exit(1)
+class HelpXMLFlag(BooleanFlag):
+  """Similar to HelpFlag, but generates output in XML format."""
+  def __init__(self):
+    BooleanFlag.__init__(self, 'helpxml', False,
+                         'like --help, but generates XML output',
+                         allow_override=1)
+  def Parse(self, arg):
+    if arg:
+      FLAGS.WriteHelpInXMLFormat(sys.stdout)
+      sys.exit(1)
+class HelpshortFlag(BooleanFlag):
+  """
+  HelpshortFlag is a special boolean flag that prints usage
+  information for the "main" module, and rasies a SystemExit exception
+  if it is ever found in the command line arguments.  Note this is
+  called with allow_override=1, so other apps can define their own
+  --helpshort flag, replacing this one, if they want.
+  """
+  def __init__(self):
+    BooleanFlag.__init__(self, "helpshort", 0,
+                         "show usage only for this module", allow_override=1)
+  def Parse(self, arg):
+    if arg:
+      doc = sys.modules["__main__"].__doc__
+      flags = FLAGS.MainModuleHelp()
+      print doc or ("\nUSAGE: %s [flags]\n" % sys.argv[0])
+      if flags:
+        print "flags:"
+        print flags
+      sys.exit(1)
+
+#
+# Numeric parser - base class for Integer and Float parsers
+#
+
+
+class NumericParser(ArgumentParser):
+  """Parser of numeric values.
+
+  Parsed value may be bounded to a given upper and lower bound.
+  """
+
+  def IsOutsideBounds(self, val):
+    return ((self.lower_bound is not None and val < self.lower_bound) or
+            (self.upper_bound is not None and val > self.upper_bound))
+
+  def Parse(self, argument):
+    val = self.Convert(argument)
+    if self.IsOutsideBounds(val):
+      raise ValueError("%s is not %s" % (val, self.syntactic_help))
+    return val
+
+  def WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
+    if self.lower_bound is not None:
+      _WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'lower_bound', self.lower_bound, indent)
+    if self.upper_bound is not None:
+      _WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'upper_bound', self.upper_bound, indent)
+
+  def Convert(self, argument):
+    """Default implementation: always returns its argument unmodified."""
+    return argument
+
+# End of Numeric Parser
+
+#
+# FLOAT FLAGS
+#
+
+
+class FloatParser(NumericParser):
+  """Parser of floating point values.
+
+  Parsed value may be bounded to a given upper and lower bound.
+  """
+  number_article = "a"
+  number_name = "number"
+  syntactic_help = " ".join((number_article, number_name))
+
+  def __init__(self, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None):
+    super(FloatParser, self).__init__()
+    self.lower_bound = lower_bound
+    self.upper_bound = upper_bound
+    sh = self.syntactic_help
+    if lower_bound is not None and upper_bound is not None:
+      sh = ("%s in the range [%s, %s]" % (sh, lower_bound, upper_bound))
+    elif lower_bound == 0:
+      sh = "a non-negative %s" % self.number_name
+    elif upper_bound == 0:
+      sh = "a non-positive %s" % self.number_name
+    elif upper_bound is not None:
+      sh = "%s <= %s" % (self.number_name, upper_bound)
+    elif lower_bound is not None:
+      sh = "%s >= %s" % (self.number_name, lower_bound)
+    self.syntactic_help = sh
+
+  def Convert(self, argument):
+    """Converts argument to a float; raises ValueError on errors."""
+    return float(argument)
+
+  def Type(self):
+    return 'float'
+# End of FloatParser
+
+
+def DEFINE_float(name, default, help, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None,
+                 flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
+  """Registers a flag whose value must be a float.
+
+  If lower_bound or upper_bound are set, then this flag must be
+  within the given range.
+  """
+  parser = FloatParser(lower_bound, upper_bound)
+  serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
+  DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
+  _RegisterBoundsValidatorIfNeeded(parser, name, flag_values=flag_values)
+
+#
+# INTEGER FLAGS
+#
+
+
+class IntegerParser(NumericParser):
+  """Parser of an integer value.
+
+  Parsed value may be bounded to a given upper and lower bound.
+  """
+  number_article = "an"
+  number_name = "integer"
+  syntactic_help = " ".join((number_article, number_name))
+
+  def __init__(self, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None):
+    super(IntegerParser, self).__init__()
+    self.lower_bound = lower_bound
+    self.upper_bound = upper_bound
+    sh = self.syntactic_help
+    if lower_bound is not None and upper_bound is not None:
+      sh = ("%s in the range [%s, %s]" % (sh, lower_bound, upper_bound))
+    elif lower_bound == 1:
+      sh = "a positive %s" % self.number_name
+    elif upper_bound == -1:
+      sh = "a negative %s" % self.number_name
+    elif lower_bound == 0:
+      sh = "a non-negative %s" % self.number_name
+    elif upper_bound == 0:
+      sh = "a non-positive %s" % self.number_name
+    elif upper_bound is not None:
+      sh = "%s <= %s" % (self.number_name, upper_bound)
+    elif lower_bound is not None:
+      sh = "%s >= %s" % (self.number_name, lower_bound)
+    self.syntactic_help = sh
+
+  def Convert(self, argument):
+    __pychecker__ = 'no-returnvalues'
+    if type(argument) == str:
+      base = 10
+      if len(argument) > 2 and argument[0] == "0" and argument[1] == "x":
+        base = 16
+      return int(argument, base)
+    else:
+      return int(argument)
+
+  def Type(self):
+    return 'int'
+
+
+def DEFINE_integer(name, default, help, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None,
+                   flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
+  """Registers a flag whose value must be an integer.
+
+  If lower_bound, or upper_bound are set, then this flag must be
+  within the given range.
+  """
+  parser = IntegerParser(lower_bound, upper_bound)
+  serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
+  DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
+  _RegisterBoundsValidatorIfNeeded(parser, name, flag_values=flag_values)
+
+
+#
+# ENUM FLAGS
+#
+
+
+class EnumParser(ArgumentParser):
+  """Parser of a string enum value (a string value from a given set).
+
+  If enum_values (see below) is not specified, any string is allowed.
+  """
+
+  def __init__(self, enum_values=None):
+    super(EnumParser, self).__init__()
+    self.enum_values = enum_values
+
+  def Parse(self, argument):
+    if self.enum_values and argument not in self.enum_values:
+      raise ValueError("value should be one of <%s>" %
+                       "|".join(self.enum_values))
+    return argument
+
+  def Type(self):
+    return 'string enum'
+
+
+class EnumFlag(Flag):
+  """Basic enum flag; its value can be any string from list of enum_values."""
+
+  def __init__(self, name, default, help, enum_values=None,
+               short_name=None, **args):
+    enum_values = enum_values or []
+    p = EnumParser(enum_values)
+    g = ArgumentSerializer()
+    Flag.__init__(self, p, g, name, default, help, short_name, **args)
+    if not self.help: self.help = "an enum string"
+    self.help = "<%s>: %s" % ("|".join(enum_values), self.help)
+
+  def _WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
+    for enum_value in self.parser.enum_values:
+      _WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'enum_value', enum_value, indent)
+
+
+def DEFINE_enum(name, default, enum_values, help, flag_values=FLAGS,
+                **args):
+  """Registers a flag whose value can be any string from enum_values."""
+  DEFINE_flag(EnumFlag(name, default, help, enum_values, ** args),
+              flag_values)
+
+
+#
+# LIST FLAGS
+#
+
+
+class BaseListParser(ArgumentParser):
+  """Base class for a parser of lists of strings.
+
+  To extend, inherit from this class; from the subclass __init__, call
+
+    BaseListParser.__init__(self, token, name)
+
+  where token is a character used to tokenize, and name is a description
+  of the separator.
+  """
+
+  def __init__(self, token=None, name=None):
+    assert name
+    super(BaseListParser, self).__init__()
+    self._token = token
+    self._name = name
+    self.syntactic_help = "a %s separated list" % self._name
+
+  def Parse(self, argument):
+    if isinstance(argument, list):
+      return argument
+    elif argument == '':
+      return []
+    else:
+      return [s.strip() for s in argument.split(self._token)]
+
+  def Type(self):
+    return '%s separated list of strings' % self._name
+
+
+class ListParser(BaseListParser):
+  """Parser for a comma-separated list of strings."""
+
+  def __init__(self):
+    BaseListParser.__init__(self, ',', 'comma')
+
+  def WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
+    BaseListParser.WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent)
+    _WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'list_separator', repr(','), indent)
+
+
+class WhitespaceSeparatedListParser(BaseListParser):
+  """Parser for a whitespace-separated list of strings."""
+
+  def __init__(self):
+    BaseListParser.__init__(self, None, 'whitespace')
+
+  def WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
+    BaseListParser.WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent)
+    separators = list(string.whitespace)
+    separators.sort()
+    for ws_char in string.whitespace:
+      _WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'list_separator', repr(ws_char), indent)
+
+
+def DEFINE_list(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
+  """Registers a flag whose value is a comma-separated list of strings."""
+  parser = ListParser()
+  serializer = ListSerializer(',')
+  DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
+
+
+def DEFINE_spaceseplist(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
+  """Registers a flag whose value is a whitespace-separated list of strings.
+
+  Any whitespace can be used as a separator.
+  """
+  parser = WhitespaceSeparatedListParser()
+  serializer = ListSerializer(' ')
+  DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
+
+
+#
+# MULTI FLAGS
+#
+
+
+class MultiFlag(Flag):
+  """A flag that can appear multiple time on the command-line.
+
+  The value of such a flag is a list that contains the individual values
+  from all the appearances of that flag on the command-line.
+
+  See the __doc__ for Flag for most behavior of this class.  Only
+  differences in behavior are described here:
+
+    * The default value may be either a single value or a list of values.
+      A single value is interpreted as the [value] singleton list.
+
+    * The value of the flag is always a list, even if the option was
+      only supplied once, and even if the default value is a single
+      value
+  """
+
+  def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    Flag.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+    self.help += ';\n    repeat this option to specify a list of values'
+
+  def Parse(self, arguments):
+    """Parses one or more arguments with the installed parser.
+
+    Args:
+      arguments: a single argument or a list of arguments (typically a
+        list of default values); a single argument is converted
+        internally into a list containing one item.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(arguments, list):
+      # Default value may be a list of values.  Most other arguments
+      # will not be, so convert them into a single-item list to make
+      # processing simpler below.
+      arguments = [arguments]
+
+    if self.present:
+      # keep a backup reference to list of previously supplied option values
+      values = self.value
+    else:
+      # "erase" the defaults with an empty list
+      values = []
+
+    for item in arguments:
+      # have Flag superclass parse argument, overwriting self.value reference
+      Flag.Parse(self, item)  # also increments self.present
+      values.append(self.value)
+
+    # put list of option values back in the 'value' attribute
+    self.value = values
+
+  def Serialize(self):
+    if not self.serializer:
+      raise FlagsError("Serializer not present for flag %s" % self.name)
+    if self.value is None:
+      return ''
+
+    s = ''
+
+    multi_value = self.value
+
+    for self.value in multi_value:
+      if s: s += ' '
+      s += Flag.Serialize(self)
+
+    self.value = multi_value
+
+    return s
+
+  def Type(self):
+    return 'multi ' + self.parser.Type()
+
+
+def DEFINE_multi(parser, serializer, name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS,
+                 **args):
+  """Registers a generic MultiFlag that parses its args with a given parser.
+
+  Auxiliary function.  Normal users should NOT use it directly.
+
+  Developers who need to create their own 'Parser' classes for options
+  which can appear multiple times can call this module function to
+  register their flags.
+  """
+  DEFINE_flag(MultiFlag(parser, serializer, name, default, help, **args),
+              flag_values)
+
+
+def DEFINE_multistring(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
+  """Registers a flag whose value can be a list of any strings.
+
+  Use the flag on the command line multiple times to place multiple
+  string values into the list.  The 'default' may be a single string
+  (which will be converted into a single-element list) or a list of
+  strings.
+  """
+  parser = ArgumentParser()
+  serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
+  DEFINE_multi(parser, serializer, name, default, help, flag_values, **args)
+
+
+def DEFINE_multi_int(name, default, help, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None,
+                     flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
+  """Registers a flag whose value can be a list of arbitrary integers.
+
+  Use the flag on the command line multiple times to place multiple
+  integer values into the list.  The 'default' may be a single integer
+  (which will be converted into a single-element list) or a list of
+  integers.
+  """
+  parser = IntegerParser(lower_bound, upper_bound)
+  serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
+  DEFINE_multi(parser, serializer, name, default, help, flag_values, **args)
+
+
+def DEFINE_multi_float(name, default, help, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None,
+                       flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
+  """Registers a flag whose value can be a list of arbitrary floats.
+
+  Use the flag on the command line multiple times to place multiple
+  float values into the list.  The 'default' may be a single float
+  (which will be converted into a single-element list) or a list of
+  floats.
+  """
+  parser = FloatParser(lower_bound, upper_bound)
+  serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
+  DEFINE_multi(parser, serializer, name, default, help, flag_values, **args)
+
+
+# Now register the flags that we want to exist in all applications.
+# These are all defined with allow_override=1, so user-apps can use
+# these flagnames for their own purposes, if they want.
+DEFINE_flag(HelpFlag())
+DEFINE_flag(HelpshortFlag())
+DEFINE_flag(HelpXMLFlag())
+
+# Define special flags here so that help may be generated for them.
+# NOTE: Please do NOT use _SPECIAL_FLAGS from outside this module.
+_SPECIAL_FLAGS = FlagValues()
+
+
+DEFINE_string(
+    'flagfile', "",
+    "Insert flag definitions from the given file into the command line.",
+    _SPECIAL_FLAGS)
+
+DEFINE_string(
+    'undefok', "",
+    "comma-separated list of flag names that it is okay to specify "
+    "on the command line even if the program does not define a flag "
+    "with that name.  IMPORTANT: flags in this list that have "
+    "arguments MUST use the --flag=value format.", _SPECIAL_FLAGS)