googleauth 1.8.1 → 1.14.0

data/lib/googleauth/compute_engine.rb

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-require "faraday"
+require "google-cloud-env"
 require "googleauth/signet"
 
 module Google
@@ -33,94 +33,230 @@ module Google
     # Extends Signet::OAuth2::Client so that the auth token is obtained from
     # the GCE metadata server.
     class GCECredentials < Signet::OAuth2::Client
-      # The IP Address is used in the URIs to speed up failures on non-GCE
-      # systems.
+      # @private Unused and deprecated but retained to prevent breaking changes
       DEFAULT_METADATA_HOST = "169.254.169.254".freeze
 
-      # @private Unused and deprecated
+      # @private Unused and deprecated but retained to prevent breaking changes
       COMPUTE_AUTH_TOKEN_URI =
         "http://169.254.169.254/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/default/token".freeze
-      # @private Unused and deprecated
+      # @private Unused and deprecated but retained to prevent breaking changes
       COMPUTE_ID_TOKEN_URI =
         "http://169.254.169.254/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/default/identity".freeze
-      # @private Unused and deprecated
+      # @private Unused and deprecated but retained to prevent breaking changes
       COMPUTE_CHECK_URI = "http://169.254.169.254".freeze
 
-      @on_gce_cache = {}
-
       class << self
+        # @private Unused and deprecated
         def metadata_host
           ENV.fetch "GCE_METADATA_HOST", DEFAULT_METADATA_HOST
         end
 
+        # @private Unused and deprecated
         def compute_check_uri
           "http://#{metadata_host}".freeze
         end
 
+        # @private Unused and deprecated
         def compute_auth_token_uri
           "#{compute_check_uri}/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/default/token".freeze
         end
 
+        # @private Unused and deprecated
         def compute_id_token_uri
           "#{compute_check_uri}/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/default/identity".freeze
         end
 
         # Detect if this appear to be a GCE instance, by checking if metadata
         # is available.
-        def on_gce? options = {}, reload = false # rubocop:disable Style/OptionalBooleanParameter
-          # We can follow OptionalBooleanParameter here because it's a public interface, we can't change it.
-          @on_gce_cache.delete options if reload
-          @on_gce_cache.fetch options do
-            @on_gce_cache[options] = begin
-              # TODO: This should use google-cloud-env instead.
-              c = options[:connection] || Faraday.default_connection
-              headers = { "Metadata-Flavor" => "Google" }
-              resp = c.get compute_check_uri, nil, headers do |req|
-                req.options.timeout = 1.0
-                req.options.open_timeout = 0.1
-              end
-              return false unless resp.status == 200
-              resp.headers["Metadata-Flavor"] == "Google"
-            rescue Faraday::TimeoutError, Faraday::ConnectionFailed
-              false
-            end
-          end
+        # The parameters are deprecated and unused.
+        def on_gce? _options = {}, _reload = false # rubocop:disable Style/OptionalBooleanParameter
+          Google::Cloud.env.metadata?
         end
 
         def reset_cache
-          @on_gce_cache.clear
+          Google::Cloud.env.compute_metadata.reset_existence!
+          Google::Cloud.env.compute_metadata.cache.expire_all!
         end
         alias unmemoize_all reset_cache
       end
 
+      # @private Temporary; remove when universe domain metadata endpoint is stable (see b/349488459).
+      attr_accessor :disable_universe_domain_check
+
+      # Construct a GCECredentials
+      def initialize options = {}
+        # Override the constructor to remember whether the universe domain was
+        # overridden by a constructor argument.
+        @universe_domain_overridden = options["universe_domain"] || options[:universe_domain]
+        # TODO: Remove when universe domain metadata endpoint is stable (see b/349488459).
+        @disable_universe_domain_check = true
+        super options
+      end
+
+      # Creates a duplicate of these credentials
+      # without the Signet::OAuth2::Client-specific
+      # transient state (e.g. cached tokens)
+      #
+      # @param options [Hash] Overrides for the credentials parameters.
+      #   The following keys are recognized in addition to keys in the
+      #   Signet::OAuth2::Client
+      #   * `:universe_domain_overridden` Whether the universe domain was
+      #     overriden during credentials creation
+      def duplicate options = {}
+        options = deep_hash_normalize options
+        super(
+          {
+            universe_domain_overridden: @universe_domain_overridden
+          }.merge(options)
+        )
+      end
+
+      # @private
+      # Overrides universe_domain getter to fetch lazily if it hasn't been
+      # fetched yet. This is necessary specifically for Compute Engine because
+      # the universe comes from the metadata service, and isn't known
+      # immediately on credential construction. All other credential types read
+      # the universe from their json key or other immediate input.
+      def universe_domain
+        value = super
+        return value unless value.nil?
+        fetch_access_token!
+        super
+      end
+
       # Overrides the super class method to change how access tokens are
       # fetched.
-      def fetch_access_token options = {}
-        c = options[:connection] || Faraday.default_connection
-        retry_with_error do
-          uri = target_audience ? GCECredentials.compute_id_token_uri : GCECredentials.compute_auth_token_uri
-          query = target_audience ? { "audience" => target_audience, "format" => "full" } : {}
-          query[:scopes] = Array(scope).join "," if scope
-          resp = c.get uri, query, "Metadata-Flavor" => "Google"
+      def fetch_access_token _options = {}
+        query, entry =
+          if token_type == :id_token
+            [{ "audience" => target_audience, "format" => "full" }, "service-accounts/default/identity"]
+          else
+            [{}, "service-accounts/default/token"]
+          end
+        query[:scopes] = Array(scope).join "," if scope
+        begin
+          log_fetch_query
+          resp = Google::Cloud.env.lookup_metadata_response "instance", entry, query: query
+          log_fetch_resp resp
           case resp.status
           when 200
-            content_type = resp.headers["content-type"]
-            if ["text/html", "application/text"].include? content_type
-              { (target_audience ? "id_token" : "access_token") => resp.body }
-            else
-              Signet::OAuth2.parse_credentials resp.body, content_type
-            end
+            build_token_hash resp.body, resp.headers["content-type"], resp.retrieval_monotonic_time
           when 403, 500
-            msg = "Unexpected error code #{resp.status} #{UNEXPECTED_ERROR_SUFFIX}"
-            raise Signet::UnexpectedStatusError, msg
+            raise Signet::UnexpectedStatusError, "Unexpected error code #{resp.status} #{UNEXPECTED_ERROR_SUFFIX}"
           when 404
             raise Signet::AuthorizationError, NO_METADATA_SERVER_ERROR
           else
-            msg = "Unexpected error code #{resp.status} #{UNEXPECTED_ERROR_SUFFIX}"
-            raise Signet::AuthorizationError, msg
+            raise Signet::AuthorizationError, "Unexpected error code #{resp.status} #{UNEXPECTED_ERROR_SUFFIX}"
           end
+        rescue Google::Cloud::Env::MetadataServerNotResponding => e
+          log_fetch_err e
+          raise Signet::AuthorizationError, e.message
         end
       end
+
+      # Destructively updates these credentials.
+      #
+      # This method is called by `Signet::OAuth2::Client`'s constructor
+      #
+      # @param options [Hash] Overrides for the credentials parameters.
+      #   The following keys are recognized in addition to keys in the
+      #   Signet::OAuth2::Client
+      #   * `:universe_domain_overridden` Whether the universe domain was
+      #     overriden during credentials creation
+      # @return [Google::Auth::GCECredentials]
+      def update! options = {}
+        # Normalize all keys to symbols to allow indifferent access.
+        options = deep_hash_normalize options
+
+        @universe_domain_overridden = options[:universe_domain_overridden] if options.key? :universe_domain_overridden
+
+        super(options)
+
+        self
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def log_fetch_query
+        if token_type == :id_token
+          logger&.info do
+            Google::Logging::Message.from(
+              message: "Requesting id token from MDS with aud=#{target_audience}",
+              "credentialsId" => object_id
+            )
+          end
+        else
+          logger&.info do
+            Google::Logging::Message.from(
+              message: "Requesting access token from MDS",
+              "credentialsId" => object_id
+            )
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def log_fetch_resp resp
+        logger&.info do
+          Google::Logging::Message.from(
+            message: "Received #{resp.status} from MDS",
+            "credentialsId" => object_id
+          )
+        end
+      end
+
+      def log_fetch_err _err
+        logger&.info do
+          Google::Logging::Message.from(
+            message: "MDS did not respond to token request",
+            "credentialsId" => object_id
+          )
+        end
+      end
+
+      def build_token_hash body, content_type, retrieval_time
+        hash =
+          if ["text/html", "application/text"].include? content_type
+            parse_encoded_token body
+          else
+            Signet::OAuth2.parse_credentials body, content_type
+          end
+        add_universe_domain_to hash
+        adjust_for_stale_expires_in hash, retrieval_time
+        hash
+      end
+
+      def parse_encoded_token body
+        hash = { token_type.to_s => body }
+        if token_type == :id_token
+          expires_at = expires_at_from_id_token body
+          hash["expires_at"] = expires_at if expires_at
+        end
+        hash
+      end
+
+      def add_universe_domain_to hash
+        return if @universe_domain_overridden
+        universe_domain =
+          if disable_universe_domain_check
+            # TODO: Remove when universe domain metadata endpoint is stable (see b/349488459).
+            "googleapis.com"
+          else
+            Google::Cloud.env.lookup_metadata "universe", "universe-domain"
+          end
+        universe_domain = "googleapis.com" if !universe_domain || universe_domain.empty?
+        hash["universe_domain"] = universe_domain.strip
+      end
+
+      # The response might have been cached, which means expires_in might be
+      # stale. Update it based on the time since the data was retrieved.
+      # We also ensure expires_in is conservative; subtracting at least 1
+      # second to offset any skew from metadata server latency.
+      def adjust_for_stale_expires_in hash, retrieval_time
+        return unless hash["expires_in"].is_a? Numeric
+        offset = 1 + (Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - retrieval_time).round
+        hash["expires_in"] -= offset if offset.positive?
+        hash["expires_in"] = 0 if hash["expires_in"].negative?
+      end
     end
   end
 end

data/lib/googleauth/credentials.rb

@@ -26,6 +26,14 @@ module Google
     # In most cases, it is subclassed by API-specific credential classes that
     # can be instantiated by clients.
     #
+    # **Important:** If you accept a credential configuration (credential
+    # JSON/File/Stream) from an external source for authentication to Google
+    # Cloud, you must validate it before providing it to any Google API or
+    # library. Providing an unvalidated credential configuration to Google APIs
+    # can compromise the security of your systems and data. For more
+    # information, refer to [Validate credential configurations from external
+    # sources](https://cloud.google.com/docs/authentication/external/externally-sourced-credentials).
+    #
     # ## Options
     #
     # Credentials classes are configured with options that dictate default
@@ -259,7 +267,7 @@ module Google
       # @return [Object] The value
       #
       def self.lookup_auth_param name, method_name = name
-        val = instance_variable_get "@#{name}".to_sym
+        val = instance_variable_get :"@#{name}"
         val = yield if val.nil? && block_given?
         return val unless val.nil?
         return superclass.send method_name if superclass.respond_to? method_name
@@ -299,6 +307,12 @@ module Google
       #
       attr_reader :quota_project_id
 
+      # @private Temporary; remove when universe domain metadata endpoint is stable (see b/349488459).
+      def disable_universe_domain_check
+        return false unless @client.respond_to? :disable_universe_domain_check
+        @client.disable_universe_domain_check
+      end
+
       # @private Delegate client methods to the client object.
       extend Forwardable
 
@@ -315,9 +329,6 @@ module Google
       #   @return [String, Array<String>] The scope for this client. A scope is an access range
       #     defined by the authorization server. The scope can be a single value or a list of values.
       #
-      # @!attribute [r] target_audience
-      #   @return [String] The final target audience for ID tokens returned by this credential.
-      #
       # @!attribute [r] issuer
       #   @return [String] The issuer ID associated with this client.
       #
@@ -328,42 +339,74 @@ module Google
       #   @return [Proc] Returns a reference to the {Signet::OAuth2::Client#apply} method,
       #     suitable for passing as a closure.
       #
+      # @!attribute [r] target_audience
+      #   @return [String] The final target audience for ID tokens returned by this credential.
+      #
+      # @!attribute [rw] universe_domain
+      #   @return [String] The universe domain issuing these credentials.
+      #
+      # @!attribute [rw] logger
+      #   @return [Logger] The logger used to log credential operations such as token refresh.
+      #
       def_delegators :@client,
                      :token_credential_uri, :audience,
-                     :scope, :issuer, :signing_key, :updater_proc, :target_audience
+                     :scope, :issuer, :signing_key, :updater_proc, :target_audience,
+                     :universe_domain, :universe_domain=, :logger, :logger=
 
       ##
       # Creates a new Credentials instance with the provided auth credentials, and with the default
       # values configured on the class.
       #
-      # @param [String, Hash, Signet::OAuth2::Client] keyfile
-      #   The keyfile can be provided as one of the following:
+      # @param [String, Hash, Signet::OAuth2::Client] source_creds
+      #   The source of credentials. It can be provided as one of the following:
+      #
+      #   * The path to a JSON keyfile (as a `String`)
+      #   * The contents of a JSON keyfile (as a `Hash`)
+      #   * A `Signet::OAuth2::Client` credentials object
+      #   * Any credentials object that supports the methods this wrapper delegates to an inner client.
+      #
+      #   If this parameter is an object (`Signet::OAuth2::Client` or other) it will be used as an inner client.
+      #   Otherwise the inner client will be constructed from the JSON keyfile or the contens of the hash.
       #
-      #   * The path to a JSON keyfile (as a +String+)
-      #   * The contents of a JSON keyfile (as a +Hash+)
-      #   * A +Signet::OAuth2::Client+ object
       # @param [Hash] options
-      #   The options for configuring the credentials instance. The following is supported:
+      #   The options for configuring this wrapper credentials object and the inner client.
+      #   The options hash is used in two ways:
       #
-      #   * +:scope+ - the scope for the client
-      #   * +"project_id"+ (and optionally +"project"+) - the project identifier for the client
-      #   * +:connection_builder+ - the connection builder to use for the client
-      #   * +:default_connection+ - the default connection to use for the client
+      #   1. **Configuring the wrapper object:** Some options are used to directly
+      #      configure the wrapper `Credentials` instance. These include:
+      #
+      #     * `:project_id` (and optionally `:project`) - the project identifier for the client
+      #     * `:quota_project_id` - the quota project identifier for the client
+      #     * `:logger` - the logger used to log credential operations such as token refresh.
+      #
+      #   2. **Configuring the inner client:** When the `source_creds` parameter
+      #      is a `String` or `Hash`, a new `Signet::OAuth2::Client` is created
+      #      internally. The following options are used to configure this inner client:
       #
-      def initialize keyfile, options = {}
-        verify_keyfile_provided! keyfile
-        @project_id = options["project_id"] || options["project"]
-        @quota_project_id = options["quota_project_id"]
-        case keyfile
-        when Google::Auth::BaseClient
-          update_from_signet keyfile
+      #     * `:scope` - the scope for the client
+      #     * `:target_audience` - the target audience for the client
+      #
+      #   Any other options in the `options` hash are passed directly to the
+      #   inner client constructor. This allows you to configure additional
+      #   parameters of the `Signet::OAuth2::Client`, such as connection parameters,
+      #   timeouts, etc.
+      #
+      def initialize source_creds, options = {}
+        raise "The source credentials passed to Google::Auth::Credentials.new were nil." if source_creds.nil?
+
+        options = symbolize_hash_keys options
+        @project_id = options[:project_id] || options[:project]
+        @quota_project_id = options[:quota_project_id]
+        case source_creds
+        when String
+          update_from_filepath source_creds, options
         when Hash
-          update_from_hash keyfile, options
+          update_from_hash source_creds, options
         else
-          update_from_filepath keyfile, options
+          update_from_client source_creds
         end
+        setup_logging logger: options.fetch(:logger, :default)
         @project_id ||= CredentialsLoader.load_gcloud_project_id
-        @client.fetch_access_token! if @client.needs_access_token?
         @env_vars = nil
         @paths = nil
         @scope = nil
@@ -457,7 +500,8 @@ module Google
           audience:               options[:audience] || audience
         }
         client = Google::Auth::DefaultCredentials.make_creds creds_input
-        new client
+        options = options.select { |k, _v| k == :logger }
+        new client, options
       end
 
       private_class_method :from_env_vars,
@@ -465,14 +509,50 @@ module Google
                            :from_application_default,
                            :from_io
 
-      protected
 
-      # Verify that the keyfile argument is provided.
-      def verify_keyfile_provided! keyfile
-        return unless keyfile.nil?
-        raise "The keyfile passed to Google::Auth::Credentials.new was nil."
+      # Creates a duplicate of these credentials. This method tries to create the duplicate of the
+      # wrapped credentials if they support duplication and use them as is if they don't.
+      #
+      # The wrapped credentials are typically `Signet::OAuth2::Client` objects and they keep
+      # the transient state (token, refresh token, etc). The duplication discards that state,
+      # allowing e.g. to get the token with a different scope.
+      #
+      # @param options [Hash] Overrides for the credentials parameters.
+      #
+      #   The options hash is used in two ways:
+      #
+      #   1. **Configuring the duplicate of the wrapper object:** Some options are used to directly
+      #      configure the wrapper `Credentials` instance. These include:
+      #
+      #     * `:project_id` (and optionally `:project`) - the project identifier for the credentials
+      #     * `:quota_project_id` - the quota project identifier for the credentials
+      #
+      #   2. **Configuring the duplicate of the inner client:** If the inner client supports duplication
+      #   the options hash is passed to it. This allows for configuration of additional parameters,
+      #   most importantly (but not limited to) the following:
+      #
+      #     * `:scope` - the scope for the client
+      #
+      # @return [Credentials]
+      def duplicate options = {}
+        options = deep_hash_normalize options
+
+        options = {
+          project_id: @project_id,
+          quota_project_id: @quota_project_id
+        }.merge(options)
+
+        new_client = if @client.respond_to? :duplicate
+                       @client.duplicate options
+                     else
+                       @client
+                     end
+
+        self.class.new new_client, options
       end
 
+      protected
+
       # Verify that the keyfile argument is a file.
       def verify_keyfile_exists! keyfile
         exists = ::File.file? keyfile
@@ -480,10 +560,11 @@ module Google
       end
 
       # Initializes the Signet client.
-      def init_client keyfile, connection_options = {}
-        client_opts = client_options keyfile
-        Signet::OAuth2::Client.new(client_opts)
-                              .configure_connection(connection_options)
+      def init_client hash, options = {}
+        options = update_client_options options
+        io = StringIO.new JSON.generate hash
+        options.merge! json_key_io: io
+        Google::Auth::DefaultCredentials.make_creds options
       end
 
       # returns a new Hash with string keys instead of symbol keys.
@@ -491,42 +572,40 @@ module Google
         hash.to_h.transform_keys(&:to_s)
       end
 
-      # rubocop:disable Metrics/AbcSize
+      # returns a new Hash with symbol keys instead of string keys.
+      def symbolize_hash_keys hash
+        hash.to_h.transform_keys(&:to_sym)
+      end
+
+      def update_client_options options
+        options = options.dup
 
-      def client_options options
-        # Keyfile options have higher priority over constructor defaults
-        options["token_credential_uri"] ||= self.class.token_credential_uri
-        options["audience"] ||= self.class.audience
-        options["scope"] ||= self.class.scope
-        options["target_audience"] ||= self.class.target_audience
+        # options have higher priority over constructor defaults
+        options[:token_credential_uri] ||= self.class.token_credential_uri
+        options[:audience] ||= self.class.audience
+        options[:scope] ||= self.class.scope
+        options[:target_audience] ||= self.class.target_audience
 
-        if !Array(options["scope"]).empty? && options["target_audience"]
+        if !Array(options[:scope]).empty? && options[:target_audience]
           raise ArgumentError, "Cannot specify both scope and target_audience"
         end
+        options.delete :scope unless options[:target_audience].nil?
 
-        needs_scope = options["target_audience"].nil?
-        # client options for initializing signet client
-        { token_credential_uri: options["token_credential_uri"],
-          audience:             options["audience"],
-          scope:                (needs_scope ? Array(options["scope"]) : nil),
-          target_audience:      options["target_audience"],
-          issuer:               options["client_email"],
-          signing_key:          OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(options["private_key"]) }
+        options
       end
 
-      # rubocop:enable Metrics/AbcSize
-
-      def update_from_signet client
+      def update_from_client client
         @project_id ||= client.project_id if client.respond_to? :project_id
         @quota_project_id ||= client.quota_project_id if client.respond_to? :quota_project_id
         @client = client
       end
+      alias update_from_signet update_from_client
 
       def update_from_hash hash, options
         hash = stringify_hash_keys hash
         hash["scope"] ||= options[:scope]
         hash["target_audience"] ||= options[:target_audience]
-        @project_id ||= (hash["project_id"] || hash["project"])
+        @project_id ||= hash["project_id"] || hash["project"]
         @quota_project_id ||= hash["quota_project_id"]
         @client = init_client hash, options
       end
@@ -536,10 +615,44 @@ module Google
         json = JSON.parse ::File.read(path)
         json["scope"] ||= options[:scope]
         json["target_audience"] ||= options[:target_audience]
-        @project_id ||= (json["project_id"] || json["project"])
+        @project_id ||= json["project_id"] || json["project"]
         @quota_project_id ||= json["quota_project_id"]
         @client = init_client json, options
       end
+
+      def setup_logging logger: :default
+        return unless @client.respond_to? :logger=
+        logging_env = ENV["GOOGLE_SDK_RUBY_LOGGING_GEMS"].to_s.downcase
+        if ["false", "none"].include? logging_env
+          logger = nil
+        elsif @client.logger
+          logger = @client.logger
+        elsif logger == :default
+          logger = nil
+          if ["true", "all"].include?(logging_env) || logging_env.split(",").include?("googleauth")
+            formatter = Google::Logging::StructuredFormatter.new if Google::Cloud::Env.get.logging_agent_expected?
+            logger = Logger.new $stderr, progname: "googleauth", formatter: formatter
+          end
+        end
+        @client.logger = logger
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # Convert all keys in this hash (nested) to symbols for uniform retrieval
+      def recursive_hash_normalize_keys val
+        if val.is_a? Hash
+          deep_hash_normalize val
+        else
+          val
+        end
+      end
+
+      def deep_hash_normalize old_hash
+        sym_hash = {}
+        old_hash&.each { |k, v| sym_hash[k.to_sym] = recursive_hash_normalize_keys v }
+        sym_hash
+      end
     end
   end
 end

data/lib/googleauth/credentials_loader.rb

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ module Google
       AWS_SESSION_TOKEN_VAR     = "AWS_SESSION_TOKEN".freeze
       GCLOUD_POSIX_COMMAND      = "gcloud".freeze
       GCLOUD_WINDOWS_COMMAND    = "gcloud.cmd".freeze
-      GCLOUD_CONFIG_COMMAND     = "config config-helper --format json --verbosity none".freeze
+      GCLOUD_CONFIG_COMMAND     = "config config-helper --format json --verbosity none --quiet".freeze
 
       CREDENTIALS_FILE_NAME = "application_default_credentials.json".freeze
       NOT_FOUND_ERROR = "Unable to read the credential file specified by #{ENV_VAR}".freeze
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ module Google
       def load_gcloud_project_id
         gcloud = GCLOUD_WINDOWS_COMMAND if OS.windows?
         gcloud = GCLOUD_POSIX_COMMAND unless OS.windows?
-        gcloud_json = IO.popen("#{gcloud} #{GCLOUD_CONFIG_COMMAND}", in: :close, err: :close, &:read)
+        gcloud_json = IO.popen("#{gcloud} #{GCLOUD_CONFIG_COMMAND}", err: :close, &:read)
         config = MultiJson.load gcloud_json
         config["configuration"]["properties"]["core"]["project"]
       rescue StandardError

data/lib/googleauth/default_credentials.rb

@@ -16,9 +16,10 @@ require "multi_json"
 require "stringio"
 
 require "googleauth/credentials_loader"
+require "googleauth/external_account"
 require "googleauth/service_account"
+require "googleauth/service_account_jwt_header"
 require "googleauth/user_refresh"
-require "googleauth/external_account"
 
 module Google
   # Module Auth provides classes that provide Google-specific authorization
@@ -29,8 +30,18 @@ module Google
     class DefaultCredentials
       extend CredentialsLoader
 
-      # override CredentialsLoader#make_creds to use the class determined by
+      ##
+      # Override CredentialsLoader#make_creds to use the class determined by
       # loading the json.
+      #
+      # **Important:** If you accept a credential configuration (credential
+      # JSON/File/Stream) from an external source for authentication to Google
+      # Cloud, you must validate it before providing it to any Google API or
+      # library. Providing an unvalidated credential configuration to Google
+      # APIs can compromise the security of your systems and data. For more
+      # information, refer to [Validate credential configurations from external
+      # sources](https://cloud.google.com/docs/authentication/external/externally-sourced-credentials).
+      #
       def self.make_creds options = {}
         json_key_io = options[:json_key_io]
         if json_key_io