google-protobuf 4.27.4 → 4.28.0

data/ext/google/protobuf_c/ruby-upb.c

@@ -341,10 +341,81 @@ void __asan_unpoison_memory_region(void const volatile *addr, size_t size);
 #define UPB_DESC_MINITABLE(sym) &google__protobuf__##sym##_msg_init
 #endif
 
-#ifdef UPB_TRACING_ENABLED
-#ifdef NDEBUG
-error UPB_TRACING_ENABLED Tracing should be disabled in production builds
-#endif
+
+// Linker arrays combine elements from multiple translation units into a single
+// array that can be iterated over at runtime.
+//
+// It is an alternative to pre-main "registration" functions.
+//
+// Usage:
+//
+//   // In N translation units.
+//   UPB_LINKARR_APPEND(foo_array) static int elems[3] = {1, 2, 3};
+//
+//   // At runtime:
+//   UPB_LINKARR_DECLARE(foo_array, int);
+//
+//   void f() {
+//     const int* start = UPB_LINKARR_START(foo_array);
+//     const int* stop = UPB_LINKARR_STOP(foo_array);
+//     for (const int* p = start; p < stop; p++) {
+//       // Windows can introduce zero padding, so we have to skip zeroes.
+//       if (*p != 0) {
+//         vec.push_back(*p);
+//       }
+//     }
+//   }
+
+#if defined(__ELF__) || defined(__wasm__)
+
+#define UPB_LINKARR_APPEND(name) \
+  __attribute__((retain, used, section("linkarr_" #name)))
+#define UPB_LINKARR_DECLARE(name, type)     \
+  extern type const __start_linkarr_##name; \
+  extern type const __stop_linkarr_##name;  \
+  UPB_LINKARR_APPEND(name) type UPB_linkarr_internal_empty_##name[1]
+#define UPB_LINKARR_START(name) (&__start_linkarr_##name)
+#define UPB_LINKARR_STOP(name) (&__stop_linkarr_##name)
+
+#elif defined(__MACH__)
+
+/* As described in: https://stackoverflow.com/a/22366882 */
+#define UPB_LINKARR_APPEND(name) \
+  __attribute__((retain, used, section("__DATA,__la_" #name)))
+#define UPB_LINKARR_DECLARE(name, type)           \
+  extern type const __start_linkarr_##name __asm( \
+      "section$start$__DATA$__la_" #name);        \
+  extern type const __stop_linkarr_##name __asm(  \
+      "section$end$__DATA$"                       \
+      "__la_" #name);                             \
+  UPB_LINKARR_APPEND(name) type UPB_linkarr_internal_empty_##name[1]
+#define UPB_LINKARR_START(name) (&__start_linkarr_##name)
+#define UPB_LINKARR_STOP(name) (&__stop_linkarr_##name)
+
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(__clang__)
+
+/* See:
+ *   https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20181107-00/?p=100155
+ *   https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20181108-00/?p=100165
+ *   https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20181109-00/?p=100175 */
+
+// Usage of __attribute__ here probably means this is Clang-specific, and would
+// not work on MSVC.
+#define UPB_LINKARR_APPEND(name) \
+  __declspec(allocate("la_" #name "$j")) __attribute__((retain, used))
+#define UPB_LINKARR_DECLARE(name, type)                               \
+  __declspec(allocate("la_" #name "$a")) type __start_linkarr_##name; \
+  __declspec(allocate("la_" #name "$z")) type __stop_linkarr_##name;  \
+  UPB_LINKARR_APPEND(name) type UPB_linkarr_internal_empty_##name[1] = {0}
+#define UPB_LINKARR_START(name) (&__start_linkarr_##name)
+#define UPB_LINKARR_STOP(name) (&__stop_linkarr_##name)
+
+#else
+
+// Linker arrays are not supported on this platform.  Make appends a no-op but
+// don't define the other macros.
+#define UPB_LINKARR_APPEND(name)
+
 #endif
 
 
@@ -404,14 +475,16 @@ void upb_Status_VAppendErrorFormat(upb_Status* status, const char* fmt,
  *     google/protobuf/descriptor.proto
  *
  * Do not edit -- your changes will be discarded when the file is
- * regenerated. */
+ * regenerated.
+ * NO CHECKED-IN PROTOBUF GENCODE */
 
 #include <stddef.h>
 
 // Must be last.
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_FileDescriptorSet_submsgs[1] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FileDescriptorProto_msg_init},
+extern const struct upb_MiniTable UPB_PRIVATE(_kUpb_MiniTable_StaticallyTreeShaken);
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_FileDescriptorSet_submsgs[1] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FileDescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr},
 };
 
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_FileDescriptorSet__fields[1] = {
@@ -431,13 +504,14 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__FileDescriptorSet_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_FileDescriptorProto_submsgs[7] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__DescriptorProto_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__EnumDescriptorProto_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__ServiceDescriptorProto_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FieldDescriptorProto_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FileOptions_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__SourceCodeInfo_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__FileDescriptorSet_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__FileDescriptorSet_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_FileDescriptorProto_submsgs[7] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__DescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__EnumDescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__ServiceDescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FieldDescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FileOptions_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__SourceCodeInfo_msg_init_ptr},
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_Edition_enum_init},
 };
 
@@ -484,15 +558,16 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__FileDescriptorProto_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_DescriptorProto_submsgs[8] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FieldDescriptorProto_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__DescriptorProto_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__EnumDescriptorProto_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__DescriptorProto__ExtensionRange_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FieldDescriptorProto_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__MessageOptions_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__OneofDescriptorProto_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__DescriptorProto__ReservedRange_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__FileDescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__FileDescriptorProto_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_DescriptorProto_submsgs[8] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FieldDescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__DescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__EnumDescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__DescriptorProto__ExtensionRange_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FieldDescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__MessageOptions_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__OneofDescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__DescriptorProto__ReservedRange_msg_init_ptr},
 };
 
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_DescriptorProto__fields[10] = {
@@ -535,8 +610,9 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__DescriptorProto_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_DescriptorProto_ExtensionRange_submsgs[1] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__ExtensionRangeOptions_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__DescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__DescriptorProto_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_DescriptorProto_ExtensionRange_submsgs[1] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__ExtensionRangeOptions_msg_init_ptr},
 };
 
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_DescriptorProto_ExtensionRange__fields[3] = {
@@ -554,6 +630,7 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__DescriptorProto__ExtensionRange_msg_init =
 #endif
 };
 
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__DescriptorProto__ExtensionRange_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__DescriptorProto__ExtensionRange_msg_init;
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_DescriptorProto_ReservedRange__fields[2] = {
   {1, 12, 64, kUpb_NoSub, 5, (int)kUpb_FieldMode_Scalar | ((int)kUpb_FieldRep_4Byte << kUpb_FieldRep_Shift)},
   {2, 16, 65, kUpb_NoSub, 5, (int)kUpb_FieldMode_Scalar | ((int)kUpb_FieldRep_4Byte << kUpb_FieldRep_Shift)},
@@ -568,10 +645,11 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__DescriptorProto__ReservedRange_msg_init =
 #endif
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_ExtensionRangeOptions_submsgs[4] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__ExtensionRangeOptions__Declaration_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__DescriptorProto__ReservedRange_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__DescriptorProto__ReservedRange_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_ExtensionRangeOptions_submsgs[4] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__ExtensionRangeOptions__Declaration_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init_ptr},
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_ExtensionRangeOptions_VerificationState_enum_init},
 };
 
@@ -625,6 +703,7 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__ExtensionRangeOptions_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__ExtensionRangeOptions_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__ExtensionRangeOptions_msg_init;
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_ExtensionRangeOptions_Declaration__fields[5] = {
   {1, 12, 64, kUpb_NoSub, 5, (int)kUpb_FieldMode_Scalar | ((int)kUpb_FieldRep_4Byte << kUpb_FieldRep_Shift)},
   {2, UPB_SIZE(20, 24), 65, kUpb_NoSub, 12, (int)kUpb_FieldMode_Scalar | (int)kUpb_LabelFlags_IsAlternate | ((int)kUpb_FieldRep_StringView << kUpb_FieldRep_Shift)},
@@ -642,8 +721,9 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__ExtensionRangeOptions__Declaration_msg_ini
 #endif
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_FieldDescriptorProto_submsgs[3] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FieldOptions_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__ExtensionRangeOptions__Declaration_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__ExtensionRangeOptions__Declaration_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_FieldDescriptorProto_submsgs[3] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FieldOptions_msg_init_ptr},
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_FieldDescriptorProto_Label_enum_init},
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_FieldDescriptorProto_Type_enum_init},
 };
@@ -671,8 +751,9 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__FieldDescriptorProto_msg_init = {
 #endif
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_OneofDescriptorProto_submsgs[1] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__OneofOptions_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__FieldDescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__FieldDescriptorProto_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_OneofDescriptorProto_submsgs[1] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__OneofOptions_msg_init_ptr},
 };
 
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_OneofDescriptorProto__fields[2] = {
@@ -689,10 +770,11 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__OneofDescriptorProto_msg_init = {
 #endif
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_EnumDescriptorProto_submsgs[3] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__EnumValueDescriptorProto_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__EnumOptions_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__EnumDescriptorProto__EnumReservedRange_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__OneofDescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__OneofDescriptorProto_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_EnumDescriptorProto_submsgs[3] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__EnumValueDescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__EnumOptions_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__EnumDescriptorProto__EnumReservedRange_msg_init_ptr},
 };
 
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_EnumDescriptorProto__fields[5] = {
@@ -722,6 +804,7 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__EnumDescriptorProto_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__EnumDescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__EnumDescriptorProto_msg_init;
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_EnumDescriptorProto_EnumReservedRange__fields[2] = {
   {1, 12, 64, kUpb_NoSub, 5, (int)kUpb_FieldMode_Scalar | ((int)kUpb_FieldRep_4Byte << kUpb_FieldRep_Shift)},
   {2, 16, 65, kUpb_NoSub, 5, (int)kUpb_FieldMode_Scalar | ((int)kUpb_FieldRep_4Byte << kUpb_FieldRep_Shift)},
@@ -736,8 +819,9 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__EnumDescriptorProto__EnumReservedRange_msg
 #endif
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_EnumValueDescriptorProto_submsgs[1] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__EnumValueOptions_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__EnumDescriptorProto__EnumReservedRange_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__EnumDescriptorProto__EnumReservedRange_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_EnumValueDescriptorProto_submsgs[1] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__EnumValueOptions_msg_init_ptr},
 };
 
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_EnumValueDescriptorProto__fields[3] = {
@@ -755,9 +839,10 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__EnumValueDescriptorProto_msg_init = {
 #endif
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_ServiceDescriptorProto_submsgs[2] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__MethodDescriptorProto_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__ServiceOptions_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__EnumValueDescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__EnumValueDescriptorProto_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_ServiceDescriptorProto_submsgs[2] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__MethodDescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__ServiceOptions_msg_init_ptr},
 };
 
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_ServiceDescriptorProto__fields[3] = {
@@ -781,8 +866,9 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__ServiceDescriptorProto_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_MethodDescriptorProto_submsgs[1] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__MethodOptions_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__ServiceDescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__ServiceDescriptorProto_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_MethodDescriptorProto_submsgs[1] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__MethodOptions_msg_init_ptr},
 };
 
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_MethodDescriptorProto__fields[6] = {
@@ -803,9 +889,10 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__MethodDescriptorProto_msg_init = {
 #endif
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_FileOptions_submsgs[3] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__MethodDescriptorProto_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__MethodDescriptorProto_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_FileOptions_submsgs[3] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init_ptr},
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_FileOptions_OptimizeMode_enum_init},
 };
 
@@ -876,9 +963,10 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__FileOptions_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_MessageOptions_submsgs[2] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__FileOptions_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__FileOptions_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_MessageOptions_submsgs[2] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init_ptr},
 };
 
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_MessageOptions__fields[7] = {
@@ -934,11 +1022,12 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__MessageOptions_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_FieldOptions_submsgs[8] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FieldOptions__EditionDefault_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FieldOptions__FeatureSupport_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__MessageOptions_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__MessageOptions_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_FieldOptions_submsgs[8] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FieldOptions__EditionDefault_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FieldOptions__FeatureSupport_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init_ptr},
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_FieldOptions_CType_enum_init},
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_FieldOptions_JSType_enum_init},
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_FieldOptions_OptionRetention_enum_init},
@@ -1005,7 +1094,8 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__FieldOptions_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_FieldOptions_EditionDefault_submsgs[1] = {
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__FieldOptions_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__FieldOptions_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_FieldOptions_EditionDefault_submsgs[1] = {
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_Edition_enum_init},
 };
 
@@ -1023,7 +1113,8 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__FieldOptions__EditionDefault_msg_init = {
 #endif
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_FieldOptions_FeatureSupport_submsgs[3] = {
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__FieldOptions__EditionDefault_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__FieldOptions__EditionDefault_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_FieldOptions_FeatureSupport_submsgs[3] = {
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_Edition_enum_init},
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_Edition_enum_init},
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_Edition_enum_init},
@@ -1045,9 +1136,10 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__FieldOptions__FeatureSupport_msg_init = {
 #endif
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_OneofOptions_submsgs[2] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__FieldOptions__FeatureSupport_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__FieldOptions__FeatureSupport_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_OneofOptions_submsgs[2] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init_ptr},
 };
 
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_OneofOptions__fields[2] = {
@@ -1098,9 +1190,10 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__OneofOptions_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_EnumOptions_submsgs[2] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__OneofOptions_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__OneofOptions_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_EnumOptions_submsgs[2] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init_ptr},
 };
 
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_EnumOptions__fields[5] = {
@@ -1154,10 +1247,11 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__EnumOptions_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_EnumValueOptions_submsgs[3] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FieldOptions__FeatureSupport_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__EnumOptions_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__EnumOptions_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_EnumValueOptions_submsgs[3] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FieldOptions__FeatureSupport_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init_ptr},
 };
 
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_EnumValueOptions__fields[5] = {
@@ -1211,9 +1305,10 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__EnumValueOptions_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_ServiceOptions_submsgs[2] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__EnumValueOptions_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__EnumValueOptions_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_ServiceOptions_submsgs[2] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init_ptr},
 };
 
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_ServiceOptions__fields[3] = {
@@ -1265,9 +1360,10 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__ServiceOptions_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_MethodOptions_submsgs[3] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__ServiceOptions_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__ServiceOptions_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_MethodOptions_submsgs[3] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init_ptr},
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_MethodOptions_IdempotencyLevel_enum_init},
 };
 
@@ -1321,8 +1417,9 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__MethodOptions_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_UninterpretedOption_submsgs[1] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption__NamePart_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__MethodOptions_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__MethodOptions_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_UninterpretedOption_submsgs[1] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption__NamePart_msg_init_ptr},
 };
 
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_UninterpretedOption__fields[7] = {
@@ -1350,6 +1447,7 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init;
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_UninterpretedOption_NamePart__fields[2] = {
   {1, UPB_SIZE(12, 16), 64, kUpb_NoSub, 12, (int)kUpb_FieldMode_Scalar | (int)kUpb_LabelFlags_IsAlternate | ((int)kUpb_FieldRep_StringView << kUpb_FieldRep_Shift)},
   {2, 9, 65, kUpb_NoSub, 8, (int)kUpb_FieldMode_Scalar | ((int)kUpb_FieldRep_1Byte << kUpb_FieldRep_Shift)},
@@ -1364,7 +1462,8 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption__NamePart_msg_init = {
 #endif
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_FeatureSet_submsgs[6] = {
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption__NamePart_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption__NamePart_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_FeatureSet_submsgs[6] = {
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_FeatureSet_FieldPresence_enum_init},
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_FeatureSet_EnumType_enum_init},
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_FeatureSet_RepeatedFieldEncoding_enum_init},
@@ -1391,8 +1490,9 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init = {
 #endif
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_FeatureSetDefaults_submsgs[3] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSetDefaults__FeatureSetEditionDefault_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_FeatureSetDefaults_submsgs[3] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSetDefaults__FeatureSetEditionDefault_msg_init_ptr},
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_Edition_enum_init},
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_Edition_enum_init},
 };
@@ -1416,9 +1516,10 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__FeatureSetDefaults_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_FeatureSetDefaults_FeatureSetEditionDefault_submsgs[3] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init},
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__FeatureSetDefaults_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__FeatureSetDefaults_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_FeatureSetDefaults_FeatureSetEditionDefault_submsgs[3] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init_ptr},
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init_ptr},
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_Edition_enum_init},
 };
 
@@ -1437,8 +1538,9 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__FeatureSetDefaults__FeatureSetEditionDefau
 #endif
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_SourceCodeInfo_submsgs[1] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__SourceCodeInfo__Location_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__FeatureSetDefaults__FeatureSetEditionDefault_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__FeatureSetDefaults__FeatureSetEditionDefault_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_SourceCodeInfo_submsgs[1] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__SourceCodeInfo__Location_msg_init_ptr},
 };
 
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_SourceCodeInfo__fields[1] = {
@@ -1458,6 +1560,7 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__SourceCodeInfo_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__SourceCodeInfo_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__SourceCodeInfo_msg_init;
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_SourceCodeInfo_Location__fields[5] = {
   {1, UPB_SIZE(12, 16), 0, kUpb_NoSub, 5, (int)kUpb_FieldMode_Array | (int)kUpb_LabelFlags_IsPacked | ((int)UPB_SIZE(kUpb_FieldRep_4Byte, kUpb_FieldRep_8Byte) << kUpb_FieldRep_Shift)},
   {2, UPB_SIZE(16, 24), 0, kUpb_NoSub, 5, (int)kUpb_FieldMode_Array | (int)kUpb_LabelFlags_IsPacked | ((int)UPB_SIZE(kUpb_FieldRep_4Byte, kUpb_FieldRep_8Byte) << kUpb_FieldRep_Shift)},
@@ -1485,8 +1588,9 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__SourceCodeInfo__Location_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_GeneratedCodeInfo_submsgs[1] = {
-  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__GeneratedCodeInfo__Annotation_msg_init},
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__SourceCodeInfo__Location_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__SourceCodeInfo__Location_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_GeneratedCodeInfo_submsgs[1] = {
+  {.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &google__protobuf__GeneratedCodeInfo__Annotation_msg_init_ptr},
 };
 
 static const upb_MiniTableField google_protobuf_GeneratedCodeInfo__fields[1] = {
@@ -1506,7 +1610,8 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__GeneratedCodeInfo_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTableSub google_protobuf_GeneratedCodeInfo_Annotation_submsgs[1] = {
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__GeneratedCodeInfo_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__GeneratedCodeInfo_msg_init;
+static const upb_MiniTableSubInternal google_protobuf_GeneratedCodeInfo_Annotation_submsgs[1] = {
   {.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) = &google_protobuf_GeneratedCodeInfo_Annotation_Semantic_enum_init},
 };
 
@@ -1531,42 +1636,7 @@ const upb_MiniTable google__protobuf__GeneratedCodeInfo__Annotation_msg_init = {
   })
 };
 
-static const upb_MiniTable *messages_layout[33] = {
-  &google__protobuf__FileDescriptorSet_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__FileDescriptorProto_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__DescriptorProto_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__DescriptorProto__ExtensionRange_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__DescriptorProto__ReservedRange_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__ExtensionRangeOptions_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__ExtensionRangeOptions__Declaration_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__FieldDescriptorProto_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__OneofDescriptorProto_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__EnumDescriptorProto_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__EnumDescriptorProto__EnumReservedRange_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__EnumValueDescriptorProto_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__ServiceDescriptorProto_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__MethodDescriptorProto_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__FileOptions_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__MessageOptions_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__FieldOptions_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__FieldOptions__EditionDefault_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__FieldOptions__FeatureSupport_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__OneofOptions_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__EnumOptions_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__EnumValueOptions_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__ServiceOptions_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__MethodOptions_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption__NamePart_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__FeatureSetDefaults_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__FeatureSetDefaults__FeatureSetEditionDefault_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__SourceCodeInfo_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__SourceCodeInfo__Location_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__GeneratedCodeInfo_msg_init,
-  &google__protobuf__GeneratedCodeInfo__Annotation_msg_init,
-};
-
+const upb_MiniTable* google__protobuf__GeneratedCodeInfo__Annotation_msg_init_ptr = &google__protobuf__GeneratedCodeInfo__Annotation_msg_init;
 const upb_MiniTableEnum google_protobuf_Edition_enum_init = {
     64,
     9,
@@ -1729,6 +1799,42 @@ const upb_MiniTableEnum google_protobuf_MethodOptions_IdempotencyLevel_enum_init
     },
 };
 
+static const upb_MiniTable *messages_layout[33] = {
+  &google__protobuf__FileDescriptorSet_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__FileDescriptorProto_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__DescriptorProto_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__DescriptorProto__ExtensionRange_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__DescriptorProto__ReservedRange_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__ExtensionRangeOptions_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__ExtensionRangeOptions__Declaration_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__FieldDescriptorProto_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__OneofDescriptorProto_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__EnumDescriptorProto_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__EnumDescriptorProto__EnumReservedRange_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__EnumValueDescriptorProto_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__ServiceDescriptorProto_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__MethodDescriptorProto_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__FileOptions_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__MessageOptions_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__FieldOptions_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__FieldOptions__EditionDefault_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__FieldOptions__FeatureSupport_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__OneofOptions_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__EnumOptions_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__EnumValueOptions_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__ServiceOptions_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__MethodOptions_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__UninterpretedOption__NamePart_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__FeatureSet_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__FeatureSetDefaults_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__FeatureSetDefaults__FeatureSetEditionDefault_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__SourceCodeInfo_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__SourceCodeInfo__Location_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__GeneratedCodeInfo_msg_init,
+  &google__protobuf__GeneratedCodeInfo__Annotation_msg_init,
+};
+
 static const upb_MiniTableEnum *enums_layout[17] = {
   &google_protobuf_Edition_enum_init,
   &google_protobuf_ExtensionRangeOptions_VerificationState_enum_init,
@@ -2614,6 +2720,7 @@ static upb_MessageValue jsondec_bool(jsondec* d, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
 /* Composite types (array/message/map) ****************************************/
 
 static void jsondec_array(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   upb_Array* arr = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, d->arena).array;
 
   jsondec_arrstart(d);
@@ -2627,6 +2734,7 @@ static void jsondec_array(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
 }
 
 static void jsondec_map(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   upb_Map* map = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, d->arena).map;
   const upb_MessageDef* entry = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f);
   const upb_FieldDef* key_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry, 1);
@@ -2648,6 +2756,7 @@ static void jsondec_map(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
 
 static void jsondec_tomsg(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
                           const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   if (upb_MessageDef_WellKnownType(m) == kUpb_WellKnown_Unspecified) {
     jsondec_object(d, msg, m);
   } else {
@@ -2668,6 +2777,7 @@ static upb_MessageValue jsondec_msg(jsondec* d, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
 
 static void jsondec_field(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
                           const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   upb_StringView name;
   const upb_FieldDef* f;
   const upb_FieldDef* preserved;
@@ -2706,7 +2816,7 @@ static void jsondec_field(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
   }
 
   if (upb_FieldDef_RealContainingOneof(f) &&
-      upb_Message_WhichOneof(msg, upb_FieldDef_ContainingOneof(f))) {
+      upb_Message_WhichOneofByDef(msg, upb_FieldDef_ContainingOneof(f))) {
     jsondec_err(d, "More than one field for this oneof.");
   }
 
@@ -2733,6 +2843,7 @@ static void jsondec_field(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
 
 static void jsondec_object(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
                            const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   jsondec_objstart(d);
   while (jsondec_objnext(d)) {
     jsondec_field(d, msg, m);
@@ -2833,6 +2944,7 @@ static int64_t jsondec_unixtime(int y, int m, int d, int h, int min, int s) {
 
 static void jsondec_timestamp(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
                               const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   upb_MessageValue seconds;
   upb_MessageValue nanos;
   upb_StringView str = jsondec_string(d);
@@ -2898,6 +3010,7 @@ malformed:
 
 static void jsondec_duration(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
                              const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   upb_MessageValue seconds;
   upb_MessageValue nanos;
   upb_StringView str = jsondec_string(d);
@@ -2930,6 +3043,7 @@ static void jsondec_duration(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
 
 static void jsondec_listvalue(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
                               const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   const upb_FieldDef* values_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
   const upb_MessageDef* value_m = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(values_f);
   const upb_MiniTable* value_layout = upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(value_m);
@@ -2948,6 +3062,7 @@ static void jsondec_listvalue(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
 
 static void jsondec_struct(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
                            const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   const upb_FieldDef* fields_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
   const upb_MessageDef* entry_m = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(fields_f);
   const upb_FieldDef* value_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry_m, 2);
@@ -2970,6 +3085,7 @@ static void jsondec_struct(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
 
 static void jsondec_wellknownvalue(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
                                    const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   upb_MessageValue val;
   const upb_FieldDef* f;
   upb_Message* submsg;
@@ -3058,6 +3174,7 @@ static upb_StringView jsondec_mask(jsondec* d, const char* buf,
 
 static void jsondec_fieldmask(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
                               const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   /* repeated string paths = 1; */
   const upb_FieldDef* paths_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
   upb_Array* arr = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, paths_f, d->arena).array;
@@ -3081,6 +3198,7 @@ static void jsondec_fieldmask(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
 
 static void jsondec_anyfield(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
                              const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   if (upb_MessageDef_WellKnownType(m) == kUpb_WellKnown_Unspecified) {
     /* For regular types: {"@type": "[user type]", "f1": <V1>, "f2": <V2>}
      * where f1, f2, etc. are the normal fields of this type. */
@@ -3099,6 +3217,7 @@ static void jsondec_anyfield(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
 
 static const upb_MessageDef* jsondec_typeurl(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
                                              const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   const upb_FieldDef* type_url_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
   const upb_MessageDef* type_m;
   upb_StringView type_url = jsondec_string(d);
@@ -3128,6 +3247,7 @@ static const upb_MessageDef* jsondec_typeurl(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
 }
 
 static void jsondec_any(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg, const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   /* string type_url = 1;
    * bytes value = 2; */
   const upb_FieldDef* value_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 2);
@@ -3196,6 +3316,7 @@ static void jsondec_any(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg, const upb_MessageDef* m) {
 
 static void jsondec_wrapper(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
                             const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   const upb_FieldDef* value_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
   upb_JsonMessageValue val = jsondec_value(d, value_f);
   UPB_ASSUME(val.ignore == false);  // Wrapper cannot be an enum.
@@ -3204,6 +3325,7 @@ static void jsondec_wrapper(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
 
 static void jsondec_wellknown(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
                               const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   switch (upb_MessageDef_WellKnownType(m)) {
     case kUpb_WellKnown_Any:
       jsondec_any(d, msg, m);
@@ -3244,6 +3366,7 @@ static void jsondec_wellknown(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
 
 static bool upb_JsonDecoder_Decode(jsondec* const d, upb_Message* const msg,
                                    const upb_MessageDef* const m) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   if (UPB_SETJMP(d->err)) return false;
 
   jsondec_tomsg(d, msg, m);
@@ -3318,7 +3441,7 @@ static void jsonenc_value(jsonenc* e, const upb_Message* msg,
 
 UPB_NORETURN static void jsonenc_err(jsonenc* e, const char* msg) {
   upb_Status_SetErrorMessage(e->status, msg);
-  longjmp(e->err, 1);
+  UPB_LONGJMP(e->err, 1);
 }
 
 UPB_PRINTF(2, 3)
@@ -3327,7 +3450,7 @@ UPB_NORETURN static void jsonenc_errf(jsonenc* e, const char* fmt, ...) {
   va_start(argp, fmt);
   upb_Status_VSetErrorFormat(e->status, fmt, argp);
   va_end(argp);
-  longjmp(e->err, 1);
+  UPB_LONGJMP(e->err, 1);
 }
 
 static upb_Arena* jsonenc_arena(jsonenc* e) {
@@ -4084,6 +4207,10 @@ upb_alloc upb_alloc_global = {&upb_global_allocfunc};
 
 // Must be last.
 
+static UPB_ATOMIC(size_t) max_block_size = 32 << 10;
+
+void upb_Arena_SetMaxBlockSize(size_t max) { max_block_size = max; }
+
 typedef struct upb_MemBlock {
   // Atomic only for the benefit of SpaceAllocated().
   UPB_ATOMIC(struct upb_MemBlock*) next;
@@ -4321,7 +4448,14 @@ static bool _upb_Arena_AllocBlock(upb_Arena* a, size_t size) {
   if (!ai->block_alloc) return false;
   upb_MemBlock* last_block = upb_Atomic_Load(&ai->blocks, memory_order_acquire);
   size_t last_size = last_block != NULL ? last_block->size : 128;
-  size_t block_size = UPB_MAX(size, last_size * 2) + kUpb_MemblockReserve;
+
+  // Don't naturally grow beyond the max block size.
+  size_t clamped_size = UPB_MIN(last_size * 2, max_block_size);
+
+  // We may need to exceed the max block size if the user requested a large
+  // allocation.
+  size_t block_size = UPB_MAX(size, clamped_size) + kUpb_MemblockReserve;
+
   upb_MemBlock* block =
       upb_malloc(_upb_ArenaInternal_BlockAlloc(ai), block_size);
 
@@ -4632,10 +4766,8 @@ bool upb_Message_SetMapEntry(upb_Map* map, const upb_MiniTable* m,
                              const upb_MiniTableField* f,
                              upb_Message* map_entry_message, upb_Arena* arena) {
   UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(map_entry_message));
-
-  // TODO: use a variant of upb_MiniTable_GetSubMessageTable() here.
-  const upb_MiniTable* map_entry_mini_table = upb_MiniTableSub_Message(
-      m->UPB_PRIVATE(subs)[f->UPB_PRIVATE(submsg_index)]);
+  const upb_MiniTable* map_entry_mini_table =
+      upb_MiniTable_MapEntrySubMessage(m, f);
   UPB_ASSERT(map_entry_mini_table);
   const upb_MiniTableField* map_entry_key_field =
       upb_MiniTable_MapKey(map_entry_mini_table);
@@ -5227,74 +5359,18 @@ void upb_Message_Freeze(upb_Message* msg, const upb_MiniTable* m) {
 
 // Must be last.
 
-#define kUpb_BaseField_Begin ((size_t)-1)
-#define kUpb_Extension_Begin ((size_t)-1)
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
 #endif
 
-static bool _upb_Message_NextBaseField(const upb_Message* msg,
-                                       const upb_MiniTable* m,
-                                       const upb_MiniTableField** out_f,
-                                       upb_MessageValue* out_v, size_t* iter) {
-  const size_t count = upb_MiniTable_FieldCount(m);
-  size_t i = *iter;
-
-  while (++i < count) {
-    const upb_MiniTableField* f = upb_MiniTable_GetFieldByIndex(m, i);
-    const void* src = UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_Message_DataPtr)(msg, f);
-
-    upb_MessageValue val;
-    UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_MiniTableField_DataCopy)(f, &val, src);
-
-    // Skip field if unset or empty.
-    if (upb_MiniTableField_HasPresence(f)) {
-      if (!upb_Message_HasBaseField(msg, f)) continue;
-    } else {
-      if (UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_MiniTableField_DataIsZero)(f, src)) continue;
-
-      if (upb_MiniTableField_IsArray(f)) {
-        if (upb_Array_Size(val.array_val) == 0) continue;
-      } else if (upb_MiniTableField_IsMap(f)) {
-        if (upb_Map_Size(val.map_val) == 0) continue;
-      }
-    }
-
-    *out_f = f;
-    *out_v = val;
-    *iter = i;
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  return false;
-}
-
-static bool _upb_Message_NextExtension(const upb_Message* msg,
-                                       const upb_MiniTable* m,
-                                       const upb_MiniTableExtension** out_e,
-                                       upb_MessageValue* out_v, size_t* iter) {
-  size_t count;
-  const upb_Extension* exts = UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_Message_Getexts)(msg, &count);
-  size_t i = *iter;
-
-  if (++i < count) {
-    *out_e = exts[i].ext;
-    *out_v = exts[i].data;
-    *iter = i;
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  return false;
-}
-
 bool upb_Message_IsEmpty(const upb_Message* msg, const upb_MiniTable* m) {
   if (upb_Message_ExtensionCount(msg)) return false;
 
   const upb_MiniTableField* f;
   upb_MessageValue v;
   size_t iter = kUpb_BaseField_Begin;
-  return !_upb_Message_NextBaseField(msg, m, &f, &v, &iter);
+  return !UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_Message_NextBaseField)(msg, m, &f, &v, &iter);
 }
 
 static bool _upb_Array_IsEqual(const upb_Array* arr1, const upb_Array* arr2,
@@ -5356,8 +5432,10 @@ static bool _upb_Message_BaseFieldsAreEqual(const upb_Message* msg1,
     const upb_MiniTableField *f1, *f2;
     upb_MessageValue val1, val2;
 
-    const bool got1 = _upb_Message_NextBaseField(msg1, m, &f1, &val1, &iter1);
-    const bool got2 = _upb_Message_NextBaseField(msg2, m, &f2, &val2, &iter2);
+    const bool got1 =
+        UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_Message_NextBaseField)(msg1, m, &f1, &val1, &iter1);
+    const bool got2 =
+        UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_Message_NextBaseField)(msg2, m, &f2, &val2, &iter2);
 
     if (got1 != got2) return false;  // Must have identical field counts.
     if (!got1) return true;          // Loop termination condition.
@@ -5397,7 +5475,7 @@ static bool _upb_Message_ExtensionsAreEqual(const upb_Message* msg1,
 
   // Iterate over all extensions for msg1, and search msg2 for each extension.
   size_t iter1 = kUpb_Extension_Begin;
-  while (_upb_Message_NextExtension(msg1, m, &e, &val1, &iter1)) {
+  while (UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_Message_NextExtension)(msg1, m, &e, &val1, &iter1)) {
     const upb_Extension* ext2 = UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_Message_Getext)(msg2, e);
     if (!ext2) return false;
 
@@ -5538,9 +5616,9 @@ static upb_Map* upb_Message_Map_DeepClone(const upb_Map* map,
                                           const upb_MiniTableField* f,
                                           upb_Message* clone,
                                           upb_Arena* arena) {
-  // TODO: use a variant of upb_MiniTable_GetSubMessageTable() here.
-  const upb_MiniTable* map_entry_table = upb_MiniTableSub_Message(
-      mini_table->UPB_PRIVATE(subs)[f->UPB_PRIVATE(submsg_index)]);
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(clone));
+  const upb_MiniTable* map_entry_table =
+      upb_MiniTable_MapEntrySubMessage(mini_table, f);
   UPB_ASSERT(map_entry_table);
 
   const upb_MiniTableField* key_field = upb_MiniTable_MapKey(map_entry_table);
@@ -5582,6 +5660,7 @@ static bool upb_Message_Array_DeepClone(const upb_Array* array,
                                         const upb_MiniTable* mini_table,
                                         const upb_MiniTableField* field,
                                         upb_Message* clone, upb_Arena* arena) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(clone));
   UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_MiniTableField_CheckIsArray)(field);
   upb_Array* cloned_array = upb_Array_DeepClone(
       array, upb_MiniTableField_CType(field),
@@ -5607,6 +5686,7 @@ static bool upb_Clone_ExtensionValue(
 upb_Message* _upb_Message_Copy(upb_Message* dst, const upb_Message* src,
                                const upb_MiniTable* mini_table,
                                upb_Arena* arena) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(dst));
   upb_StringView empty_string = upb_StringView_FromDataAndSize(NULL, 0);
   // Only copy message area skipping upb_Message_Internal.
   memcpy(dst + 1, src + 1, mini_table->UPB_PRIVATE(size) - sizeof(upb_Message));
@@ -5633,10 +5713,10 @@ upb_Message* _upb_Message_Copy(upb_Message* dst, const upb_Message* src,
             if (dst_sub_message == NULL) {
               return NULL;
             }
-            _upb_Message_SetTaggedMessagePtr(
-                dst, mini_table, field,
-                UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_TaggedMessagePtr_Pack)(dst_sub_message,
-                                                        is_empty));
+            UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_Message_SetTaggedMessagePtr)
+            (dst, field,
+             UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_TaggedMessagePtr_Pack)(dst_sub_message,
+                                                     is_empty));
           }
         } break;
         case kUpb_CType_String:
@@ -5713,6 +5793,7 @@ upb_Message* _upb_Message_Copy(upb_Message* dst, const upb_Message* src,
 
 bool upb_Message_DeepCopy(upb_Message* dst, const upb_Message* src,
                           const upb_MiniTable* mini_table, upb_Arena* arena) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(dst));
   upb_Message_Clear(dst, mini_table);
   return _upb_Message_Copy(dst, src, mini_table, arena) != NULL;
 }
@@ -5729,6 +5810,7 @@ upb_Message* upb_Message_DeepClone(const upb_Message* msg,
 // Performs a shallow copy. TODO: Extend to handle unknown fields.
 void upb_Message_ShallowCopy(upb_Message* dst, const upb_Message* src,
                              const upb_MiniTable* m) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(dst));
   memcpy(dst, src, m->UPB_PRIVATE(size));
 }
 
@@ -5741,6 +5823,36 @@ upb_Message* upb_Message_ShallowClone(const upb_Message* msg,
   return clone;
 }
 
+#include "stddef.h"
+
+// Must be last.
+
+bool upb_Message_MergeFrom(upb_Message* dst, const upb_Message* src,
+                           const upb_MiniTable* mt,
+                           const upb_ExtensionRegistry* extreg,
+                           upb_Arena* arena) {
+  char* buf = NULL;
+  size_t size = 0;
+  // This tmp arena is used to hold the bytes for `src` serialized. This bends
+  // the typical "no hidden allocations" design of upb, but under a properly
+  // optimized implementation this extra allocation would not be necessary and
+  // so we don't want to unnecessarily have the bad API or bloat the passed-in
+  // arena with this very-short-term allocation.
+  upb_Arena* encode_arena = upb_Arena_New();
+  upb_EncodeStatus e_status = upb_Encode(src, mt, 0, encode_arena, &buf, &size);
+  if (e_status != kUpb_EncodeStatus_Ok) {
+    upb_Arena_Free(encode_arena);
+    return false;
+  }
+  upb_DecodeStatus d_status = upb_Decode(buf, size, dst, mt, extreg, 0, arena);
+  if (d_status != kUpb_DecodeStatus_Ok) {
+    upb_Arena_Free(encode_arena);
+    return false;
+  }
+  upb_Arena_Free(encode_arena);
+  return true;
+}
+
 
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
@@ -6248,11 +6360,15 @@ static void upb_MtDecoder_AllocateSubs(upb_MtDecoder* d,
                                        upb_SubCounts sub_counts) {
   uint32_t total_count = sub_counts.submsg_count + sub_counts.subenum_count;
   size_t subs_bytes = sizeof(*d->table->UPB_PRIVATE(subs)) * total_count;
-  upb_MiniTableSub* subs = upb_Arena_Malloc(d->arena, subs_bytes);
+  size_t ptrs_bytes = sizeof(upb_MiniTable*) * sub_counts.submsg_count;
+  upb_MiniTableSubInternal* subs = upb_Arena_Malloc(d->arena, subs_bytes);
+  const upb_MiniTable** subs_ptrs = upb_Arena_Malloc(d->arena, ptrs_bytes);
   upb_MdDecoder_CheckOutOfMemory(&d->base, subs);
+  upb_MdDecoder_CheckOutOfMemory(&d->base, subs_ptrs);
   uint32_t i = 0;
   for (; i < sub_counts.submsg_count; i++) {
-    subs[i].UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_MiniTable_Empty)();
+    subs_ptrs[i] = UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_MiniTable_Empty)();
+    subs[i].UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &subs_ptrs[i];
   }
   if (sub_counts.subenum_count) {
     upb_MiniTableField* f = d->fields;
@@ -6744,6 +6860,7 @@ upb_MiniTable* _upb_MiniTable_Build(const char* data, size_t len,
 
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
 
 
 // Must be last.
@@ -6779,12 +6896,12 @@ bool upb_MiniTable_SetSubMessage(upb_MiniTable* table,
       return false;
   }
 
-  upb_MiniTableSub* table_sub =
-      (void*)&table->UPB_PRIVATE(subs)[field->UPB_PRIVATE(submsg_index)];
+  int idx = field->UPB_PRIVATE(submsg_index);
+  upb_MiniTableSubInternal* table_subs = (void*)table->UPB_PRIVATE(subs);
   // TODO: Add this assert back once YouTube is updated to not call
   // this function repeatedly.
   // UPB_ASSERT(UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_MiniTable_IsEmpty)(table_sub->submsg));
-  *table_sub = upb_MiniTableSub_FromMessage(sub);
+  memcpy((void*)table_subs[idx].UPB_PRIVATE(submsg), &sub, sizeof(void*));
   return true;
 }
 
@@ -6919,6 +7036,24 @@ failure:
   return false;
 }
 
+#ifdef UPB_LINKARR_DECLARE
+
+UPB_LINKARR_DECLARE(upb_AllExts, upb_MiniTableExtension);
+
+bool upb_ExtensionRegistry_AddAllLinkedExtensions(upb_ExtensionRegistry* r) {
+  const upb_MiniTableExtension* start = UPB_LINKARR_START(upb_AllExts);
+  const upb_MiniTableExtension* stop = UPB_LINKARR_STOP(upb_AllExts);
+  for (const upb_MiniTableExtension* p = start; p < stop; p++) {
+    // Windows can introduce zero padding, so we have to skip zeroes.
+    if (upb_MiniTableExtension_Number(p) != 0) {
+      if (!upb_ExtensionRegistry_Add(r, p)) return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+#endif  // UPB_LINKARR_DECLARE
+
 const upb_MiniTableExtension* upb_ExtensionRegistry_Lookup(
     const upb_ExtensionRegistry* r, const upb_MiniTable* t, uint32_t num) {
   char buf[EXTREG_KEY_SIZE];
@@ -7157,15 +7292,15 @@ typedef union {
 // Returns the MiniTable corresponding to a given MiniTableField
 // from an array of MiniTableSubs.
 static const upb_MiniTable* _upb_MiniTableSubs_MessageByField(
-    const upb_MiniTableSub* subs, const upb_MiniTableField* field) {
-  return upb_MiniTableSub_Message(subs[field->UPB_PRIVATE(submsg_index)]);
+    const upb_MiniTableSubInternal* subs, const upb_MiniTableField* field) {
+  return *subs[field->UPB_PRIVATE(submsg_index)].UPB_PRIVATE(submsg);
 }
 
 // Returns the MiniTableEnum corresponding to a given MiniTableField
 // from an array of MiniTableSub.
 static const upb_MiniTableEnum* _upb_MiniTableSubs_EnumByField(
-    const upb_MiniTableSub* subs, const upb_MiniTableField* field) {
-  return upb_MiniTableSub_Enum(subs[field->UPB_PRIVATE(submsg_index)]);
+    const upb_MiniTableSubInternal* subs, const upb_MiniTableField* field) {
+  return subs[field->UPB_PRIVATE(submsg_index)].UPB_PRIVATE(subenum);
 }
 
 static const char* _upb_Decoder_DecodeMessage(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
@@ -7300,11 +7435,10 @@ static void _upb_Decoder_Munge(int type, wireval* val) {
   }
 }
 
-static upb_Message* _upb_Decoder_NewSubMessage(upb_Decoder* d,
-                                               const upb_MiniTableSub* subs,
-                                               const upb_MiniTableField* field,
-                                               upb_TaggedMessagePtr* target) {
-  const upb_MiniTable* subl = _upb_MiniTableSubs_MessageByField(subs, field);
+static upb_Message* _upb_Decoder_NewSubMessage2(upb_Decoder* d,
+                                                const upb_MiniTable* subl,
+                                                const upb_MiniTableField* field,
+                                                upb_TaggedMessagePtr* target) {
   UPB_ASSERT(subl);
   upb_Message* msg = _upb_Message_New(subl, &d->arena);
   if (!msg) _upb_Decoder_ErrorJmp(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_OutOfMemory);
@@ -7325,8 +7459,15 @@ static upb_Message* _upb_Decoder_NewSubMessage(upb_Decoder* d,
   return msg;
 }
 
+static upb_Message* _upb_Decoder_NewSubMessage(
+    upb_Decoder* d, const upb_MiniTableSubInternal* subs,
+    const upb_MiniTableField* field, upb_TaggedMessagePtr* target) {
+  const upb_MiniTable* subl = _upb_MiniTableSubs_MessageByField(subs, field);
+  return _upb_Decoder_NewSubMessage2(d, subl, field, target);
+}
+
 static upb_Message* _upb_Decoder_ReuseSubMessage(
-    upb_Decoder* d, const upb_MiniTableSub* subs,
+    upb_Decoder* d, const upb_MiniTableSubInternal* subs,
     const upb_MiniTableField* field, upb_TaggedMessagePtr* target) {
   upb_TaggedMessagePtr tagged = *target;
   const upb_MiniTable* subl = _upb_MiniTableSubs_MessageByField(subs, field);
@@ -7379,7 +7520,7 @@ const char* _upb_Decoder_RecurseSubMessage(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
 UPB_FORCEINLINE
 const char* _upb_Decoder_DecodeSubMessage(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
                                           upb_Message* submsg,
-                                          const upb_MiniTableSub* subs,
+                                          const upb_MiniTableSubInternal* subs,
                                           const upb_MiniTableField* field,
                                           int size) {
   int saved_delta = upb_EpsCopyInputStream_PushLimit(&d->input, ptr, size);
@@ -7412,7 +7553,7 @@ const char* _upb_Decoder_DecodeUnknownGroup(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
 UPB_FORCEINLINE
 const char* _upb_Decoder_DecodeKnownGroup(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
                                           upb_Message* submsg,
-                                          const upb_MiniTableSub* subs,
+                                          const upb_MiniTableSubInternal* subs,
                                           const upb_MiniTableField* field) {
   const upb_MiniTable* subl = _upb_MiniTableSubs_MessageByField(subs, field);
   UPB_ASSERT(subl);
@@ -7463,12 +7604,10 @@ bool _upb_Decoder_CheckEnum(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr, upb_Message* msg,
 }
 
 UPB_NOINLINE
-static const char* _upb_Decoder_DecodeEnumArray(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
-                                                upb_Message* msg,
-                                                upb_Array* arr,
-                                                const upb_MiniTableSub* subs,
-                                                const upb_MiniTableField* field,
-                                                wireval* val) {
+static const char* _upb_Decoder_DecodeEnumArray(
+    upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr, upb_Message* msg, upb_Array* arr,
+    const upb_MiniTableSubInternal* subs, const upb_MiniTableField* field,
+    wireval* val) {
   const upb_MiniTableEnum* e = _upb_MiniTableSubs_EnumByField(subs, field);
   if (!_upb_Decoder_CheckEnum(d, ptr, msg, e, field, val)) return ptr;
   void* mem = UPB_PTR_AT(upb_Array_MutableDataPtr(arr),
@@ -7544,7 +7683,7 @@ const char* _upb_Decoder_DecodeVarintPacked(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
 UPB_NOINLINE
 static const char* _upb_Decoder_DecodeEnumPacked(
     upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr, upb_Message* msg, upb_Array* arr,
-    const upb_MiniTableSub* subs, const upb_MiniTableField* field,
+    const upb_MiniTableSubInternal* subs, const upb_MiniTableField* field,
     wireval* val) {
   const upb_MiniTableEnum* e = _upb_MiniTableSubs_EnumByField(subs, field);
   int saved_limit = upb_EpsCopyInputStream_PushLimit(&d->input, ptr, val->size);
@@ -7578,11 +7717,10 @@ static upb_Array* _upb_Decoder_CreateArray(upb_Decoder* d,
   return ret;
 }
 
-static const char* _upb_Decoder_DecodeToArray(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
-                                              upb_Message* msg,
-                                              const upb_MiniTableSub* subs,
-                                              const upb_MiniTableField* field,
-                                              wireval* val, int op) {
+static const char* _upb_Decoder_DecodeToArray(
+    upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr, upb_Message* msg,
+    const upb_MiniTableSubInternal* subs, const upb_MiniTableField* field,
+    wireval* val, int op) {
   upb_Array** arrp = UPB_PTR_AT(msg, field->UPB_PRIVATE(offset), void);
   upb_Array* arr = *arrp;
   void* mem;
@@ -7683,11 +7821,10 @@ static upb_Map* _upb_Decoder_CreateMap(upb_Decoder* d,
   return ret;
 }
 
-static const char* _upb_Decoder_DecodeToMap(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
-                                            upb_Message* msg,
-                                            const upb_MiniTableSub* subs,
-                                            const upb_MiniTableField* field,
-                                            wireval* val) {
+static const char* _upb_Decoder_DecodeToMap(
+    upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr, upb_Message* msg,
+    const upb_MiniTableSubInternal* subs, const upb_MiniTableField* field,
+    wireval* val) {
   upb_Map** map_p = UPB_PTR_AT(msg, field->UPB_PRIVATE(offset), upb_Map*);
   upb_Map* map = *map_p;
   upb_MapEntry ent;
@@ -7748,8 +7885,8 @@ static const char* _upb_Decoder_DecodeToMap(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
 
 static const char* _upb_Decoder_DecodeToSubMessage(
     upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr, upb_Message* msg,
-    const upb_MiniTableSub* subs, const upb_MiniTableField* field, wireval* val,
-    int op) {
+    const upb_MiniTableSubInternal* subs, const upb_MiniTableField* field,
+    wireval* val, int op) {
   void* mem = UPB_PTR_AT(msg, field->UPB_PRIVATE(offset), void);
   int type = field->UPB_PRIVATE(descriptortype);
 
@@ -7879,9 +8016,9 @@ static void upb_Decoder_AddKnownMessageSetItem(
   if (UPB_UNLIKELY(!ext)) {
     _upb_Decoder_ErrorJmp(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_OutOfMemory);
   }
-  upb_Message* submsg = _upb_Decoder_NewSubMessage(
-      d, &ext->ext->UPB_PRIVATE(sub), &ext->ext->UPB_PRIVATE(field),
-      (upb_TaggedMessagePtr*)&ext->data);
+  upb_Message* submsg = _upb_Decoder_NewSubMessage2(
+      d, ext->ext->UPB_PRIVATE(sub).UPB_PRIVATE(submsg),
+      &ext->ext->UPB_PRIVATE(field), (upb_TaggedMessagePtr*)&ext->data);
   upb_DecodeStatus status = upb_Decode(
       data, size, submsg, upb_MiniTableExtension_GetSubMessage(item_mt),
       d->extreg, d->options, &d->arena);
@@ -8082,8 +8219,9 @@ void _upb_Decoder_CheckUnlinked(upb_Decoder* d, const upb_MiniTable* mt,
     // unlinked.
     do {
       UPB_ASSERT(upb_MiniTableField_CType(oneof) == kUpb_CType_Message);
-      const upb_MiniTableSub* oneof_sub =
-          &mt->UPB_PRIVATE(subs)[oneof->UPB_PRIVATE(submsg_index)];
+      const upb_MiniTable* oneof_sub =
+          *mt->UPB_PRIVATE(subs)[oneof->UPB_PRIVATE(submsg_index)].UPB_PRIVATE(
+              submsg);
       UPB_ASSERT(!oneof_sub);
     } while (upb_MiniTable_NextOneofField(mt, &oneof));
   }
@@ -8221,8 +8359,9 @@ const char* _upb_Decoder_DecodeKnownField(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
                                           const upb_MiniTable* layout,
                                           const upb_MiniTableField* field,
                                           int op, wireval* val) {
-  const upb_MiniTableSub* subs = layout->UPB_PRIVATE(subs);
+  const upb_MiniTableSubInternal* subs = layout->UPB_PRIVATE(subs);
   uint8_t mode = field->UPB_PRIVATE(mode);
+  upb_MiniTableSubInternal ext_sub;
 
   if (UPB_UNLIKELY(mode & kUpb_LabelFlags_IsExtension)) {
     const upb_MiniTableExtension* ext_layout =
@@ -8234,7 +8373,14 @@ const char* _upb_Decoder_DecodeKnownField(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
     }
     d->unknown_msg = msg;
     msg = (upb_Message*)&ext->data;
-    subs = &ext->ext->UPB_PRIVATE(sub);
+    if (upb_MiniTableField_IsSubMessage(&ext->ext->UPB_PRIVATE(field))) {
+      ext_sub.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) =
+          &ext->ext->UPB_PRIVATE(sub).UPB_PRIVATE(submsg);
+    } else {
+      ext_sub.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) =
+          ext->ext->UPB_PRIVATE(sub).UPB_PRIVATE(subenum);
+    }
+    subs = &ext_sub;
   }
 
   switch (mode & kUpb_FieldMode_Mask) {
@@ -8489,6 +8635,27 @@ upb_DecodeStatus upb_DecodeLengthPrefixed(const char* buf, size_t size,
   return upb_Decode(buf, msg_len, msg, mt, extreg, options, arena);
 }
 
+const char* upb_DecodeStatus_String(upb_DecodeStatus status) {
+  switch (status) {
+    case kUpb_DecodeStatus_Ok:
+      return "Ok";
+    case kUpb_DecodeStatus_Malformed:
+      return "Wire format was corrupt";
+    case kUpb_DecodeStatus_OutOfMemory:
+      return "Arena alloc failed";
+    case kUpb_DecodeStatus_BadUtf8:
+      return "String field had bad UTF-8";
+    case kUpb_DecodeStatus_MaxDepthExceeded:
+      return "Exceeded upb_DecodeOptions_MaxDepth";
+    case kUpb_DecodeStatus_MissingRequired:
+      return "Missing required field";
+    case kUpb_DecodeStatus_UnlinkedSubMessage:
+      return "Unlinked sub-message field was present";
+    default:
+      return "Unknown decode status";
+  }
+}
+
 #undef OP_FIXPCK_LG2
 #undef OP_VARPCK_LG2
 
@@ -8503,6 +8670,13 @@ upb_DecodeStatus upb_DecodeLengthPrefixed(const char* buf, size_t size,
 
 // Must be last.
 
+// Returns the MiniTable corresponding to a given MiniTableField
+// from an array of MiniTableSubs.
+static const upb_MiniTable* _upb_Encoder_GetSubMiniTable(
+    const upb_MiniTableSubInternal* subs, const upb_MiniTableField* field) {
+  return *subs[field->UPB_PRIVATE(submsg_index)].UPB_PRIVATE(submsg);
+}
+
 #define UPB_PB_VARINT_MAX_LEN 10
 
 UPB_NOINLINE
@@ -8684,7 +8858,7 @@ static void encode_TaggedMessagePtr(upb_encstate* e,
 }
 
 static void encode_scalar(upb_encstate* e, const void* _field_mem,
-                          const upb_MiniTableSub* subs,
+                          const upb_MiniTableSubInternal* subs,
                           const upb_MiniTableField* f) {
   const char* field_mem = _field_mem;
   int wire_type;
@@ -8733,8 +8907,7 @@ static void encode_scalar(upb_encstate* e, const void* _field_mem,
     case kUpb_FieldType_Group: {
       size_t size;
       upb_TaggedMessagePtr submsg = *(upb_TaggedMessagePtr*)field_mem;
-      const upb_MiniTable* subm =
-          upb_MiniTableSub_Message(subs[f->UPB_PRIVATE(submsg_index)]);
+      const upb_MiniTable* subm = _upb_Encoder_GetSubMiniTable(subs, f);
       if (submsg == 0) {
         return;
       }
@@ -8748,8 +8921,7 @@ static void encode_scalar(upb_encstate* e, const void* _field_mem,
     case kUpb_FieldType_Message: {
       size_t size;
       upb_TaggedMessagePtr submsg = *(upb_TaggedMessagePtr*)field_mem;
-      const upb_MiniTable* subm =
-          upb_MiniTableSub_Message(subs[f->UPB_PRIVATE(submsg_index)]);
+      const upb_MiniTable* subm = _upb_Encoder_GetSubMiniTable(subs, f);
       if (submsg == 0) {
         return;
       }
@@ -8769,7 +8941,7 @@ static void encode_scalar(upb_encstate* e, const void* _field_mem,
 }
 
 static void encode_array(upb_encstate* e, const upb_Message* msg,
-                         const upb_MiniTableSub* subs,
+                         const upb_MiniTableSubInternal* subs,
                          const upb_MiniTableField* f) {
   const upb_Array* arr = *UPB_PTR_AT(msg, f->UPB_PRIVATE(offset), upb_Array*);
   bool packed = upb_MiniTableField_IsPacked(f);
@@ -8839,8 +9011,7 @@ static void encode_array(upb_encstate* e, const upb_Message* msg,
     case kUpb_FieldType_Group: {
       const upb_TaggedMessagePtr* start = upb_Array_DataPtr(arr);
       const upb_TaggedMessagePtr* ptr = start + upb_Array_Size(arr);
-      const upb_MiniTable* subm =
-          upb_MiniTableSub_Message(subs[f->UPB_PRIVATE(submsg_index)]);
+      const upb_MiniTable* subm = _upb_Encoder_GetSubMiniTable(subs, f);
       if (--e->depth == 0) encode_err(e, kUpb_EncodeStatus_MaxDepthExceeded);
       do {
         size_t size;
@@ -8855,8 +9026,7 @@ static void encode_array(upb_encstate* e, const upb_Message* msg,
     case kUpb_FieldType_Message: {
       const upb_TaggedMessagePtr* start = upb_Array_DataPtr(arr);
       const upb_TaggedMessagePtr* ptr = start + upb_Array_Size(arr);
-      const upb_MiniTable* subm =
-          upb_MiniTableSub_Message(subs[f->UPB_PRIVATE(submsg_index)]);
+      const upb_MiniTable* subm = _upb_Encoder_GetSubMiniTable(subs, f);
       if (--e->depth == 0) encode_err(e, kUpb_EncodeStatus_MaxDepthExceeded);
       do {
         size_t size;
@@ -8892,11 +9062,10 @@ static void encode_mapentry(upb_encstate* e, uint32_t number,
 }
 
 static void encode_map(upb_encstate* e, const upb_Message* msg,
-                       const upb_MiniTableSub* subs,
+                       const upb_MiniTableSubInternal* subs,
                        const upb_MiniTableField* f) {
   const upb_Map* map = *UPB_PTR_AT(msg, f->UPB_PRIVATE(offset), const upb_Map*);
-  const upb_MiniTable* layout =
-      upb_MiniTableSub_Message(subs[f->UPB_PRIVATE(submsg_index)]);
+  const upb_MiniTable* layout = _upb_Encoder_GetSubMiniTable(subs, f);
   UPB_ASSERT(upb_MiniTable_FieldCount(layout) == 2);
 
   if (!map || !upb_Map_Size(map)) return;
@@ -8925,7 +9094,6 @@ static void encode_map(upb_encstate* e, const upb_Message* msg,
 }
 
 static bool encode_shouldencode(upb_encstate* e, const upb_Message* msg,
-                                const upb_MiniTableSub* subs,
                                 const upb_MiniTableField* f) {
   if (f->presence == 0) {
     // Proto3 presence or map/array.
@@ -8964,7 +9132,7 @@ static bool encode_shouldencode(upb_encstate* e, const upb_Message* msg,
 }
 
 static void encode_field(upb_encstate* e, const upb_Message* msg,
-                         const upb_MiniTableSub* subs,
+                         const upb_MiniTableSubInternal* subs,
                          const upb_MiniTableField* field) {
   switch (UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_MiniTableField_Mode)(field)) {
     case kUpb_FieldMode_Array:
@@ -8999,7 +9167,14 @@ static void encode_ext(upb_encstate* e, const upb_Extension* ext,
   if (UPB_UNLIKELY(is_message_set)) {
     encode_msgset_item(e, ext);
   } else {
-    encode_field(e, (upb_Message*)&ext->data, &ext->ext->UPB_PRIVATE(sub),
+    upb_MiniTableSubInternal sub;
+    if (upb_MiniTableField_IsSubMessage(&ext->ext->UPB_PRIVATE(field))) {
+      sub.UPB_PRIVATE(submsg) = &ext->ext->UPB_PRIVATE(sub).UPB_PRIVATE(submsg);
+    } else {
+      sub.UPB_PRIVATE(subenum) =
+          ext->ext->UPB_PRIVATE(sub).UPB_PRIVATE(subenum);
+    }
+    encode_field(e, (upb_Message*)&ext->data, &sub,
                  &ext->ext->UPB_PRIVATE(field));
   }
 }
@@ -9055,7 +9230,7 @@ static void encode_message(upb_encstate* e, const upb_Message* msg,
     const upb_MiniTableField* first = &m->UPB_PRIVATE(fields)[0];
     while (f != first) {
       f--;
-      if (encode_shouldencode(e, msg, m->UPB_PRIVATE(subs), f)) {
+      if (encode_shouldencode(e, msg, f)) {
         encode_field(e, msg, m->UPB_PRIVATE(subs), f);
       }
     }
@@ -9129,6 +9304,21 @@ upb_EncodeStatus upb_EncodeLengthPrefixed(const upb_Message* msg,
   return _upb_Encode(msg, l, options, arena, buf, size, true);
 }
 
+const char* upb_EncodeStatus_String(upb_EncodeStatus status) {
+  switch (status) {
+    case kUpb_EncodeStatus_Ok:
+      return "Ok";
+    case kUpb_EncodeStatus_MissingRequired:
+      return "Missing required field";
+    case kUpb_EncodeStatus_MaxDepthExceeded:
+      return "Max depth exceeded";
+    case kUpb_EncodeStatus_OutOfMemory:
+      return "Arena alloc failed";
+    default:
+      return "Unknown encode status";
+  }
+}
+
 // Fast decoder: ~3x the speed of decode.c, but requires x86-64/ARM64.
 // Also the table size grows by 2x.
 //
@@ -9349,6 +9539,7 @@ UPB_FORCEINLINE
 void* fastdecode_getfield(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr, upb_Message* msg,
                           uint64_t* data, uint64_t* hasbits,
                           fastdecode_arr* farr, int valbytes, upb_card card) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   switch (card) {
     case CARD_s: {
       uint8_t hasbit_index = *data >> 24;
@@ -9724,6 +9915,7 @@ UPB_NOINLINE
 static const char* fastdecode_verifyutf8(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
                                          upb_Message* msg, intptr_t table,
                                          uint64_t hasbits, uint64_t data) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   upb_StringView* dst = (upb_StringView*)data;
   if (!_upb_Decoder_VerifyUtf8Inline(dst->data, dst->size)) {
     _upb_FastDecoder_ErrorJmp(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_BadUtf8);
@@ -9769,6 +9961,7 @@ UPB_NOINLINE
 static const char* fastdecode_longstring_noutf8(
     struct upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr, upb_Message* msg, intptr_t table,
     uint64_t hasbits, uint64_t data) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   upb_StringView* dst = (upb_StringView*)data;
   FASTDECODE_LONGSTRING(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, dst, false);
 }
@@ -11021,6 +11214,8 @@ const char* upb_BufToInt64(const char* ptr, const char* end, int64_t* val,
 
 
 #include <float.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
 // Must be last.
@@ -11040,6 +11235,10 @@ static void upb_FixLocale(char* p) {
 
 void _upb_EncodeRoundTripDouble(double val, char* buf, size_t size) {
   assert(size >= kUpb_RoundTripBufferSize);
+  if (isnan(val)) {
+    snprintf(buf, size, "%s", "nan");
+    return;
+  }
   snprintf(buf, size, "%.*g", DBL_DIG, val);
   if (strtod(buf, NULL) != val) {
     snprintf(buf, size, "%.*g", DBL_DIG + 2, val);
@@ -11050,6 +11249,10 @@ void _upb_EncodeRoundTripDouble(double val, char* buf, size_t size) {
 
 void _upb_EncodeRoundTripFloat(float val, char* buf, size_t size) {
   assert(size >= kUpb_RoundTripBufferSize);
+  if (isnan(val)) {
+    snprintf(buf, size, "%s", "nan");
+    return;
+  }
   snprintf(buf, size, "%.*g", FLT_DIG, val);
   if (strtof(buf, NULL) != val) {
     snprintf(buf, size, "%.*g", FLT_DIG + 3, val);
@@ -11469,6 +11672,7 @@ const upb_Extension* UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_Message_Getexts)(
 
 upb_Extension* UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_Message_GetOrCreateExtension)(
     struct upb_Message* msg, const upb_MiniTableExtension* e, upb_Arena* a) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   upb_Extension* ext = (upb_Extension*)UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_Message_Getext)(msg, e);
   if (ext) return ext;
   if (!UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_Message_Realloc)(msg, sizeof(upb_Extension), a))
@@ -11494,6 +11698,7 @@ const double kUpb_NaN = NAN;
 
 bool UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_Message_Realloc)(struct upb_Message* msg, size_t need,
                                        upb_Arena* a) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   const size_t overhead = sizeof(upb_Message_Internal);
 
   upb_Message_Internal* in = UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_Message_GetInternal)(msg);
@@ -11530,22 +11735,80 @@ bool UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_Message_Realloc)(struct upb_Message* msg, size_t need,
 }
 
 #if UPB_TRACING_ENABLED
-static void (*_new_message_trace_handler)(const upb_MiniTable*,
-                                          const upb_Arena*);
+static void (*_message_trace_handler)(const upb_MiniTable*, const upb_Arena*);
+
+void upb_Message_LogNewMessage(const upb_MiniTable* m, const upb_Arena* arena) {
+  if (_message_trace_handler) {
+    _message_trace_handler(m, arena);
+  }
+}
 
-void UPB_PRIVATE(upb_Message_SetNewMessageTraceHandler)(
-    void (*new_message_trace_handler)(const upb_MiniTable*, const upb_Arena*)) {
-  _new_message_trace_handler = new_message_trace_handler;
+void upb_Message_SetNewMessageTraceHandler(void (*handler)(const upb_MiniTable*,
+                                                           const upb_Arena*)) {
+  _message_trace_handler = handler;
 }
+#endif  // UPB_TRACING_ENABLED
+
+
+#include <stddef.h>
 
-void UPB_PRIVATE(upb_Message_LogNewMessage)(const upb_MiniTable* mini_table,
-                                            const upb_Arena* arena) {
-  if (_new_message_trace_handler) {
-    _new_message_trace_handler(mini_table, arena);
+
+// Must be last.
+
+bool UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_Message_NextBaseField)(const upb_Message* msg,
+                                             const upb_MiniTable* m,
+                                             const upb_MiniTableField** out_f,
+                                             upb_MessageValue* out_v,
+                                             size_t* iter) {
+  const size_t count = upb_MiniTable_FieldCount(m);
+  size_t i = *iter;
+
+  while (++i < count) {
+    const upb_MiniTableField* f = upb_MiniTable_GetFieldByIndex(m, i);
+    const void* src = UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_Message_DataPtr)(msg, f);
+
+    upb_MessageValue val;
+    UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_MiniTableField_DataCopy)(f, &val, src);
+
+    // Skip field if unset or empty.
+    if (upb_MiniTableField_HasPresence(f)) {
+      if (!upb_Message_HasBaseField(msg, f)) continue;
+    } else {
+      if (UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_MiniTableField_DataIsZero)(f, src)) continue;
+
+      if (upb_MiniTableField_IsArray(f)) {
+        if (upb_Array_Size(val.array_val) == 0) continue;
+      } else if (upb_MiniTableField_IsMap(f)) {
+        if (upb_Map_Size(val.map_val) == 0) continue;
+      }
+    }
+
+    *out_f = f;
+    *out_v = val;
+    *iter = i;
+    return true;
   }
+
+  return false;
 }
-#endif
 
+bool UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_Message_NextExtension)(
+    const upb_Message* msg, const upb_MiniTable* m,
+    const upb_MiniTableExtension** out_e, upb_MessageValue* out_v,
+    size_t* iter) {
+  size_t count;
+  const upb_Extension* exts = UPB_PRIVATE(_upb_Message_Getexts)(msg, &count);
+  size_t i = *iter;
+
+  if (++i < count) {
+    *out_e = exts[i].ext;
+    *out_v = exts[i].data;
+    *iter = i;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
 
 const char _kUpb_ToBase92[] = {
     ' ', '!', '#', '$', '%', '&', '(', ')', '*', '+', ',', '-', '.', '/',
@@ -11882,7 +12145,12 @@ char* upb_MtDataEncoder_EndEnum(upb_MtDataEncoder* e, char* ptr) {
 
 // Must be last.
 
-// A MiniTable for an empty message, used for unlinked sub-messages.
+// A MiniTable for an empty message, used for unlinked sub-messages that are
+// built via MiniDescriptors.  Messages that use this MiniTable may possibly
+// be linked later, in which case this MiniTable will be replaced with a real
+// one.  This pattern is known as "dynamic tree shaking", and it introduces
+// complication because sub-messages may either be the "empty" type or the
+// "real" type.  A tagged bit indicates the difference.
 const struct upb_MiniTable UPB_PRIVATE(_kUpb_MiniTable_Empty) = {
     .UPB_PRIVATE(subs) = NULL,
     .UPB_PRIVATE(fields) = NULL,
@@ -11894,6 +12162,21 @@ const struct upb_MiniTable UPB_PRIVATE(_kUpb_MiniTable_Empty) = {
     .UPB_PRIVATE(required_count) = 0,
 };
 
+// A MiniTable for a statically tree shaken message.  Messages that use this
+// MiniTable are guaranteed to remain unlinked; unlike the empty message, this
+// MiniTable is never replaced, which greatly simplifies everything, because the
+// type of a sub-message is always known, without consulting a tagged bit.
+const struct upb_MiniTable UPB_PRIVATE(_kUpb_MiniTable_StaticallyTreeShaken) = {
+    .UPB_PRIVATE(subs) = NULL,
+    .UPB_PRIVATE(fields) = NULL,
+    .UPB_PRIVATE(size) = sizeof(struct upb_Message),
+    .UPB_PRIVATE(field_count) = 0,
+    .UPB_PRIVATE(ext) = kUpb_ExtMode_NonExtendable,
+    .UPB_PRIVATE(dense_below) = 0,
+    .UPB_PRIVATE(table_mask) = -1,
+    .UPB_PRIVATE(required_count) = 0,
+};
+
 
 
 // Must be last.
@@ -13168,11 +13451,11 @@ upb_MessageValue upb_FieldDef_Default(const upb_FieldDef* f) {
 }
 
 const upb_MessageDef* upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(const upb_FieldDef* f) {
-  return upb_FieldDef_CType(f) == kUpb_CType_Message ? f->sub.msgdef : NULL;
+  return upb_FieldDef_IsSubMessage(f) ? f->sub.msgdef : NULL;
 }
 
 const upb_EnumDef* upb_FieldDef_EnumSubDef(const upb_FieldDef* f) {
-  return upb_FieldDef_CType(f) == kUpb_CType_Enum ? f->sub.enumdef : NULL;
+  return upb_FieldDef_IsEnum(f) ? f->sub.enumdef : NULL;
 }
 
 const upb_MiniTableField* upb_FieldDef_MiniTable(const upb_FieldDef* f) {
@@ -13269,8 +13552,11 @@ bool upb_FieldDef_HasDefault(const upb_FieldDef* f) { return f->has_default; }
 bool upb_FieldDef_HasPresence(const upb_FieldDef* f) { return f->has_presence; }
 
 bool upb_FieldDef_HasSubDef(const upb_FieldDef* f) {
-  return upb_FieldDef_IsSubMessage(f) ||
-         upb_FieldDef_CType(f) == kUpb_CType_Enum;
+  return upb_FieldDef_IsSubMessage(f) || upb_FieldDef_IsEnum(f);
+}
+
+bool upb_FieldDef_IsEnum(const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  return upb_FieldDef_CType(f) == kUpb_CType_Enum;
 }
 
 bool upb_FieldDef_IsMap(const upb_FieldDef* f) {
@@ -13605,7 +13891,7 @@ static void _upb_FieldDef_Create(upb_DefBuilder* ctx, const char* prefix,
                            f->full_name);
     }
 
-    if (oneof_index >= upb_MessageDef_OneofCount(m)) {
+    if (oneof_index < 0 || oneof_index >= upb_MessageDef_OneofCount(m)) {
       _upb_DefBuilder_Errf(ctx, "oneof_index out of range (%s)", f->full_name);
     }
 
@@ -14872,8 +15158,8 @@ bool upb_Message_HasFieldByDef(const upb_Message* msg, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
   }
 }
 
-const upb_FieldDef* upb_Message_WhichOneof(const upb_Message* msg,
-                                           const upb_OneofDef* o) {
+const upb_FieldDef* upb_Message_WhichOneofByDef(const upb_Message* msg,
+                                                const upb_OneofDef* o) {
   const upb_FieldDef* f = upb_OneofDef_Field(o, 0);
   if (upb_OneofDef_IsSynthetic(o)) {
     UPB_ASSERT(upb_OneofDef_FieldCount(o) == 1);
@@ -14896,6 +15182,7 @@ upb_MessageValue upb_Message_GetFieldByDef(const upb_Message* msg,
 upb_MutableMessageValue upb_Message_Mutable(upb_Message* msg,
                                             const upb_FieldDef* f,
                                             upb_Arena* a) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   UPB_ASSERT(upb_FieldDef_IsSubMessage(f) || upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(f));
   if (upb_FieldDef_HasPresence(f) && !upb_Message_HasFieldByDef(msg, f)) {
     // We need to skip the upb_Message_GetFieldByDef() call in this case.
@@ -14934,6 +15221,7 @@ make:
 
 bool upb_Message_SetFieldByDef(upb_Message* msg, const upb_FieldDef* f,
                                upb_MessageValue val, upb_Arena* a) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   const upb_MiniTableField* m_f = upb_FieldDef_MiniTable(f);
 
   if (upb_MiniTableField_IsExtension(m_f)) {
@@ -14946,6 +15234,7 @@ bool upb_Message_SetFieldByDef(upb_Message* msg, const upb_FieldDef* f,
 }
 
 void upb_Message_ClearFieldByDef(upb_Message* msg, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   const upb_MiniTableField* m_f = upb_FieldDef_MiniTable(f);
 
   if (upb_MiniTableField_IsExtension(m_f)) {
@@ -14956,6 +15245,7 @@ void upb_Message_ClearFieldByDef(upb_Message* msg, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
 }
 
 void upb_Message_ClearByDef(upb_Message* msg, const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   upb_Message_Clear(msg, upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(m));
 }
 
@@ -15017,6 +15307,7 @@ bool upb_Message_Next(const upb_Message* msg, const upb_MessageDef* m,
 
 bool _upb_Message_DiscardUnknown(upb_Message* msg, const upb_MessageDef* m,
                                  int depth) {
+  UPB_ASSERT(!upb_Message_IsFrozen(msg));
   size_t iter = kUpb_Message_Begin;
   const upb_FieldDef* f;
   upb_MessageValue val;
@@ -16328,3 +16619,7 @@ upb_ServiceDef* _upb_ServiceDefs_New(upb_DefBuilder* ctx, int n,
 #undef UPB_USE_C11_ATOMICS
 #undef UPB_PRIVATE
 #undef UPB_ONLYBITS
+#undef UPB_LINKARR_DECLARE
+#undef UPB_LINKARR_APPEND
+#undef UPB_LINKARR_START
+#undef UPB_LINKARR_STOP