google-protobuf 3.22.0.rc.2-arm64-darwin

data/ext/google/protobuf_c/message.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1435 @@
+// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+// Copyright 2014 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
+// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#include "message.h"
+
+#include "convert.h"
+#include "defs.h"
+#include "map.h"
+#include "protobuf.h"
+#include "repeated_field.h"
+
+static VALUE cParseError = Qnil;
+static VALUE cAbstractMessage = Qnil;
+static ID descriptor_instancevar_interned;
+
+static VALUE initialize_rb_class_with_no_args(VALUE klass) {
+  return rb_funcall(klass, rb_intern("new"), 0);
+}
+
+VALUE MessageOrEnum_GetDescriptor(VALUE klass) {
+  return rb_ivar_get(klass, descriptor_instancevar_interned);
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Class/module creation from msgdefs and enumdefs, respectively.
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+typedef struct {
+  VALUE arena;
+  const upb_Message* msg;  // Can get as mutable when non-frozen.
+  const upb_MessageDef*
+      msgdef;  // kept alive by self.class.descriptor reference.
+} Message;
+
+static void Message_mark(void* _self) {
+  Message* self = (Message*)_self;
+  rb_gc_mark(self->arena);
+}
+
+static rb_data_type_t Message_type = {
+    "Message",
+    {Message_mark, RUBY_DEFAULT_FREE, NULL},
+    .flags = RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
+};
+
+static Message* ruby_to_Message(VALUE msg_rb) {
+  Message* msg;
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(msg_rb, Message, &Message_type, msg);
+  return msg;
+}
+
+static VALUE Message_alloc(VALUE klass) {
+  VALUE descriptor = rb_ivar_get(klass, descriptor_instancevar_interned);
+  Message* msg = ALLOC(Message);
+  VALUE ret;
+
+  msg->msgdef = Descriptor_GetMsgDef(descriptor);
+  msg->arena = Qnil;
+  msg->msg = NULL;
+
+  ret = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &Message_type, msg);
+  rb_ivar_set(ret, descriptor_instancevar_interned, descriptor);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+const upb_Message* Message_Get(VALUE msg_rb, const upb_MessageDef** m) {
+  Message* msg = ruby_to_Message(msg_rb);
+  if (m) *m = msg->msgdef;
+  return msg->msg;
+}
+
+upb_Message* Message_GetMutable(VALUE msg_rb, const upb_MessageDef** m) {
+  rb_check_frozen(msg_rb);
+  return (upb_Message*)Message_Get(msg_rb, m);
+}
+
+void Message_InitPtr(VALUE self_, upb_Message* msg, VALUE arena) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(self_);
+  self->msg = msg;
+  self->arena = arena;
+  ObjectCache_Add(msg, self_);
+}
+
+VALUE Message_GetArena(VALUE msg_rb) {
+  Message* msg = ruby_to_Message(msg_rb);
+  return msg->arena;
+}
+
+void Message_CheckClass(VALUE klass) {
+  if (rb_get_alloc_func(klass) != &Message_alloc) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "Message class was not returned by the DescriptorPool.");
+  }
+}
+
+VALUE Message_GetRubyWrapper(upb_Message* msg, const upb_MessageDef* m,
+                             VALUE arena) {
+  if (msg == NULL) return Qnil;
+
+  VALUE val = ObjectCache_Get(msg);
+
+  if (val == Qnil) {
+    VALUE klass = Descriptor_DefToClass(m);
+    val = Message_alloc(klass);
+    Message_InitPtr(val, msg, arena);
+  }
+
+  return val;
+}
+
+void Message_PrintMessage(StringBuilder* b, const upb_Message* msg,
+                          const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  bool first = true;
+  int n = upb_MessageDef_FieldCount(m);
+  VALUE klass = Descriptor_DefToClass(m);
+  StringBuilder_Printf(b, "<%s: ", rb_class2name(klass));
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    const upb_FieldDef* field = upb_MessageDef_Field(m, i);
+
+    if (upb_FieldDef_HasPresence(field) &&
+        !upb_Message_HasFieldByDef(msg, field)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (!first) {
+      StringBuilder_Printf(b, ", ");
+    } else {
+      first = false;
+    }
+
+    upb_MessageValue msgval = upb_Message_GetFieldByDef(msg, field);
+
+    StringBuilder_Printf(b, "%s: ", upb_FieldDef_Name(field));
+
+    if (upb_FieldDef_IsMap(field)) {
+      const upb_MessageDef* entry_m = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(field);
+      const upb_FieldDef* key_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry_m, 1);
+      const upb_FieldDef* val_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry_m, 2);
+      TypeInfo val_info = TypeInfo_get(val_f);
+      Map_Inspect(b, msgval.map_val, upb_FieldDef_CType(key_f), val_info);
+    } else if (upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(field)) {
+      RepeatedField_Inspect(b, msgval.array_val, TypeInfo_get(field));
+    } else {
+      StringBuilder_PrintMsgval(b, msgval, TypeInfo_get(field));
+    }
+  }
+
+  StringBuilder_Printf(b, ">");
+}
+
+// Helper functions for #method_missing ////////////////////////////////////////
+
+enum {
+  METHOD_UNKNOWN = 0,
+  METHOD_GETTER = 1,
+  METHOD_SETTER = 2,
+  METHOD_CLEAR = 3,
+  METHOD_PRESENCE = 4,
+  METHOD_ENUM_GETTER = 5,
+  METHOD_WRAPPER_GETTER = 6,
+  METHOD_WRAPPER_SETTER = 7
+};
+
+// Check if the field is a well known wrapper type
+static bool IsWrapper(const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  if (!m) return false;
+  switch (upb_MessageDef_WellKnownType(m)) {
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_DoubleValue:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_FloatValue:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_Int64Value:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_UInt64Value:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_Int32Value:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_UInt32Value:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_StringValue:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_BytesValue:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_BoolValue:
+      return true;
+    default:
+      return false;
+  }
+}
+
+static bool IsFieldWrapper(const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  return IsWrapper(upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f));
+}
+
+static bool Match(const upb_MessageDef* m, const char* name,
+                  const upb_FieldDef** f, const upb_OneofDef** o,
+                  const char* prefix, const char* suffix) {
+  size_t sp = strlen(prefix);
+  size_t ss = strlen(suffix);
+  size_t sn = strlen(name);
+
+  if (sn <= sp + ss) return false;
+
+  if (memcmp(name, prefix, sp) != 0 ||
+      memcmp(name + sn - ss, suffix, ss) != 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return upb_MessageDef_FindByNameWithSize(m, name + sp, sn - sp - ss, f, o);
+}
+
+static int extract_method_call(VALUE method_name, Message* self,
+                               const upb_FieldDef** f, const upb_OneofDef** o) {
+  const upb_MessageDef* m = self->msgdef;
+  const char* name;
+
+  Check_Type(method_name, T_SYMBOL);
+  name = rb_id2name(SYM2ID(method_name));
+
+  if (Match(m, name, f, o, "", "")) return METHOD_GETTER;
+  if (Match(m, name, f, o, "", "=")) return METHOD_SETTER;
+  if (Match(m, name, f, o, "clear_", "")) return METHOD_CLEAR;
+  if (Match(m, name, f, o, "has_", "?") &&
+      (*o || (*f && upb_FieldDef_HasPresence(*f)))) {
+    // Disallow oneof hazzers for proto3.
+    // TODO(haberman): remove this test when we are enabling oneof hazzers for
+    // proto3.
+    if (*f && !upb_FieldDef_IsSubMessage(*f) &&
+        upb_FieldDef_RealContainingOneof(*f) &&
+        upb_MessageDef_Syntax(upb_FieldDef_ContainingType(*f)) !=
+            kUpb_Syntax_Proto2) {
+      return METHOD_UNKNOWN;
+    }
+    return METHOD_PRESENCE;
+  }
+  if (Match(m, name, f, o, "", "_as_value") && *f &&
+      !upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(*f) && IsFieldWrapper(*f)) {
+    return METHOD_WRAPPER_GETTER;
+  }
+  if (Match(m, name, f, o, "", "_as_value=") && *f &&
+      !upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(*f) && IsFieldWrapper(*f)) {
+    return METHOD_WRAPPER_SETTER;
+  }
+  if (Match(m, name, f, o, "", "_const") && *f &&
+      upb_FieldDef_CType(*f) == kUpb_CType_Enum) {
+    return METHOD_ENUM_GETTER;
+  }
+
+  return METHOD_UNKNOWN;
+}
+
+static VALUE Message_oneof_accessor(VALUE _self, const upb_OneofDef* o,
+                                    int accessor_type) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  const upb_FieldDef* oneof_field = upb_Message_WhichOneof(self->msg, o);
+
+  switch (accessor_type) {
+    case METHOD_PRESENCE:
+      return oneof_field == NULL ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
+    case METHOD_CLEAR:
+      if (oneof_field != NULL) {
+        upb_Message_ClearFieldByDef(Message_GetMutable(_self, NULL),
+                                    oneof_field);
+      }
+      return Qnil;
+    case METHOD_GETTER:
+      return oneof_field == NULL
+                 ? Qnil
+                 : ID2SYM(rb_intern(upb_FieldDef_Name(oneof_field)));
+    case METHOD_SETTER:
+      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Oneof accessors are read-only.");
+  }
+  rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Invalid access of oneof field.");
+}
+
+static void Message_setfield(upb_Message* msg, const upb_FieldDef* f, VALUE val,
+                             upb_Arena* arena) {
+  upb_MessageValue msgval;
+  if (upb_FieldDef_IsMap(f)) {
+    msgval.map_val = Map_GetUpbMap(val, f, arena);
+  } else if (upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(f)) {
+    msgval.array_val = RepeatedField_GetUpbArray(val, f, arena);
+  } else {
+    if (val == Qnil &&
+        (upb_FieldDef_IsSubMessage(f) || upb_FieldDef_RealContainingOneof(f))) {
+      upb_Message_ClearFieldByDef(msg, f);
+      return;
+    }
+    msgval =
+        Convert_RubyToUpb(val, upb_FieldDef_Name(f), TypeInfo_get(f), arena);
+  }
+  upb_Message_SetFieldByDef(msg, f, msgval, arena);
+}
+
+VALUE Message_getfield(VALUE _self, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  // This is a special-case: upb_Message_Mutable() for map & array are logically
+  // const (they will not change what is serialized) but physically
+  // non-const, as they do allocate a repeated field or map. The logical
+  // constness means it's ok to do even if the message is frozen.
+  upb_Message* msg = (upb_Message*)self->msg;
+  upb_Arena* arena = Arena_get(self->arena);
+  if (upb_FieldDef_IsMap(f)) {
+    upb_Map* map = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, arena).map;
+    const upb_FieldDef* key_f = map_field_key(f);
+    const upb_FieldDef* val_f = map_field_value(f);
+    upb_CType key_type = upb_FieldDef_CType(key_f);
+    TypeInfo value_type_info = TypeInfo_get(val_f);
+    return Map_GetRubyWrapper(map, key_type, value_type_info, self->arena);
+  } else if (upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(f)) {
+    upb_Array* arr = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, arena).array;
+    return RepeatedField_GetRubyWrapper(arr, TypeInfo_get(f), self->arena);
+  } else if (upb_FieldDef_IsSubMessage(f)) {
+    if (!upb_Message_HasFieldByDef(self->msg, f)) return Qnil;
+    upb_Message* submsg = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, arena).msg;
+    const upb_MessageDef* m = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f);
+    return Message_GetRubyWrapper(submsg, m, self->arena);
+  } else {
+    upb_MessageValue msgval = upb_Message_GetFieldByDef(self->msg, f);
+    return Convert_UpbToRuby(msgval, TypeInfo_get(f), self->arena);
+  }
+}
+
+static VALUE Message_field_accessor(VALUE _self, const upb_FieldDef* f,
+                                    int accessor_type, int argc, VALUE* argv) {
+  upb_Arena* arena = Arena_get(Message_GetArena(_self));
+
+  switch (accessor_type) {
+    case METHOD_SETTER:
+      Message_setfield(Message_GetMutable(_self, NULL), f, argv[1], arena);
+      return Qnil;
+    case METHOD_CLEAR:
+      upb_Message_ClearFieldByDef(Message_GetMutable(_self, NULL), f);
+      return Qnil;
+    case METHOD_PRESENCE:
+      if (!upb_FieldDef_HasPresence(f)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Field does not have presence.");
+      }
+      return upb_Message_HasFieldByDef(Message_Get(_self, NULL), f);
+    case METHOD_WRAPPER_GETTER: {
+      Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+      if (upb_Message_HasFieldByDef(self->msg, f)) {
+        PBRUBY_ASSERT(upb_FieldDef_IsSubMessage(f) &&
+                      !upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(f));
+        upb_MessageValue wrapper = upb_Message_GetFieldByDef(self->msg, f);
+        const upb_MessageDef* wrapper_m = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f);
+        const upb_FieldDef* value_f =
+            upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(wrapper_m, 1);
+        upb_MessageValue value =
+            upb_Message_GetFieldByDef(wrapper.msg_val, value_f);
+        return Convert_UpbToRuby(value, TypeInfo_get(value_f), self->arena);
+      } else {
+        return Qnil;
+      }
+    }
+    case METHOD_WRAPPER_SETTER: {
+      upb_Message* msg = Message_GetMutable(_self, NULL);
+      if (argv[1] == Qnil) {
+        upb_Message_ClearFieldByDef(msg, f);
+      } else {
+        const upb_FieldDef* val_f =
+            upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f), 1);
+        upb_MessageValue msgval = Convert_RubyToUpb(
+            argv[1], upb_FieldDef_Name(f), TypeInfo_get(val_f), arena);
+        upb_Message* wrapper = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, arena).msg;
+        upb_Message_SetFieldByDef(wrapper, val_f, msgval, arena);
+      }
+      return Qnil;
+    }
+    case METHOD_ENUM_GETTER: {
+      upb_MessageValue msgval =
+          upb_Message_GetFieldByDef(Message_Get(_self, NULL), f);
+
+      if (upb_FieldDef_Label(f) == kUpb_Label_Repeated) {
+        // Map repeated fields to a new type with ints
+        VALUE arr = rb_ary_new();
+        size_t i, n = upb_Array_Size(msgval.array_val);
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+          upb_MessageValue elem = upb_Array_Get(msgval.array_val, i);
+          rb_ary_push(arr, INT2NUM(elem.int32_val));
+        }
+        return arr;
+      } else {
+        return INT2NUM(msgval.int32_val);
+      }
+    }
+    case METHOD_GETTER:
+      return Message_getfield(_self, f);
+    default:
+      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Internal error, no such accessor: %d",
+               accessor_type);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Message.method_missing(*args)
+ *
+ * Provides accessors and setters and methods to clear and check for presence of
+ * message fields according to their field names.
+ *
+ * For any field whose name does not conflict with a built-in method, an
+ * accessor is provided with the same name as the field, and a setter is
+ * provided with the name of the field plus the '=' suffix. Thus, given a
+ * message instance 'msg' with field 'foo', the following code is valid:
+ *
+ *     msg.foo = 42
+ *     puts msg.foo
+ *
+ * This method also provides read-only accessors for oneofs. If a oneof exists
+ * with name 'my_oneof', then msg.my_oneof will return a Ruby symbol equal to
+ * the name of the field in that oneof that is currently set, or nil if none.
+ *
+ * It also provides methods of the form 'clear_fieldname' to clear the value
+ * of the field 'fieldname'. For basic data types, this will set the default
+ * value of the field.
+ *
+ * Additionally, it provides methods of the form 'has_fieldname?', which returns
+ * true if the field 'fieldname' is set in the message object, else false. For
+ * 'proto3' syntax, calling this for a basic type field will result in an error.
+ */
+static VALUE Message_method_missing(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE _self) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  const upb_OneofDef* o;
+  const upb_FieldDef* f;
+  int accessor_type;
+
+  if (argc < 1) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected method name as first argument.");
+  }
+
+  accessor_type = extract_method_call(argv[0], self, &f, &o);
+
+  if (accessor_type == METHOD_UNKNOWN) return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
+
+  // Validate argument count.
+  switch (accessor_type) {
+    case METHOD_SETTER:
+    case METHOD_WRAPPER_SETTER:
+      if (argc != 2) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected 2 arguments, received %d", argc);
+      }
+      rb_check_frozen(_self);
+      break;
+    default:
+      if (argc != 1) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected 1 argument, received %d", argc);
+      }
+      break;
+  }
+
+  // Dispatch accessor.
+  if (o != NULL) {
+    return Message_oneof_accessor(_self, o, accessor_type);
+  } else {
+    return Message_field_accessor(_self, f, accessor_type, argc, argv);
+  }
+}
+
+static VALUE Message_respond_to_missing(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE _self) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  const upb_OneofDef* o;
+  const upb_FieldDef* f;
+  int accessor_type;
+
+  if (argc < 1) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected method name as first argument.");
+  }
+
+  accessor_type = extract_method_call(argv[0], self, &f, &o);
+
+  if (accessor_type == METHOD_UNKNOWN) {
+    return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
+  } else if (o != NULL) {
+    return accessor_type == METHOD_SETTER ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
+  } else {
+    return Qtrue;
+  }
+}
+
+void Message_InitFromValue(upb_Message* msg, const upb_MessageDef* m, VALUE val,
+                           upb_Arena* arena);
+
+typedef struct {
+  upb_Map* map;
+  TypeInfo key_type;
+  TypeInfo val_type;
+  upb_Arena* arena;
+} MapInit;
+
+static int Map_initialize_kwarg(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE _self) {
+  MapInit* map_init = (MapInit*)_self;
+  upb_MessageValue k, v;
+  k = Convert_RubyToUpb(key, "", map_init->key_type, NULL);
+
+  if (map_init->val_type.type == kUpb_CType_Message && TYPE(val) == T_HASH) {
+    upb_MiniTable* t = upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(map_init->val_type.def.msgdef);
+    upb_Message* msg = upb_Message_New(t, map_init->arena);
+    Message_InitFromValue(msg, map_init->val_type.def.msgdef, val,
+                          map_init->arena);
+    v.msg_val = msg;
+  } else {
+    v = Convert_RubyToUpb(val, "", map_init->val_type, map_init->arena);
+  }
+  upb_Map_Set(map_init->map, k, v, map_init->arena);
+  return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void Map_InitFromValue(upb_Map* map, const upb_FieldDef* f, VALUE val,
+                              upb_Arena* arena) {
+  const upb_MessageDef* entry_m = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f);
+  const upb_FieldDef* key_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry_m, 1);
+  const upb_FieldDef* val_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry_m, 2);
+  if (TYPE(val) != T_HASH) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "Expected Hash object as initializer value for map field '%s' "
+             "(given %s).",
+             upb_FieldDef_Name(f), rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(val)));
+  }
+  MapInit map_init = {map, TypeInfo_get(key_f), TypeInfo_get(val_f), arena};
+  rb_hash_foreach(val, Map_initialize_kwarg, (VALUE)&map_init);
+}
+
+static upb_MessageValue MessageValue_FromValue(VALUE val, TypeInfo info,
+                                               upb_Arena* arena) {
+  if (info.type == kUpb_CType_Message) {
+    upb_MessageValue msgval;
+    upb_MiniTable* t = upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(info.def.msgdef);
+    upb_Message* msg = upb_Message_New(t, arena);
+    Message_InitFromValue(msg, info.def.msgdef, val, arena);
+    msgval.msg_val = msg;
+    return msgval;
+  } else {
+    return Convert_RubyToUpb(val, "", info, arena);
+  }
+}
+
+static void RepeatedField_InitFromValue(upb_Array* arr, const upb_FieldDef* f,
+                                        VALUE val, upb_Arena* arena) {
+  TypeInfo type_info = TypeInfo_get(f);
+
+  if (TYPE(val) != T_ARRAY) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "Expected array as initializer value for repeated field '%s' "
+             "(given %s).",
+             upb_FieldDef_Name(f), rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(val)));
+  }
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(val); i++) {
+    VALUE entry = rb_ary_entry(val, i);
+    upb_MessageValue msgval;
+    if (upb_FieldDef_IsSubMessage(f) && TYPE(entry) == T_HASH) {
+      msgval = MessageValue_FromValue(entry, type_info, arena);
+    } else {
+      msgval = Convert_RubyToUpb(entry, upb_FieldDef_Name(f), type_info, arena);
+    }
+    upb_Array_Append(arr, msgval, arena);
+  }
+}
+
+static void Message_InitFieldFromValue(upb_Message* msg, const upb_FieldDef* f,
+                                       VALUE val, upb_Arena* arena) {
+  if (TYPE(val) == T_NIL) return;
+
+  if (upb_FieldDef_IsMap(f)) {
+    upb_Map* map = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, arena).map;
+    Map_InitFromValue(map, f, val, arena);
+  } else if (upb_FieldDef_Label(f) == kUpb_Label_Repeated) {
+    upb_Array* arr = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, arena).array;
+    RepeatedField_InitFromValue(arr, f, val, arena);
+  } else if (upb_FieldDef_IsSubMessage(f)) {
+    if (TYPE(val) == T_HASH) {
+      upb_Message* submsg = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, arena).msg;
+      Message_InitFromValue(submsg, upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f), val, arena);
+    } else {
+      Message_setfield(msg, f, val, arena);
+    }
+  } else {
+    upb_MessageValue msgval =
+        Convert_RubyToUpb(val, upb_FieldDef_Name(f), TypeInfo_get(f), arena);
+    upb_Message_SetFieldByDef(msg, f, msgval, arena);
+  }
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+  upb_Message* msg;
+  const upb_MessageDef* msgdef;
+  upb_Arena* arena;
+} MsgInit;
+
+static int Message_initialize_kwarg(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE _self) {
+  MsgInit* msg_init = (MsgInit*)_self;
+  const char* name;
+
+  if (TYPE(key) == T_STRING) {
+    name = RSTRING_PTR(key);
+  } else if (TYPE(key) == T_SYMBOL) {
+    name = RSTRING_PTR(rb_id2str(SYM2ID(key)));
+  } else {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "Expected string or symbols as hash keys when initializing proto "
+             "from hash.");
+  }
+
+  const upb_FieldDef* f =
+      upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByName(msg_init->msgdef, name);
+
+  if (f == NULL) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "Unknown field name '%s' in initialization map entry.", name);
+  }
+
+  Message_InitFieldFromValue(msg_init->msg, f, val, msg_init->arena);
+  return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+void Message_InitFromValue(upb_Message* msg, const upb_MessageDef* m, VALUE val,
+                           upb_Arena* arena) {
+  MsgInit msg_init = {msg, m, arena};
+  if (TYPE(val) == T_HASH) {
+    rb_hash_foreach(val, Message_initialize_kwarg, (VALUE)&msg_init);
+  } else {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected hash arguments or message, not %s",
+             rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(val)));
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Message.new(kwargs) => new_message
+ *
+ * Creates a new instance of the given message class. Keyword arguments may be
+ * provided with keywords corresponding to field names.
+ *
+ * Note that no literal Message class exists. Only concrete classes per message
+ * type exist, as provided by the #msgclass method on Descriptors after they
+ * have been added to a pool. The method definitions described here on the
+ * Message class are provided on each concrete message class.
+ */
+static VALUE Message_initialize(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE _self) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  VALUE arena_rb = Arena_new();
+  upb_Arena* arena = Arena_get(arena_rb);
+  upb_MiniTable* t = upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(self->msgdef);
+  upb_Message* msg = upb_Message_New(t, arena);
+
+  Message_InitPtr(_self, msg, arena_rb);
+
+  if (argc == 0) {
+    return Qnil;
+  }
+  if (argc != 1) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected 0 or 1 arguments.");
+  }
+  Message_InitFromValue((upb_Message*)self->msg, self->msgdef, argv[0], arena);
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Message.dup => new_message
+ *
+ * Performs a shallow copy of this message and returns the new copy.
+ */
+static VALUE Message_dup(VALUE _self) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  VALUE new_msg = rb_class_new_instance(0, NULL, CLASS_OF(_self));
+  Message* new_msg_self = ruby_to_Message(new_msg);
+  size_t size = upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(self->msgdef)->size;
+
+  // TODO(copy unknown fields?)
+  // TODO(use official upb msg copy function)
+  memcpy((upb_Message*)new_msg_self->msg, self->msg, size);
+  Arena_fuse(self->arena, Arena_get(new_msg_self->arena));
+  return new_msg;
+}
+
+// Support function for Message_eq, and also used by other #eq functions.
+bool Message_Equal(const upb_Message* m1, const upb_Message* m2,
+                   const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  if (m1 == m2) return true;
+
+  size_t size1, size2;
+  int encode_opts =
+      kUpb_EncodeOption_SkipUnknown | kUpb_EncodeOption_Deterministic;
+  upb_Arena* arena_tmp = upb_Arena_New();
+  const upb_MiniTable* layout = upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(m);
+
+  // Compare deterministically serialized payloads with no unknown fields.
+  char* data1;
+  char* data2;
+  upb_EncodeStatus status1 =
+      upb_Encode(m1, layout, encode_opts, arena_tmp, &data1, &size1);
+  upb_EncodeStatus status2 =
+      upb_Encode(m2, layout, encode_opts, arena_tmp, &data2, &size2);
+
+  if (status1 == kUpb_EncodeStatus_Ok && status2 == kUpb_EncodeStatus_Ok) {
+    bool ret = (size1 == size2) && (memcmp(data1, data2, size1) == 0);
+    upb_Arena_Free(arena_tmp);
+    return ret;
+  } else {
+    upb_Arena_Free(arena_tmp);
+    rb_raise(cParseError, "Error comparing messages");
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Message.==(other) => boolean
+ *
+ * Performs a deep comparison of this message with another. Messages are equal
+ * if they have the same type and if each field is equal according to the :==
+ * method's semantics (a more efficient comparison may actually be done if the
+ * field is of a primitive type).
+ */
+static VALUE Message_eq(VALUE _self, VALUE _other) {
+  if (CLASS_OF(_self) != CLASS_OF(_other)) return Qfalse;
+
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  Message* other = ruby_to_Message(_other);
+  assert(self->msgdef == other->msgdef);
+
+  return Message_Equal(self->msg, other->msg, self->msgdef) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+uint64_t Message_Hash(const upb_Message* msg, const upb_MessageDef* m,
+                      uint64_t seed) {
+  upb_Arena* arena = upb_Arena_New();
+  char* data;
+  size_t size;
+
+  // Hash a deterministically serialized payloads with no unknown fields.
+  upb_EncodeStatus status = upb_Encode(
+      msg, upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(m),
+      kUpb_EncodeOption_SkipUnknown | kUpb_EncodeOption_Deterministic, arena,
+      &data, &size);
+
+  if (status == kUpb_EncodeStatus_Ok) {
+    uint64_t ret = _upb_Hash(data, size, seed);
+    upb_Arena_Free(arena);
+    return ret;
+  } else {
+    upb_Arena_Free(arena);
+    rb_raise(cParseError, "Error calculating hash");
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Message.hash => hash_value
+ *
+ * Returns a hash value that represents this message's field values.
+ */
+static VALUE Message_hash(VALUE _self) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  uint64_t hash_value = Message_Hash(self->msg, self->msgdef, 0);
+  // RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX should be one less than a power of 2.
+  assert((RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX & (RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX + 1)) == 0);
+  return INT2FIX(hash_value & RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Message.inspect => string
+ *
+ * Returns a human-readable string representing this message. It will be
+ * formatted as "<MessageType: field1: value1, field2: value2, ...>". Each
+ * field's value is represented according to its own #inspect method.
+ */
+static VALUE Message_inspect(VALUE _self) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+
+  StringBuilder* builder = StringBuilder_New();
+  Message_PrintMessage(builder, self->msg, self->msgdef);
+  VALUE ret = StringBuilder_ToRubyString(builder);
+  StringBuilder_Free(builder);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Support functions for Message_to_h //////////////////////////////////////////
+
+static VALUE RepeatedField_CreateArray(const upb_Array* arr,
+                                       TypeInfo type_info) {
+  int size = arr ? upb_Array_Size(arr) : 0;
+  VALUE ary = rb_ary_new2(size);
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+    upb_MessageValue msgval = upb_Array_Get(arr, i);
+    VALUE val = Scalar_CreateHash(msgval, type_info);
+    rb_ary_push(ary, val);
+  }
+
+  return ary;
+}
+
+static VALUE Message_CreateHash(const upb_Message* msg,
+                                const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  if (!msg) return Qnil;
+
+  VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
+  int n = upb_MessageDef_FieldCount(m);
+  bool is_proto2;
+
+  // We currently have a few behaviors that are specific to proto2.
+  // This is unfortunate, we should key behaviors off field attributes (like
+  // whether a field has presence), not proto2 vs. proto3. We should see if we
+  // can change this without breaking users.
+  is_proto2 = upb_MessageDef_Syntax(m) == kUpb_Syntax_Proto2;
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    const upb_FieldDef* field = upb_MessageDef_Field(m, i);
+    TypeInfo type_info = TypeInfo_get(field);
+    upb_MessageValue msgval;
+    VALUE msg_value;
+    VALUE msg_key;
+
+    if (!is_proto2 && upb_FieldDef_IsSubMessage(field) &&
+        !upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(field) &&
+        !upb_Message_HasFieldByDef(msg, field)) {
+      // TODO: Legacy behavior, remove when we fix the is_proto2 differences.
+      msg_key = ID2SYM(rb_intern(upb_FieldDef_Name(field)));
+      rb_hash_aset(hash, msg_key, Qnil);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // Do not include fields that are not present (oneof or optional fields).
+    if (is_proto2 && upb_FieldDef_HasPresence(field) &&
+        !upb_Message_HasFieldByDef(msg, field)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    msg_key = ID2SYM(rb_intern(upb_FieldDef_Name(field)));
+    msgval = upb_Message_GetFieldByDef(msg, field);
+
+    // Proto2 omits empty map/repeated filds also.
+
+    if (upb_FieldDef_IsMap(field)) {
+      const upb_MessageDef* entry_m = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(field);
+      const upb_FieldDef* key_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry_m, 1);
+      const upb_FieldDef* val_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry_m, 2);
+      upb_CType key_type = upb_FieldDef_CType(key_f);
+      msg_value = Map_CreateHash(msgval.map_val, key_type, TypeInfo_get(val_f));
+    } else if (upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(field)) {
+      if (is_proto2 &&
+          (!msgval.array_val || upb_Array_Size(msgval.array_val) == 0)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      msg_value = RepeatedField_CreateArray(msgval.array_val, type_info);
+    } else {
+      msg_value = Scalar_CreateHash(msgval, type_info);
+    }
+
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, msg_key, msg_value);
+  }
+
+  return hash;
+}
+
+VALUE Scalar_CreateHash(upb_MessageValue msgval, TypeInfo type_info) {
+  if (type_info.type == kUpb_CType_Message) {
+    return Message_CreateHash(msgval.msg_val, type_info.def.msgdef);
+  } else {
+    return Convert_UpbToRuby(msgval, type_info, Qnil);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Message.to_h => {}
+ *
+ * Returns the message as a Ruby Hash object, with keys as symbols.
+ */
+static VALUE Message_to_h(VALUE _self) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  return Message_CreateHash(self->msg, self->msgdef);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Message.freeze => self
+ *
+ * Freezes the message object. We have to intercept this so we can pin the
+ * Ruby object into memory so we don't forget it's frozen.
+ */
+static VALUE Message_freeze(VALUE _self) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  if (!RB_OBJ_FROZEN(_self)) {
+    Arena_Pin(self->arena, _self);
+    RB_OBJ_FREEZE(_self);
+  }
+  return _self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Message.[](index) => value
+ *
+ * Accesses a field's value by field name. The provided field name should be a
+ * string.
+ */
+static VALUE Message_index(VALUE _self, VALUE field_name) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  const upb_FieldDef* field;
+
+  Check_Type(field_name, T_STRING);
+  field = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByName(self->msgdef, RSTRING_PTR(field_name));
+
+  if (field == NULL) {
+    return Qnil;
+  }
+
+  return Message_getfield(_self, field);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Message.[]=(index, value)
+ *
+ * Sets a field's value by field name. The provided field name should be a
+ * string.
+ */
+static VALUE Message_index_set(VALUE _self, VALUE field_name, VALUE value) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  const upb_FieldDef* f;
+  upb_MessageValue val;
+  upb_Arena* arena = Arena_get(self->arena);
+
+  Check_Type(field_name, T_STRING);
+  f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByName(self->msgdef, RSTRING_PTR(field_name));
+
+  if (f == NULL) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Unknown field: %s", RSTRING_PTR(field_name));
+  }
+
+  val = Convert_RubyToUpb(value, upb_FieldDef_Name(f), TypeInfo_get(f), arena);
+  upb_Message_SetFieldByDef(Message_GetMutable(_self, NULL), f, val, arena);
+
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     MessageClass.decode(data, options) => message
+ *
+ * Decodes the given data (as a string containing bytes in protocol buffers wire
+ * format) under the interpretration given by this message class's definition
+ * and returns a message object with the corresponding field values.
+ * @param options [Hash] options for the decoder
+ *  recursion_limit: set to maximum decoding depth for message (default is 64)
+ */
+static VALUE Message_decode(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE klass) {
+  VALUE data = argv[0];
+  int options = 0;
+
+  if (argc < 1 || argc > 2) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected 1 or 2 arguments.");
+  }
+
+  if (argc == 2) {
+    VALUE hash_args = argv[1];
+    if (TYPE(hash_args) != T_HASH) {
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected hash arguments.");
+    }
+
+    VALUE depth =
+        rb_hash_lookup(hash_args, ID2SYM(rb_intern("recursion_limit")));
+
+    if (depth != Qnil && TYPE(depth) == T_FIXNUM) {
+      options |= UPB_DECODE_MAXDEPTH(FIX2INT(depth));
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (TYPE(data) != T_STRING) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected string for binary protobuf data.");
+  }
+
+  VALUE msg_rb = initialize_rb_class_with_no_args(klass);
+  Message* msg = ruby_to_Message(msg_rb);
+
+  upb_DecodeStatus status =
+      upb_Decode(RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data), (upb_Message*)msg->msg,
+                 upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(msg->msgdef), NULL, options,
+                 Arena_get(msg->arena));
+
+  if (status != kUpb_DecodeStatus_Ok) {
+    rb_raise(cParseError, "Error occurred during parsing");
+  }
+
+  return msg_rb;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     MessageClass.decode_json(data, options = {}) => message
+ *
+ * Decodes the given data (as a string containing bytes in protocol buffers wire
+ * format) under the interpretration given by this message class's definition
+ * and returns a message object with the corresponding field values.
+ *
+ *  @param options [Hash] options for the decoder
+ *   ignore_unknown_fields: set true to ignore unknown fields (default is to
+ *   raise an error)
+ */
+static VALUE Message_decode_json(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE klass) {
+  VALUE data = argv[0];
+  int options = 0;
+  upb_Status status;
+
+  // TODO(haberman): use this message's pool instead.
+  const upb_DefPool* symtab = DescriptorPool_GetSymtab(generated_pool);
+
+  if (argc < 1 || argc > 2) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected 1 or 2 arguments.");
+  }
+
+  if (argc == 2) {
+    VALUE hash_args = argv[1];
+    if (TYPE(hash_args) != T_HASH) {
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected hash arguments.");
+    }
+
+    if (RTEST(rb_hash_lookup2(
+            hash_args, ID2SYM(rb_intern("ignore_unknown_fields")), Qfalse))) {
+      options |= upb_JsonDecode_IgnoreUnknown;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (TYPE(data) != T_STRING) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected string for JSON data.");
+  }
+
+  // TODO(cfallin): Check and respect string encoding. If not UTF-8, we need to
+  // convert, because string handlers pass data directly to message string
+  // fields.
+
+  VALUE msg_rb = initialize_rb_class_with_no_args(klass);
+  Message* msg = ruby_to_Message(msg_rb);
+
+  // We don't allow users to decode a wrapper type directly.
+  if (IsWrapper(msg->msgdef)) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Cannot parse a wrapper directly.");
+  }
+
+  upb_Status_Clear(&status);
+  if (!upb_JsonDecode(RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data),
+                      (upb_Message*)msg->msg, msg->msgdef, symtab, options,
+                      Arena_get(msg->arena), &status)) {
+    rb_raise(cParseError, "Error occurred during parsing: %s",
+             upb_Status_ErrorMessage(&status));
+  }
+
+  return msg_rb;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     MessageClass.encode(msg, options) => bytes
+ *
+ * Encodes the given message object to its serialized form in protocol buffers
+ * wire format.
+ * @param options [Hash] options for the encoder
+ *  recursion_limit: set to maximum encoding depth for message (default is 64)
+ */
+static VALUE Message_encode(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE klass) {
+  Message* msg = ruby_to_Message(argv[0]);
+  int options = 0;
+  char* data;
+  size_t size;
+
+  if (CLASS_OF(argv[0]) != klass) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Message of wrong type.");
+  }
+
+  if (argc < 1 || argc > 2) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected 1 or 2 arguments.");
+  }
+
+  if (argc == 2) {
+    VALUE hash_args = argv[1];
+    if (TYPE(hash_args) != T_HASH) {
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected hash arguments.");
+    }
+    VALUE depth =
+        rb_hash_lookup(hash_args, ID2SYM(rb_intern("recursion_limit")));
+
+    if (depth != Qnil && TYPE(depth) == T_FIXNUM) {
+      options |= UPB_DECODE_MAXDEPTH(FIX2INT(depth));
+    }
+  }
+
+  upb_Arena* arena = upb_Arena_New();
+
+  upb_EncodeStatus status =
+      upb_Encode(msg->msg, upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(msg->msgdef), options,
+                 arena, &data, &size);
+
+  if (status == kUpb_EncodeStatus_Ok) {
+    VALUE ret = rb_str_new(data, size);
+    rb_enc_associate(ret, rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
+    upb_Arena_Free(arena);
+    return ret;
+  } else {
+    upb_Arena_Free(arena);
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Exceeded maximum depth (possibly cycle)");
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     MessageClass.encode_json(msg, options = {}) => json_string
+ *
+ * Encodes the given message object into its serialized JSON representation.
+ * @param options [Hash] options for the decoder
+ *  preserve_proto_fieldnames: set true to use original fieldnames (default is
+ * to camelCase) emit_defaults: set true to emit 0/false values (default is to
+ * omit them)
+ */
+static VALUE Message_encode_json(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE klass) {
+  Message* msg = ruby_to_Message(argv[0]);
+  int options = 0;
+  char buf[1024];
+  size_t size;
+  upb_Status status;
+
+  // TODO(haberman): use this message's pool instead.
+  const upb_DefPool* symtab = DescriptorPool_GetSymtab(generated_pool);
+
+  if (argc < 1 || argc > 2) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected 1 or 2 arguments.");
+  }
+
+  if (argc == 2) {
+    VALUE hash_args = argv[1];
+    if (TYPE(hash_args) != T_HASH) {
+      if (RTEST(rb_funcall(hash_args, rb_intern("respond_to?"), 1,
+                           rb_str_new2("to_h")))) {
+        hash_args = rb_funcall(hash_args, rb_intern("to_h"), 0);
+      } else {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected hash arguments.");
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (RTEST(rb_hash_lookup2(hash_args,
+                              ID2SYM(rb_intern("preserve_proto_fieldnames")),
+                              Qfalse))) {
+      options |= upb_JsonEncode_UseProtoNames;
+    }
+
+    if (RTEST(rb_hash_lookup2(hash_args, ID2SYM(rb_intern("emit_defaults")),
+                              Qfalse))) {
+      options |= upb_JsonEncode_EmitDefaults;
+    }
+  }
+
+  upb_Status_Clear(&status);
+  size = upb_JsonEncode(msg->msg, msg->msgdef, symtab, options, buf,
+                        sizeof(buf), &status);
+
+  if (!upb_Status_IsOk(&status)) {
+    rb_raise(cParseError, "Error occurred during encoding: %s",
+             upb_Status_ErrorMessage(&status));
+  }
+
+  VALUE ret;
+  if (size >= sizeof(buf)) {
+    char* buf2 = malloc(size + 1);
+    upb_JsonEncode(msg->msg, msg->msgdef, symtab, options, buf2, size + 1,
+                   &status);
+    ret = rb_str_new(buf2, size);
+    free(buf2);
+  } else {
+    ret = rb_str_new(buf, size);
+  }
+
+  rb_enc_associate(ret, rb_utf8_encoding());
+  return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Message.descriptor => descriptor
+ *
+ * Class method that returns the Descriptor instance corresponding to this
+ * message class's type.
+ */
+static VALUE Message_descriptor(VALUE klass) {
+  return rb_ivar_get(klass, descriptor_instancevar_interned);
+}
+
+VALUE build_class_from_descriptor(VALUE descriptor) {
+  const char* name;
+  VALUE klass;
+
+  name = upb_MessageDef_FullName(Descriptor_GetMsgDef(descriptor));
+  if (name == NULL) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Descriptor does not have assigned name.");
+  }
+
+  klass = rb_define_class_id(
+      // Docs say this parameter is ignored. User will assign return value to
+      // their own toplevel constant class name.
+      rb_intern("Message"), cAbstractMessage);
+  rb_ivar_set(klass, descriptor_instancevar_interned, descriptor);
+  return klass;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Enum.lookup(number) => name
+ *
+ * This module method, provided on each generated enum module, looks up an enum
+ * value by number and returns its name as a Ruby symbol, or nil if not found.
+ */
+static VALUE enum_lookup(VALUE self, VALUE number) {
+  int32_t num = NUM2INT(number);
+  VALUE desc = rb_ivar_get(self, descriptor_instancevar_interned);
+  const upb_EnumDef* e = EnumDescriptor_GetEnumDef(desc);
+  const upb_EnumValueDef* ev = upb_EnumDef_FindValueByNumber(e, num);
+  if (ev) {
+    return ID2SYM(rb_intern(upb_EnumValueDef_Name(ev)));
+  } else {
+    return Qnil;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Enum.resolve(name) => number
+ *
+ * This module method, provided on each generated enum module, looks up an enum
+ * value by name (as a Ruby symbol) and returns its name, or nil if not found.
+ */
+static VALUE enum_resolve(VALUE self, VALUE sym) {
+  const char* name = rb_id2name(SYM2ID(sym));
+  VALUE desc = rb_ivar_get(self, descriptor_instancevar_interned);
+  const upb_EnumDef* e = EnumDescriptor_GetEnumDef(desc);
+  const upb_EnumValueDef* ev = upb_EnumDef_FindValueByName(e, name);
+  if (ev) {
+    return INT2NUM(upb_EnumValueDef_Number(ev));
+  } else {
+    return Qnil;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Enum.descriptor
+ *
+ * This module method, provided on each generated enum module, returns the
+ * EnumDescriptor corresponding to this enum type.
+ */
+static VALUE enum_descriptor(VALUE self) {
+  return rb_ivar_get(self, descriptor_instancevar_interned);
+}
+
+VALUE build_module_from_enumdesc(VALUE _enumdesc) {
+  const upb_EnumDef* e = EnumDescriptor_GetEnumDef(_enumdesc);
+  VALUE mod = rb_define_module_id(rb_intern(upb_EnumDef_FullName(e)));
+
+  int n = upb_EnumDef_ValueCount(e);
+  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    const upb_EnumValueDef* ev = upb_EnumDef_Value(e, i);
+    upb_Arena* arena = upb_Arena_New();
+    const char* src_name = upb_EnumValueDef_Name(ev);
+    char* name = upb_strdup2(src_name, strlen(src_name), arena);
+    int32_t value = upb_EnumValueDef_Number(ev);
+    if (name[0] < 'A' || name[0] > 'Z') {
+      if (name[0] >= 'a' && name[0] <= 'z') {
+        name[0] -= 32; // auto capitalize
+      } else {
+        rb_warn(
+          "Enum value '%s' does not start with an uppercase letter "
+          "as is required for Ruby constants.",
+          name);
+      }
+    }
+    rb_define_const(mod, name, INT2NUM(value));
+    upb_Arena_Free(arena);
+  }
+
+  rb_define_singleton_method(mod, "lookup", enum_lookup, 1);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(mod, "resolve", enum_resolve, 1);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(mod, "descriptor", enum_descriptor, 0);
+  rb_ivar_set(mod, descriptor_instancevar_interned, _enumdesc);
+
+  return mod;
+}
+
+// Internal to the library; used by Google::Protobuf.deep_copy.
+upb_Message* Message_deep_copy(const upb_Message* msg, const upb_MessageDef* m,
+                               upb_Arena* arena) {
+  // Serialize and parse.
+  upb_Arena* tmp_arena = upb_Arena_New();
+  const upb_MiniTable* layout = upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(m);
+  size_t size;
+
+  upb_Message* new_msg = upb_Message_New(layout, arena);
+  char* data;
+
+  if (upb_Encode(msg, layout, 0, tmp_arena, &data, &size) !=
+          kUpb_EncodeStatus_Ok ||
+      upb_Decode(data, size, new_msg, layout, NULL, 0, arena) !=
+          kUpb_DecodeStatus_Ok) {
+    upb_Arena_Free(tmp_arena);
+    rb_raise(cParseError, "Error occurred copying proto");
+  }
+
+  upb_Arena_Free(tmp_arena);
+  return new_msg;
+}
+
+const upb_Message* Message_GetUpbMessage(VALUE value, const upb_MessageDef* m,
+                                         const char* name, upb_Arena* arena) {
+  if (value == Qnil) {
+    rb_raise(cTypeError, "nil message not allowed here.");
+  }
+
+  VALUE klass = CLASS_OF(value);
+  VALUE desc_rb = rb_ivar_get(klass, descriptor_instancevar_interned);
+  const upb_MessageDef* val_m =
+      desc_rb == Qnil ? NULL : Descriptor_GetMsgDef(desc_rb);
+
+  if (val_m != m) {
+    // Check for possible implicit conversions
+    // TODO: hash conversion?
+
+    switch (upb_MessageDef_WellKnownType(m)) {
+      case kUpb_WellKnown_Timestamp: {
+        // Time -> Google::Protobuf::Timestamp
+        const upb_MiniTable* t = upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(m);
+        upb_Message* msg = upb_Message_New(t, arena);
+        upb_MessageValue sec, nsec;
+        struct timespec time;
+        const upb_FieldDef* sec_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
+        const upb_FieldDef* nsec_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 2);
+
+        if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(value, rb_cTime)) goto badtype;
+
+        time = rb_time_timespec(value);
+        sec.int64_val = time.tv_sec;
+        nsec.int32_val = time.tv_nsec;
+        upb_Message_SetFieldByDef(msg, sec_f, sec, arena);
+        upb_Message_SetFieldByDef(msg, nsec_f, nsec, arena);
+        return msg;
+      }
+      case kUpb_WellKnown_Duration: {
+        // Numeric -> Google::Protobuf::Duration
+        const upb_MiniTable* t = upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(m);
+        upb_Message* msg = upb_Message_New(t, arena);
+        upb_MessageValue sec, nsec;
+        const upb_FieldDef* sec_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
+        const upb_FieldDef* nsec_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 2);
+
+        if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(value, rb_cNumeric)) goto badtype;
+
+        sec.int64_val = NUM2LL(value);
+        nsec.int32_val = round((NUM2DBL(value) - NUM2LL(value)) * 1000000000);
+        upb_Message_SetFieldByDef(msg, sec_f, sec, arena);
+        upb_Message_SetFieldByDef(msg, nsec_f, nsec, arena);
+        return msg;
+      }
+      default:
+      badtype:
+        rb_raise(cTypeError,
+                 "Invalid type %s to assign to submessage field '%s'.",
+                 rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(value)), name);
+    }
+  }
+
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(value);
+  Arena_fuse(self->arena, arena);
+
+  return self->msg;
+}
+
+static void Message_define_class(VALUE klass) {
+  rb_define_alloc_func(klass, Message_alloc);
+
+  rb_require("google/protobuf/message_exts");
+  rb_define_method(klass, "method_missing", Message_method_missing, -1);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "respond_to_missing?", Message_respond_to_missing,
+                   -1);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "initialize", Message_initialize, -1);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "dup", Message_dup, 0);
+  // Also define #clone so that we don't inherit Object#clone.
+  rb_define_method(klass, "clone", Message_dup, 0);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "==", Message_eq, 1);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "eql?", Message_eq, 1);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "freeze", Message_freeze, 0);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "hash", Message_hash, 0);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "to_h", Message_to_h, 0);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "inspect", Message_inspect, 0);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "to_s", Message_inspect, 0);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "[]", Message_index, 1);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "[]=", Message_index_set, 2);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "decode", Message_decode, -1);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "encode", Message_encode, -1);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "decode_json", Message_decode_json, -1);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "encode_json", Message_encode_json, -1);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "descriptor", Message_descriptor, 0);
+}
+
+void Message_register(VALUE protobuf) {
+  cParseError = rb_const_get(protobuf, rb_intern("ParseError"));
+  cAbstractMessage =
+      rb_define_class_under(protobuf, "AbstractMessage", rb_cObject);
+  Message_define_class(cAbstractMessage);
+  rb_gc_register_address(&cAbstractMessage);
+
+  // Ruby-interned string: "descriptor". We use this identifier to store an
+  // instance variable on message classes we create in order to link them back
+  // to their descriptors.
+  descriptor_instancevar_interned = rb_intern("@descriptor");
+}