google-protobuf 3.14.0 → 3.25.8

data/ext/google/protobuf_c/message.c

@@ -1,76 +1,69 @@
 // Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
 // Copyright 2014 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
-// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
 //
-// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
-// met:
-//
-//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
-// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
-// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
-// distribution.
-//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
-// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
-// this software without specific prior written permission.
-//
-// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
-// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
-// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
-// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
-// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
-// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
-// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
-// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
-// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
-// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
-// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file or at
+// https://developers.google.com/open-source/licenses/bsd
 
+#include "message.h"
+
+#include "convert.h"
+#include "defs.h"
+#include "map.h"
 #include "protobuf.h"
+#include "repeated_field.h"
+#include "shared_message.h"
 
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Class/module creation from msgdefs and enumdefs, respectively.
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+static VALUE cParseError = Qnil;
+static VALUE cAbstractMessage = Qnil;
+static ID descriptor_instancevar_interned;
 
-void* Message_data(void* msg) {
-  return ((uint8_t *)msg) + sizeof(MessageHeader);
+static VALUE initialize_rb_class_with_no_args(VALUE klass) {
+  return rb_funcall(klass, rb_intern("new"), 0);
 }
 
-void Message_mark(void* _self) {
-  MessageHeader* self = (MessageHeader *)_self;
-  layout_mark(self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self));
+VALUE MessageOrEnum_GetDescriptor(VALUE klass) {
+  return rb_ivar_get(klass, descriptor_instancevar_interned);
 }
 
-void Message_free(void* self) {
-  stringsink* unknown = ((MessageHeader *)self)->unknown_fields;
-  if (unknown != NULL) {
-    stringsink_uninit(unknown);
-    free(unknown);
-  }
-  xfree(self);
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Class/module creation from msgdefs and enumdefs, respectively.
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+typedef struct {
+  // IMPORTANT: WB_PROTECTED objects must only use the RB_OBJ_WRITE()
+  // macro to update VALUE references, as to trigger write barriers.
+  VALUE arena;
+  const upb_Message* msg;  // Can get as mutable when non-frozen.
+  const upb_MessageDef*
+      msgdef;  // kept alive by self.class.descriptor reference.
+} Message;
+
+static void Message_mark(void* _self) {
+  Message* self = (Message*)_self;
+  rb_gc_mark(self->arena);
 }
 
-rb_data_type_t Message_type = {
-  "Message",
-  { Message_mark, Message_free, NULL },
+static rb_data_type_t Message_type = {
+    "Google::Protobuf::Message",
+    {Message_mark, RUBY_DEFAULT_FREE, NULL},
+    .flags = RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
 };
 
-VALUE Message_alloc(VALUE klass) {
+static Message* ruby_to_Message(VALUE msg_rb) {
+  Message* msg;
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(msg_rb, Message, &Message_type, msg);
+  return msg;
+}
+
+static VALUE Message_alloc(VALUE klass) {
   VALUE descriptor = rb_ivar_get(klass, descriptor_instancevar_interned);
-  Descriptor* desc = ruby_to_Descriptor(descriptor);
-  MessageHeader* msg;
+  Message* msg = ALLOC(Message);
   VALUE ret;
 
-  if (desc->layout == NULL) {
-    create_layout(desc);
-  }
-
-  msg = (void*)ALLOC_N(uint8_t, sizeof(MessageHeader) + desc->layout->size);
-  msg->descriptor = desc;
-  msg->unknown_fields = NULL;
-  memcpy(Message_data(msg), desc->layout->empty_template, desc->layout->size);
+  msg->msgdef = Descriptor_GetMsgDef(descriptor);
+  msg->arena = Qnil;
+  msg->msg = NULL;
 
   ret = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &Message_type, msg);
   rb_ivar_set(ret, descriptor_instancevar_interned, descriptor);
@@ -78,24 +71,96 @@ VALUE Message_alloc(VALUE klass) {
   return ret;
 }
 
-static const upb_fielddef* which_oneof_field(MessageHeader* self, const upb_oneofdef* o) {
-  uint32_t oneof_case;
-  const upb_fielddef* f;
+const upb_Message* Message_Get(VALUE msg_rb, const upb_MessageDef** m) {
+  Message* msg = ruby_to_Message(msg_rb);
+  if (m) *m = msg->msgdef;
+  return msg->msg;
+}
+
+upb_Message* Message_GetMutable(VALUE msg_rb, const upb_MessageDef** m) {
+  rb_check_frozen(msg_rb);
+  return (upb_Message*)Message_Get(msg_rb, m);
+}
+
+void Message_InitPtr(VALUE self_, upb_Message* msg, VALUE arena) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(self_);
+  self->msg = msg;
+  RB_OBJ_WRITE(self_, &self->arena, arena);
+  VALUE stored = ObjectCache_TryAdd(msg, self_);
+  (void)stored;
+  PBRUBY_ASSERT(stored == self_);
+}
 
-  oneof_case =
-      slot_read_oneof_case(self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self), o);
+VALUE Message_GetArena(VALUE msg_rb) {
+  Message* msg = ruby_to_Message(msg_rb);
+  return msg->arena;
+}
 
-  if (oneof_case == ONEOF_CASE_NONE) {
-    return NULL;
+void Message_CheckClass(VALUE klass) {
+  if (rb_get_alloc_func(klass) != &Message_alloc) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "Message class was not returned by the DescriptorPool.");
   }
+}
+
+VALUE Message_GetRubyWrapper(upb_Message* msg, const upb_MessageDef* m,
+                             VALUE arena) {
+  if (msg == NULL) return Qnil;
 
-  // oneof_case is a field index, so find that field.
-  f = upb_oneofdef_itof(o, oneof_case);
-  assert(f != NULL);
+  VALUE val = ObjectCache_Get(msg);
 
-  return f;
+  if (val == Qnil) {
+    VALUE klass = Descriptor_DefToClass(m);
+    val = Message_alloc(klass);
+    Message_InitPtr(val, msg, arena);
+  }
+
+  return val;
+}
+
+void Message_PrintMessage(StringBuilder* b, const upb_Message* msg,
+                          const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  bool first = true;
+  int n = upb_MessageDef_FieldCount(m);
+  VALUE klass = Descriptor_DefToClass(m);
+  StringBuilder_Printf(b, "<%s: ", rb_class2name(klass));
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    const upb_FieldDef* field = upb_MessageDef_Field(m, i);
+
+    if (upb_FieldDef_HasPresence(field) &&
+        !upb_Message_HasFieldByDef(msg, field)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (!first) {
+      StringBuilder_Printf(b, ", ");
+    } else {
+      first = false;
+    }
+
+    upb_MessageValue msgval = upb_Message_GetFieldByDef(msg, field);
+
+    StringBuilder_Printf(b, "%s: ", upb_FieldDef_Name(field));
+
+    if (upb_FieldDef_IsMap(field)) {
+      const upb_MessageDef* entry_m = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(field);
+      const upb_FieldDef* key_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry_m, 1);
+      const upb_FieldDef* val_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry_m, 2);
+      TypeInfo val_info = TypeInfo_get(val_f);
+      Map_Inspect(b, msgval.map_val, upb_FieldDef_CType(key_f), val_info);
+    } else if (upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(field)) {
+      RepeatedField_Inspect(b, msgval.array_val, TypeInfo_get(field));
+    } else {
+      StringBuilder_PrintMsgval(b, msgval, TypeInfo_get(field));
+    }
+  }
+
+  StringBuilder_Printf(b, ">");
 }
 
+// Helper functions for #method_missing ////////////////////////////////////////
+
 enum {
   METHOD_UNKNOWN = 0,
   METHOD_GETTER = 1,
@@ -108,153 +173,217 @@ enum {
 };
 
 // Check if the field is a well known wrapper type
-bool is_wrapper_type_field(const upb_fielddef* field) {
-  const upb_msgdef *m;
-  if (upb_fielddef_type(field) != UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  m = upb_fielddef_msgsubdef(field);
-  switch (upb_msgdef_wellknowntype(m)) {
-    case UPB_WELLKNOWN_DOUBLEVALUE:
-    case UPB_WELLKNOWN_FLOATVALUE:
-    case UPB_WELLKNOWN_INT64VALUE:
-    case UPB_WELLKNOWN_UINT64VALUE:
-    case UPB_WELLKNOWN_INT32VALUE:
-    case UPB_WELLKNOWN_UINT32VALUE:
-    case UPB_WELLKNOWN_STRINGVALUE:
-    case UPB_WELLKNOWN_BYTESVALUE:
-    case UPB_WELLKNOWN_BOOLVALUE:
+static bool IsWrapper(const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  if (!m) return false;
+  switch (upb_MessageDef_WellKnownType(m)) {
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_DoubleValue:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_FloatValue:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_Int64Value:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_UInt64Value:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_Int32Value:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_UInt32Value:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_StringValue:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_BytesValue:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_BoolValue:
       return true;
     default:
       return false;
   }
 }
 
-// Get a new Ruby wrapper type and set the initial value
-VALUE ruby_wrapper_type(VALUE type_class, VALUE value) {
-  if (value != Qnil) {
-    VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
-    rb_hash_aset(hash, rb_str_new2("value"), value);
-    {
-      VALUE args[1] = {hash};
-      return rb_class_new_instance(1, args, type_class);
-    }
+static bool IsFieldWrapper(const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  return IsWrapper(upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f));
+}
+
+static bool Match(const upb_MessageDef* m, const char* name,
+                  const upb_FieldDef** f, const upb_OneofDef** o,
+                  const char* prefix, const char* suffix) {
+  size_t sp = strlen(prefix);
+  size_t ss = strlen(suffix);
+  size_t sn = strlen(name);
+
+  if (sn <= sp + ss) return false;
+
+  if (memcmp(name, prefix, sp) != 0 ||
+      memcmp(name + sn - ss, suffix, ss) != 0) {
+    return false;
   }
-  return Qnil;
+
+  return upb_MessageDef_FindByNameWithSize(m, name + sp, sn - sp - ss, f, o);
 }
 
-static int extract_method_call(VALUE method_name, MessageHeader* self,
-                            const upb_fielddef **f, const upb_oneofdef **o) {
-  VALUE method_str;
-  char* name;
-  size_t name_len;
-  int accessor_type;
-  const upb_oneofdef* test_o;
-  const upb_fielddef* test_f;
-  bool has_field;
+static int extract_method_call(VALUE method_name, Message* self,
+                               const upb_FieldDef** f, const upb_OneofDef** o) {
+  const upb_MessageDef* m = self->msgdef;
+  const char* name;
 
   Check_Type(method_name, T_SYMBOL);
+  name = rb_id2name(SYM2ID(method_name));
+
+  if (Match(m, name, f, o, "", "")) return METHOD_GETTER;
+  if (Match(m, name, f, o, "", "=")) return METHOD_SETTER;
+  if (Match(m, name, f, o, "clear_", "")) return METHOD_CLEAR;
+  if (Match(m, name, f, o, "has_", "?") &&
+      (*o || (*f && upb_FieldDef_HasPresence(*f)))) {
+    return METHOD_PRESENCE;
+  }
+  if (Match(m, name, f, o, "", "_as_value") && *f &&
+      !upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(*f) && IsFieldWrapper(*f)) {
+    return METHOD_WRAPPER_GETTER;
+  }
+  if (Match(m, name, f, o, "", "_as_value=") && *f &&
+      !upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(*f) && IsFieldWrapper(*f)) {
+    return METHOD_WRAPPER_SETTER;
+  }
+  if (Match(m, name, f, o, "", "_const") && *f &&
+      upb_FieldDef_CType(*f) == kUpb_CType_Enum) {
+    return METHOD_ENUM_GETTER;
+  }
 
-  method_str = rb_id2str(SYM2ID(method_name));
-  name = RSTRING_PTR(method_str);
-  name_len = RSTRING_LEN(method_str);
-
-  if (name[name_len - 1] == '=') {
-    accessor_type = METHOD_SETTER;
-    name_len--;
-    // We want to ensure if the proto has something named clear_foo or has_foo?,
-    // we don't strip the prefix.
-  } else if (strncmp("clear_", name, 6) == 0 &&
-             !upb_msgdef_lookupname(self->descriptor->msgdef, name, name_len,
-                                    &test_f, &test_o)) {
-    accessor_type = METHOD_CLEAR;
-    name = name + 6;
-    name_len = name_len - 6;
-  } else if (strncmp("has_", name, 4) == 0 && name[name_len - 1] == '?' &&
-             !upb_msgdef_lookupname(self->descriptor->msgdef, name, name_len,
-                                    &test_f, &test_o)) {
-    accessor_type = METHOD_PRESENCE;
-    name = name + 4;
-    name_len = name_len - 5;
-  } else {
-    accessor_type = METHOD_GETTER;
-  }
-
-  has_field = upb_msgdef_lookupname(self->descriptor->msgdef, name, name_len,
-                                    &test_f, &test_o);
-
-  // Look for wrapper type accessor of the form <field_name>_as_value
-  if (!has_field &&
-      (accessor_type == METHOD_GETTER || accessor_type == METHOD_SETTER) &&
-      name_len > 9 && strncmp(name + name_len - 9, "_as_value", 9) == 0) {
-    const upb_oneofdef* test_o_wrapper;
-    const upb_fielddef* test_f_wrapper;
-    char wrapper_field_name[name_len - 8];
-
-    // Find the field name
-    strncpy(wrapper_field_name, name, name_len - 9);
-    wrapper_field_name[name_len - 9] = '\0';
-
-    // Check if field exists and is a wrapper type
-    if (upb_msgdef_lookupname(self->descriptor->msgdef, wrapper_field_name,
-                              name_len - 9, &test_f_wrapper, &test_o_wrapper) &&
-        is_wrapper_type_field(test_f_wrapper)) {
-      // It does exist!
-      has_field = true;
-      if (accessor_type == METHOD_SETTER) {
-        accessor_type = METHOD_WRAPPER_SETTER;
-      } else {
-        accessor_type = METHOD_WRAPPER_GETTER;
+  return METHOD_UNKNOWN;
+}
+
+static VALUE Message_oneof_accessor(VALUE _self, const upb_OneofDef* o,
+                                    int accessor_type) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  const upb_FieldDef* oneof_field = upb_Message_WhichOneof(self->msg, o);
+
+  switch (accessor_type) {
+    case METHOD_PRESENCE:
+      return oneof_field == NULL ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
+    case METHOD_CLEAR:
+      if (oneof_field != NULL) {
+        upb_Message_ClearFieldByDef(Message_GetMutable(_self, NULL),
+                                    oneof_field);
       }
-      test_o = test_o_wrapper;
-      test_f = test_f_wrapper;
-    }
+      return Qnil;
+    case METHOD_GETTER:
+      return oneof_field == NULL
+                 ? Qnil
+                 : ID2SYM(rb_intern(upb_FieldDef_Name(oneof_field)));
+    case METHOD_SETTER:
+      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Oneof accessors are read-only.");
   }
+  rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Invalid access of oneof field.");
+}
 
-  // Look for enum accessor of the form <enum_name>_const
-  if (!has_field && accessor_type == METHOD_GETTER &&
-      name_len > 6 && strncmp(name + name_len - 6, "_const", 6) == 0) {
-    const upb_oneofdef* test_o_enum;
-    const upb_fielddef* test_f_enum;
-    char enum_name[name_len - 5];
-
-    // Find enum field name
-    strncpy(enum_name, name, name_len - 6);
-    enum_name[name_len - 6] = '\0';
-
-    // Check if enum field exists
-    if (upb_msgdef_lookupname(self->descriptor->msgdef, enum_name, name_len - 6,
-                                             &test_f_enum, &test_o_enum) &&
-        upb_fielddef_type(test_f_enum) == UPB_TYPE_ENUM) {
-      // It does exist!
-      has_field = true;
-      accessor_type = METHOD_ENUM_GETTER;
-      test_o = test_o_enum;
-      test_f = test_f_enum;
+static void Message_setfield(upb_Message* msg, const upb_FieldDef* f, VALUE val,
+                             upb_Arena* arena) {
+  upb_MessageValue msgval;
+  if (upb_FieldDef_IsMap(f)) {
+    msgval.map_val = Map_GetUpbMap(val, f, arena);
+  } else if (upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(f)) {
+    msgval.array_val = RepeatedField_GetUpbArray(val, f, arena);
+  } else {
+    if (val == Qnil &&
+        (upb_FieldDef_IsSubMessage(f) || upb_FieldDef_RealContainingOneof(f))) {
+      upb_Message_ClearFieldByDef(msg, f);
+      return;
     }
+    msgval =
+        Convert_RubyToUpb(val, upb_FieldDef_Name(f), TypeInfo_get(f), arena);
   }
+  upb_Message_SetFieldByDef(msg, f, msgval, arena);
+}
 
-  // Verify the name corresponds to a oneof or field in this message.
-  if (!has_field) {
-    return METHOD_UNKNOWN;
+VALUE Message_getfield(VALUE _self, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  // This is a special-case: upb_Message_Mutable() for map & array are logically
+  // const (they will not change what is serialized) but physically
+  // non-const, as they do allocate a repeated field or map. The logical
+  // constness means it's ok to do even if the message is frozen.
+  upb_Message* msg = (upb_Message*)self->msg;
+  upb_Arena* arena = Arena_get(self->arena);
+  if (upb_FieldDef_IsMap(f)) {
+    upb_Map* map = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, arena).map;
+    const upb_FieldDef* key_f = map_field_key(f);
+    const upb_FieldDef* val_f = map_field_value(f);
+    upb_CType key_type = upb_FieldDef_CType(key_f);
+    TypeInfo value_type_info = TypeInfo_get(val_f);
+    return Map_GetRubyWrapper(map, key_type, value_type_info, self->arena);
+  } else if (upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(f)) {
+    upb_Array* arr = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, arena).array;
+    return RepeatedField_GetRubyWrapper(arr, TypeInfo_get(f), self->arena);
+  } else if (upb_FieldDef_IsSubMessage(f)) {
+    if (!upb_Message_HasFieldByDef(self->msg, f)) return Qnil;
+    upb_Message* submsg = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, arena).msg;
+    const upb_MessageDef* m = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f);
+    return Message_GetRubyWrapper(submsg, m, self->arena);
+  } else {
+    upb_MessageValue msgval = upb_Message_GetFieldByDef(self->msg, f);
+    return Convert_UpbToRuby(msgval, TypeInfo_get(f), self->arena);
   }
+}
 
-  // Method calls like 'has_foo?' are not allowed if field "foo" does not have
-  // a hasbit (e.g. repeated fields or non-message type fields for proto3
-  // syntax).
-  if (accessor_type == METHOD_PRESENCE && test_f != NULL) {
-    if (!upb_fielddef_haspresence(test_f)) return METHOD_UNKNOWN;
+static VALUE Message_field_accessor(VALUE _self, const upb_FieldDef* f,
+                                    int accessor_type, int argc, VALUE* argv) {
+  upb_Arena* arena = Arena_get(Message_GetArena(_self));
 
-    // TODO(haberman): remove this case, allow for proto3 oneofs.
-    if (upb_fielddef_realcontainingoneof(test_f) &&
-        upb_filedef_syntax(upb_fielddef_file(test_f)) == UPB_SYNTAX_PROTO3) {
-      return METHOD_UNKNOWN;
+  switch (accessor_type) {
+    case METHOD_SETTER:
+      Message_setfield(Message_GetMutable(_self, NULL), f, argv[1], arena);
+      return Qnil;
+    case METHOD_CLEAR:
+      upb_Message_ClearFieldByDef(Message_GetMutable(_self, NULL), f);
+      return Qnil;
+    case METHOD_PRESENCE:
+      if (!upb_FieldDef_HasPresence(f)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Field does not have presence.");
+      }
+      return upb_Message_HasFieldByDef(Message_Get(_self, NULL), f);
+    case METHOD_WRAPPER_GETTER: {
+      Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+      if (upb_Message_HasFieldByDef(self->msg, f)) {
+        PBRUBY_ASSERT(upb_FieldDef_IsSubMessage(f) &&
+                      !upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(f));
+        upb_MessageValue wrapper = upb_Message_GetFieldByDef(self->msg, f);
+        const upb_MessageDef* wrapper_m = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f);
+        const upb_FieldDef* value_f =
+            upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(wrapper_m, 1);
+        upb_MessageValue value =
+            upb_Message_GetFieldByDef(wrapper.msg_val, value_f);
+        return Convert_UpbToRuby(value, TypeInfo_get(value_f), self->arena);
+      } else {
+        return Qnil;
+      }
+    }
+    case METHOD_WRAPPER_SETTER: {
+      upb_Message* msg = Message_GetMutable(_self, NULL);
+      if (argv[1] == Qnil) {
+        upb_Message_ClearFieldByDef(msg, f);
+      } else {
+        const upb_FieldDef* val_f =
+            upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f), 1);
+        upb_MessageValue msgval = Convert_RubyToUpb(
+            argv[1], upb_FieldDef_Name(f), TypeInfo_get(val_f), arena);
+        upb_Message* wrapper = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, arena).msg;
+        upb_Message_SetFieldByDef(wrapper, val_f, msgval, arena);
+      }
+      return Qnil;
+    }
+    case METHOD_ENUM_GETTER: {
+      upb_MessageValue msgval =
+          upb_Message_GetFieldByDef(Message_Get(_self, NULL), f);
+
+      if (upb_FieldDef_Label(f) == kUpb_Label_Repeated) {
+        // Map repeated fields to a new type with ints
+        VALUE arr = rb_ary_new();
+        size_t i, n = upb_Array_Size(msgval.array_val);
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+          upb_MessageValue elem = upb_Array_Get(msgval.array_val, i);
+          rb_ary_push(arr, INT2NUM(elem.int32_val));
+        }
+        return arr;
+      } else {
+        return INT2NUM(msgval.int32_val);
+      }
     }
+    case METHOD_GETTER:
+      return Message_getfield(_self, f);
+    default:
+      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Internal error, no such accessor: %d",
+               accessor_type);
   }
-
-  *o = test_o;
-  *f = test_f;
-  return accessor_type;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -284,111 +413,56 @@ static int extract_method_call(VALUE method_name, MessageHeader* self,
  * true if the field 'fieldname' is set in the message object, else false. For
  * 'proto3' syntax, calling this for a basic type field will result in an error.
  */
-VALUE Message_method_missing(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE _self) {
-  MessageHeader* self;
-  const upb_oneofdef* o;
-  const upb_fielddef* f;
+static VALUE Message_method_missing(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE _self) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  const upb_OneofDef* o;
+  const upb_FieldDef* f;
   int accessor_type;
 
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(_self, MessageHeader, &Message_type, self);
   if (argc < 1) {
     rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected method name as first argument.");
   }
 
   accessor_type = extract_method_call(argv[0], self, &f, &o);
-  if (accessor_type == METHOD_UNKNOWN || (o == NULL && f == NULL) ) {
-    return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
-  } else if (accessor_type == METHOD_SETTER || accessor_type == METHOD_WRAPPER_SETTER) {
-    if (argc != 2) {
-      rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected 2 arguments, received %d", argc);
-    }
-    rb_check_frozen(_self);
-  } else if (argc != 1) {
-    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected 1 argument, received %d", argc);
-  }
-
-  // Return which of the oneof fields are set
-  if (o != NULL) {
-    const upb_fielddef* oneof_field = which_oneof_field(self, o);
 
-    if (accessor_type == METHOD_SETTER) {
-      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Oneof accessors are read-only.");
-    }
+  if (accessor_type == METHOD_UNKNOWN) return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
 
-    if (accessor_type == METHOD_PRESENCE) {
-      return oneof_field == NULL ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
-    } else if (accessor_type == METHOD_CLEAR) {
-      if (oneof_field != NULL) {
-        layout_clear(self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self), oneof_field);
+  // Validate argument count.
+  switch (accessor_type) {
+    case METHOD_SETTER:
+    case METHOD_WRAPPER_SETTER:
+      if (argc != 2) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected 2 arguments, received %d", argc);
       }
-      return Qnil;
-    } else {
-      // METHOD_ACCESSOR
-      return oneof_field == NULL ? Qnil :
-        ID2SYM(rb_intern(upb_fielddef_name(oneof_field)));
-    }
-  // Otherwise we're operating on a single proto field
-  } else if (accessor_type == METHOD_SETTER) {
-    layout_set(self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self), f, argv[1]);
-    return Qnil;
-  } else if (accessor_type == METHOD_CLEAR) {
-    layout_clear(self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self), f);
-    return Qnil;
-  } else if (accessor_type == METHOD_PRESENCE) {
-    return layout_has(self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self), f);
-  } else if (accessor_type == METHOD_WRAPPER_GETTER) {
-    VALUE value = layout_get(self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self), f);
-    switch (TYPE(value)) {
-      case T_DATA:
-        return rb_funcall(value, rb_intern("value"), 0);
-      case T_NIL:
-        return Qnil;
-      default:
-        return value;
-    }
-  } else if (accessor_type == METHOD_WRAPPER_SETTER) {
-    VALUE wrapper = ruby_wrapper_type(
-        field_type_class(self->descriptor->layout, f), argv[1]);
-    layout_set(self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self), f, wrapper);
-    return Qnil;
-  } else if (accessor_type == METHOD_ENUM_GETTER) {
-    VALUE enum_type = field_type_class(self->descriptor->layout, f);
-    VALUE method = rb_intern("const_get");
-    VALUE raw_value = layout_get(self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self), f);
-
-    // Map repeated fields to a new type with ints
-    if (upb_fielddef_label(f) == UPB_LABEL_REPEATED) {
-      int array_size = FIX2INT(rb_funcall(raw_value, rb_intern("length"), 0));
-      int i;
-      VALUE array_args[1] = { ID2SYM(rb_intern("int64")) };
-      VALUE array = rb_class_new_instance(1, array_args, CLASS_OF(raw_value));
-      for (i = 0; i < array_size; i++) {
-        VALUE entry = rb_funcall(enum_type, method, 1, rb_funcall(raw_value,
-                                 rb_intern("at"), 1, INT2NUM(i)));
-        rb_funcall(array, rb_intern("push"), 1, entry);
+      rb_check_frozen(_self);
+      break;
+    default:
+      if (argc != 1) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected 1 argument, received %d", argc);
       }
-      return array;
-    }
-    // Convert the value for singular fields
-    return rb_funcall(enum_type, method, 1, raw_value);
+      break;
+  }
+
+  // Dispatch accessor.
+  if (o != NULL) {
+    return Message_oneof_accessor(_self, o, accessor_type);
   } else {
-    return layout_get(self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self), f);
+    return Message_field_accessor(_self, f, accessor_type, argc, argv);
   }
 }
 
-
-VALUE Message_respond_to_missing(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE _self) {
-  MessageHeader* self;
-  const upb_oneofdef* o;
-  const upb_fielddef* f;
+static VALUE Message_respond_to_missing(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE _self) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  const upb_OneofDef* o;
+  const upb_FieldDef* f;
   int accessor_type;
 
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(_self, MessageHeader, &Message_type, self);
   if (argc < 1) {
     rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected method name as first argument.");
   }
 
   accessor_type = extract_method_call(argv[0], self, &f, &o);
+
   if (accessor_type == METHOD_UNKNOWN) {
     return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
   } else if (o != NULL) {
@@ -398,17 +472,120 @@ VALUE Message_respond_to_missing(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE _self) {
   }
 }
 
-VALUE create_submsg_from_hash(const MessageLayout* layout,
-                              const upb_fielddef* f, VALUE hash) {
-  VALUE args[1] = { hash };
-  return rb_class_new_instance(1, args, field_type_class(layout, f));
+void Message_InitFromValue(upb_Message* msg, const upb_MessageDef* m, VALUE val,
+                           upb_Arena* arena);
+
+typedef struct {
+  upb_Map* map;
+  TypeInfo key_type;
+  TypeInfo val_type;
+  upb_Arena* arena;
+} MapInit;
+
+static int Map_initialize_kwarg(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE _self) {
+  MapInit* map_init = (MapInit*)_self;
+  upb_MessageValue k, v;
+  k = Convert_RubyToUpb(key, "", map_init->key_type, NULL);
+
+  if (map_init->val_type.type == kUpb_CType_Message && TYPE(val) == T_HASH) {
+    const upb_MiniTable* t =
+        upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(map_init->val_type.def.msgdef);
+    upb_Message* msg = upb_Message_New(t, map_init->arena);
+    Message_InitFromValue(msg, map_init->val_type.def.msgdef, val,
+                          map_init->arena);
+    v.msg_val = msg;
+  } else {
+    v = Convert_RubyToUpb(val, "", map_init->val_type, map_init->arena);
+  }
+  upb_Map_Set(map_init->map, k, v, map_init->arena);
+  return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
-int Message_initialize_kwarg(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE _self) {
-  MessageHeader* self;
-  char *name;
-  const upb_fielddef* f;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(_self, MessageHeader, &Message_type, self);
+static void Map_InitFromValue(upb_Map* map, const upb_FieldDef* f, VALUE val,
+                              upb_Arena* arena) {
+  const upb_MessageDef* entry_m = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f);
+  const upb_FieldDef* key_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry_m, 1);
+  const upb_FieldDef* val_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry_m, 2);
+  if (TYPE(val) != T_HASH) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "Expected Hash object as initializer value for map field '%s' "
+             "(given %s).",
+             upb_FieldDef_Name(f), rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(val)));
+  }
+  MapInit map_init = {map, TypeInfo_get(key_f), TypeInfo_get(val_f), arena};
+  rb_hash_foreach(val, Map_initialize_kwarg, (VALUE)&map_init);
+}
+
+static upb_MessageValue MessageValue_FromValue(VALUE val, TypeInfo info,
+                                               upb_Arena* arena) {
+  if (info.type == kUpb_CType_Message) {
+    upb_MessageValue msgval;
+    const upb_MiniTable* t = upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(info.def.msgdef);
+    upb_Message* msg = upb_Message_New(t, arena);
+    Message_InitFromValue(msg, info.def.msgdef, val, arena);
+    msgval.msg_val = msg;
+    return msgval;
+  } else {
+    return Convert_RubyToUpb(val, "", info, arena);
+  }
+}
+
+static void RepeatedField_InitFromValue(upb_Array* arr, const upb_FieldDef* f,
+                                        VALUE val, upb_Arena* arena) {
+  TypeInfo type_info = TypeInfo_get(f);
+
+  if (TYPE(val) != T_ARRAY) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "Expected array as initializer value for repeated field '%s' "
+             "(given %s).",
+             upb_FieldDef_Name(f), rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(val)));
+  }
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(val); i++) {
+    VALUE entry = rb_ary_entry(val, i);
+    upb_MessageValue msgval;
+    if (upb_FieldDef_IsSubMessage(f) && TYPE(entry) == T_HASH) {
+      msgval = MessageValue_FromValue(entry, type_info, arena);
+    } else {
+      msgval = Convert_RubyToUpb(entry, upb_FieldDef_Name(f), type_info, arena);
+    }
+    upb_Array_Append(arr, msgval, arena);
+  }
+}
+
+static void Message_InitFieldFromValue(upb_Message* msg, const upb_FieldDef* f,
+                                       VALUE val, upb_Arena* arena) {
+  if (TYPE(val) == T_NIL) return;
+
+  if (upb_FieldDef_IsMap(f)) {
+    upb_Map* map = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, arena).map;
+    Map_InitFromValue(map, f, val, arena);
+  } else if (upb_FieldDef_Label(f) == kUpb_Label_Repeated) {
+    upb_Array* arr = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, arena).array;
+    RepeatedField_InitFromValue(arr, f, val, arena);
+  } else if (upb_FieldDef_IsSubMessage(f)) {
+    if (TYPE(val) == T_HASH) {
+      upb_Message* submsg = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, arena).msg;
+      Message_InitFromValue(submsg, upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f), val, arena);
+    } else {
+      Message_setfield(msg, f, val, arena);
+    }
+  } else {
+    upb_MessageValue msgval =
+        Convert_RubyToUpb(val, upb_FieldDef_Name(f), TypeInfo_get(f), arena);
+    upb_Message_SetFieldByDef(msg, f, msgval, arena);
+  }
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+  upb_Message* msg;
+  const upb_MessageDef* msgdef;
+  upb_Arena* arena;
+} MsgInit;
+
+static int Message_initialize_kwarg(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE _self) {
+  MsgInit* msg_init = (MsgInit*)_self;
+  const char* name;
 
   if (TYPE(key) == T_STRING) {
     name = RSTRING_PTR(key);
@@ -416,55 +593,31 @@ int Message_initialize_kwarg(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE _self) {
     name = RSTRING_PTR(rb_id2str(SYM2ID(key)));
   } else {
     rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
-             "Expected string or symbols as hash keys when initializing proto from hash.");
+             "Expected string or symbols as hash keys when initializing proto "
+             "from hash.");
   }
 
-  f = upb_msgdef_ntofz(self->descriptor->msgdef, name);
+  const upb_FieldDef* f =
+      upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByName(msg_init->msgdef, name);
+
   if (f == NULL) {
     rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
              "Unknown field name '%s' in initialization map entry.", name);
   }
 
-  if (TYPE(val) == T_NIL) {
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  if (is_map_field(f)) {
-    VALUE map;
-
-    if (TYPE(val) != T_HASH) {
-      rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
-               "Expected Hash object as initializer value for map field '%s' (given %s).",
-               name, rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(val)));
-    }
-    map = layout_get(self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self), f);
-    Map_merge_into_self(map, val);
-  } else if (upb_fielddef_label(f) == UPB_LABEL_REPEATED) {
-    VALUE ary;
-    int i;
-
-    if (TYPE(val) != T_ARRAY) {
-      rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
-               "Expected array as initializer value for repeated field '%s' (given %s).",
-               name, rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(val)));
-    }
-    ary = layout_get(self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self), f);
-    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(val); i++) {
-      VALUE entry = rb_ary_entry(val, i);
-      if (TYPE(entry) == T_HASH && upb_fielddef_issubmsg(f)) {
-        entry = create_submsg_from_hash(self->descriptor->layout, f, entry);
-      }
+  Message_InitFieldFromValue(msg_init->msg, f, val, msg_init->arena);
+  return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
 
-      RepeatedField_push(ary, entry);
-    }
+void Message_InitFromValue(upb_Message* msg, const upb_MessageDef* m, VALUE val,
+                           upb_Arena* arena) {
+  MsgInit msg_init = {msg, m, arena};
+  if (TYPE(val) == T_HASH) {
+    rb_hash_foreach(val, Message_initialize_kwarg, (VALUE)&msg_init);
   } else {
-    if (TYPE(val) == T_HASH && upb_fielddef_issubmsg(f)) {
-      val = create_submsg_from_hash(self->descriptor->layout, f, val);
-    }
-
-    layout_set(self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self), f, val);
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected hash arguments or message, not %s",
+             rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(val)));
   }
-  return 0;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -479,12 +632,14 @@ int Message_initialize_kwarg(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE _self) {
  * have been added to a pool. The method definitions described here on the
  * Message class are provided on each concrete message class.
  */
-VALUE Message_initialize(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE _self) {
-  MessageHeader* self;
-  VALUE hash_args;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(_self, MessageHeader, &Message_type, self);
+static VALUE Message_initialize(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE _self) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  VALUE arena_rb = Arena_new();
+  upb_Arena* arena = Arena_get(arena_rb);
+  const upb_MiniTable* t = upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(self->msgdef);
+  upb_Message* msg = upb_Message_New(t, arena);
 
-  layout_init(self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self));
+  Message_InitPtr(_self, msg, arena_rb);
 
   if (argc == 0) {
     return Qnil;
@@ -492,12 +647,7 @@ VALUE Message_initialize(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE _self) {
   if (argc != 1) {
     rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected 0 or 1 arguments.");
   }
-  hash_args = argv[0];
-  if (TYPE(hash_args) != T_HASH) {
-    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected hash arguments.");
-  }
-
-  rb_hash_foreach(hash_args, Message_initialize_kwarg, _self);
+  Message_InitFromValue((upb_Message*)self->msg, self->msgdef, argv[0], arena);
   return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -507,37 +657,31 @@ VALUE Message_initialize(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE _self) {
  *
  * Performs a shallow copy of this message and returns the new copy.
  */
-VALUE Message_dup(VALUE _self) {
-  MessageHeader* self;
-  VALUE new_msg;
-  MessageHeader* new_msg_self;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(_self, MessageHeader, &Message_type, self);
-
-  new_msg = rb_class_new_instance(0, NULL, CLASS_OF(_self));
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(new_msg, MessageHeader, &Message_type, new_msg_self);
-
-  layout_dup(self->descriptor->layout,
-             Message_data(new_msg_self),
-             Message_data(self));
-
+static VALUE Message_dup(VALUE _self) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  VALUE new_msg = rb_class_new_instance(0, NULL, CLASS_OF(_self));
+  Message* new_msg_self = ruby_to_Message(new_msg);
+  size_t size = upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(self->msgdef)->size;
+
+  // TODO
+  // TODO
+  memcpy((upb_Message*)new_msg_self->msg, self->msg, size);
+  Arena_fuse(self->arena, Arena_get(new_msg_self->arena));
   return new_msg;
 }
 
-// Internal only; used by Google::Protobuf.deep_copy.
-VALUE Message_deep_copy(VALUE _self) {
-  MessageHeader* self;
-  MessageHeader* new_msg_self;
-  VALUE new_msg;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(_self, MessageHeader, &Message_type, self);
-
-  new_msg = rb_class_new_instance(0, NULL, CLASS_OF(_self));
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(new_msg, MessageHeader, &Message_type, new_msg_self);
-
-  layout_deep_copy(self->descriptor->layout,
-                   Message_data(new_msg_self),
-                   Message_data(self));
-
-  return new_msg;
+// Support function for Message_eq, and also used by other #eq functions.
+bool Message_Equal(const upb_Message* m1, const upb_Message* m2,
+                   const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  upb_Status status;
+  upb_Status_Clear(&status);
+  bool return_value = shared_Message_Equal(m1, m2, m, &status);
+  if (upb_Status_IsOk(&status)) {
+    return return_value;
+  } else {
+    rb_raise(cParseError, "Message_Equal(): %s",
+             upb_Status_ErrorMessage(&status));
+  }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -549,22 +693,27 @@ VALUE Message_deep_copy(VALUE _self) {
  * method's semantics (a more efficient comparison may actually be done if the
  * field is of a primitive type).
  */
-VALUE Message_eq(VALUE _self, VALUE _other) {
-  MessageHeader* self;
-  MessageHeader* other;
-  if (TYPE(_self) != TYPE(_other)) {
-    return Qfalse;
-  }
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(_self, MessageHeader, &Message_type, self);
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(_other, MessageHeader, &Message_type, other);
+static VALUE Message_eq(VALUE _self, VALUE _other) {
+  if (CLASS_OF(_self) != CLASS_OF(_other)) return Qfalse;
 
-  if (self->descriptor != other->descriptor) {
-    return Qfalse;
-  }
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  Message* other = ruby_to_Message(_other);
+  assert(self->msgdef == other->msgdef);
+
+  return Message_Equal(self->msg, other->msg, self->msgdef) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
 
-  return layout_eq(self->descriptor->layout,
-                   Message_data(self),
-                   Message_data(other));
+uint64_t Message_Hash(const upb_Message* msg, const upb_MessageDef* m,
+                      uint64_t seed) {
+  upb_Status status;
+  upb_Status_Clear(&status);
+  uint64_t return_value = shared_Message_Hash(msg, m, seed, &status);
+  if (upb_Status_IsOk(&status)) {
+    return return_value;
+  } else {
+    rb_raise(cParseError, "Message_Hash(): %s",
+             upb_Status_ErrorMessage(&status));
+  }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -573,11 +722,12 @@ VALUE Message_eq(VALUE _self, VALUE _other) {
  *
  * Returns a hash value that represents this message's field values.
  */
-VALUE Message_hash(VALUE _self) {
-  MessageHeader* self;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(_self, MessageHeader, &Message_type, self);
-
-  return layout_hash(self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self));
+static VALUE Message_hash(VALUE _self) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  uint64_t hash_value = Message_Hash(self->msg, self->msgdef, 0);
+  // RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX should be one less than a power of 2.
+  assert((RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX & (RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX + 1)) == 0);
+  return INT2FIX(hash_value & RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -588,81 +738,155 @@ VALUE Message_hash(VALUE _self) {
  * formatted as "<MessageType: field1: value1, field2: value2, ...>". Each
  * field's value is represented according to its own #inspect method.
  */
-VALUE Message_inspect(VALUE _self) {
-  MessageHeader* self;
-  VALUE str;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(_self, MessageHeader, &Message_type, self);
+static VALUE Message_inspect(VALUE _self) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
 
-  str = rb_str_new2("<");
-  str = rb_str_append(str, rb_str_new2(rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(_self))));
-  str = rb_str_cat2(str, ": ");
-  str = rb_str_append(str, layout_inspect(
-      self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self)));
-  str = rb_str_cat2(str, ">");
-  return str;
+  StringBuilder* builder = StringBuilder_New();
+  Message_PrintMessage(builder, self->msg, self->msgdef);
+  VALUE ret = StringBuilder_ToRubyString(builder);
+  StringBuilder_Free(builder);
+  return ret;
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *     Message.to_h => {}
- *
- * Returns the message as a Ruby Hash object, with keys as symbols.
- */
-VALUE Message_to_h(VALUE _self) {
-  MessageHeader* self;
+// Support functions for Message_to_h //////////////////////////////////////////
+
+static VALUE RepeatedField_CreateArray(const upb_Array* arr,
+                                       TypeInfo type_info) {
+  int size = arr ? upb_Array_Size(arr) : 0;
+  VALUE ary = rb_ary_new2(size);
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+    upb_MessageValue msgval = upb_Array_Get(arr, i);
+    VALUE val = Scalar_CreateHash(msgval, type_info);
+    rb_ary_push(ary, val);
+  }
+
+  return ary;
+}
+
+static VALUE Message_CreateHash(const upb_Message* msg,
+                                const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  if (!msg) return Qnil;
+
   VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
-  upb_msg_field_iter it;
+  int n = upb_MessageDef_FieldCount(m);
   bool is_proto2;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(_self, MessageHeader, &Message_type, self);
 
   // We currently have a few behaviors that are specific to proto2.
   // This is unfortunate, we should key behaviors off field attributes (like
   // whether a field has presence), not proto2 vs. proto3. We should see if we
   // can change this without breaking users.
-  is_proto2 =
-      upb_msgdef_syntax(self->descriptor->msgdef) == UPB_SYNTAX_PROTO2;
+  is_proto2 = upb_MessageDef_Syntax(m) == kUpb_Syntax_Proto2;
 
-  for (upb_msg_field_begin(&it, self->descriptor->msgdef);
-       !upb_msg_field_done(&it);
-       upb_msg_field_next(&it)) {
-    const upb_fielddef* field = upb_msg_iter_field(&it);
+  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    const upb_FieldDef* field = upb_MessageDef_Field(m, i);
+    TypeInfo type_info = TypeInfo_get(field);
+    upb_MessageValue msgval;
     VALUE msg_value;
     VALUE msg_key;
 
+    if (!is_proto2 && upb_FieldDef_IsSubMessage(field) &&
+        !upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(field) &&
+        !upb_Message_HasFieldByDef(msg, field)) {
+      // TODO: Legacy behavior, remove when we fix the is_proto2 differences.
+      msg_key = ID2SYM(rb_intern(upb_FieldDef_Name(field)));
+      rb_hash_aset(hash, msg_key, Qnil);
+      continue;
+    }
+
     // Do not include fields that are not present (oneof or optional fields).
-    if (is_proto2 && upb_fielddef_haspresence(field) &&
-        !layout_has(self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self), field)) {
+    if (is_proto2 && upb_FieldDef_HasPresence(field) &&
+        !upb_Message_HasFieldByDef(msg, field)) {
       continue;
     }
 
-    msg_value = layout_get(self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self), field);
-    msg_key = ID2SYM(rb_intern(upb_fielddef_name(field)));
-    if (is_map_field(field)) {
-      msg_value = Map_to_h(msg_value);
-    } else if (upb_fielddef_label(field) == UPB_LABEL_REPEATED) {
-      msg_value = RepeatedField_to_ary(msg_value);
-      if (is_proto2 && RARRAY_LEN(msg_value) == 0) {
-        continue;
-      }
+    msg_key = ID2SYM(rb_intern(upb_FieldDef_Name(field)));
+    msgval = upb_Message_GetFieldByDef(msg, field);
 
-      if (upb_fielddef_type(field) == UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE) {
-        int i;
-        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(msg_value); i++) {
-          VALUE elem = rb_ary_entry(msg_value, i);
-          rb_ary_store(msg_value, i, Message_to_h(elem));
-        }
-      }
+    // Proto2 omits empty map/repeated filds also.
 
-    } else if (msg_value != Qnil &&
-               upb_fielddef_type(field) == UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE) {
-      msg_value = Message_to_h(msg_value);
+    if (upb_FieldDef_IsMap(field)) {
+      const upb_MessageDef* entry_m = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(field);
+      const upb_FieldDef* key_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry_m, 1);
+      const upb_FieldDef* val_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry_m, 2);
+      upb_CType key_type = upb_FieldDef_CType(key_f);
+      msg_value = Map_CreateHash(msgval.map_val, key_type, TypeInfo_get(val_f));
+    } else if (upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(field)) {
+      if (is_proto2 &&
+          (!msgval.array_val || upb_Array_Size(msgval.array_val) == 0)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      msg_value = RepeatedField_CreateArray(msgval.array_val, type_info);
+    } else {
+      msg_value = Scalar_CreateHash(msgval, type_info);
     }
+
     rb_hash_aset(hash, msg_key, msg_value);
   }
+
   return hash;
 }
 
+VALUE Scalar_CreateHash(upb_MessageValue msgval, TypeInfo type_info) {
+  if (type_info.type == kUpb_CType_Message) {
+    return Message_CreateHash(msgval.msg_val, type_info.def.msgdef);
+  } else {
+    return Convert_UpbToRuby(msgval, type_info, Qnil);
+  }
+}
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Message.to_h => {}
+ *
+ * Returns the message as a Ruby Hash object, with keys as symbols.
+ */
+static VALUE Message_to_h(VALUE _self) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  return Message_CreateHash(self->msg, self->msgdef);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     Message.freeze => self
+ *
+ * Freezes the message object. We have to intercept this so we can pin the
+ * Ruby object into memory so we don't forget it's frozen.
+ */
+static VALUE Message_freeze(VALUE _self) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  if (!RB_OBJ_FROZEN(_self)) {
+    Arena_Pin(self->arena, _self);
+    RB_OBJ_FREEZE(_self);
+  }
+  return _self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Deep freezes the message object recursively.
+ * Internal use only.
+ */
+VALUE Message_internal_deep_freeze(VALUE _self) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  Message_freeze(_self);
+
+  int n = upb_MessageDef_FieldCount(self->msgdef);
+  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    const upb_FieldDef* f = upb_MessageDef_Field(self->msgdef, i);
+    VALUE field = Message_getfield(_self, f);
+
+    if (field != Qnil) {
+      if (upb_FieldDef_IsMap(f)) {
+        Map_internal_deep_freeze(field);
+      } else if (upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(f)) {
+        RepeatedField_internal_deep_freeze(field);
+      } else if (upb_FieldDef_IsSubMessage(f)) {
+        Message_internal_deep_freeze(field);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return _self;
+}
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -671,16 +895,18 @@ VALUE Message_to_h(VALUE _self) {
  * Accesses a field's value by field name. The provided field name should be a
  * string.
  */
-VALUE Message_index(VALUE _self, VALUE field_name) {
-  MessageHeader* self;
-  const upb_fielddef* field;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(_self, MessageHeader, &Message_type, self);
+static VALUE Message_index(VALUE _self, VALUE field_name) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  const upb_FieldDef* field;
+
   Check_Type(field_name, T_STRING);
-  field = upb_msgdef_ntofz(self->descriptor->msgdef, RSTRING_PTR(field_name));
+  field = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByName(self->msgdef, RSTRING_PTR(field_name));
+
   if (field == NULL) {
     return Qnil;
   }
-  return layout_get(self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self), field);
+
+  return Message_getfield(_self, field);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -690,19 +916,278 @@ VALUE Message_index(VALUE _self, VALUE field_name) {
  * Sets a field's value by field name. The provided field name should be a
  * string.
  */
-VALUE Message_index_set(VALUE _self, VALUE field_name, VALUE value) {
-  MessageHeader* self;
-  const upb_fielddef* field;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(_self, MessageHeader, &Message_type, self);
+static VALUE Message_index_set(VALUE _self, VALUE field_name, VALUE value) {
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(_self);
+  const upb_FieldDef* f;
+  upb_MessageValue val;
+  upb_Arena* arena = Arena_get(self->arena);
+
   Check_Type(field_name, T_STRING);
-  field = upb_msgdef_ntofz(self->descriptor->msgdef, RSTRING_PTR(field_name));
-  if (field == NULL) {
+  f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByName(self->msgdef, RSTRING_PTR(field_name));
+
+  if (f == NULL) {
     rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Unknown field: %s", RSTRING_PTR(field_name));
   }
-  layout_set(self->descriptor->layout, Message_data(self), field, value);
+
+  val = Convert_RubyToUpb(value, upb_FieldDef_Name(f), TypeInfo_get(f), arena);
+  upb_Message_SetFieldByDef(Message_GetMutable(_self, NULL), f, val, arena);
+
   return Qnil;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     MessageClass.decode(data, options) => message
+ *
+ * Decodes the given data (as a string containing bytes in protocol buffers wire
+ * format) under the interpretation given by this message class's definition
+ * and returns a message object with the corresponding field values.
+ * @param options [Hash] options for the decoder
+ *  recursion_limit: set to maximum decoding depth for message (default is 64)
+ */
+static VALUE Message_decode(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE klass) {
+  VALUE data = argv[0];
+  int options = 0;
+
+  if (argc < 1 || argc > 2) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected 1 or 2 arguments.");
+  }
+
+  if (argc == 2) {
+    VALUE hash_args = argv[1];
+    if (TYPE(hash_args) != T_HASH) {
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected hash arguments.");
+    }
+
+    VALUE depth =
+        rb_hash_lookup(hash_args, ID2SYM(rb_intern("recursion_limit")));
+
+    if (depth != Qnil && TYPE(depth) == T_FIXNUM) {
+      options |= upb_DecodeOptions_MaxDepth(FIX2INT(depth));
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (TYPE(data) != T_STRING) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected string for binary protobuf data.");
+  }
+
+  return Message_decode_bytes(RSTRING_LEN(data), RSTRING_PTR(data), options,
+                              klass, /*freeze*/ false);
+}
+
+VALUE Message_decode_bytes(int size, const char* bytes, int options,
+                           VALUE klass, bool freeze) {
+  VALUE msg_rb = initialize_rb_class_with_no_args(klass);
+  Message* msg = ruby_to_Message(msg_rb);
+
+  const upb_FileDef* file = upb_MessageDef_File(msg->msgdef);
+  const upb_ExtensionRegistry* extreg =
+      upb_DefPool_ExtensionRegistry(upb_FileDef_Pool(file));
+  upb_DecodeStatus status = upb_Decode(bytes, size, (upb_Message*)msg->msg,
+                                       upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(msg->msgdef),
+                                       extreg, options, Arena_get(msg->arena));
+  if (status != kUpb_DecodeStatus_Ok) {
+    rb_raise(cParseError, "Error occurred during parsing");
+  }
+  if (freeze) {
+    Message_internal_deep_freeze(msg_rb);
+  }
+  return msg_rb;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     MessageClass.decode_json(data, options = {}) => message
+ *
+ * Decodes the given data (as a string containing bytes in protocol buffers wire
+ * format) under the interpretration given by this message class's definition
+ * and returns a message object with the corresponding field values.
+ *
+ *  @param options [Hash] options for the decoder
+ *   ignore_unknown_fields: set true to ignore unknown fields (default is to
+ *   raise an error)
+ */
+static VALUE Message_decode_json(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE klass) {
+  VALUE data = argv[0];
+  int options = 0;
+  upb_Status status;
+
+  // TODO: use this message's pool instead.
+  const upb_DefPool* symtab = DescriptorPool_GetSymtab(generated_pool);
+
+  if (argc < 1 || argc > 2) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected 1 or 2 arguments.");
+  }
+
+  if (argc == 2) {
+    VALUE hash_args = argv[1];
+    if (TYPE(hash_args) != T_HASH) {
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected hash arguments.");
+    }
+
+    if (RTEST(rb_hash_lookup2(
+            hash_args, ID2SYM(rb_intern("ignore_unknown_fields")), Qfalse))) {
+      options |= upb_JsonDecode_IgnoreUnknown;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (TYPE(data) != T_STRING) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected string for JSON data.");
+  }
+
+  // TODO: Check and respect string encoding. If not UTF-8, we need to
+  // convert, because string handlers pass data directly to message string
+  // fields.
+
+  VALUE msg_rb = initialize_rb_class_with_no_args(klass);
+  Message* msg = ruby_to_Message(msg_rb);
+
+  // We don't allow users to decode a wrapper type directly.
+  if (IsWrapper(msg->msgdef)) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Cannot parse a wrapper directly.");
+  }
+
+  upb_Status_Clear(&status);
+  if (!upb_JsonDecode(RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data),
+                      (upb_Message*)msg->msg, msg->msgdef, symtab, options,
+                      Arena_get(msg->arena), &status)) {
+    rb_raise(cParseError, "Error occurred during parsing: %s",
+             upb_Status_ErrorMessage(&status));
+  }
+
+  return msg_rb;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     MessageClass.encode(msg, options) => bytes
+ *
+ * Encodes the given message object to its serialized form in protocol buffers
+ * wire format.
+ * @param options [Hash] options for the encoder
+ *  recursion_limit: set to maximum encoding depth for message (default is 64)
+ */
+static VALUE Message_encode(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE klass) {
+  Message* msg = ruby_to_Message(argv[0]);
+  int options = 0;
+  char* data;
+  size_t size;
+
+  if (CLASS_OF(argv[0]) != klass) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Message of wrong type.");
+  }
+
+  if (argc < 1 || argc > 2) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected 1 or 2 arguments.");
+  }
+
+  if (argc == 2) {
+    VALUE hash_args = argv[1];
+    if (TYPE(hash_args) != T_HASH) {
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected hash arguments.");
+    }
+    VALUE depth =
+        rb_hash_lookup(hash_args, ID2SYM(rb_intern("recursion_limit")));
+
+    if (depth != Qnil && TYPE(depth) == T_FIXNUM) {
+      options |= upb_DecodeOptions_MaxDepth(FIX2INT(depth));
+    }
+  }
+
+  upb_Arena* arena = upb_Arena_New();
+
+  upb_EncodeStatus status =
+      upb_Encode(msg->msg, upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(msg->msgdef), options,
+                 arena, &data, &size);
+
+  if (status == kUpb_EncodeStatus_Ok) {
+    VALUE ret = rb_str_new(data, size);
+    rb_enc_associate(ret, rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
+    upb_Arena_Free(arena);
+    return ret;
+  } else {
+    upb_Arena_Free(arena);
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Exceeded maximum depth (possibly cycle)");
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     MessageClass.encode_json(msg, options = {}) => json_string
+ *
+ * Encodes the given message object into its serialized JSON representation.
+ * @param options [Hash] options for the decoder
+ *  preserve_proto_fieldnames: set true to use original fieldnames (default is
+ * to camelCase) emit_defaults: set true to emit 0/false values (default is to
+ * omit them)
+ */
+static VALUE Message_encode_json(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE klass) {
+  Message* msg = ruby_to_Message(argv[0]);
+  int options = 0;
+  char buf[1024];
+  size_t size;
+  upb_Status status;
+
+  // TODO: use this message's pool instead.
+  const upb_DefPool* symtab = DescriptorPool_GetSymtab(generated_pool);
+
+  if (argc < 1 || argc > 2) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected 1 or 2 arguments.");
+  }
+
+  if (argc == 2) {
+    VALUE hash_args = argv[1];
+    if (TYPE(hash_args) != T_HASH) {
+      if (RTEST(rb_funcall(hash_args, rb_intern("respond_to?"), 1,
+                           rb_str_new2("to_h")))) {
+        hash_args = rb_funcall(hash_args, rb_intern("to_h"), 0);
+      } else {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected hash arguments.");
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (RTEST(rb_hash_lookup2(hash_args,
+                              ID2SYM(rb_intern("preserve_proto_fieldnames")),
+                              Qfalse))) {
+      options |= upb_JsonEncode_UseProtoNames;
+    }
+
+    if (RTEST(rb_hash_lookup2(hash_args, ID2SYM(rb_intern("emit_defaults")),
+                              Qfalse))) {
+      options |= upb_JsonEncode_EmitDefaults;
+    }
+
+    if (RTEST(rb_hash_lookup2(hash_args,
+                              ID2SYM(rb_intern("format_enums_as_integers")),
+                              Qfalse))) {
+      options |= upb_JsonEncode_FormatEnumsAsIntegers;
+    }
+  }
+
+  upb_Status_Clear(&status);
+  size = upb_JsonEncode(msg->msg, msg->msgdef, symtab, options, buf,
+                        sizeof(buf), &status);
+
+  if (!upb_Status_IsOk(&status)) {
+    rb_raise(cParseError, "Error occurred during encoding: %s",
+             upb_Status_ErrorMessage(&status));
+  }
+
+  VALUE ret;
+  if (size >= sizeof(buf)) {
+    char* buf2 = malloc(size + 1);
+    upb_JsonEncode(msg->msg, msg->msgdef, symtab, options, buf2, size + 1,
+                   &status);
+    ret = rb_str_new(buf2, size);
+    free(buf2);
+  } else {
+    ret = rb_str_new(buf, size);
+  }
+
+  rb_enc_associate(ret, rb_utf8_encoding());
+  return ret;
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *     Message.descriptor => descriptor
@@ -710,16 +1195,15 @@ VALUE Message_index_set(VALUE _self, VALUE field_name, VALUE value) {
  * Class method that returns the Descriptor instance corresponding to this
  * message class's type.
  */
-VALUE Message_descriptor(VALUE klass) {
+static VALUE Message_descriptor(VALUE klass) {
   return rb_ivar_get(klass, descriptor_instancevar_interned);
 }
 
 VALUE build_class_from_descriptor(VALUE descriptor) {
-  Descriptor* desc = ruby_to_Descriptor(descriptor);
-  const char *name;
+  const char* name;
   VALUE klass;
 
-  name = upb_msgdef_fullname(desc->msgdef);
+  name = upb_MessageDef_FullName(Descriptor_GetMsgDef(descriptor));
   if (name == NULL) {
     rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Descriptor does not have assigned name.");
   }
@@ -727,37 +1211,8 @@ VALUE build_class_from_descriptor(VALUE descriptor) {
   klass = rb_define_class_id(
       // Docs say this parameter is ignored. User will assign return value to
       // their own toplevel constant class name.
-      rb_intern("Message"),
-      rb_cObject);
+      rb_intern("Message"), cAbstractMessage);
   rb_ivar_set(klass, descriptor_instancevar_interned, descriptor);
-  rb_define_alloc_func(klass, Message_alloc);
-  rb_require("google/protobuf/message_exts");
-  rb_include_module(klass, rb_eval_string("::Google::Protobuf::MessageExts"));
-  rb_extend_object(
-      klass, rb_eval_string("::Google::Protobuf::MessageExts::ClassMethods"));
-
-  rb_define_method(klass, "method_missing",
-                   Message_method_missing, -1);
-  rb_define_method(klass, "respond_to_missing?",
-                   Message_respond_to_missing, -1);
-  rb_define_method(klass, "initialize", Message_initialize, -1);
-  rb_define_method(klass, "dup", Message_dup, 0);
-  // Also define #clone so that we don't inherit Object#clone.
-  rb_define_method(klass, "clone", Message_dup, 0);
-  rb_define_method(klass, "==", Message_eq, 1);
-  rb_define_method(klass, "eql?", Message_eq, 1);
-  rb_define_method(klass, "hash", Message_hash, 0);
-  rb_define_method(klass, "to_h", Message_to_h, 0);
-  rb_define_method(klass, "inspect", Message_inspect, 0);
-  rb_define_method(klass, "to_s", Message_inspect, 0);
-  rb_define_method(klass, "[]", Message_index, 1);
-  rb_define_method(klass, "[]=", Message_index_set, 2);
-  rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "decode", Message_decode, 1);
-  rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "encode", Message_encode, 1);
-  rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "decode_json", Message_decode_json, -1);
-  rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "encode_json", Message_encode_json, -1);
-  rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "descriptor", Message_descriptor, 0);
-
   return klass;
 }
 
@@ -768,16 +1223,15 @@ VALUE build_class_from_descriptor(VALUE descriptor) {
  * This module method, provided on each generated enum module, looks up an enum
  * value by number and returns its name as a Ruby symbol, or nil if not found.
  */
-VALUE enum_lookup(VALUE self, VALUE number) {
+static VALUE enum_lookup(VALUE self, VALUE number) {
   int32_t num = NUM2INT(number);
   VALUE desc = rb_ivar_get(self, descriptor_instancevar_interned);
-  EnumDescriptor* enumdesc = ruby_to_EnumDescriptor(desc);
-
-  const char* name = upb_enumdef_iton(enumdesc->enumdef, num);
-  if (name == NULL) {
-    return Qnil;
+  const upb_EnumDef* e = EnumDescriptor_GetEnumDef(desc);
+  const upb_EnumValueDef* ev = upb_EnumDef_FindValueByNumber(e, num);
+  if (ev) {
+    return ID2SYM(rb_intern(upb_EnumValueDef_Name(ev)));
   } else {
-    return ID2SYM(rb_intern(name));
+    return Qnil;
   }
 }
 
@@ -788,17 +1242,15 @@ VALUE enum_lookup(VALUE self, VALUE number) {
  * This module method, provided on each generated enum module, looks up an enum
  * value by name (as a Ruby symbol) and returns its name, or nil if not found.
  */
-VALUE enum_resolve(VALUE self, VALUE sym) {
+static VALUE enum_resolve(VALUE self, VALUE sym) {
   const char* name = rb_id2name(SYM2ID(sym));
   VALUE desc = rb_ivar_get(self, descriptor_instancevar_interned);
-  EnumDescriptor* enumdesc = ruby_to_EnumDescriptor(desc);
-
-  int32_t num = 0;
-  bool found = upb_enumdef_ntoiz(enumdesc->enumdef, name, &num);
-  if (!found) {
-    return Qnil;
+  const upb_EnumDef* e = EnumDescriptor_GetEnumDef(desc);
+  const upb_EnumValueDef* ev = upb_EnumDef_FindValueByName(e, name);
+  if (ev) {
+    return INT2NUM(upb_EnumValueDef_Number(ev));
   } else {
-    return INT2NUM(num);
+    return Qnil;
   }
 }
 
@@ -809,27 +1261,33 @@ VALUE enum_resolve(VALUE self, VALUE sym) {
  * This module method, provided on each generated enum module, returns the
  * EnumDescriptor corresponding to this enum type.
  */
-VALUE enum_descriptor(VALUE self) {
+static VALUE enum_descriptor(VALUE self) {
   return rb_ivar_get(self, descriptor_instancevar_interned);
 }
 
 VALUE build_module_from_enumdesc(VALUE _enumdesc) {
-  EnumDescriptor* enumdesc = ruby_to_EnumDescriptor(_enumdesc);
-  VALUE mod = rb_define_module_id(
-      rb_intern(upb_enumdef_fullname(enumdesc->enumdef)));
-
-  upb_enum_iter it;
-  for (upb_enum_begin(&it, enumdesc->enumdef);
-       !upb_enum_done(&it);
-       upb_enum_next(&it)) {
-    const char* name = upb_enum_iter_name(&it);
-    int32_t value = upb_enum_iter_number(&it);
+  const upb_EnumDef* e = EnumDescriptor_GetEnumDef(_enumdesc);
+  VALUE mod = rb_define_module_id(rb_intern(upb_EnumDef_FullName(e)));
+
+  int n = upb_EnumDef_ValueCount(e);
+  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    const upb_EnumValueDef* ev = upb_EnumDef_Value(e, i);
+    upb_Arena* arena = upb_Arena_New();
+    const char* src_name = upb_EnumValueDef_Name(ev);
+    char* name = upb_strdup2(src_name, strlen(src_name), arena);
+    int32_t value = upb_EnumValueDef_Number(ev);
     if (name[0] < 'A' || name[0] > 'Z') {
-      rb_warn("Enum value '%s' does not start with an uppercase letter "
-              "as is required for Ruby constants.",
-              name);
+      if (name[0] >= 'a' && name[0] <= 'z') {
+        name[0] -= 32;  // auto capitalize
+      } else {
+        rb_warn(
+            "Enum value '%s' does not start with an uppercase letter "
+            "as is required for Ruby constants.",
+            name);
+      }
     }
     rb_define_const(mod, name, INT2NUM(value));
+    upb_Arena_Free(arena);
   }
 
   rb_define_singleton_method(mod, "lookup", enum_lookup, 1);
@@ -840,20 +1298,132 @@ VALUE build_module_from_enumdesc(VALUE _enumdesc) {
   return mod;
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *     Google::Protobuf.deep_copy(obj) => copy_of_obj
- *
- * Performs a deep copy of a RepeatedField instance, a Map instance, or a
- * message object, recursively copying its members.
- */
-VALUE Google_Protobuf_deep_copy(VALUE self, VALUE obj) {
-  VALUE klass = CLASS_OF(obj);
-  if (klass == cRepeatedField) {
-    return RepeatedField_deep_copy(obj);
-  } else if (klass == cMap) {
-    return Map_deep_copy(obj);
-  } else {
-    return Message_deep_copy(obj);
+// Internal to the library; used by Google::Protobuf.deep_copy.
+upb_Message* Message_deep_copy(const upb_Message* msg, const upb_MessageDef* m,
+                               upb_Arena* arena) {
+  // Serialize and parse.
+  upb_Arena* tmp_arena = upb_Arena_New();
+  const upb_MiniTable* layout = upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(m);
+  size_t size;
+
+  upb_Message* new_msg = upb_Message_New(layout, arena);
+  char* data;
+
+  const upb_FileDef* file = upb_MessageDef_File(m);
+  const upb_ExtensionRegistry* extreg =
+      upb_DefPool_ExtensionRegistry(upb_FileDef_Pool(file));
+  if (upb_Encode(msg, layout, 0, tmp_arena, &data, &size) !=
+          kUpb_EncodeStatus_Ok ||
+      upb_Decode(data, size, new_msg, layout, extreg, 0, arena) !=
+          kUpb_DecodeStatus_Ok) {
+    upb_Arena_Free(tmp_arena);
+    rb_raise(cParseError, "Error occurred copying proto");
+  }
+
+  upb_Arena_Free(tmp_arena);
+  return new_msg;
+}
+
+const upb_Message* Message_GetUpbMessage(VALUE value, const upb_MessageDef* m,
+                                         const char* name, upb_Arena* arena) {
+  if (value == Qnil) {
+    rb_raise(cTypeError, "nil message not allowed here.");
+  }
+
+  VALUE klass = CLASS_OF(value);
+  VALUE desc_rb = rb_ivar_get(klass, descriptor_instancevar_interned);
+  const upb_MessageDef* val_m =
+      desc_rb == Qnil ? NULL : Descriptor_GetMsgDef(desc_rb);
+
+  if (val_m != m) {
+    // Check for possible implicit conversions
+    // TODO: hash conversion?
+
+    switch (upb_MessageDef_WellKnownType(m)) {
+      case kUpb_WellKnown_Timestamp: {
+        // Time -> Google::Protobuf::Timestamp
+        const upb_MiniTable* t = upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(m);
+        upb_Message* msg = upb_Message_New(t, arena);
+        upb_MessageValue sec, nsec;
+        struct timespec time;
+        const upb_FieldDef* sec_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
+        const upb_FieldDef* nsec_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 2);
+
+        if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(value, rb_cTime)) goto badtype;
+
+        time = rb_time_timespec(value);
+        sec.int64_val = time.tv_sec;
+        nsec.int32_val = time.tv_nsec;
+        upb_Message_SetFieldByDef(msg, sec_f, sec, arena);
+        upb_Message_SetFieldByDef(msg, nsec_f, nsec, arena);
+        return msg;
+      }
+      case kUpb_WellKnown_Duration: {
+        // Numeric -> Google::Protobuf::Duration
+        const upb_MiniTable* t = upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(m);
+        upb_Message* msg = upb_Message_New(t, arena);
+        upb_MessageValue sec, nsec;
+        const upb_FieldDef* sec_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
+        const upb_FieldDef* nsec_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 2);
+
+        if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(value, rb_cNumeric)) goto badtype;
+
+        sec.int64_val = NUM2LL(value);
+        nsec.int32_val = round((NUM2DBL(value) - NUM2LL(value)) * 1000000000);
+        upb_Message_SetFieldByDef(msg, sec_f, sec, arena);
+        upb_Message_SetFieldByDef(msg, nsec_f, nsec, arena);
+        return msg;
+      }
+      default:
+      badtype:
+        rb_raise(cTypeError,
+                 "Invalid type %s to assign to submessage field '%s'.",
+                 rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(value)), name);
+    }
   }
+
+  Message* self = ruby_to_Message(value);
+  Arena_fuse(self->arena, arena);
+
+  return self->msg;
+}
+
+static void Message_define_class(VALUE klass) {
+  rb_define_alloc_func(klass, Message_alloc);
+
+  rb_require("google/protobuf/message_exts");
+  rb_define_method(klass, "method_missing", Message_method_missing, -1);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "respond_to_missing?", Message_respond_to_missing,
+                   -1);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "initialize", Message_initialize, -1);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "dup", Message_dup, 0);
+  // Also define #clone so that we don't inherit Object#clone.
+  rb_define_method(klass, "clone", Message_dup, 0);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "==", Message_eq, 1);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "eql?", Message_eq, 1);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "freeze", Message_freeze, 0);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "hash", Message_hash, 0);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "to_h", Message_to_h, 0);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "inspect", Message_inspect, 0);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "to_s", Message_inspect, 0);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "[]", Message_index, 1);
+  rb_define_method(klass, "[]=", Message_index_set, 2);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "decode", Message_decode, -1);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "encode", Message_encode, -1);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "decode_json", Message_decode_json, -1);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "encode_json", Message_encode_json, -1);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "descriptor", Message_descriptor, 0);
+}
+
+void Message_register(VALUE protobuf) {
+  cParseError = rb_const_get(protobuf, rb_intern("ParseError"));
+  cAbstractMessage =
+      rb_define_class_under(protobuf, "AbstractMessage", rb_cObject);
+  Message_define_class(cAbstractMessage);
+  rb_gc_register_address(&cAbstractMessage);
+
+  // Ruby-interned string: "descriptor". We use this identifier to store an
+  // instance variable on message classes we create in order to link them back
+  // to their descriptors.
+  descriptor_instancevar_interned = rb_intern("@descriptor");
 }