google-protobuf 3.14.0 → 3.15.0.rc.1

data/ext/google/protobuf_c/storage.c

@@ -1,1198 +0,0 @@
-// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
-// Copyright 2014 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
-// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
-//
-// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
-// met:
-//
-//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
-// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
-// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
-// distribution.
-//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
-// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
-// this software without specific prior written permission.
-//
-// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
-// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
-// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
-// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
-// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
-// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
-// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
-// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
-// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
-// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
-// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-
-#include "protobuf.h"
-
-#include <math.h>
-
-#include <ruby/encoding.h>
-
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Ruby <-> native slot management.
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-#define CHARPTR_AT(msg, ofs) ((char*)msg + ofs)
-#define DEREF_OFFSET(msg, ofs, type) *(type*)CHARPTR_AT(msg, ofs)
-#define DEREF(memory, type) *(type*)(memory)
-
-size_t native_slot_size(upb_fieldtype_t type) {
-  switch (type) {
-    case UPB_TYPE_FLOAT:   return 4;
-    case UPB_TYPE_DOUBLE:  return 8;
-    case UPB_TYPE_BOOL:    return 1;
-    case UPB_TYPE_STRING:  return sizeof(VALUE);
-    case UPB_TYPE_BYTES:   return sizeof(VALUE);
-    case UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE: return sizeof(VALUE);
-    case UPB_TYPE_ENUM:    return 4;
-    case UPB_TYPE_INT32:   return 4;
-    case UPB_TYPE_INT64:   return 8;
-    case UPB_TYPE_UINT32:  return 4;
-    case UPB_TYPE_UINT64:  return 8;
-    default: return 0;
-  }
-}
-
-static bool is_ruby_num(VALUE value) {
-  return (TYPE(value) == T_FLOAT ||
-          TYPE(value) == T_FIXNUM ||
-          TYPE(value) == T_BIGNUM);
-}
-
-void native_slot_check_int_range_precision(const char* name, upb_fieldtype_t type, VALUE val) {
-  if (!is_ruby_num(val)) {
-    rb_raise(cTypeError, "Expected number type for integral field '%s' (given %s).",
-             name, rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(val)));
-  }
-
-  // NUM2{INT,UINT,LL,ULL} macros do the appropriate range checks on upper
-  // bound; we just need to do precision checks (i.e., disallow rounding) and
-  // check for < 0 on unsigned types.
-  if (TYPE(val) == T_FLOAT) {
-    double dbl_val = NUM2DBL(val);
-    if (floor(dbl_val) != dbl_val) {
-      rb_raise(rb_eRangeError,
-               "Non-integral floating point value assigned to integer field '%s' (given %s).",
-               name, rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(val)));
-    }
-  }
-  if (type == UPB_TYPE_UINT32 || type == UPB_TYPE_UINT64) {
-    if (NUM2DBL(val) < 0) {
-      rb_raise(rb_eRangeError,
-               "Assigning negative value to unsigned integer field '%s' (given %s).",
-               name, rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(val)));
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-VALUE native_slot_encode_and_freeze_string(upb_fieldtype_t type, VALUE value) {
-  rb_encoding* desired_encoding = (type == UPB_TYPE_STRING) ?
-      kRubyStringUtf8Encoding : kRubyString8bitEncoding;
-  VALUE desired_encoding_value = rb_enc_from_encoding(desired_encoding);
-
-  if (rb_obj_encoding(value) != desired_encoding_value || !OBJ_FROZEN(value)) {
-    // Note: this will not duplicate underlying string data unless necessary.
-    value = rb_str_encode(value, desired_encoding_value, 0, Qnil);
-
-    if (type == UPB_TYPE_STRING &&
-        rb_enc_str_coderange(value) == ENC_CODERANGE_BROKEN) {
-      rb_raise(rb_eEncodingError, "String is invalid UTF-8");
-    }
-
-    // Ensure the data remains valid.  Since we called #encode a moment ago,
-    // this does not freeze the string the user assigned.
-    rb_obj_freeze(value);
-  }
-
-  return value;
-}
-
-void native_slot_set(const char* name,
-                     upb_fieldtype_t type, VALUE type_class,
-                     void* memory, VALUE value) {
-  native_slot_set_value_and_case(name, type, type_class, memory, value, NULL, 0);
-}
-
-void native_slot_set_value_and_case(const char* name,
-                                    upb_fieldtype_t type, VALUE type_class,
-                                    void* memory, VALUE value,
-                                    uint32_t* case_memory,
-                                    uint32_t case_number) {
-  // Note that in order to atomically change the value in memory and the case
-  // value (w.r.t. Ruby VM calls), we must set the value at |memory| only after
-  // all Ruby VM calls are complete. The case is then set at the bottom of this
-  // function.
-  switch (type) {
-    case UPB_TYPE_FLOAT:
-      if (!is_ruby_num(value)) {
-        rb_raise(cTypeError, "Expected number type for float field '%s' (given %s).",
-                 name, rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(value)));
-      }
-      DEREF(memory, float) = NUM2DBL(value);
-      break;
-    case UPB_TYPE_DOUBLE:
-      if (!is_ruby_num(value)) {
-        rb_raise(cTypeError, "Expected number type for double field '%s' (given %s).",
-                 name, rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(value)));
-      }
-      DEREF(memory, double) = NUM2DBL(value);
-      break;
-    case UPB_TYPE_BOOL: {
-      int8_t val = -1;
-      if (value == Qtrue) {
-        val = 1;
-      } else if (value == Qfalse) {
-        val = 0;
-      } else {
-        rb_raise(cTypeError, "Invalid argument for boolean field '%s' (given %s).",
-                 name, rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(value)));
-      }
-      DEREF(memory, int8_t) = val;
-      break;
-    }
-    case UPB_TYPE_STRING:
-      if (CLASS_OF(value) == rb_cSymbol) {
-        value = rb_funcall(value, rb_intern("to_s"), 0);
-      } else if (CLASS_OF(value) != rb_cString) {
-        rb_raise(cTypeError, "Invalid argument for string field '%s' (given %s).",
-                 name, rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(value)));
-      }
-
-      DEREF(memory, VALUE) = native_slot_encode_and_freeze_string(type, value);
-      break;
-
-    case UPB_TYPE_BYTES: {
-      if (CLASS_OF(value) != rb_cString) {
-        rb_raise(cTypeError, "Invalid argument for bytes field '%s' (given %s).",
-                 name, rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(value)));
-      }
-
-      DEREF(memory, VALUE) = native_slot_encode_and_freeze_string(type, value);
-      break;
-    }
-    case UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE: {
-      if (CLASS_OF(value) == CLASS_OF(Qnil)) {
-        value = Qnil;
-      } else if (CLASS_OF(value) != type_class) {
-        // check for possible implicit conversions
-        VALUE converted_value = Qnil;
-        const char* field_type_name = rb_class2name(type_class);
-
-        if (strcmp(field_type_name, "Google::Protobuf::Timestamp") == 0 &&
-            rb_obj_is_kind_of(value, rb_cTime)) {
-          // Time -> Google::Protobuf::Timestamp
-          VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
-          rb_hash_aset(hash, rb_str_new2("seconds"),
-                       rb_funcall(value, rb_intern("to_i"), 0));
-          rb_hash_aset(hash, rb_str_new2("nanos"),
-                       rb_funcall(value, rb_intern("nsec"), 0));
-          {
-            VALUE args[1] = {hash};
-            converted_value = rb_class_new_instance(1, args, type_class);
-          }
-        } else if (strcmp(field_type_name, "Google::Protobuf::Duration") == 0 &&
-                   rb_obj_is_kind_of(value, rb_cNumeric)) {
-          // Numeric -> Google::Protobuf::Duration
-          VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
-          rb_hash_aset(hash, rb_str_new2("seconds"),
-                       rb_funcall(value, rb_intern("to_i"), 0));
-          {
-            VALUE n_value =
-                rb_funcall(value, rb_intern("remainder"), 1, INT2NUM(1));
-            n_value =
-                rb_funcall(n_value, rb_intern("*"), 1, INT2NUM(1000000000));
-            n_value = rb_funcall(n_value, rb_intern("round"), 0);
-            rb_hash_aset(hash, rb_str_new2("nanos"), n_value);
-          }
-          {
-            VALUE args[1] = { hash };
-            converted_value = rb_class_new_instance(1, args, type_class);
-          }
-        }
-
-        // raise if no suitable conversaion could be found
-        if (converted_value == Qnil) {
-          rb_raise(cTypeError,
-                   "Invalid type %s to assign to submessage field '%s'.",
-                  rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(value)), name);
-        } else {
-          value = converted_value;
-        }
-      }
-      DEREF(memory, VALUE) = value;
-      break;
-    }
-    case UPB_TYPE_ENUM: {
-      int32_t int_val = 0;
-      if (TYPE(value) == T_STRING) {
-        value = rb_funcall(value, rb_intern("to_sym"), 0);
-      } else if (!is_ruby_num(value) && TYPE(value) != T_SYMBOL) {
-        rb_raise(cTypeError,
-                 "Expected number or symbol type for enum field '%s'.", name);
-      }
-      if (TYPE(value) == T_SYMBOL) {
-        // Ensure that the given symbol exists in the enum module.
-        VALUE lookup = rb_funcall(type_class, rb_intern("resolve"), 1, value);
-        if (lookup == Qnil) {
-          rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "Unknown symbol value for enum field '%s'.", name);
-        } else {
-          int_val = NUM2INT(lookup);
-        }
-      } else {
-        native_slot_check_int_range_precision(name, UPB_TYPE_INT32, value);
-        int_val = NUM2INT(value);
-      }
-      DEREF(memory, int32_t) = int_val;
-      break;
-    }
-    case UPB_TYPE_INT32:
-    case UPB_TYPE_INT64:
-    case UPB_TYPE_UINT32:
-    case UPB_TYPE_UINT64:
-      native_slot_check_int_range_precision(name, type, value);
-      switch (type) {
-      case UPB_TYPE_INT32:
-        DEREF(memory, int32_t) = NUM2INT(value);
-        break;
-      case UPB_TYPE_INT64:
-        DEREF(memory, int64_t) = NUM2LL(value);
-        break;
-      case UPB_TYPE_UINT32:
-        DEREF(memory, uint32_t) = NUM2UINT(value);
-        break;
-      case UPB_TYPE_UINT64:
-        DEREF(memory, uint64_t) = NUM2ULL(value);
-        break;
-      default:
-        break;
-      }
-      break;
-    default:
-      break;
-  }
-
-  if (case_memory != NULL) {
-    *case_memory = case_number;
-  }
-}
-
-VALUE native_slot_get(upb_fieldtype_t type,
-                      VALUE type_class,
-                      const void* memory) {
-  switch (type) {
-    case UPB_TYPE_FLOAT:
-      return DBL2NUM(DEREF(memory, float));
-    case UPB_TYPE_DOUBLE:
-      return DBL2NUM(DEREF(memory, double));
-    case UPB_TYPE_BOOL:
-      return DEREF(memory, int8_t) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-    case UPB_TYPE_STRING:
-    case UPB_TYPE_BYTES:
-      return DEREF(memory, VALUE);
-    case UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE: {
-      VALUE val = DEREF(memory, VALUE);
-
-      // Lazily expand wrapper type if necessary.
-      int type = TYPE(val);
-      if (type != T_DATA && type != T_NIL) {
-        // This must be a wrapper type.
-        val = ruby_wrapper_type(type_class, val);
-        DEREF(memory, VALUE) = val;
-      }
-
-      return val;
-    }
-    case UPB_TYPE_ENUM: {
-      int32_t val = DEREF(memory, int32_t);
-      VALUE symbol = enum_lookup(type_class, INT2NUM(val));
-      if (symbol == Qnil) {
-        return INT2NUM(val);
-      } else {
-        return symbol;
-      }
-    }
-    case UPB_TYPE_INT32:
-      return INT2NUM(DEREF(memory, int32_t));
-    case UPB_TYPE_INT64:
-      return LL2NUM(DEREF(memory, int64_t));
-    case UPB_TYPE_UINT32:
-      return UINT2NUM(DEREF(memory, uint32_t));
-    case UPB_TYPE_UINT64:
-      return ULL2NUM(DEREF(memory, uint64_t));
-    default:
-      return Qnil;
-  }
-}
-
-void native_slot_init(upb_fieldtype_t type, void* memory) {
-  switch (type) {
-    case UPB_TYPE_FLOAT:
-      DEREF(memory, float) = 0.0;
-      break;
-    case UPB_TYPE_DOUBLE:
-      DEREF(memory, double) = 0.0;
-      break;
-    case UPB_TYPE_BOOL:
-      DEREF(memory, int8_t) = 0;
-      break;
-    case UPB_TYPE_STRING:
-    case UPB_TYPE_BYTES:
-      DEREF(memory, VALUE) = rb_str_new2("");
-      rb_enc_associate(DEREF(memory, VALUE), (type == UPB_TYPE_BYTES) ?
-                       kRubyString8bitEncoding : kRubyStringUtf8Encoding);
-      break;
-    case UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE:
-      DEREF(memory, VALUE) = Qnil;
-      break;
-    case UPB_TYPE_ENUM:
-    case UPB_TYPE_INT32:
-      DEREF(memory, int32_t) = 0;
-      break;
-    case UPB_TYPE_INT64:
-      DEREF(memory, int64_t) = 0;
-      break;
-    case UPB_TYPE_UINT32:
-      DEREF(memory, uint32_t) = 0;
-      break;
-    case UPB_TYPE_UINT64:
-      DEREF(memory, uint64_t) = 0;
-      break;
-    default:
-      break;
-  }
-}
-
-void native_slot_mark(upb_fieldtype_t type, void* memory) {
-  switch (type) {
-    case UPB_TYPE_STRING:
-    case UPB_TYPE_BYTES:
-    case UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE:
-      rb_gc_mark(DEREF(memory, VALUE));
-      break;
-    default:
-      break;
-  }
-}
-
-void native_slot_dup(upb_fieldtype_t type, void* to, void* from) {
-  memcpy(to, from, native_slot_size(type));
-}
-
-void native_slot_deep_copy(upb_fieldtype_t type, VALUE type_class, void* to,
-                           void* from) {
-  switch (type) {
-    case UPB_TYPE_STRING:
-    case UPB_TYPE_BYTES: {
-      VALUE from_val = DEREF(from, VALUE);
-      DEREF(to, VALUE) = (from_val != Qnil) ?
-          rb_funcall(from_val, rb_intern("dup"), 0) : Qnil;
-      break;
-    }
-    case UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE: {
-      VALUE from_val = native_slot_get(type, type_class, from);
-      DEREF(to, VALUE) = (from_val != Qnil) ?
-          Message_deep_copy(from_val) : Qnil;
-      break;
-    }
-    default:
-      memcpy(to, from, native_slot_size(type));
-  }
-}
-
-bool native_slot_eq(upb_fieldtype_t type, VALUE type_class, void* mem1,
-                    void* mem2) {
-  switch (type) {
-    case UPB_TYPE_STRING:
-    case UPB_TYPE_BYTES:
-    case UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE: {
-      VALUE val1 = native_slot_get(type, type_class, mem1);
-      VALUE val2 = native_slot_get(type, type_class, mem2);
-      VALUE ret = rb_funcall(val1, rb_intern("=="), 1, val2);
-      return ret == Qtrue;
-    }
-    default:
-      return !memcmp(mem1, mem2, native_slot_size(type));
-  }
-}
-
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Map field utilities.
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-const upb_msgdef* tryget_map_entry_msgdef(const upb_fielddef* field) {
-  const upb_msgdef* subdef;
-  if (upb_fielddef_label(field) != UPB_LABEL_REPEATED ||
-      upb_fielddef_type(field) != UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE) {
-    return NULL;
-  }
-  subdef = upb_fielddef_msgsubdef(field);
-  return upb_msgdef_mapentry(subdef) ? subdef : NULL;
-}
-
-const upb_msgdef *map_entry_msgdef(const upb_fielddef* field) {
-  const upb_msgdef* subdef = tryget_map_entry_msgdef(field);
-  assert(subdef);
-  return subdef;
-}
-
-bool is_map_field(const upb_fielddef *field) {
-  const upb_msgdef* subdef = tryget_map_entry_msgdef(field);
-  if (subdef == NULL) return false;
-
-  // Map fields are a proto3 feature.
-  // If we're using proto2 syntax we need to fallback to the repeated field.
-  return upb_msgdef_syntax(subdef) == UPB_SYNTAX_PROTO3;
-}
-
-const upb_fielddef* map_field_key(const upb_fielddef* field) {
-  const upb_msgdef* subdef = map_entry_msgdef(field);
-  return map_entry_key(subdef);
-}
-
-const upb_fielddef* map_field_value(const upb_fielddef* field) {
-  const upb_msgdef* subdef = map_entry_msgdef(field);
-  return map_entry_value(subdef);
-}
-
-const upb_fielddef* map_entry_key(const upb_msgdef* msgdef) {
-  const upb_fielddef* key_field = upb_msgdef_itof(msgdef, MAP_KEY_FIELD);
-  assert(key_field != NULL);
-  return key_field;
-}
-
-const upb_fielddef* map_entry_value(const upb_msgdef* msgdef) {
-  const upb_fielddef* value_field = upb_msgdef_itof(msgdef, MAP_VALUE_FIELD);
-  assert(value_field != NULL);
-  return value_field;
-}
-
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Memory layout management.
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-bool field_contains_hasbit(MessageLayout* layout,
-                            const upb_fielddef* field) {
-  return layout->fields[upb_fielddef_index(field)].hasbit !=
-      MESSAGE_FIELD_NO_HASBIT;
-}
-
-static size_t align_up_to(size_t offset, size_t granularity) {
-  // Granularity must be a power of two.
-  return (offset + granularity - 1) & ~(granularity - 1);
-}
-
-bool is_value_field(const upb_fielddef* f) {
-  return upb_fielddef_isseq(f) || upb_fielddef_issubmsg(f) ||
-         upb_fielddef_isstring(f);
-}
-
-void create_layout(Descriptor* desc) {
-  const upb_msgdef *msgdef = desc->msgdef;
-  MessageLayout* layout = ALLOC(MessageLayout);
-  int nfields = upb_msgdef_numfields(msgdef);
-  int noneofs = upb_msgdef_numrealoneofs(msgdef);
-  upb_msg_field_iter it;
-  upb_msg_oneof_iter oit;
-  size_t off = 0;
-  size_t hasbit = 0;
-  int i;
-
-  (void)i;
-
-  layout->empty_template = NULL;
-  layout->desc = desc;
-  desc->layout = layout;
-
-  layout->fields = ALLOC_N(MessageField, nfields);
-  layout->oneofs = NULL;
-
-  if (noneofs > 0) {
-    layout->oneofs = ALLOC_N(MessageOneof, noneofs);
-  }
-
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-  for (i = 0; i < nfields; i++) {
-    layout->fields[i].offset = -1;
-  }
-
-  for (i = 0; i < noneofs; i++) {
-    layout->oneofs[i].offset = -1;
-  }
-#endif
-
-  for (upb_msg_field_begin(&it, msgdef);
-       !upb_msg_field_done(&it);
-       upb_msg_field_next(&it)) {
-    const upb_fielddef* field = upb_msg_iter_field(&it);
-    if (upb_fielddef_haspresence(field) &&
-        !upb_fielddef_realcontainingoneof(field)) {
-      layout->fields[upb_fielddef_index(field)].hasbit = hasbit++;
-    } else {
-      layout->fields[upb_fielddef_index(field)].hasbit =
-          MESSAGE_FIELD_NO_HASBIT;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (hasbit != 0) {
-    off += (hasbit + 8 - 1) / 8;
-  }
-
-  off = align_up_to(off, sizeof(VALUE));
-  layout->value_offset = off;
-  layout->repeated_count = 0;
-  layout->map_count = 0;
-  layout->value_count = 0;
-
-  // Place all VALUE fields for repeated fields.
-  for (upb_msg_field_begin(&it, msgdef);
-       !upb_msg_field_done(&it);
-       upb_msg_field_next(&it)) {
-    const upb_fielddef* field = upb_msg_iter_field(&it);
-    if (upb_fielddef_realcontainingoneof(field) || !upb_fielddef_isseq(field) ||
-        upb_fielddef_ismap(field)) {
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    layout->fields[upb_fielddef_index(field)].offset = off;
-    off += sizeof(VALUE);
-    layout->repeated_count++;
-  }
-
-  // Place all VALUE fields for map fields.
-  for (upb_msg_field_begin(&it, msgdef);
-       !upb_msg_field_done(&it);
-       upb_msg_field_next(&it)) {
-    const upb_fielddef* field = upb_msg_iter_field(&it);
-    if (upb_fielddef_realcontainingoneof(field) || !upb_fielddef_isseq(field) ||
-        !upb_fielddef_ismap(field)) {
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    layout->fields[upb_fielddef_index(field)].offset = off;
-    off += sizeof(VALUE);
-    layout->map_count++;
-  }
-
-  layout->value_count = layout->repeated_count + layout->map_count;
-
-  // Next place all other (non-oneof) VALUE fields.
-  for (upb_msg_field_begin(&it, msgdef);
-       !upb_msg_field_done(&it);
-       upb_msg_field_next(&it)) {
-    const upb_fielddef* field = upb_msg_iter_field(&it);
-    if (upb_fielddef_realcontainingoneof(field) || !is_value_field(field) ||
-        upb_fielddef_isseq(field)) {
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    layout->fields[upb_fielddef_index(field)].offset = off;
-    off += sizeof(VALUE);
-    layout->value_count++;
-  }
-
-  // Now place all other (non-oneof) fields.
-  for (upb_msg_field_begin(&it, msgdef);
-       !upb_msg_field_done(&it);
-       upb_msg_field_next(&it)) {
-    const upb_fielddef* field = upb_msg_iter_field(&it);
-    size_t field_size;
-
-    if (upb_fielddef_realcontainingoneof(field) || is_value_field(field)) {
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    // Allocate |field_size| bytes for this field in the layout.
-    field_size = native_slot_size(upb_fielddef_type(field));
-
-    // Align current offset up to |size| granularity.
-    off = align_up_to(off, field_size);
-    layout->fields[upb_fielddef_index(field)].offset = off;
-    off += field_size;
-  }
-
-  // Handle oneofs now -- we iterate over oneofs specifically and allocate only
-  // one slot per oneof.
-  //
-  // We assign all value slots first, then pack the 'case' fields at the end,
-  // since in the common case (modern 64-bit platform) these are 8 bytes and 4
-  // bytes respectively and we want to avoid alignment overhead.
-  //
-  // Note that we reserve 4 bytes (a uint32) per 'case' slot because the value
-  // space for oneof cases is conceptually as wide as field tag numbers. In
-  // practice, it's unlikely that a oneof would have more than e.g. 256 or 64K
-  // members (8 or 16 bits respectively), so conceivably we could assign
-  // consecutive case numbers and then pick a smaller oneof case slot size, but
-  // the complexity to implement this indirection is probably not worthwhile.
-  for (upb_msg_oneof_begin(&oit, msgdef);
-       !upb_msg_oneof_done(&oit);
-       upb_msg_oneof_next(&oit)) {
-    const upb_oneofdef* oneof = upb_msg_iter_oneof(&oit);
-    upb_oneof_iter fit;
-
-    // Always allocate NATIVE_SLOT_MAX_SIZE bytes, but share the slot between
-    // all fields.
-    size_t field_size = NATIVE_SLOT_MAX_SIZE;
-
-    if (upb_oneofdef_issynthetic(oneof)) continue;
-    assert(upb_oneofdef_index(oneof) < noneofs);
-
-    // Align the offset.
-    off = align_up_to(off, field_size);
-    // Assign all fields in the oneof this same offset.
-    for (upb_oneof_begin(&fit, oneof);
-         !upb_oneof_done(&fit);
-         upb_oneof_next(&fit)) {
-      const upb_fielddef* field = upb_oneof_iter_field(&fit);
-      layout->fields[upb_fielddef_index(field)].offset = off;
-      layout->oneofs[upb_oneofdef_index(oneof)].offset = off;
-    }
-    off += field_size;
-  }
-
-  // Now the case fields.
-  for (upb_msg_oneof_begin(&oit, msgdef);
-       !upb_msg_oneof_done(&oit);
-       upb_msg_oneof_next(&oit)) {
-    const upb_oneofdef* oneof = upb_msg_iter_oneof(&oit);
-    size_t field_size = sizeof(uint32_t);
-    if (upb_oneofdef_issynthetic(oneof)) continue;
-    assert(upb_oneofdef_index(oneof) < noneofs);
-    // Align the offset.
-    off = (off + field_size - 1) & ~(field_size - 1);
-    layout->oneofs[upb_oneofdef_index(oneof)].case_offset = off;
-    off += field_size;
-  }
-
-  layout->size = off;
-  layout->msgdef = msgdef;
-
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-  for (i = 0; i < nfields; i++) {
-    assert(layout->fields[i].offset != -1);
-  }
-
-  for (i = 0; i < noneofs; i++) {
-    assert(layout->oneofs[i].offset != -1);
-  }
-#endif
-
-  // Create the empty message template.
-  layout->empty_template = ALLOC_N(char, layout->size);
-  memset(layout->empty_template, 0, layout->size);
-
-  for (upb_msg_field_begin(&it, layout->msgdef);
-       !upb_msg_field_done(&it);
-       upb_msg_field_next(&it)) {
-    layout_clear(layout, layout->empty_template, upb_msg_iter_field(&it));
-  }
-}
-
-void free_layout(MessageLayout* layout) {
-  xfree(layout->empty_template);
-  xfree(layout->fields);
-  xfree(layout->oneofs);
-  xfree(layout);
-}
-
-VALUE field_type_class(const MessageLayout* layout, const upb_fielddef* field) {
-  VALUE type_class = Qnil;
-  if (upb_fielddef_type(field) == UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE) {
-    VALUE submsgdesc = get_msgdef_obj(layout->desc->descriptor_pool,
-                                      upb_fielddef_msgsubdef(field));
-    type_class = Descriptor_msgclass(submsgdesc);
-  } else if (upb_fielddef_type(field) == UPB_TYPE_ENUM) {
-    VALUE subenumdesc = get_enumdef_obj(layout->desc->descriptor_pool,
-                                        upb_fielddef_enumsubdef(field));
-    type_class = EnumDescriptor_enummodule(subenumdesc);
-  }
-  return type_class;
-}
-
-static void* slot_memory(MessageLayout* layout,
-                         const void* storage,
-                         const upb_fielddef* field) {
-  return ((uint8_t *)storage) +
-      layout->fields[upb_fielddef_index(field)].offset;
-}
-
-static uint32_t* slot_oneof_case(MessageLayout* layout,
-                                 const void* storage,
-                                 const upb_oneofdef* oneof) {
-  return (uint32_t*)(((uint8_t*)storage) +
-                     layout->oneofs[upb_oneofdef_index(oneof)].case_offset);
-}
-
-uint32_t slot_read_oneof_case(MessageLayout* layout, const void* storage,
-                              const upb_oneofdef* oneof) {
-  uint32_t* ptr = slot_oneof_case(layout, storage, oneof);
-  return *ptr & ~ONEOF_CASE_MASK;
-}
-
-static void slot_set_hasbit(MessageLayout* layout,
-                            const void* storage,
-                            const upb_fielddef* field) {
-  size_t hasbit = layout->fields[upb_fielddef_index(field)].hasbit;
-  assert(hasbit != MESSAGE_FIELD_NO_HASBIT);
-
-  ((uint8_t*)storage)[hasbit / 8] |= 1 << (hasbit % 8);
-}
-
-static void slot_clear_hasbit(MessageLayout* layout,
-                              const void* storage,
-                              const upb_fielddef* field) {
-  size_t hasbit = layout->fields[upb_fielddef_index(field)].hasbit;
-  assert(hasbit != MESSAGE_FIELD_NO_HASBIT);
-  ((uint8_t*)storage)[hasbit / 8] &= ~(1 << (hasbit % 8));
-}
-
-static bool slot_is_hasbit_set(MessageLayout* layout,
-                            const void* storage,
-                            const upb_fielddef* field) {
-  size_t hasbit = layout->fields[upb_fielddef_index(field)].hasbit;
-  assert(field_contains_hasbit(layout, field));
-  return DEREF_OFFSET(
-      (uint8_t*)storage, hasbit / 8, char) & (1 << (hasbit % 8));
-}
-
-VALUE layout_has(MessageLayout* layout,
-                 const void* storage,
-                 const upb_fielddef* field) {
-  const upb_oneofdef* oneof = upb_fielddef_realcontainingoneof(field);
-  assert(upb_fielddef_haspresence(field));
-  if (oneof) {
-    uint32_t oneof_case = slot_read_oneof_case(layout, storage, oneof);
-    return oneof_case == upb_fielddef_number(field) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-  } else {
-    return slot_is_hasbit_set(layout, storage, field) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-  }
-}
-
-void layout_clear(MessageLayout* layout,
-                 const void* storage,
-                 const upb_fielddef* field) {
-  void* memory = slot_memory(layout, storage, field);
-  const upb_oneofdef* oneof = upb_fielddef_realcontainingoneof(field);
-
-  if (field_contains_hasbit(layout, field)) {
-    slot_clear_hasbit(layout, storage, field);
-  }
-
-  if (oneof) {
-    uint32_t* oneof_case = slot_oneof_case(layout, storage, oneof);
-    memset(memory, 0, NATIVE_SLOT_MAX_SIZE);
-    *oneof_case = ONEOF_CASE_NONE;
-  } else if (is_map_field(field)) {
-    VALUE map = Qnil;
-
-    const upb_fielddef* key_field = map_field_key(field);
-    const upb_fielddef* value_field = map_field_value(field);
-    VALUE type_class = field_type_class(layout, value_field);
-
-    if (type_class != Qnil) {
-      VALUE args[3] = {
-        fieldtype_to_ruby(upb_fielddef_type(key_field)),
-        fieldtype_to_ruby(upb_fielddef_type(value_field)),
-        type_class,
-      };
-      map = rb_class_new_instance(3, args, cMap);
-    } else {
-      VALUE args[2] = {
-        fieldtype_to_ruby(upb_fielddef_type(key_field)),
-        fieldtype_to_ruby(upb_fielddef_type(value_field)),
-      };
-      map = rb_class_new_instance(2, args, cMap);
-    }
-
-    DEREF(memory, VALUE) = map;
-  } else if (upb_fielddef_label(field) == UPB_LABEL_REPEATED) {
-    VALUE ary = Qnil;
-
-    VALUE type_class = field_type_class(layout, field);
-
-    if (type_class != Qnil) {
-      VALUE args[2] = {
-        fieldtype_to_ruby(upb_fielddef_type(field)),
-        type_class,
-      };
-      ary = rb_class_new_instance(2, args, cRepeatedField);
-    } else {
-      VALUE args[1] = { fieldtype_to_ruby(upb_fielddef_type(field)) };
-      ary = rb_class_new_instance(1, args, cRepeatedField);
-    }
-
-    DEREF(memory, VALUE) = ary;
-  } else {
-    native_slot_set(upb_fielddef_name(field), upb_fielddef_type(field),
-                    field_type_class(layout, field), memory,
-                    layout_get_default(field));
-  }
-}
-
-VALUE layout_get_default(const upb_fielddef *field) {
-  switch (upb_fielddef_type(field)) {
-    case UPB_TYPE_FLOAT:   return DBL2NUM(upb_fielddef_defaultfloat(field));
-    case UPB_TYPE_DOUBLE:  return DBL2NUM(upb_fielddef_defaultdouble(field));
-    case UPB_TYPE_BOOL:
-      return upb_fielddef_defaultbool(field) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-    case UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE: return Qnil;
-    case UPB_TYPE_ENUM: {
-      const upb_enumdef *enumdef = upb_fielddef_enumsubdef(field);
-      int32_t num = upb_fielddef_defaultint32(field);
-      const char *label = upb_enumdef_iton(enumdef, num);
-      if (label) {
-        return ID2SYM(rb_intern(label));
-      } else {
-        return INT2NUM(num);
-      }
-    }
-    case UPB_TYPE_INT32:   return INT2NUM(upb_fielddef_defaultint32(field));
-    case UPB_TYPE_INT64:   return LL2NUM(upb_fielddef_defaultint64(field));;
-    case UPB_TYPE_UINT32:  return UINT2NUM(upb_fielddef_defaultuint32(field));
-    case UPB_TYPE_UINT64:  return ULL2NUM(upb_fielddef_defaultuint64(field));
-    case UPB_TYPE_STRING:
-    case UPB_TYPE_BYTES: {
-      size_t size;
-      const char *str = upb_fielddef_defaultstr(field, &size);
-      return get_frozen_string(str, size,
-                               upb_fielddef_type(field) == UPB_TYPE_BYTES);
-    }
-    default: return Qnil;
-  }
-}
-
-VALUE layout_get(MessageLayout* layout,
-                 const void* storage,
-                 const upb_fielddef* field) {
-  void* memory = slot_memory(layout, storage, field);
-  const upb_oneofdef* oneof = upb_fielddef_realcontainingoneof(field);
-  bool field_set;
-  if (field_contains_hasbit(layout, field)) {
-    field_set = slot_is_hasbit_set(layout, storage, field);
-  } else {
-    field_set = true;
-  }
-
-  if (oneof) {
-    uint32_t oneof_case = slot_read_oneof_case(layout, storage, oneof);
-    if (oneof_case != upb_fielddef_number(field)) {
-      return layout_get_default(field);
-    }
-    return native_slot_get(upb_fielddef_type(field),
-                           field_type_class(layout, field), memory);
-  } else if (upb_fielddef_label(field) == UPB_LABEL_REPEATED) {
-    return *((VALUE *)memory);
-  } else if (!field_set) {
-    return layout_get_default(field);
-  } else {
-    return native_slot_get(upb_fielddef_type(field),
-                           field_type_class(layout, field), memory);
-  }
-}
-
-static void check_repeated_field_type(const MessageLayout* layout, VALUE val,
-                                      const upb_fielddef* field) {
-  RepeatedField* self;
-  assert(upb_fielddef_label(field) == UPB_LABEL_REPEATED);
-
-  if (!RB_TYPE_P(val, T_DATA) || !RTYPEDDATA_P(val) ||
-      RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(val) != &RepeatedField_type) {
-    rb_raise(cTypeError, "Expected repeated field array");
-  }
-
-  self = ruby_to_RepeatedField(val);
-  if (self->field_type != upb_fielddef_type(field)) {
-    rb_raise(cTypeError, "Repeated field array has wrong element type");
-  }
-
-  if (self->field_type_class != field_type_class(layout, field)) {
-    rb_raise(cTypeError, "Repeated field array has wrong message/enum class");
-  }
-}
-
-static void check_map_field_type(const MessageLayout* layout, VALUE val,
-                                 const upb_fielddef* field) {
-  const upb_fielddef* key_field = map_field_key(field);
-  const upb_fielddef* value_field = map_field_value(field);
-  Map* self;
-
-  if (!RB_TYPE_P(val, T_DATA) || !RTYPEDDATA_P(val) ||
-      RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(val) != &Map_type) {
-    rb_raise(cTypeError, "Expected Map instance");
-  }
-
-  self = ruby_to_Map(val);
-  if (self->key_type != upb_fielddef_type(key_field)) {
-    rb_raise(cTypeError, "Map key type does not match field's key type");
-  }
-  if (self->value_type != upb_fielddef_type(value_field)) {
-    rb_raise(cTypeError, "Map value type does not match field's value type");
-  }
-  if (self->value_type_class != field_type_class(layout, value_field)) {
-    rb_raise(cTypeError, "Map value type has wrong message/enum class");
-  }
-}
-
-void layout_set(MessageLayout* layout,
-                void* storage,
-                const upb_fielddef* field,
-                VALUE val) {
-  void* memory = slot_memory(layout, storage, field);
-  const upb_oneofdef* oneof = upb_fielddef_realcontainingoneof(field);
-
-  if (oneof) {
-    uint32_t* oneof_case = slot_oneof_case(layout, storage, oneof);
-    if (val == Qnil) {
-      // Assigning nil to a oneof field clears the oneof completely.
-      *oneof_case = ONEOF_CASE_NONE;
-      memset(memory, 0, NATIVE_SLOT_MAX_SIZE);
-    } else {
-      // The transition between field types for a single oneof (union) slot is
-      // somewhat complex because we need to ensure that a GC triggered at any
-      // point by a call into the Ruby VM sees a valid state for this field and
-      // does not either go off into the weeds (following what it thinks is a
-      // VALUE but is actually a different field type) or miss an object (seeing
-      // what it thinks is a primitive field but is actually a VALUE for the new
-      // field type).
-      //
-      // In order for the transition to be safe, the oneof case slot must be in
-      // sync with the value slot whenever the Ruby VM has been called. Thus, we
-      // use native_slot_set_value_and_case(), which ensures that both the value
-      // and case number are altered atomically (w.r.t. the Ruby VM).
-      uint32_t case_value = upb_fielddef_number(field);
-      if (upb_fielddef_issubmsg(field) || upb_fielddef_isstring(field)) {
-        case_value |= ONEOF_CASE_MASK;
-      }
-
-      native_slot_set_value_and_case(
-          upb_fielddef_name(field), upb_fielddef_type(field),
-          field_type_class(layout, field), memory, val, oneof_case, case_value);
-    }
-  } else if (is_map_field(field)) {
-    check_map_field_type(layout, val, field);
-    DEREF(memory, VALUE) = val;
-  } else if (upb_fielddef_label(field) == UPB_LABEL_REPEATED) {
-    check_repeated_field_type(layout, val, field);
-    DEREF(memory, VALUE) = val;
-  } else {
-    native_slot_set(upb_fielddef_name(field), upb_fielddef_type(field),
-                    field_type_class(layout, field), memory, val);
-  }
-
-  if (layout->fields[upb_fielddef_index(field)].hasbit !=
-      MESSAGE_FIELD_NO_HASBIT) {
-    if (val == Qnil) {
-      // No other field type has a hasbit and allows nil assignment.
-      if (upb_fielddef_type(field) != UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "field: %s\n", upb_fielddef_fullname(field));
-      }
-      assert(upb_fielddef_type(field) == UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE);
-      slot_clear_hasbit(layout, storage, field);
-    } else {
-      slot_set_hasbit(layout, storage, field);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-void layout_init(MessageLayout* layout, void* storage) {
-  VALUE* value = (VALUE*)CHARPTR_AT(storage, layout->value_offset);
-  int i;
-
-  for (i = 0; i < layout->repeated_count; i++, value++) {
-    *value = RepeatedField_new_this_type(*value);
-  }
-
-  for (i = 0; i < layout->map_count; i++, value++) {
-    *value = Map_new_this_type(*value);
-  }
-}
-
-void layout_mark(MessageLayout* layout, void* storage) {
-  VALUE* values = (VALUE*)CHARPTR_AT(storage, layout->value_offset);
-  int noneofs = upb_msgdef_numrealoneofs(layout->msgdef);
-  int i;
-
-  for (i = 0; i < layout->value_count; i++) {
-    rb_gc_mark(values[i]);
-  }
-
-  for (i = 0; i < noneofs; i++) {
-    MessageOneof* oneof = &layout->oneofs[i];
-    uint32_t* case_ptr = (uint32_t*)CHARPTR_AT(storage, oneof->case_offset);
-    if (*case_ptr & ONEOF_CASE_MASK) {
-      rb_gc_mark(DEREF_OFFSET(storage, oneof->offset, VALUE));
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-void layout_dup(MessageLayout* layout, void* to, void* from) {
-  upb_msg_field_iter it;
-  for (upb_msg_field_begin(&it, layout->msgdef);
-       !upb_msg_field_done(&it);
-       upb_msg_field_next(&it)) {
-    const upb_fielddef* field = upb_msg_iter_field(&it);
-    const upb_oneofdef* oneof = upb_fielddef_realcontainingoneof(field);
-
-    void* to_memory = slot_memory(layout, to, field);
-    void* from_memory = slot_memory(layout, from, field);
-
-    if (oneof) {
-      uint32_t* to_oneof_case = slot_oneof_case(layout, to, oneof);
-      uint32_t* from_oneof_case = slot_oneof_case(layout, from, oneof);
-      if (slot_read_oneof_case(layout, from, oneof) ==
-          upb_fielddef_number(field)) {
-        *to_oneof_case = *from_oneof_case;
-        native_slot_dup(upb_fielddef_type(field), to_memory, from_memory);
-      }
-    } else if (is_map_field(field)) {
-      DEREF(to_memory, VALUE) = Map_dup(DEREF(from_memory, VALUE));
-    } else if (upb_fielddef_label(field) == UPB_LABEL_REPEATED) {
-      DEREF(to_memory, VALUE) = RepeatedField_dup(DEREF(from_memory, VALUE));
-    } else {
-      if (field_contains_hasbit(layout, field)) {
-        if (!slot_is_hasbit_set(layout, from, field)) continue;
-        slot_set_hasbit(layout, to, field);
-      }
-
-      native_slot_dup(upb_fielddef_type(field), to_memory, from_memory);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-void layout_deep_copy(MessageLayout* layout, void* to, void* from) {
-  upb_msg_field_iter it;
-  for (upb_msg_field_begin(&it, layout->msgdef);
-       !upb_msg_field_done(&it);
-       upb_msg_field_next(&it)) {
-    const upb_fielddef* field = upb_msg_iter_field(&it);
-    const upb_oneofdef* oneof = upb_fielddef_realcontainingoneof(field);
-
-    void* to_memory = slot_memory(layout, to, field);
-    void* from_memory = slot_memory(layout, from, field);
-
-    if (oneof) {
-      uint32_t* to_oneof_case = slot_oneof_case(layout, to, oneof);
-      uint32_t* from_oneof_case = slot_oneof_case(layout, from, oneof);
-      if (slot_read_oneof_case(layout, from, oneof) ==
-          upb_fielddef_number(field)) {
-        *to_oneof_case = *from_oneof_case;
-        native_slot_deep_copy(upb_fielddef_type(field),
-                              field_type_class(layout, field), to_memory,
-                              from_memory);
-      }
-    } else if (is_map_field(field)) {
-      DEREF(to_memory, VALUE) =
-          Map_deep_copy(DEREF(from_memory, VALUE));
-    } else if (upb_fielddef_label(field) == UPB_LABEL_REPEATED) {
-      DEREF(to_memory, VALUE) =
-          RepeatedField_deep_copy(DEREF(from_memory, VALUE));
-    } else {
-      if (field_contains_hasbit(layout, field)) {
-        if (!slot_is_hasbit_set(layout, from, field)) continue;
-        slot_set_hasbit(layout, to, field);
-      }
-
-      native_slot_deep_copy(upb_fielddef_type(field),
-                            field_type_class(layout, field), to_memory,
-                            from_memory);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-VALUE layout_eq(MessageLayout* layout, void* msg1, void* msg2) {
-  upb_msg_field_iter it;
-  for (upb_msg_field_begin(&it, layout->msgdef);
-       !upb_msg_field_done(&it);
-       upb_msg_field_next(&it)) {
-    const upb_fielddef* field = upb_msg_iter_field(&it);
-    const upb_oneofdef* oneof = upb_fielddef_realcontainingoneof(field);
-
-    void* msg1_memory = slot_memory(layout, msg1, field);
-    void* msg2_memory = slot_memory(layout, msg2, field);
-
-    if (oneof) {
-      uint32_t* msg1_oneof_case = slot_oneof_case(layout, msg1, oneof);
-      uint32_t* msg2_oneof_case = slot_oneof_case(layout, msg2, oneof);
-      if (*msg1_oneof_case != *msg2_oneof_case ||
-          (slot_read_oneof_case(layout, msg1, oneof) ==
-               upb_fielddef_number(field) &&
-           !native_slot_eq(upb_fielddef_type(field),
-                           field_type_class(layout, field), msg1_memory,
-                           msg2_memory))) {
-        return Qfalse;
-      }
-    } else if (is_map_field(field)) {
-      if (!Map_eq(DEREF(msg1_memory, VALUE),
-                  DEREF(msg2_memory, VALUE))) {
-        return Qfalse;
-      }
-    } else if (upb_fielddef_label(field) == UPB_LABEL_REPEATED) {
-      if (!RepeatedField_eq(DEREF(msg1_memory, VALUE),
-                            DEREF(msg2_memory, VALUE))) {
-        return Qfalse;
-      }
-    } else {
-      if (field_contains_hasbit(layout, field) &&
-          slot_is_hasbit_set(layout, msg1, field) !=
-              slot_is_hasbit_set(layout, msg2, field)) {
-        // TODO(haberman): I don't think we should actually care about hasbits
-        // here: an unset default should be able to equal a set default. But we
-        // can address this later (will also have to make sure defaults are
-        // being properly set when hasbit is clear).
-        return Qfalse;
-      }
-      if (!native_slot_eq(upb_fielddef_type(field),
-                          field_type_class(layout, field), msg1_memory,
-                          msg2_memory)) {
-        return Qfalse;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  return Qtrue;
-}
-
-VALUE layout_hash(MessageLayout* layout, void* storage) {
-  upb_msg_field_iter it;
-  st_index_t h = rb_hash_start(0);
-  VALUE hash_sym = rb_intern("hash");
-  for (upb_msg_field_begin(&it, layout->msgdef);
-       !upb_msg_field_done(&it);
-       upb_msg_field_next(&it)) {
-    const upb_fielddef* field = upb_msg_iter_field(&it);
-    VALUE field_val = layout_get(layout, storage, field);
-    h = rb_hash_uint(h, NUM2LONG(rb_funcall(field_val, hash_sym, 0)));
-  }
-  h = rb_hash_end(h);
-
-  return INT2FIX(h);
-}
-
-VALUE layout_inspect(MessageLayout* layout, void* storage) {
-  VALUE str = rb_str_new2("");
-
-  upb_msg_field_iter it;
-  bool first = true;
-  for (upb_msg_field_begin(&it, layout->msgdef);
-       !upb_msg_field_done(&it);
-       upb_msg_field_next(&it)) {
-    const upb_fielddef* field = upb_msg_iter_field(&it);
-    VALUE field_val = layout_get(layout, storage, field);
-
-    if (!first) {
-      str = rb_str_cat2(str, ", ");
-    } else {
-      first = false;
-    }
-    str = rb_str_cat2(str, upb_fielddef_name(field));
-    str = rb_str_cat2(str, ": ");
-
-    str = rb_str_append(str, rb_funcall(field_val, rb_intern("inspect"), 0));
-  }
-
-  return str;
-}