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+</tr></table>
+<div class="refentry" title="Underlying Architecture">
+<a name="goocanvas-architecture"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
+<div class="refnamediv"><table width="100%"><tr>
+<td valign="top">
+<h2><span class="refentrytitle">Underlying Architecture</span></h2>
+<p>Underlying Architecture — how the canvas fits together.</p>
+</td>
+<td valign="top" align="right"></td>
+</tr></table></div>
+<div class="refsect1" title="Underlying Architecture">
+<a name="architecture"></a><h2>Underlying Architecture</h2>
+<div class="refsect2" title="The GooCanvas Widget">
+<a name="widget"></a><h3>The GooCanvas Widget</h3>
+<p>
+	<a class="link" href="GooCanvas.html" title="GooCanvas"><span class="type">GooCanvas</span></a> is a <span class="type">GtkWidget</span> (it is actually a subclass of
+	<span class="type">GtkContainer</span>), and so can be placed in an interface just like
+	any normal widget. Usually a <a class="link" href="GooCanvas.html" title="GooCanvas"><span class="type">GooCanvas</span></a> widget would be placed inside
+	a <span class="type">GtkScrolledWindow</span> in order to enable scrolling of the canvas.
+      </p>
+<p>
+	The size of the canvas can be set explicitly using
+	<a class="link" href="GooCanvas.html#goo-canvas-set-bounds" title="goo_canvas_set_bounds ()"><code class="function">goo_canvas_set_bounds()</code></a>, or if the <a class="link" href="GooCanvas.html#GooCanvas--automatic-bounds" title='The "automatic-bounds" property'><span class="type">"automatic-bounds"</span></a>
+	property is set to <code class="literal">TRUE</code> the bounds will be automatically calculated
+	to include all of the canvas items. The units used in the canvas can
+	be set with the <a class="link" href="GooCanvas.html#GooCanvas--units" title='The "units" property'><span class="type">"units"</span></a> property. The canvas units can be
+	pixels, points, inches or millimeters and apply to the canvas and
+	all items.
+      </p>
+</div>
+<hr>
+<div class="refsect2" title="The Structure of the Simple Canvas">
+<a name="simple-structure"></a><h3>The Structure of the Simple Canvas</h3>
+<p>
+	The simple canvas consists of a hierarchy of canvas items.
+	The root item is automatically created by the canvas and can be
+	accessed using <a class="link" href="GooCanvas.html#goo-canvas-get-root-item" title="goo_canvas_get_root_item ()"><code class="function">goo_canvas_get_root_item()</code></a>. New items and groups can
+	then be created and added to the root item.
+      </p>
+<p>
+	Each item in the canvas keeps a <a class="link" href="goocanvas-GooCanvas-Types.html#GooCanvasBounds" title="GooCanvasBounds"><span class="type">GooCanvasBounds</span></a> structure which
+	stores the bounding rectangle of the item and all of its descendants.
+	This makes it easy to find out which items in the canvas need repainting
+	or which item the mouse is over. (The bounds are stored in the canvas
+	coordinate space, which is the coordinate space of the entire canvas,
+	after any item transformation matrices have been applied.)
+      </p>
+</div>
+<hr>
+<div class="refsect2" title="The Structure of the Model/View Canvas">
+<a name="model-view-structure"></a><h3>The Structure of the Model/View Canvas</h3>
+<p>
+	The model/view canvas consists of a hierarchy of item models, and an
+	identical hierarchy of canvas items, with each canvas item
+	corresponding to one item model.
+      </p>
+<p>
+	The hierarchy of item models can be used in several <a class="link" href="GooCanvas.html" title="GooCanvas"><span class="type">GooCanvas</span></a>
+	widgets, to allow multiple views of the same model.
+	Though different canvas items will be used in each <a class="link" href="GooCanvas.html" title="GooCanvas"><span class="type">GooCanvas</span></a>.
+      </p>
+<p>
+	The root item model is set with <a class="link" href="GooCanvas.html#goo-canvas-set-root-item-model" title="goo_canvas_set_root_item_model ()"><code class="function">goo_canvas_set_root_item_model()</code></a>.
+	The canvas will automatically create canvas items to display
+	the hierarchy of item models, and will automatically add and
+	remove canvas items as the item model hierarchy is changed.
+      </p>
+</div>
+<hr>
+<div class="refsect2" title="The Update Procedure">
+<a name="updates"></a><h3>The Update Procedure</h3>
+<p>
+	When items are added to the canvas or their properties are changed
+	they may need to recalculate their bounds. To do this they set an
+	internal flag such as <em class="parameter"><code>need_update</code></em>, and make a call to
+	<a class="link" href="GooCanvasItem.html#goo-canvas-item-request-update" title="goo_canvas_item_request_update ()"><code class="function">goo_canvas_item_request_update()</code></a>.
+      </p>
+<p>
+	<a class="link" href="GooCanvas.html" title="GooCanvas"><span class="type">GooCanvas</span></a> handles all the update requests at once, to avoid multiple
+	redraws of the same parts of the canvas. To do this it installs
+	an idle handler, <code class="function">goo_canvas_idle_handler()</code>, which is called as soon
+	as the application is idle (and before any part of the canvas is
+	redrawn).
+      </p>
+<p>
+	The idle handler calls <a class="link" href="GooCanvasItem.html#goo-canvas-item-update" title="goo_canvas_item_update ()"><code class="function">goo_canvas_item_update()</code></a> on the root item,
+	which recursively calls <a class="link" href="GooCanvasItem.html#goo-canvas-item-update" title="goo_canvas_item_update ()"><code class="function">goo_canvas_item_update()</code></a> on any items as
+	necessary, recalculating their bounds and requesting redraws as
+	appropriate.
+      </p>
+<p>
+	If a container item (e.g. <a class="link" href="GooCanvasGroup.html" title="GooCanvasGroup"><span class="type">GooCanvasGroup</span></a>) is changed it needs to
+	ensure that all descendants recalculate their bounds so it
+	calls <a class="link" href="GooCanvasItem.html#goo-canvas-item-update" title="goo_canvas_item_update ()"><code class="function">goo_canvas_item_update()</code></a> for all of its children with the
+	<em class="parameter"><code>entire_tree</code></em> argument set to <code class="literal">TRUE</code>.
+      </p>
+</div>
+<hr>
+<div class="refsect2" title="How Changes to Items are Handled">
+<a name="simple-updates"></a><h3>How Changes to Items are Handled</h3>
+<p>
+	When an item is changed (e.g. if the <a class="link" href="GooCanvasRect.html#GooCanvasRect--x" title='The "x" property'><span class="type">"x"</span></a> property of
+	a <a class="link" href="GooCanvasRect.html" title="GooCanvasRect"><span class="type">GooCanvasRect</span></a> is changed), the item calls
+	<a class="link" href="GooCanvasItemSimple.html#goo-canvas-item-simple-changed" title="goo_canvas_item_simple_changed ()"><code class="function">goo_canvas_item_simple_changed()</code></a> with a flag indicating if the
+	bounds of the item need	to be recalculated.
+      </p>
+<p>
+	If the bounds don't need to be recalculated, then
+	<a class="link" href="GooCanvas.html#goo-canvas-request-redraw" title="goo_canvas_request_redraw ()"><code class="function">goo_canvas_request_redraw()</code></a> is called to simply request that the
+	item is redrawn. This results in a call to <code class="function">gdk_window_invalidate_rect()</code>
+	and the redraw proceeds just like a normal <span class="type">GtkWidget</span>.
+      </p>
+<p>
+	However, if the bounds do need to be recalculated then
+	<a class="link" href="GooCanvasItem.html#goo-canvas-item-request-update" title="goo_canvas_item_request_update ()"><code class="function">goo_canvas_item_request_update()</code></a> is called to request that the item
+	be updated the next time the canvas performs an update.
+      </p>
+</div>
+<hr>
+<div class="refsect2" title="How Changes are Handled in the Model/View Canvas">
+<a name="model-view-updates"></a><h3>How Changes are Handled in the Model/View Canvas</h3>
+<p>
+	In the Model/View canvas it is the underlying item models which are
+	initially changed. The item models emit "changed" signals which the
+	items respond to. For the standard canvas items the
+	<code class="function">goo_canvas_item_model_simple_changed()</code> signal handler is called,
+	which calls <a class="link" href="GooCanvasItemSimple.html#goo-canvas-item-simple-changed" title="goo_canvas_item_simple_changed ()"><code class="function">goo_canvas_item_simple_changed()</code></a> and the
+	procedure continues as in the simple canvas case above.
+      </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
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+<hr>
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
+<title>Coordinate Spaces and Limits</title>
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2">
+<link rel="home" href="index.html" title="GooCanvas Reference Manual">
+<link rel="up" href="ch01.html" title="Introduction">
+<link rel="prev" href="goocanvas-architecture.html" title="Underlying Architecture">
+<link rel="next" href="goocanvas-creating-items.html" title="Creating New Items">
+<meta name="generator" content="GTK-Doc V1.14 (XML mode)">
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+<table class="navigation" id="top" width="100%" summary="Navigation header" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"><tr valign="middle">
+<td><a accesskey="p" href="goocanvas-architecture.html"><img src="left.png" width="24" height="24" border="0" alt="Prev"></a></td>
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+</tr></table>
+<div class="refentry" title="Coordinate Spaces and Limits">
+<a name="goocanvas-coordinates"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
+<div class="refnamediv"><table width="100%"><tr>
+<td valign="top">
+<h2><span class="refentrytitle">Coordinate Spaces and Limits</span></h2>
+<p>Coordinate Spaces and Limits — how coordinates are used.</p>
+</td>
+<td valign="top" align="right"></td>
+</tr></table></div>
+<div class="refsect1" title="Coordinate Spaces">
+<a name="coordinates"></a><h2>Coordinate Spaces</h2>
+<p>
+      Items in the canvas typically have a number of properties specifying
+      their location and size. For example the <a class="link" href="GooCanvasRect.html" title="GooCanvasRect"><span class="type">GooCanvasRect</span></a> item has
+      <a class="link" href="GooCanvasRect.html#GooCanvasRect--x" title='The "x" property'><span class="type">"x"</span></a>, <a class="link" href="GooCanvasRect.html#GooCanvasRect--y" title='The "y" property'><span class="type">"y"</span></a>, <a class="link" href="GooCanvasRect.html#GooCanvasRect--width" title='The "width" property'><span class="type">"width"</span></a> and
+      <a class="link" href="GooCanvasRect.html#GooCanvasRect--height" title='The "height" property'><span class="type">"height"</span></a> properties.
+    </p>
+<p>
+      However, items can also have a transformation matrix (e.g. the
+      <a class="link" href="GooCanvasItem.html#GooCanvasItem--transform" title='The "transform" property'><span class="type">"transform"</span></a> property).
+      Transformation matrices modify the item's coordinate space in some
+      way. Modifications include translation (moving the origin), rotation,
+      scaling, and skewing, or combinations of these. Thus the final
+      position of the item on the canvas can be altered dramatically.
+    </p>
+<p>
+      The simple animation features in <a class="link" href="GooCanvas.html" title="GooCanvas"><span class="type">GooCanvas</span></a> are accomplished by
+      modifying the item's transformation matrix over time.
+      (See <a class="link" href="GooCanvasItem.html#goo-canvas-item-animate" title="goo_canvas_item_animate ()"><code class="function">goo_canvas_item_animate()</code></a>.)
+    </p>
+<p>
+      Since items are in a hierarchy it is possible to move or rotate an
+      entire group of items by simply changing the transformation matrix
+      of the group containing them.
+    </p>
+<p>
+      The coordinate space used within the item itself (e.g. where the
+      <a class="link" href="GooCanvasRect.html#GooCanvasRect--x" title='The "x" property'><span class="type">"x"</span></a> and <a class="link" href="GooCanvasRect.html#GooCanvasRect--y" title='The "y" property'><span class="type">"y"</span></a> properties of a <a class="link" href="GooCanvasRect.html" title="GooCanvasRect"><span class="type">GooCanvasRect</span></a>
+      are specified)
+      is referred to as "Item Space". The coordinate space used by
+      the entire canvas is referred to as "Canvas Space" (or "Device Space").
+      "Item Space" and "Canvas Space" may or may not be the same, depending
+      on whether
+      the item or any of its ancestors have a transformation matrix set.
+      (Note that the entire canvas may also be scrolled and/or zoomed,
+      which means that there may be additional transformations above
+      "Canvas Space".)
+    </p>
+<p>
+      Functions are provided to convert between coordinate spaces,
+      e.g. <a class="link" href="GooCanvas.html#goo-canvas-convert-to-item-space" title="goo_canvas_convert_to_item_space ()"><code class="function">goo_canvas_convert_to_item_space()</code></a> and
+      <a class="link" href="GooCanvas.html#goo-canvas-convert-from-item-space" title="goo_canvas_convert_from_item_space ()"><code class="function">goo_canvas_convert_from_item_space()</code></a> convert canvas space coordinates
+      to item space and vice versa.
+    </p>
+<div class="refsect2" title="Coordinate Limits">
+<a name="coordinate-limits"></a><h3>Coordinate Limits</h3>
+<p>
+	GooCanvas uses the Cairo graphics library to render canvas items.
+	For performance reasons Cairo uses 32-bit fixed point integers
+	internally when rendering graphics, with 24 bits used for the integer
+	part of values and 8 bits used for the fractional part.
+	This means that values are limited to roughly +/- 8,388,608.
+	(Prior to Cairo 1.6 16 bits were used for the integer part and 16 bits
+	for the	fractional part, meaning values were limited to +/- 32,768.)
+      </p>
+<p>
+	GooCanvas includes code to work around the Cairo limits to some extent.
+	Subclasses of GooCanvasItemSimple (including all builtin items) can
+	use any desired translation using a transformation matrix.
+	But item space coordinates (modified by any scale, rotation or skew)
+	must be within the Cairo limits.
+      </p>
+<p>
+	It is possible to create new canvas items that avoid the Cairo
+	limits completely. For an example of this see the "Large Items" page
+	in the GooCanvas demo application, and the corresponding code.
+      </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
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