glib2 3.1.3-x64-mingw32 → 3.1.4-x64-mingw32

data/vendor/local/share/info/gmp.info-2

@@ -1,83 +1,22 @@
-This is ../../gmp/doc/gmp.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8 from
-../../gmp/doc/gmp.texi.
+This is gmp.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.1 from gmp.texi.
 
-   This manual describes how to install and use the GNU multiple
-precision arithmetic library, version 6.1.0.
+This manual describes how to install and use the GNU multiple precision
+arithmetic library, version 6.1.2.
 
-   Copyright 1991, 1993-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-   Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
-document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
-1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
-with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts being "A GNU
-Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts being "You have freedom to copy
-and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software".  A copy of the license
-is included in *Note GNU Free Documentation License::.
+   Copyright 1991, 1993-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 
+   Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
+any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
+Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts being "A GNU Manual", and
+with the Back-Cover Texts being "You have freedom to copy and modify
+this GNU Manual, like GNU software".  A copy of the license is included
+in *note GNU Free Documentation License::.
 INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU libraries
 START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
 * gmp: (gmp).                   GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library.
 END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
 
-
-File: gmp.info,  Node: Exact Division,  Next: Exact Remainder,  Prev: Block-Wise Barrett Division,  Up: Division Algorithms
-
-15.2.5 Exact Division
----------------------
-
-A so-called exact division is when the dividend is known to be an exact
-multiple of the divisor.  Jebelean's exact division algorithm uses this
-knowledge to make some significant optimizations (*note References::).
-
-   The idea can be illustrated in decimal for example with 368154
-divided by 543.  Because the low digit of the dividend is 4, the low
-digit of the quotient must be 8.  This is arrived at from 4*7 mod 10,
-using the fact 7 is the modular inverse of 3 (the low digit of the
-divisor), since 3*7 == 1 mod 10.  So 8*543=4344 can be subtracted from
-the dividend leaving 363810.  Notice the low digit has become zero.
-
-   The procedure is repeated at the second digit, with the next
-quotient digit 7 (7 == 1*7 mod 10), subtracting 7*543=3801, leaving
-325800.  And finally at the third digit with quotient digit 6 (8*7 mod
-10), subtracting 6*543=3258 leaving 0.  So the quotient is 678.
-
-   Notice however that the multiplies and subtractions don't need to
-extend past the low three digits of the dividend, since that's enough
-to determine the three quotient digits.  For the last quotient digit no
-subtraction is needed at all.  On a 2NxN division like this one, only
-about half the work of a normal basecase division is necessary.
-
-   For an NxM exact division producing Q=N-M quotient limbs, the saving
-over a normal basecase division is in two parts.  Firstly, each of the
-Q quotient limbs needs only one multiply, not a 2x1 divide and
-multiply.  Secondly, the crossproducts are reduced when Q>M to
-Q*M-M*(M+1)/2, or when Q<=M to Q*(Q-1)/2.  Notice the savings are
-complementary.  If Q is big then many divisions are saved, or if Q is
-small then the crossproducts reduce to a small number.
-
-   The modular inverse used is calculated efficiently by `binvert_limb'
-in `gmp-impl.h'.  This does four multiplies for a 32-bit limb, or six
-for a 64-bit limb.  `tune/modlinv.c' has some alternate implementations
-that might suit processors better at bit twiddling than multiplying.
-
-   The sub-quadratic exact division described by Jebelean in "Exact
-Division with Karatsuba Complexity" is not currently implemented.  It
-uses a rearrangement similar to the divide and conquer for normal
-division (*note Divide and Conquer Division::), but operating from low
-to high.  A further possibility not currently implemented is
-"Bidirectional Exact Integer Division" by Krandick and Jebelean which
-forms quotient limbs from both the high and low ends of the dividend,
-and can halve once more the number of crossproducts needed in a 2NxN
-division.
-
-   A special case exact division by 3 exists in `mpn_divexact_by3',
-supporting Toom-3 multiplication and `mpq' canonicalizations.  It forms
-quotient digits with a multiply by the modular inverse of 3 (which is
-`0xAA..AAB') and uses two comparisons to determine a borrow for the next
-limb.  The multiplications don't need to be on the dependent chain, as
-long as the effect of the borrows is applied, which can help chips with
-pipelined multipliers.
-
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Exact Remainder,  Next: Small Quotient Division,  Prev: Exact Division,  Up: Division Algorithms
 
@@ -86,9 +25,9 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Exact Remainder,  Next: Small Quotient Division,  Prev: E
 
 If the exact division algorithm is done with a full subtraction at each
 stage and the dividend isn't a multiple of the divisor, then low zero
-limbs are produced but with a remainder in the high limbs.  For
-dividend a, divisor d, quotient q, and b = 2^mp_bits_per_limb, this
-remainder r is of the form
+limbs are produced but with a remainder in the high limbs.  For dividend
+a, divisor d, quotient q, and b = 2^mp_bits_per_limb, this remainder r
+is of the form
 
      a = q*d + r*b^n
 
@@ -97,14 +36,14 @@ that being the number of limbs produced for q.  r will be in the range
 0<=r<d and can be viewed as a remainder, but one shifted up by a factor
 of b^n.
 
-   Carrying out full subtractions at each stage means the same number
-of cross products must be done as a normal division, but there's still
-some single limb divisions saved.  When d is a single limb some
+   Carrying out full subtractions at each stage means the same number of
+cross products must be done as a normal division, but there's still some
+single limb divisions saved.  When d is a single limb some
 simplifications arise, providing good speedups on a number of
 processors.
 
-   The functions `mpn_divexact_by3', `mpn_modexact_1_odd' and the
-internal `mpn_redc_X' functions differ subtly in how they return r,
+   The functions 'mpn_divexact_by3', 'mpn_modexact_1_odd' and the
+internal 'mpn_redc_X' functions differ subtly in how they return r,
 leading to some negations in the above formula, but all are essentially
 the same.
 
@@ -113,19 +52,19 @@ divisibility or congruence tests which are potentially more efficient
 than a normal division.
 
    The factor of b^n on r can be ignored in a GCD when d is odd, hence
-the use of `mpn_modexact_1_odd' by `mpn_gcd_1' and `mpz_kronecker_ui'
+the use of 'mpn_modexact_1_odd' by 'mpn_gcd_1' and 'mpz_kronecker_ui'
 etc (*note Greatest Common Divisor Algorithms::).
 
-   Montgomery's REDC method for modular multiplications uses operands
-of the form of x*b^-n and y*b^-n and on calculating (x*b^-n)*(y*b^-n)
-uses the factor of b^n in the exact remainder to reach a product in the
-same form (x*y)*b^-n (*note Modular Powering Algorithm::).
+   Montgomery's REDC method for modular multiplications uses operands of
+the form of x*b^-n and y*b^-n and on calculating (x*b^-n)*(y*b^-n) uses
+the factor of b^n in the exact remainder to reach a product in the same
+form (x*y)*b^-n (*note Modular Powering Algorithm::).
 
    Notice that r generally gives no useful information about the
 ordinary remainder a mod d since b^n mod d could be anything.  If
 however b^n == 1 mod d, then r is the negative of the ordinary
 remainder.  This occurs whenever d is a factor of b^n-1, as for example
-with 3 in `mpn_divexact_by3'.  For a 32 or 64 bit limb other such
+with 3 in 'mpn_divexact_by3'.  For a 32 or 64 bit limb other such
 factors include 5, 17 and 257, but no particular use has been found for
 this.
 
@@ -135,16 +74,16 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Small Quotient Division,  Prev: Exact Remainder,  Up: Div
 15.2.7 Small Quotient Division
 ------------------------------
 
-An NxM division where the number of quotient limbs Q=N-M is small can
-be optimized somewhat.
+An NxM division where the number of quotient limbs Q=N-M is small can be
+optimized somewhat.
 
    An ordinary basecase division normalizes the divisor by shifting it
 to make the high bit set, shifting the dividend accordingly, and
-shifting the remainder back down at the end of the calculation.  This
-is wasteful if only a few quotient limbs are to be formed.  Instead a
-division of just the top 2*Q limbs of the dividend by the top Q limbs
-of the divisor can be used to form a trial quotient.  This requires
-only those limbs normalized, not the whole of the divisor and dividend.
+shifting the remainder back down at the end of the calculation.  This is
+wasteful if only a few quotient limbs are to be formed.  Instead a
+division of just the top 2*Q limbs of the dividend by the top Q limbs of
+the divisor can be used to form a trial quotient.  This requires only
+those limbs normalized, not the whole of the divisor and dividend.
 
    A multiply and subtract then applies the trial quotient to the M-Q
 unused limbs of the divisor and N-Q dividend limbs (which includes Q
@@ -155,11 +94,11 @@ limbs that will arise from the subtraction.  An addback is done if the
 quotient still turns out to be 1 too big.
 
    This whole procedure is essentially the same as one step of the
-basecase algorithm done in a Q limb base, though with the trial
-quotient test done only with the high limbs, not an entire Q limb
-"digit" product.  The correctness of this weaker test can be
-established by following the argument of Knuth section 4.3.1 exercise
-20 but with the v2*q>b*r+u2 condition appropriately relaxed.
+basecase algorithm done in a Q limb base, though with the trial quotient
+test done only with the high limbs, not an entire Q limb "digit"
+product.  The correctness of this weaker test can be established by
+following the argument of Knuth section 4.3.1 exercise 20 but with the
+v2*q>b*r+u2 condition appropriately relaxed.
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Greatest Common Divisor Algorithms,  Next: Powering Algorithms,  Prev: Division Algorithms,  Up: Algorithms
@@ -189,25 +128,25 @@ simply consists of successively reducing odd operands a and b using
      strip factors of 2 from a
 
    The Euclidean GCD algorithm, as per Knuth algorithms E and A,
-repeatedly computes the quotient q = floor(a/b) and replaces a,b by v,
-u - q v. The binary algorithm has so far been found to be faster than
-the Euclidean algorithm everywhere.  One reason the binary method does
-well is that the implied quotient at each step is usually small, so
-often only one or two subtractions are needed to get the same effect as
-a division.  Quotients 1, 2 and 3 for example occur 67.7% of the time,
-see Knuth section 4.5.3 Theorem E.
-
-   When the implied quotient is large, meaning b is much smaller than
-a, then a division is worthwhile.  This is the basis for the initial a
-mod b reductions in `mpn_gcd' and `mpn_gcd_1' (the latter for both Nx1
-and 1x1 cases).  But after that initial reduction, big quotients occur
-too rarely to make it worth checking for them.
-
-
-   The final 1x1 GCD in `mpn_gcd_1' is done in the generic C code as
-described above.  For two N-bit operands, the algorithm takes about
-0.68 iterations per bit.  For optimum performance some attention needs
-to be paid to the way the factors of 2 are stripped from a.
+repeatedly computes the quotient q = floor(a/b) and replaces a,b by v, u
+- q v.  The binary algorithm has so far been found to be faster than the
+Euclidean algorithm everywhere.  One reason the binary method does well
+is that the implied quotient at each step is usually small, so often
+only one or two subtractions are needed to get the same effect as a
+division.  Quotients 1, 2 and 3 for example occur 67.7% of the time, see
+Knuth section 4.5.3 Theorem E.
+
+   When the implied quotient is large, meaning b is much smaller than a,
+then a division is worthwhile.  This is the basis for the initial a mod
+b reductions in 'mpn_gcd' and 'mpn_gcd_1' (the latter for both Nx1 and
+1x1 cases).  But after that initial reduction, big quotients occur too
+rarely to make it worth checking for them.
+
+
+   The final 1x1 GCD in 'mpn_gcd_1' is done in the generic C code as
+described above.  For two N-bit operands, the algorithm takes about 0.68
+iterations per bit.  For optimum performance some attention needs to be
+paid to the way the factors of 2 are stripped from a.
 
    Firstly it may be noted that in twos complement the number of low
 zero bits on a-b is the same as b-a, so counting or testing can begin on
@@ -216,8 +155,8 @@ a-b without waiting for abs(a-b) to be determined.
    A loop stripping low zero bits tends not to branch predict well,
 since the condition is data dependent.  But on average there's only a
 few low zeros, so an option is to strip one or two bits arithmetically
-then loop for more (as done for AMD K6).  Or use a lookup table to get
-a count for several bits then loop for more (as done for AMD K7).  An
+then loop for more (as done for AMD K6).  Or use a lookup table to get a
+count for several bits then loop for more (as done for AMD K7).  An
 alternative approach is to keep just one of a or b odd and iterate
 
      a,b = abs(a-b), min(a,b)
@@ -245,90 +184,88 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Lehmer's Algorithm,  Next: Subquadratic GCD,  Prev: Binar
 
 Lehmer's improvement of the Euclidean algorithms is based on the
 observation that the initial part of the quotient sequence depends only
-on the most significant parts of the inputs. The variant of Lehmer's
+on the most significant parts of the inputs.  The variant of Lehmer's
 algorithm used in GMP splits off the most significant two limbs, as
-suggested, e.g., in "A Double-Digit Lehmer-Euclid Algorithm" by
-Jebelean (*note References::). The quotients of two double-limb inputs
-are collected as a 2 by 2 matrix with single-limb elements. This is
-done by the function `mpn_hgcd2'. The resulting matrix is applied to
-the inputs using `mpn_mul_1' and `mpn_submul_1'. Each iteration usually
-reduces the inputs by almost one limb. In the rare case of a large
-quotient, no progress can be made by examining just the most
-significant two limbs, and the quotient is computed using plain
-division.
+suggested, e.g., in "A Double-Digit Lehmer-Euclid Algorithm" by Jebelean
+(*note References::).  The quotients of two double-limb inputs are
+collected as a 2 by 2 matrix with single-limb elements.  This is done by
+the function 'mpn_hgcd2'.  The resulting matrix is applied to the inputs
+using 'mpn_mul_1' and 'mpn_submul_1'.  Each iteration usually reduces
+the inputs by almost one limb.  In the rare case of a large quotient, no
+progress can be made by examining just the most significant two limbs,
+and the quotient is computed using plain division.
 
    The resulting algorithm is asymptotically O(N^2), just as the
-Euclidean algorithm and the binary algorithm. The quadratic part of the
-work are the calls to `mpn_mul_1' and `mpn_submul_1'. For small sizes,
-the linear work is also significant. There are roughly N calls to the
-`mpn_hgcd2' function. This function uses a couple of important
+Euclidean algorithm and the binary algorithm.  The quadratic part of the
+work are the calls to 'mpn_mul_1' and 'mpn_submul_1'.  For small sizes,
+the linear work is also significant.  There are roughly N calls to the
+'mpn_hgcd2' function.  This function uses a couple of important
 optimizations:
 
-   * It uses the same relaxed notion of correctness as `mpn_hgcd' (see
-     next section). This means that when called with the most
+   * It uses the same relaxed notion of correctness as 'mpn_hgcd' (see
+     next section).  This means that when called with the most
      significant two limbs of two large numbers, the returned matrix
-     does not always correspond exactly to the initial quotient
-     sequence for the two large numbers; the final quotient may
-     sometimes be one off.
+     does not always correspond exactly to the initial quotient sequence
+     for the two large numbers; the final quotient may sometimes be one
+     off.
 
    * It takes advantage of the fact the quotients are usually small.
      The division operator is not used, since the corresponding
-     assembler instruction is very slow on most architectures. (This
-     code could probably be improved further, it uses many branches
-     that are unfriendly to prediction).
+     assembler instruction is very slow on most architectures.  (This
+     code could probably be improved further, it uses many branches that
+     are unfriendly to prediction).
 
    * It switches from double-limb calculations to single-limb
      calculations half-way through, when the input numbers have been
      reduced in size from two limbs to one and a half.
 
-
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Subquadratic GCD,  Next: Extended GCD,  Prev: Lehmer's Algorithm,  Up: Greatest Common Divisor Algorithms
 
 15.3.3 Subquadratic GCD
 -----------------------
 
-For inputs larger than `GCD_DC_THRESHOLD', GCD is computed via the HGCD
+For inputs larger than 'GCD_DC_THRESHOLD', GCD is computed via the HGCD
 (Half GCD) function, as a generalization to Lehmer's algorithm.
 
-   Let the inputs a,b be of size N limbs each. Put S = floor(N/2) + 1.
+   Let the inputs a,b be of size N limbs each.  Put S = floor(N/2) + 1.
 Then HGCD(a,b) returns a transformation matrix T with non-negative
-elements, and reduced numbers (c;d) = T^-1 (a;b). The reduced numbers
+elements, and reduced numbers (c;d) = T^{-1} (a;b).  The reduced numbers
 c,d must be larger than S limbs, while their difference abs(c-d) must
-fit in S limbs. The matrix elements will also be of size roughly N/2.
+fit in S limbs.  The matrix elements will also be of size roughly N/2.
 
    The HGCD base case uses Lehmer's algorithm, but with the above stop
 condition that returns reduced numbers and the corresponding
-transformation matrix half-way through. For inputs larger than
-`HGCD_THRESHOLD', HGCD is computed recursively, using the divide and
-conquer algorithm in "On Scho"nhage's algorithm and subquadratic
-integer GCD computation" by Mo"ller (*note References::). The recursive
+transformation matrix half-way through.  For inputs larger than
+'HGCD_THRESHOLD', HGCD is computed recursively, using the divide and
+conquer algorithm in "On Sch�nhage's algorithm and subquadratic integer
+GCD computation" by M�ller (*note References::).  The recursive
 algorithm consists of these main steps.
 
-   * Call HGCD recursively, on the most significant N/2 limbs. Apply the
-     resulting matrix T_1 to the full numbers, reducing them to a size
-     just above 3N/2.
+   * Call HGCD recursively, on the most significant N/2 limbs.  Apply
+     the resulting matrix T_1 to the full numbers, reducing them to a
+     size just above 3N/2.
 
    * Perform a small number of division or subtraction steps to reduce
-     the numbers to size below 3N/2. This is essential mainly for the
+     the numbers to size below 3N/2.  This is essential mainly for the
      unlikely case of large quotients.
 
    * Call HGCD recursively, on the most significant N/2 limbs of the
-     reduced numbers. Apply the resulting matrix T_2 to the full
+     reduced numbers.  Apply the resulting matrix T_2 to the full
      numbers, reducing them to a size just above N/2.
 
    * Compute T = T_1 T_2.
 
-   * Perform a small number of division and subtraction steps to
-     satisfy the requirements, and return.
+   * Perform a small number of division and subtraction steps to satisfy
+     the requirements, and return.
 
    GCD is then implemented as a loop around HGCD, similarly to Lehmer's
-algorithm. Where Lehmer repeatedly chops off the top two limbs, calls
-`mpn_hgcd2', and applies the resulting matrix to the full numbers, the
+algorithm.  Where Lehmer repeatedly chops off the top two limbs, calls
+'mpn_hgcd2', and applies the resulting matrix to the full numbers, the
 sub-quadratic GCD chops off the most significant third of the limbs (the
 proportion is a tuning parameter, and 1/3 seems to be more efficient
-than, e.g, 1/2), calls `mpn_hgcd', and applies the resulting matrix.
-Once the input numbers are reduced to size below `GCD_DC_THRESHOLD',
+than, e.g, 1/2), calls 'mpn_hgcd', and applies the resulting matrix.
+Once the input numbers are reduced to size below 'GCD_DC_THRESHOLD',
 Lehmer's algorithm is used for the rest of the work.
 
    The asymptotic running time of both HGCD and GCD is O(M(N)*log(N)),
@@ -341,23 +278,23 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Extended GCD,  Next: Jacobi Symbol,  Prev: Subquadratic G
 -------------------
 
 The extended GCD function, or GCDEXT, calculates gcd(a,b) and also
-cofactors x and y satisfying a*x+b*y=gcd(a,b). All the algorithms used
-for plain GCD are extended to handle this case. The binary algorithm is
-used only for single-limb GCDEXT.  Lehmer's algorithm is used for sizes
-up to `GCDEXT_DC_THRESHOLD'. Above this threshold, GCDEXT is
+cofactors x and y satisfying a*x+b*y=gcd(a,b).  All the algorithms used
+for plain GCD are extended to handle this case.  The binary algorithm is
+used only for single-limb GCDEXT. Lehmer's algorithm is used for sizes
+up to 'GCDEXT_DC_THRESHOLD'.  Above this threshold, GCDEXT is
 implemented as a loop around HGCD, but with more book-keeping to keep
-track of the cofactors. This gives the same asymptotic running time as
+track of the cofactors.  This gives the same asymptotic running time as
 for GCD and HGCD, O(M(N)*log(N))
 
    One difference to plain GCD is that while the inputs a and b are
 reduced as the algorithm proceeds, the cofactors x and y grow in size.
-This makes the tuning of the chopping-point more difficult. The current
+This makes the tuning of the chopping-point more difficult.  The current
 code chops off the most significant half of the inputs for the call to
-HGCD in the first iteration, and the most significant two thirds for
-the remaining calls. This strategy could surely be improved. Also the
-stop condition for the loop, where Lehmer's algorithm is invoked once
-the inputs are reduced below `GCDEXT_DC_THRESHOLD', could maybe be
-improved by taking into account the current size of the cofactors.
+HGCD in the first iteration, and the most significant two thirds for the
+remaining calls.  This strategy could surely be improved.  Also the stop
+condition for the loop, where Lehmer's algorithm is invoked once the
+inputs are reduced below 'GCDEXT_DC_THRESHOLD', could maybe be improved
+by taking into account the current size of the cofactors.
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Jacobi Symbol,  Prev: Extended GCD,  Up: Greatest Common Divisor Algorithms
@@ -368,20 +305,20 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Jacobi Symbol,  Prev: Extended GCD,  Up: Greatest Common
 [This section is obsolete.  The current Jacobi code actually uses a very
 efficient algorithm.]
 
-   `mpz_jacobi' and `mpz_kronecker' are currently implemented with a
+   'mpz_jacobi' and 'mpz_kronecker' are currently implemented with a
 simple binary algorithm similar to that described for the GCDs (*note
 Binary GCD::).  They're not very fast when both inputs are large.
 Lehmer's multi-step improvement or a binary based multi-step algorithm
 is likely to be better.
 
    When one operand fits a single limb, and that includes
-`mpz_kronecker_ui' and friends, an initial reduction is done with
-either `mpn_mod_1' or `mpn_modexact_1_odd', followed by the binary
-algorithm on a single limb.  The binary algorithm is well suited to a
-single limb, and the whole calculation in this case is quite efficient.
+'mpz_kronecker_ui' and friends, an initial reduction is done with either
+'mpn_mod_1' or 'mpn_modexact_1_odd', followed by the binary algorithm on
+a single limb.  The binary algorithm is well suited to a single limb,
+and the whole calculation in this case is quite efficient.
 
-   In all the routines sign changes for the result are accumulated
-using some bit twiddling, avoiding table lookups or conditional jumps.
+   In all the routines sign changes for the result are accumulated using
+some bit twiddling, avoiding table lookups or conditional jumps.
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Powering Algorithms,  Next: Root Extraction Algorithms,  Prev: Greatest Common Divisor Algorithms,  Up: Algorithms
@@ -400,11 +337,11 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Normal Powering Algorithm,  Next: Modular Powering Algori
 15.4.1 Normal Powering
 ----------------------
 
-Normal `mpz' or `mpf' powering uses a simple binary algorithm,
+Normal 'mpz' or 'mpf' powering uses a simple binary algorithm,
 successively squaring and then multiplying by the base when a 1 bit is
 seen in the exponent, as per Knuth section 4.6.3.  The "left to right"
-variant described there is used rather than algorithm A, since it's
-just as easy and can be done with somewhat less temporary memory.
+variant described there is used rather than algorithm A, since it's just
+as easy and can be done with somewhat less temporary memory.
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Modular Powering Algorithm,  Prev: Normal Powering Algorithm,  Up: Powering Algorithms
@@ -448,8 +385,8 @@ Paul Zimmermann (*note References::).
 
    An input n is split into four parts of k bits each, so with b=2^k we
 have n = a3*b^3 + a2*b^2 + a1*b + a0.  Part a3 must be "normalized" so
-that either the high or second highest bit is set.  In GMP, k is kept
-on a limb boundary and the input is left shifted (by an even number of
+that either the high or second highest bit is set.  In GMP, k is kept on
+a limb boundary and the input is left shifted (by an even number of
 bits) to normalize.
 
    The square root of the high two parts is taken, by recursive
@@ -472,14 +409,14 @@ correct or 1 too big.  r is negative in the latter case, so
        r = r + 2*s - 1
        s = s - 1
 
-   The algorithm is expressed in a divide and conquer form, but as
-noted in the paper it can also be viewed as a discrete variant of
-Newton's method, or as a variation on the schoolboy method (no longer
-taught) for square roots two digits at a time.
+   The algorithm is expressed in a divide and conquer form, but as noted
+in the paper it can also be viewed as a discrete variant of Newton's
+method, or as a variation on the schoolboy method (no longer taught) for
+square roots two digits at a time.
 
    If the remainder r is not required then usually only a few high limbs
-of r and u need to be calculated to determine whether an adjustment to
-s is required.  This optimization is not currently implemented.
+of r and u need to be calculated to determine whether an adjustment to s
+is required.  This optimization is not currently implemented.
 
    In the Karatsuba multiplication range this algorithm is
 O(1.5*M(N/2)), where M(n) is the time to multiply two numbers of n
@@ -488,8 +425,8 @@ O(6*M(N/2)).  In practice a factor of about 1.5 to 1.8 is found in the
 Karatsuba and Toom-3 ranges, growing to 2 or 3 in the FFT range.
 
    The algorithm does all its calculations in integers and the resulting
-`mpn_sqrtrem' is used for both `mpz_sqrt' and `mpf_sqrt'.  The extended
-precision given by `mpf_sqrt_ui' is obtained by padding with zero limbs.
+'mpn_sqrtrem' is used for both 'mpz_sqrt' and 'mpf_sqrt'.  The extended
+precision given by 'mpf_sqrt_ui' is obtained by padding with zero limbs.
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Nth Root Algorithm,  Next: Perfect Square Algorithm,  Prev: Square Root Algorithm,  Up: Root Extraction Algorithms
@@ -506,10 +443,10 @@ iteration, where A is the input and n is the root to be taken.
 
    The initial approximation a[1] is generated bitwise by successively
 powering a trial root with or without new 1 bits, aiming to be just
-above the true root.  The iteration converges quadratically when
-started from a good approximation.  When n is large more initial bits
-are needed to get good convergence.  The current implementation is not
-particularly well optimized.
+above the true root.  The iteration converges quadratically when started
+from a good approximation.  When n is large more initial bits are needed
+to get good convergence.  The current implementation is not particularly
+well optimized.
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Perfect Square Algorithm,  Next: Perfect Power Algorithm,  Prev: Nth Root Algorithm,  Up: Root Extraction Algorithms
@@ -520,37 +457,37 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Perfect Square Algorithm,  Next: Perfect Power Algorithm,
 A significant fraction of non-squares can be quickly identified by
 checking whether the input is a quadratic residue modulo small integers.
 
-   `mpz_perfect_square_p' first tests the input mod 256, which means
-just examining the low byte.  Only 44 different values occur for
-squares mod 256, so 82.8% of inputs can be immediately identified as
+   'mpz_perfect_square_p' first tests the input mod 256, which means
+just examining the low byte.  Only 44 different values occur for squares
+mod 256, so 82.8% of inputs can be immediately identified as
 non-squares.
 
-   On a 32-bit system similar tests are done mod 9, 5, 7, 13 and 17,
-for a total 99.25% of inputs identified as non-squares.  On a 64-bit
-system 97 is tested too, for a total 99.62%.
+   On a 32-bit system similar tests are done mod 9, 5, 7, 13 and 17, for
+a total 99.25% of inputs identified as non-squares.  On a 64-bit system
+97 is tested too, for a total 99.62%.
 
    These moduli are chosen because they're factors of 2^24-1 (or 2^48-1
 for 64-bits), and such a remainder can be quickly taken just using
-additions (see `mpn_mod_34lsub1').
+additions (see 'mpn_mod_34lsub1').
 
-   When nails are in use moduli are instead selected by the `gen-psqr.c'
-program and applied with an `mpn_mod_1'.  The same 2^24-1 or 2^48-1
+   When nails are in use moduli are instead selected by the 'gen-psqr.c'
+program and applied with an 'mpn_mod_1'.  The same 2^24-1 or 2^48-1
 could be done with nails using some extra bit shifts, but this is not
 currently implemented.
 
-   In any case each modulus is applied to the `mpn_mod_34lsub1' or
-`mpn_mod_1' remainder and a table lookup identifies non-squares.  By
-using a "modexact" style calculation, and suitably permuted tables,
-just one multiply each is required, see the code for details.  Moduli
-are also combined to save operations, so long as the lookup tables
-don't become too big.  `gen-psqr.c' does all the pre-calculations.
+   In any case each modulus is applied to the 'mpn_mod_34lsub1' or
+'mpn_mod_1' remainder and a table lookup identifies non-squares.  By
+using a "modexact" style calculation, and suitably permuted tables, just
+one multiply each is required, see the code for details.  Moduli are
+also combined to save operations, so long as the lookup tables don't
+become too big.  'gen-psqr.c' does all the pre-calculations.
 
    A square root must still be taken for any value that passes these
 tests, to verify it's really a square and not one of the small fraction
 of non-squares that get through (i.e. a pseudo-square to all the tested
 bases).
 
-   Clearly more residue tests could be done, `mpz_perfect_square_p' only
+   Clearly more residue tests could be done, 'mpz_perfect_square_p' only
 uses a compact and efficient set.  Big inputs would probably benefit
 from more residue testing, small inputs might be better off with less.
 The assumed distribution of squares versus non-squares in the input
@@ -563,7 +500,7 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Perfect Power Algorithm,  Prev: Perfect Square Algorithm,
 --------------------
 
 Detecting perfect powers is required by some factorization algorithms.
-Currently `mpz_perfect_power_p' is implemented using repeated Nth root
+Currently 'mpz_perfect_power_p' is implemented using repeated Nth root
 extractions, though naturally only prime roots need to be considered.
 (*Note Nth Root Algorithm::.)
 
@@ -593,11 +530,11 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Binary to Radix,  Next: Radix to Binary,  Prev: Radix Con
 15.6.1 Binary to Radix
 ----------------------
 
-Conversions from binary to a power-of-2 radix use a simple and fast
-O(N) bit extraction algorithm.
+Conversions from binary to a power-of-2 radix use a simple and fast O(N)
+bit extraction algorithm.
 
    Conversions from binary to other radices use one of two algorithms.
-Sizes below `GET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD' use a basic O(N^2) method.
+Sizes below 'GET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD' use a basic O(N^2) method.
 Repeated divisions by b^n are made, where b is the radix and n is the
 biggest power that fits in a limb.  But instead of simply using the
 remainder r from such divisions, an extra divide step is done to give a
@@ -606,40 +543,40 @@ extracted using multiplications by b rather than divisions.  Special
 case code is provided for decimal, allowing multiplications by 10 to
 optimize to shifts and adds.
 
-   Above `GET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD' a sub-quadratic algorithm is
+   Above 'GET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD' a sub-quadratic algorithm is
 used.  For an input t, powers b^(n*2^i) of the radix are calculated,
 until a power between t and sqrt(t) is reached.  t is then divided by
 that largest power, giving a quotient which is the digits above that
 power, and a remainder which is those below.  These two parts are in
-turn divided by the second highest power, and so on recursively.  When
-a piece has been divided down to less than `GET_STR_DC_THRESHOLD'
-limbs, the basecase algorithm described above is used.
+turn divided by the second highest power, and so on recursively.  When a
+piece has been divided down to less than 'GET_STR_DC_THRESHOLD' limbs,
+the basecase algorithm described above is used.
 
-   The advantage of this algorithm is that big divisions can make use
-of the sub-quadratic divide and conquer division (*note Divide and
-Conquer Division::), and big divisions tend to have less overheads than
-lots of separate single limb divisions anyway.  But in any case the
-cost of calculating the powers b^(n*2^i) must first be overcome.
+   The advantage of this algorithm is that big divisions can make use of
+the sub-quadratic divide and conquer division (*note Divide and Conquer
+Division::), and big divisions tend to have less overheads than lots of
+separate single limb divisions anyway.  But in any case the cost of
+calculating the powers b^(n*2^i) must first be overcome.
 
-   `GET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD' and `GET_STR_DC_THRESHOLD' represent
+   'GET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD' and 'GET_STR_DC_THRESHOLD' represent
 the same basic thing, the point where it becomes worth doing a big
-division to cut the input in half.  `GET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD'
+division to cut the input in half.  'GET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD'
 includes the cost of calculating the radix power required, whereas
-`GET_STR_DC_THRESHOLD' assumes that's already available, which is the
+'GET_STR_DC_THRESHOLD' assumes that's already available, which is the
 case when recursing.
 
    Since the base case produces digits from least to most significant
 but they want to be stored from most to least, it's necessary to
 calculate in advance how many digits there will be, or at least be sure
 not to underestimate that.  For GMP the number of input bits is
-multiplied by `chars_per_bit_exactly' from `mp_bases', rounding up.
-The result is either correct or one too big.
+multiplied by 'chars_per_bit_exactly' from 'mp_bases', rounding up.  The
+result is either correct or one too big.
 
    Examining some of the high bits of the input could increase the
 chance of getting the exact number of digits, but an exact result every
 time would not be practical, since in general the difference between
 numbers 100... and 99... is only in the last few bits and the work to
-identify 99...  might well be almost as much as a full conversion.
+identify 99... might well be almost as much as a full conversion.
 
    The r/b^n scheme described above for using multiplications to bring
 out digits might be useful for more than a single limb.  Some brief
@@ -669,37 +606,36 @@ algorithms used before GMP 4.3.*
 O(N) bitwise concatenation algorithm.
 
    Conversions from other radices use one of two algorithms.  Sizes
-below `SET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD' use a basic O(N^2) method.  Groups
+below 'SET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD' use a basic O(N^2) method.  Groups
 of n digits are converted to limbs, where n is the biggest power of the
 base b which will fit in a limb, then those groups are accumulated into
-the result by multiplying by b^n and adding.  This saves
-multi-precision operations, as per Knuth section 4.4 part E (*note
-References::).  Some special case code is provided for decimal, giving
-the compiler a chance to optimize multiplications by 10.
+the result by multiplying by b^n and adding.  This saves multi-precision
+operations, as per Knuth section 4.4 part E (*note References::).  Some
+special case code is provided for decimal, giving the compiler a chance
+to optimize multiplications by 10.
 
-   Above `SET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD' a sub-quadratic algorithm is
+   Above 'SET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD' a sub-quadratic algorithm is
 used.  First groups of n digits are converted into limbs.  Then adjacent
 limbs are combined into limb pairs with x*b^n+y, where x and y are the
 limbs.  Adjacent limb pairs are combined into quads similarly with
-x*b^(2n)+y.  This continues until a single block remains, that being
-the result.
+x*b^(2n)+y.  This continues until a single block remains, that being the
+result.
 
    The advantage of this method is that the multiplications for each x
 are big blocks, allowing Karatsuba and higher algorithms to be used.
 But the cost of calculating the powers b^(n*2^i) must be overcome.
-`SET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD' usually ends up quite big, around 5000
+'SET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD' usually ends up quite big, around 5000
 digits, and on some processors much bigger still.
 
-   `SET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD' is based on the input digits (and
+   'SET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD' is based on the input digits (and
 tuned for decimal), though it might be better based on a limb count, so
 as to be independent of the base.  But that sort of count isn't used by
 the base case and so would need some sort of initial calculation or
 estimate.
 
-   The main reason `SET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD' is so much bigger
-than the corresponding `GET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD' is that
-`mpn_mul_1' is much faster than `mpn_divrem_1' (often by a factor of 5,
-or more).
+   The main reason 'SET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD' is so much bigger than
+the corresponding 'GET_STR_PRECOMPUTE_THRESHOLD' is that 'mpn_mul_1' is
+much faster than 'mpn_divrem_1' (often by a factor of 5, or more).
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Other Algorithms,  Next: Assembly Coding,  Prev: Radix Conversion Algorithms,  Up: Algorithms
@@ -722,7 +658,7 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Prime Testing Algorithm,  Next: Factorial Algorithm,  Pre
 15.7.1 Prime Testing
 --------------------
 
-The primality testing in `mpz_probab_prime_p' (*note Number Theoretic
+The primality testing in 'mpz_probab_prime_p' (*note Number Theoretic
 Functions::) first does some trial division by small factors and then
 uses the Miller-Rabin probabilistic primality testing algorithm, as
 described in Knuth section 4.5.4 algorithm P (*note References::).
@@ -733,10 +669,10 @@ algorithm selects a random base x and tests whether x^q mod n is 1 or
 prime, if not then n is definitely composite.
 
    Any prime n will pass the test, but some composites do too.  Such
-composites are known as strong pseudoprimes to base x.  No n is a
-strong pseudoprime to more than 1/4 of all bases (see Knuth exercise
-22), hence with x chosen at random there's no more than a 1/4 chance a
-"probable prime" will in fact be composite.
+composites are known as strong pseudoprimes to base x.  No n is a strong
+pseudoprime to more than 1/4 of all bases (see Knuth exercise 22), hence
+with x chosen at random there's no more than a 1/4 chance a "probable
+prime" will in fact be composite.
 
    In fact strong pseudoprimes are quite rare, making the test much more
 powerful than this analysis would suggest, but 1/4 is all that's proven
@@ -748,23 +684,23 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Factorial Algorithm,  Next: Binomial Coefficients Algorit
 15.7.2 Factorial
 ----------------
 
-Factorials are calculated by a combination of two algorithms. An idea is
-shared among them: to compute the odd part of the factorial; a final
+Factorials are calculated by a combination of two algorithms.  An idea
+is shared among them: to compute the odd part of the factorial; a final
 step takes account of the power of 2 term, by shifting.
 
    For small n, the odd factor of n! is computed with the simple
 observation that it is equal to the product of all positive odd numbers
 smaller than n times the odd factor of [n/2]!, where [x] is the integer
-part of x, and so on recursively. The procedure can be best illustrated
+part of x, and so on recursively.  The procedure can be best illustrated
 with an example,
 
-     23! = (23.21.19.17.15.13.11.9.7.5.3)(11.9.7.5.3)(5.3)2^19
+     23! = (23.21.19.17.15.13.11.9.7.5.3)(11.9.7.5.3)(5.3)2^{19}
 
    Current code collects all the factors in a single list, with a loop
 and no recursion, and compute the product, with no special care for
 repeated chunks.
 
-   When n is larger, computation pass trough prime sieving. An helper
+   When n is larger, computation pass trough prime sieving.  An helper
 function is used, as suggested by Peter Luschny:
 
                                  n
@@ -773,9 +709,9 @@ function is used, as suggested by Peter Luschny:
      msf(n) = -------------- =  | |  p
                [n/2]!^2.2^k     p=3
 
-   Where p ranges on odd prime numbers. The exponent k is chosen to
+   Where p ranges on odd prime numbers.  The exponent k is chosen to
 obtain an odd integer number: k is the number of 1 bits in the binary
-representation of [n/2]. The function L(p,n) can be defined as zero
+representation of [n/2].  The function L(p,n) can be defined as zero
 when p is composite, and, for any prime p, it is computed with:
 
                ---
@@ -785,19 +721,19 @@ when p is composite, and, for any prime p, it is computed with:
                i>0
 
    With this helper function, we are able to compute the odd part of n!
-using the recursion implied by n!=[n/2]!^2*msf(n)*2^k. The recursion
+using the recursion implied by n!=[n/2]!^2*msf(n)*2^k.  The recursion
 stops using the small-n algorithm on some [n/2^i].
 
-   Both the above algorithms use binary splitting to compute the
-product of many small factors. At first as many products as possible
-are accumulated in a single register, generating a list of factors that
-fit in a machine word. This list is then split into halves, and the
-product is computed recursively.
+   Both the above algorithms use binary splitting to compute the product
+of many small factors.  At first as many products as possible are
+accumulated in a single register, generating a list of factors that fit
+in a machine word.  This list is then split into halves, and the product
+is computed recursively.
 
    Such splitting is more efficient than repeated Nx1 multiplies since
 it forms big multiplies, allowing Karatsuba and higher algorithms to be
-used.  And even below the Karatsuba threshold a big block of work can
-be more efficient for the basecase algorithm.
+used.  And even below the Karatsuba threshold a big block of work can be
+more efficient for the basecase algorithm.
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Binomial Coefficients Algorithm,  Next: Fibonacci Numbers Algorithm,  Prev: Factorial Algorithm,  Up: Other Algorithms
@@ -816,9 +752,9 @@ product simply from i=2 to i=k.
    It's easy to show that each denominator i will divide the product so
 far, so the exact division algorithm is used (*note Exact Division::).
 
-   The numerators n-k+i and denominators i are first accumulated into
-as many fit a limb, to save multi-precision operations, though for
-`mpz_bin_ui' this applies only to the divisors, since n is an `mpz_t'
+   The numerators n-k+i and denominators i are first accumulated into as
+many fit a limb, to save multi-precision operations, though for
+'mpz_bin_ui' this applies only to the divisors, since n is an 'mpz_t'
 and n-k+i in general won't fit in a limb at all.
 
 
@@ -827,12 +763,12 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Fibonacci Numbers Algorithm,  Next: Lucas Numbers Algorit
 15.7.4 Fibonacci Numbers
 ------------------------
 
-The Fibonacci functions `mpz_fib_ui' and `mpz_fib2_ui' are designed for
+The Fibonacci functions 'mpz_fib_ui' and 'mpz_fib2_ui' are designed for
 calculating isolated F[n] or F[n],F[n-1] values efficiently.
 
-   For small n, a table of single limb values in `__gmp_fib_table' is
-used.  On a 32-bit limb this goes up to F[47], or on a 64-bit limb up
-to F[93].  For convenience the table starts at F[-1].
+   For small n, a table of single limb values in '__gmp_fib_table' is
+used.  On a 32-bit limb this goes up to F[47], or on a 64-bit limb up to
+F[93].  For convenience the table starts at F[-1].
 
    Beyond the table, values are generated with a binary powering
 algorithm, calculating a pair F[n] and F[n-1] working from high to low
@@ -855,13 +791,13 @@ be faster for only about 10 or 20 values of n, and including a block of
 code for just those doesn't seem worthwhile.  If they really mattered
 it'd be better to extend the data table.
 
-   Using a table avoids lots of calculations on small numbers, and
-makes small n go fast.  A bigger table would make more small n go fast,
-it's just a question of balancing size against desired speed.  For GMP
-the code is kept compact, with the emphasis primarily on a good
-powering algorithm.
+   Using a table avoids lots of calculations on small numbers, and makes
+small n go fast.  A bigger table would make more small n go fast, it's
+just a question of balancing size against desired speed.  For GMP the
+code is kept compact, with the emphasis primarily on a good powering
+algorithm.
 
-   `mpz_fib2_ui' returns both F[n] and F[n-1], but `mpz_fib_ui' is only
+   'mpz_fib2_ui' returns both F[n] and F[n-1], but 'mpz_fib_ui' is only
 interested in F[n].  In this case the last step of the algorithm can
 become one multiply instead of two squares.  One of the following two
 formulas is used, according as n is odd or even.
@@ -871,10 +807,10 @@ formulas is used, according as n is odd or even.
      F[2k+1] = (2F[k]+F[k-1])*(2F[k]-F[k-1]) + 2*(-1)^k
 
    F[2k+1] here is the same as above, just rearranged to be a multiply.
-For interest, the 2*(-1)^k term both here and above can be applied
-just to the low limb of the calculation, without a carry or borrow into
+For interest, the 2*(-1)^k term both here and above can be applied just
+to the low limb of the calculation, without a carry or borrow into
 further limbs, which saves some code size.  See comments with
-`mpz_fib_ui' and the internal `mpn_fib2_ui' for how this is done.
+'mpz_fib_ui' and the internal 'mpn_fib2_ui' for how this is done.
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Lucas Numbers Algorithm,  Next: Random Number Algorithms,  Prev: Fibonacci Numbers Algorithm,  Up: Other Algorithms
@@ -882,20 +818,20 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Lucas Numbers Algorithm,  Next: Random Number Algorithms,
 15.7.5 Lucas Numbers
 --------------------
 
-`mpz_lucnum2_ui' derives a pair of Lucas numbers from a pair of
+'mpz_lucnum2_ui' derives a pair of Lucas numbers from a pair of
 Fibonacci numbers with the following simple formulas.
 
      L[k]   =   F[k] + 2*F[k-1]
      L[k-1] = 2*F[k] -   F[k-1]
 
-   `mpz_lucnum_ui' is only interested in L[n], and some work can be
+   'mpz_lucnum_ui' is only interested in L[n], and some work can be
 saved.  Trailing zero bits on n can be handled with a single square
 each.
 
      L[2k] = L[k]^2 - 2*(-1)^k
 
    And the lowest 1 bit can be handled with one multiply of a pair of
-Fibonacci numbers, similar to what `mpz_fib_ui' does.
+Fibonacci numbers, similar to what 'mpz_fib_ui' does.
 
      L[2k+1] = 5*F[k-1]*(2*F[k]+F[k-1]) - 4*(-1)^k
 
@@ -905,21 +841,21 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Random Number Algorithms,  Prev: Lucas Numbers Algorithm,
 15.7.6 Random Numbers
 ---------------------
 
-For the `urandomb' functions, random numbers are generated simply by
+For the 'urandomb' functions, random numbers are generated simply by
 concatenating bits produced by the generator.  As long as the generator
 has good randomness properties this will produce well-distributed N bit
 numbers.
 
-   For the `urandomm' functions, random numbers in a range 0<=R<N are
+   For the 'urandomm' functions, random numbers in a range 0<=R<N are
 generated by taking values R of ceil(log2(N)) bits each until one
-satisfies R<N.  This will normally require only one or two attempts,
-but the attempts are limited in case the generator is somehow
-degenerate and produces only 1 bits or similar.
+satisfies R<N. This will normally require only one or two attempts, but
+the attempts are limited in case the generator is somehow degenerate and
+produces only 1 bits or similar.
 
    The Mersenne Twister generator is by Matsumoto and Nishimura (*note
 References::).  It has a non-repeating period of 2^19937-1, which is a
-Mersenne prime, hence the name of the generator.  The state is 624
-words of 32-bits each, which is iterated with one XOR and shift for each
+Mersenne prime, hence the name of the generator.  The state is 624 words
+of 32-bits each, which is iterated with one XOR and shift for each
 32-bit word generated, making the algorithm very fast.  Randomness
 properties are also very good and this is the default algorithm used by
 GMP.
@@ -927,21 +863,20 @@ GMP.
    Linear congruential generators are described in many text books, for
 instance Knuth volume 2 (*note References::).  With a modulus M and
 parameters A and C, an integer state S is iterated by the formula S <-
-A*S+C mod M.  At each step the new state is a linear function of the
+A*S+C mod M. At each step the new state is a linear function of the
 previous, mod M, hence the name of the generator.
 
    In GMP only moduli of the form 2^N are supported, and the current
 implementation is not as well optimized as it could be.  Overheads are
-significant when N is small, and when N is large clearly the multiply
-at each step will become slow.  This is not a big concern, since the
+significant when N is small, and when N is large clearly the multiply at
+each step will become slow.  This is not a big concern, since the
 Mersenne Twister generator is better in every respect and is therefore
 recommended for all normal applications.
 
    For both generators the current state can be deduced by observing
 enough output and applying some linear algebra (over GF(2) in the case
-of the Mersenne Twister).  This generally means raw output is
-unsuitable for cryptographic applications without further hashing or
-the like.
+of the Mersenne Twister).  This generally means raw output is unsuitable
+for cryptographic applications without further hashing or the like.
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Assembly Coding,  Prev: Other Algorithms,  Up: Algorithms
@@ -949,14 +884,14 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Assembly Coding,  Prev: Other Algorithms,  Up: Algorithms
 15.8 Assembly Coding
 ====================
 
-The assembly subroutines in GMP are the most significant source of
-speed at small to moderate sizes.  At larger sizes algorithm selection
-becomes more important, but of course speedups in low level routines
-will still speed up everything proportionally.
+The assembly subroutines in GMP are the most significant source of speed
+at small to moderate sizes.  At larger sizes algorithm selection becomes
+more important, but of course speedups in low level routines will still
+speed up everything proportionally.
 
    Carry handling and widening multiplies that are important for GMP
-can't be easily expressed in C.  GCC `asm' blocks help a lot and are
-provided in `longlong.h', but hand coding low level routines invariably
+can't be easily expressed in C.  GCC 'asm' blocks help a lot and are
+provided in 'longlong.h', but hand coding low level routines invariably
 offers a speedup over generic C by a factor of anything from 2 to 10.
 
 * Menu:
@@ -978,21 +913,21 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Assembly Code Organisation,  Next: Assembly Basics,  Prev
 15.8.1 Code Organisation
 ------------------------
 
-The various `mpn' subdirectories contain machine-dependent code, written
-in C or assembly.  The `mpn/generic' subdirectory contains default code,
+The various 'mpn' subdirectories contain machine-dependent code, written
+in C or assembly.  The 'mpn/generic' subdirectory contains default code,
 used when there's no machine-specific version of a particular file.
 
-   Each `mpn' subdirectory is for an ISA family.  Generally 32-bit and
+   Each 'mpn' subdirectory is for an ISA family.  Generally 32-bit and
 64-bit variants in a family cannot share code and have separate
 directories.  Within a family further subdirectories may exist for CPU
 variants.
 
-   In each directory a `nails' subdirectory may exist, holding code with
-nails support for that CPU variant.  A `NAILS_SUPPORT' directive in each
+   In each directory a 'nails' subdirectory may exist, holding code with
+nails support for that CPU variant.  A 'NAILS_SUPPORT' directive in each
 file indicates the nails values the code handles.  Nails code only
 exists where it's faster, or promises to be faster, than plain code.
-There's no effort put into nails if they're not going to enhance a
-given CPU.
+There's no effort put into nails if they're not going to enhance a given
+CPU.
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Assembly Basics,  Next: Assembly Carry Propagation,  Prev: Assembly Code Organisation,  Up: Assembly Coding
@@ -1000,20 +935,20 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Assembly Basics,  Next: Assembly Carry Propagation,  Prev
 15.8.2 Assembly Basics
 ----------------------
 
-`mpn_addmul_1' and `mpn_submul_1' are the most important routines for
+'mpn_addmul_1' and 'mpn_submul_1' are the most important routines for
 overall GMP performance.  All multiplications and divisions come down to
-repeated calls to these.  `mpn_add_n', `mpn_sub_n', `mpn_lshift' and
-`mpn_rshift' are next most important.
+repeated calls to these.  'mpn_add_n', 'mpn_sub_n', 'mpn_lshift' and
+'mpn_rshift' are next most important.
 
    On some CPUs assembly versions of the internal functions
-`mpn_mul_basecase' and `mpn_sqr_basecase' give significant speedups,
+'mpn_mul_basecase' and 'mpn_sqr_basecase' give significant speedups,
 mainly through avoiding function call overheads.  They can also
 potentially make better use of a wide superscalar processor, as can
-bigger primitives like `mpn_addmul_2' or `mpn_addmul_4'.
+bigger primitives like 'mpn_addmul_2' or 'mpn_addmul_4'.
 
    The restrictions on overlaps between sources and destinations (*note
 Low-level Functions::) are designed to facilitate a variety of
-implementations.  For example, knowing `mpn_add_n' won't have partly
+implementations.  For example, knowing 'mpn_add_n' won't have partly
 overlapping sources and destination means reading can be done far ahead
 of writing on superscalar processors, and loops can be vectorized on a
 vector processor, depending on the carry handling.
@@ -1025,35 +960,33 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Assembly Carry Propagation,  Next: Assembly Cache Handlin
 ------------------------
 
 The problem that presents most challenges in GMP is propagating carries
-from one limb to the next.  In functions like `mpn_addmul_1' and
-`mpn_add_n', carries are the only dependencies between limb operations.
+from one limb to the next.  In functions like 'mpn_addmul_1' and
+'mpn_add_n', carries are the only dependencies between limb operations.
 
-   On processors with carry flags, a straightforward CISC style `adc' is
-generally best.  AMD K6 `mpn_addmul_1' however is an example of an
+   On processors with carry flags, a straightforward CISC style 'adc' is
+generally best.  AMD K6 'mpn_addmul_1' however is an example of an
 unusual set of circumstances where a branch works out better.
 
-   On RISC processors generally an add and compare for overflow is
-used.  This sort of thing can be seen in `mpn/generic/aors_n.c'.  Some
-carry propagation schemes require 4 instructions, meaning at least 4
-cycles per limb, but other schemes may use just 1 or 2.  On wide
-superscalar processors performance may be completely determined by the
-number of dependent instructions between carry-in and carry-out for
-each limb.
+   On RISC processors generally an add and compare for overflow is used.
+This sort of thing can be seen in 'mpn/generic/aors_n.c'.  Some carry
+propagation schemes require 4 instructions, meaning at least 4 cycles
+per limb, but other schemes may use just 1 or 2.  On wide superscalar
+processors performance may be completely determined by the number of
+dependent instructions between carry-in and carry-out for each limb.
 
    On vector processors good use can be made of the fact that a carry
 bit only very rarely propagates more than one limb.  When adding a
 single bit to a limb, there's only a carry out if that limb was
-`0xFF...FF' which on random data will be only 1 in 2^mp_bits_per_limb.
-`mpn/cray/add_n.c' is an example of this, it adds all limbs in
-parallel, adds one set of carry bits in parallel and then only rarely
-needs to fall through to a loop propagating further carries.
-
-   On the x86s, GCC (as of version 2.95.2) doesn't generate
-particularly good code for the RISC style idioms that are necessary to
-handle carry bits in C.  Often conditional jumps are generated where
-`adc' or `sbb' forms would be better.  And so unfortunately almost any
-loop involving carry bits needs to be coded in assembly for best
-results.
+'0xFF...FF' which on random data will be only 1 in 2^mp_bits_per_limb.
+'mpn/cray/add_n.c' is an example of this, it adds all limbs in parallel,
+adds one set of carry bits in parallel and then only rarely needs to
+fall through to a loop propagating further carries.
+
+   On the x86s, GCC (as of version 2.95.2) doesn't generate particularly
+good code for the RISC style idioms that are necessary to handle carry
+bits in C.  Often conditional jumps are generated where 'adc' or 'sbb'
+forms would be better.  And so unfortunately almost any loop involving
+carry bits needs to be coded in assembly for best results.
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Assembly Cache Handling,  Next: Assembly Functional Units,  Prev: Assembly Carry Propagation,  Up: Assembly Coding
@@ -1064,19 +997,19 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Assembly Cache Handling,  Next: Assembly Functional Units
 GMP aims to perform well both on operands that fit entirely in L1 cache
 and those which don't.
 
-   Basic routines like `mpn_add_n' or `mpn_lshift' are often used on
+   Basic routines like 'mpn_add_n' or 'mpn_lshift' are often used on
 large operands, so L2 and main memory performance is important for them.
-`mpn_mul_1' and `mpn_addmul_1' are mostly used for multiply and square
+'mpn_mul_1' and 'mpn_addmul_1' are mostly used for multiply and square
 basecases, so L1 performance matters most for them, unless assembly
-versions of `mpn_mul_basecase' and `mpn_sqr_basecase' exist, in which
+versions of 'mpn_mul_basecase' and 'mpn_sqr_basecase' exist, in which
 case the remaining uses are mostly for larger operands.
 
    For L2 or main memory operands, memory access times will almost
 certainly be more than the calculation time.  The aim therefore is to
 maximize memory throughput, by starting a load of the next cache line
-while processing the contents of the previous one.  Clearly this is
-only possible if the chip has a lock-up free cache or some sort of
-prefetch instruction.  Most current chips have both these features.
+while processing the contents of the previous one.  Clearly this is only
+possible if the chip has a lock-up free cache or some sort of prefetch
+instruction.  Most current chips have both these features.
 
    Prefetching sources combines well with loop unrolling, since a
 prefetch can be initiated once per unrolled loop (or more than once if
@@ -1085,16 +1018,16 @@ the loop covers more than one cache line).
    On CPUs without write-allocate caches, prefetching destinations will
 ensure individual stores don't go further down the cache hierarchy,
 limiting bandwidth.  Of course for calculations which are slow anyway,
-like `mpn_divrem_1', write-throughs might be fine.
+like 'mpn_divrem_1', write-throughs might be fine.
 
    The distance ahead to prefetch will be determined by memory latency
 versus throughput.  The aim of course is to have data arriving
 continuously, at peak throughput.  Some CPUs have limits on the number
 of fetches or prefetches in progress.
 
-   If a special prefetch instruction doesn't exist then a plain load
-can be used, but in that case care must be taken not to attempt to read
-past the end of an operand, since that might produce a segmentation
+   If a special prefetch instruction doesn't exist then a plain load can
+be used, but in that case care must be taken not to attempt to read past
+the end of an operand, since that might produce a segmentation
 violation.
 
    Some CPUs or systems have hardware that detects sequential memory
@@ -1115,18 +1048,18 @@ accommodate available resources.
    Loop control will generally require a counter and pointer updates,
 costing as much as 5 instructions, plus any delays a branch introduces.
 CPU addressing modes might reduce pointer updates, perhaps by allowing
-just one updating pointer and others expressed as offsets from it, or
-on CISC chips with all addressing done with the loop counter as a
-scaled index.
+just one updating pointer and others expressed as offsets from it, or on
+CISC chips with all addressing done with the loop counter as a scaled
+index.
 
    The final loop control cost can be amortised by processing several
 limbs in each iteration (*note Assembly Loop Unrolling::).  This at
 least ensures loop control isn't a big fraction the work done.
 
-   Memory throughput is always a limit.  If perhaps only one load or
-one store can be done per cycle then 3 cycles/limb will the top speed
-for "binary" operations like `mpn_add_n', and any code achieving that
-is optimal.
+   Memory throughput is always a limit.  If perhaps only one load or one
+store can be done per cycle then 3 cycles/limb will the top speed for
+"binary" operations like 'mpn_add_n', and any code achieving that is
+optimal.
 
    Integer resources can be freed up by having the loop counter in a
 float register, or by pressing the float units into use for some
@@ -1144,33 +1077,33 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Assembly Floating Point,  Next: Assembly SIMD Instruction
 ---------------------
 
 Floating point arithmetic is used in GMP for multiplications on CPUs
-with poor integer multipliers.  It's mostly useful for `mpn_mul_1',
-`mpn_addmul_1' and `mpn_submul_1' on 64-bit machines, and
-`mpn_mul_basecase' on both 32-bit and 64-bit machines.
+with poor integer multipliers.  It's mostly useful for 'mpn_mul_1',
+'mpn_addmul_1' and 'mpn_submul_1' on 64-bit machines, and
+'mpn_mul_basecase' on both 32-bit and 64-bit machines.
 
    With IEEE 53-bit double precision floats, integer multiplications
 producing up to 53 bits will give exact results.  Breaking a 64x64
-multiplication into eight 16x32->48 bit pieces is convenient.  With
-some care though six 21x32->53 bit products can be used, if one of the
-lower two 21-bit pieces also uses the sign bit.
+multiplication into eight 16x32->48 bit pieces is convenient.  With some
+care though six 21x32->53 bit products can be used, if one of the lower
+two 21-bit pieces also uses the sign bit.
 
-   For the `mpn_mul_1' family of functions on a 64-bit machine, the
-invariant single limb is split at the start, into 3 or 4 pieces.
-Inside the loop, the bignum operand is split into 32-bit pieces.  Fast
+   For the 'mpn_mul_1' family of functions on a 64-bit machine, the
+invariant single limb is split at the start, into 3 or 4 pieces.  Inside
+the loop, the bignum operand is split into 32-bit pieces.  Fast
 conversion of these unsigned 32-bit pieces to floating point is highly
 machine-dependent.  In some cases, reading the data into the integer
-unit, zero-extending to 64-bits, then transferring to the floating
-point unit back via memory is the only option.
+unit, zero-extending to 64-bits, then transferring to the floating point
+unit back via memory is the only option.
 
-   Converting partial products back to 64-bit limbs is usually best
-done as a signed conversion.  Since all values are smaller than 2^53,
-signed and unsigned are the same, but most processors lack unsigned
+   Converting partial products back to 64-bit limbs is usually best done
+as a signed conversion.  Since all values are smaller than 2^53, signed
+and unsigned are the same, but most processors lack unsigned
 conversions.
 
 
 
-   Here is a diagram showing 16x32 bit products for an `mpn_mul_1' or
-`mpn_addmul_1' with a 64-bit limb.  The single limb operand V is split
+   Here is a diagram showing 16x32 bit products for an 'mpn_mul_1' or
+'mpn_addmul_1' with a 64-bit limb.  The single limb operand V is split
 into four 16-bit parts.  The multi-limb operand U is split in the loop
 into two 32-bit parts.
 
@@ -1209,9 +1142,9 @@ into two 32-bit parts.
      | u32 x v48 |                        r80
      +-----------+
 
-   p32 and r32 can be summed using floating-point addition, and
-likewise p48 and r48.  p00 and p16 can be summed with r64 and r80 from
-the previous iteration.
+   p32 and r32 can be summed using floating-point addition, and likewise
+p48 and r48.  p00 and p16 can be summed with r64 and r80 from the
+previous iteration.
 
    For each loop then, four 49-bit quantities are transferred to the
 integer unit, aligned as follows,
@@ -1247,13 +1180,13 @@ for propagating the sort of carries that arise in GMP.
 
    SIMD multiplications of say four 16x16 bit multiplies only do as much
 work as one 32x32 from GMP's point of view, and need some shifts and
-adds besides.  But of course if say the SIMD form is fully pipelined
-and uses less instruction decoding then it may still be worthwhile.
+adds besides.  But of course if say the SIMD form is fully pipelined and
+uses less instruction decoding then it may still be worthwhile.
 
-   On the x86 chips, MMX has so far found a use in `mpn_rshift' and
-`mpn_lshift', and is used in a special case for 16-bit multipliers in
-the P55 `mpn_mul_1'.  SSE2 is used for Pentium 4 `mpn_mul_1',
-`mpn_addmul_1', and `mpn_submul_1'.
+   On the x86 chips, MMX has so far found a use in 'mpn_rshift' and
+'mpn_lshift', and is used in a special case for 16-bit multipliers in
+the P55 'mpn_mul_1'.  SSE2 is used for Pentium 4 'mpn_mul_1',
+'mpn_addmul_1', and 'mpn_submul_1'.
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Assembly Software Pipelining,  Next: Assembly Loop Unrolling,  Prev: Assembly SIMD Instructions,  Up: Assembly Coding
@@ -1263,8 +1196,8 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Assembly Software Pipelining,  Next: Assembly Loop Unroll
 
 Software pipelining consists of scheduling instructions around the
 branch point in a loop.  For example a loop might issue a load not for
-use in the present iteration but the next, thereby allowing extra
-cycles for the data to arrive from memory.
+use in the present iteration but the next, thereby allowing extra cycles
+for the data to arrive from memory.
 
    Naturally this is wanted only when doing things like loads or
 multiplies that take several cycles to complete, and only where a CPU
@@ -1275,10 +1208,10 @@ meantime.
 each stage and each loop iteration moves them along one stage.  This is
 like juggling.
 
-   If the latency of some instruction is greater than the loop time
-then it will be necessary to unroll, so one register has a result ready
-to use while another (or multiple others) are still in progress.
-(*note Assembly Loop Unrolling::).
+   If the latency of some instruction is greater than the loop time then
+it will be necessary to unroll, so one register has a result ready to
+use while another (or multiple others) are still in progress.  (*note
+Assembly Loop Unrolling::).
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Assembly Loop Unrolling,  Next: Assembly Writing Guide,  Prev: Assembly Software Pipelining,  Up: Assembly Coding
@@ -1290,32 +1223,32 @@ Loop unrolling consists of replicating code so that several limbs are
 processed in each loop.  At a minimum this reduces loop overheads by a
 corresponding factor, but it can also allow better register usage, for
 example alternately using one register combination and then another.
-Judicious use of `m4' macros can help avoid lots of duplication in the
+Judicious use of 'm4' macros can help avoid lots of duplication in the
 source code.
 
    Any amount of unrolling can be handled with a loop counter that's
 decremented by N each time, stopping when the remaining count is less
 than the further N the loop will process.  Or by subtracting N at the
-start, the termination condition becomes when the counter C is less
-than 0 (and the count of remaining limbs is C+N).
+start, the termination condition becomes when the counter C is less than
+0 (and the count of remaining limbs is C+N).
 
    Alternately for a power of 2 unroll the loop count and remainder can
-be established with a shift and mask.  This is convenient if also
-making a computed jump into the middle of a large loop.
+be established with a shift and mask.  This is convenient if also making
+a computed jump into the middle of a large loop.
 
    The limbs not a multiple of the unrolling can be handled in various
 ways, for example
 
    * A simple loop at the end (or the start) to process the excess.
-     Care will be wanted that it isn't too much slower than the
-     unrolled part.
+     Care will be wanted that it isn't too much slower than the unrolled
+     part.
 
    * A set of binary tests, for example after an 8-limb unrolling, test
      for 4 more limbs to process, then a further 2 more or not, and
      finally 1 more or not.  This will probably take more code space
      than a simple loop.
 
-   * A `switch' statement, providing separate code for each possible
+   * A 'switch' statement, providing separate code for each possible
      excess, for example an 8-limb unrolling would have separate code
      for 0 remaining, 1 remaining, etc, up to 7 remaining.  This might
      take a lot of code, but may be the best way to optimize all cases
@@ -1342,9 +1275,9 @@ Code it without unrolling or scheduling, to make sure it works.  On a
 greatly simplify later steps.
 
    Then note for each instruction the functional unit and/or issue port
-requirements.  If an instruction can use either of two units, like U0
-or U1 then make a category "U0/U1".  Count the total using each unit
-(or combined unit), and count all instructions.
+requirements.  If an instruction can use either of two units, like U0 or
+U1 then make a category "U0/U1".  Count the total using each unit (or
+combined unit), and count all instructions.
 
    Figure out from those counts the best possible loop time.  The goal
 will be to find a perfect schedule where instruction latencies are
@@ -1352,20 +1285,20 @@ completely hidden.  The total instruction count might be the limiting
 factor, or perhaps a particular functional unit.  It might be possible
 to tweak the instructions to help the limiting factor.
 
-   Suppose the loop time is N, then make N issue buckets, with the
-final loop branch at the end of the last.  Now fill the buckets with
-dummy instructions using the functional units desired.  Run this to
-make sure the intended speed is reached.
+   Suppose the loop time is N, then make N issue buckets, with the final
+loop branch at the end of the last.  Now fill the buckets with dummy
+instructions using the functional units desired.  Run this to make sure
+the intended speed is reached.
 
    Now replace the dummy instructions with the real instructions from
-the slow but correct loop you started with.  The first will typically
-be a load instruction.  Then the instruction using that value is placed
-in a bucket an appropriate distance down.  Run the loop again, to check
-it still runs at target speed.
+the slow but correct loop you started with.  The first will typically be
+a load instruction.  Then the instruction using that value is placed in
+a bucket an appropriate distance down.  Run the loop again, to check it
+still runs at target speed.
 
    Keep placing instructions, frequently measuring the loop.  After a
-few you will need to wrap around from the last bucket back to the top
-of the loop.  If you used the new-register for new-value strategy above
+few you will need to wrap around from the last bucket back to the top of
+the loop.  If you used the new-register for new-value strategy above
 then there will be no register conflicts.  If not then take care not to
 clobber something already in use.  Changing registers at this time is
 very error prone.
@@ -1381,8 +1314,8 @@ start and delete those instructions which don't have valid antecedents,
 and at the end replicate and delete those whose results are unwanted
 (including any further loads).
 
-   The loop will have a minimum number of limbs loaded and processed,
-so the feed-in code must test if the request size is smaller and skip
+   The loop will have a minimum number of limbs loaded and processed, so
+the feed-in code must test if the request size is smaller and skip
 either to a suitable part of the wind-down or to special code for small
 sizes.
 
@@ -1411,49 +1344,49 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Integer Internals,  Next: Rational Internals,  Prev: Inte
 16.1 Integer Internals
 ======================
 
-`mpz_t' variables represent integers using sign and magnitude, in space
+'mpz_t' variables represent integers using sign and magnitude, in space
 dynamically allocated and reallocated.  The fields are as follows.
 
-`_mp_size'
+'_mp_size'
      The number of limbs, or the negative of that when representing a
-     negative integer.  Zero is represented by `_mp_size' set to zero,
-     in which case the `_mp_d' data is unused.
+     negative integer.  Zero is represented by '_mp_size' set to zero,
+     in which case the '_mp_d' data is unused.
 
-`_mp_d'
+'_mp_d'
      A pointer to an array of limbs which is the magnitude.  These are
-     stored "little endian" as per the `mpn' functions, so `_mp_d[0]'
-     is the least significant limb and `_mp_d[ABS(_mp_size)-1]' is the
-     most significant.  Whenever `_mp_size' is non-zero, the most
-     significant limb is non-zero.
+     stored "little endian" as per the 'mpn' functions, so '_mp_d[0]' is
+     the least significant limb and '_mp_d[ABS(_mp_size)-1]' is the most
+     significant.  Whenever '_mp_size' is non-zero, the most significant
+     limb is non-zero.
 
      Currently there's always at least one limb allocated, so for
-     instance `mpz_set_ui' never needs to reallocate, and `mpz_get_ui'
-     can fetch `_mp_d[0]' unconditionally (though its value is then
-     only wanted if `_mp_size' is non-zero).
-
-`_mp_alloc'
-     `_mp_alloc' is the number of limbs currently allocated at `_mp_d',
-     and naturally `_mp_alloc >= ABS(_mp_size)'.  When an `mpz' routine
-     is about to (or might be about to) increase `_mp_size', it checks
-     `_mp_alloc' to see whether there's enough space, and reallocates
-     if not.  `MPZ_REALLOC' is generally used for this.
-
-   The various bitwise logical functions like `mpz_and' behave as if
+     instance 'mpz_set_ui' never needs to reallocate, and 'mpz_get_ui'
+     can fetch '_mp_d[0]' unconditionally (though its value is then only
+     wanted if '_mp_size' is non-zero).
+
+'_mp_alloc'
+     '_mp_alloc' is the number of limbs currently allocated at '_mp_d',
+     and naturally '_mp_alloc >= ABS(_mp_size)'.  When an 'mpz' routine
+     is about to (or might be about to) increase '_mp_size', it checks
+     '_mp_alloc' to see whether there's enough space, and reallocates if
+     not.  'MPZ_REALLOC' is generally used for this.
+
+   The various bitwise logical functions like 'mpz_and' behave as if
 negative values were twos complement.  But sign and magnitude is always
 used internally, and necessary adjustments are made during the
 calculations.  Sometimes this isn't pretty, but sign and magnitude are
 best for other routines.
 
-   Some internal temporary variables are setup with `MPZ_TMP_INIT' and
-these have `_mp_d' space obtained from `TMP_ALLOC' rather than the
-memory allocation functions.  Care is taken to ensure that these are
-big enough that no reallocation is necessary (since it would have
+   Some internal temporary variables are setup with 'MPZ_TMP_INIT' and
+these have '_mp_d' space obtained from 'TMP_ALLOC' rather than the
+memory allocation functions.  Care is taken to ensure that these are big
+enough that no reallocation is necessary (since it would have
 unpredictable consequences).
 
-   `_mp_size' and `_mp_alloc' are `int', although `mp_size_t' is
-usually a `long'.  This is done to make the fields just 32 bits on some
-64 bits systems, thereby saving a few bytes of data space but still
-providing plenty of range.
+   '_mp_size' and '_mp_alloc' are 'int', although 'mp_size_t' is usually
+a 'long'.  This is done to make the fields just 32 bits on some 64 bits
+systems, thereby saving a few bytes of data space but still providing
+plenty of range.
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Rational Internals,  Next: Float Internals,  Prev: Integer Internals,  Up: Internals
@@ -1461,26 +1394,26 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Rational Internals,  Next: Float Internals,  Prev: Intege
 16.2 Rational Internals
 =======================
 
-`mpq_t' variables represent rationals using an `mpz_t' numerator and
+'mpq_t' variables represent rationals using an 'mpz_t' numerator and
 denominator (*note Integer Internals::).
 
-   The canonical form adopted is denominator positive (and non-zero),
-no common factors between numerator and denominator, and zero uniquely
+   The canonical form adopted is denominator positive (and non-zero), no
+common factors between numerator and denominator, and zero uniquely
 represented as 0/1.
 
    It's believed that casting out common factors at each stage of a
 calculation is best in general.  A GCD is an O(N^2) operation so it's
-better to do a few small ones immediately than to delay and have to do
-a big one later.  Knowing the numerator and denominator have no common
-factors can be used for example in `mpq_mul' to make only two cross
-GCDs necessary, not four.
+better to do a few small ones immediately than to delay and have to do a
+big one later.  Knowing the numerator and denominator have no common
+factors can be used for example in 'mpq_mul' to make only two cross GCDs
+necessary, not four.
 
    This general approach to common factors is badly sub-optimal in the
 presence of simple factorizations or little prospect for cancellation,
-but GMP has no way to know when this will occur.  As per *Note
-Efficiency::, that's left to applications.  The `mpq_t' framework might
-still suit, with `mpq_numref' and `mpq_denref' for direct access to the
-numerator and denominator, or of course `mpz_t' variables can be used
+but GMP has no way to know when this will occur.  As per *note
+Efficiency::, that's left to applications.  The 'mpq_t' framework might
+still suit, with 'mpq_numref' and 'mpq_denref' for direct access to the
+numerator and denominator, or of course 'mpz_t' variables can be used
 directly.
 
 
@@ -1492,7 +1425,7 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Float Internals,  Next: Raw Output Internals,  Prev: Rati
 Efficient calculation is the primary aim of GMP floats and the use of
 whole limbs and simple rounding facilitates this.
 
-   `mpf_t' floats have a variable precision mantissa and a single
+   'mpf_t' floats have a variable precision mantissa and a single
 machine word signed exponent.  The mantissa is represented using sign
 and magnitude.
 
@@ -1508,35 +1441,36 @@ and magnitude.
 
        <-------- _mp_size --------->
 
+
 The fields are as follows.
 
-`_mp_size'
+'_mp_size'
      The number of limbs currently in use, or the negative of that when
-     representing a negative value.  Zero is represented by `_mp_size'
-     and `_mp_exp' both set to zero, and in that case the `_mp_d' data
-     is unused.  (In the future `_mp_exp' might be undefined when
+     representing a negative value.  Zero is represented by '_mp_size'
+     and '_mp_exp' both set to zero, and in that case the '_mp_d' data
+     is unused.  (In the future '_mp_exp' might be undefined when
      representing zero.)
 
-`_mp_prec'
+'_mp_prec'
      The precision of the mantissa, in limbs.  In any calculation the
-     aim is to produce `_mp_prec' limbs of result (the most significant
+     aim is to produce '_mp_prec' limbs of result (the most significant
      being non-zero).
 
-`_mp_d'
+'_mp_d'
      A pointer to the array of limbs which is the absolute value of the
-     mantissa.  These are stored "little endian" as per the `mpn'
-     functions, so `_mp_d[0]' is the least significant limb and
-     `_mp_d[ABS(_mp_size)-1]' the most significant.
+     mantissa.  These are stored "little endian" as per the 'mpn'
+     functions, so '_mp_d[0]' is the least significant limb and
+     '_mp_d[ABS(_mp_size)-1]' the most significant.
 
      The most significant limb is always non-zero, but there are no
      other restrictions on its value, in particular the highest 1 bit
      can be anywhere within the limb.
 
-     `_mp_prec+1' limbs are allocated to `_mp_d', the extra limb being
+     '_mp_prec+1' limbs are allocated to '_mp_d', the extra limb being
      for convenience (see below).  There are no reallocations during a
-     calculation, only in a change of precision with `mpf_set_prec'.
+     calculation, only in a change of precision with 'mpf_set_prec'.
 
-`_mp_exp'
+'_mp_exp'
      The exponent, in limbs, determining the location of the implied
      radix point.  Zero means the radix point is just above the most
      significant limb.  Positive values mean a radix point offset
@@ -1547,11 +1481,11 @@ The fields are as follows.
      Naturally the exponent can be any value, it doesn't have to fall
      within the limbs as the diagram shows, it can be a long way above
      or a long way below.  Limbs other than those included in the
-     `{_mp_d,_mp_size}' data are treated as zero.
+     '{_mp_d,_mp_size}' data are treated as zero.
 
-   The `_mp_size' and `_mp_prec' fields are `int', although the
-`mp_size_t' type is usually a `long'.  The `_mp_exp' field is usually
-`long'.  This is done to make some fields just 32 bits on some 64 bits
+   The '_mp_size' and '_mp_prec' fields are 'int', although the
+'mp_size_t' type is usually a 'long'.  The '_mp_exp' field is usually
+'long'.  This is done to make some fields just 32 bits on some 64 bits
 systems, thereby saving a few bytes of data space but still providing
 plenty of precision and a very large range.
 
@@ -1559,92 +1493,89 @@ plenty of precision and a very large range.
 The following various points should be noted.
 
 Low Zeros
-     The least significant limbs `_mp_d[0]' etc can be zero, though
-     such low zeros can always be ignored.  Routines likely to produce
-     low zeros check and avoid them to save time in subsequent
-     calculations, but for most routines they're quite unlikely and
-     aren't checked.
+     The least significant limbs '_mp_d[0]' etc can be zero, though such
+     low zeros can always be ignored.  Routines likely to produce low
+     zeros check and avoid them to save time in subsequent calculations,
+     but for most routines they're quite unlikely and aren't checked.
 
 Mantissa Size Range
-     The `_mp_size' count of limbs in use can be less than `_mp_prec' if
+     The '_mp_size' count of limbs in use can be less than '_mp_prec' if
      the value can be represented in less.  This means low precision
-     values or small integers stored in a high precision `mpf_t' can
+     values or small integers stored in a high precision 'mpf_t' can
      still be operated on efficiently.
 
-     `_mp_size' can also be greater than `_mp_prec'.  Firstly a value is
-     allowed to use all of the `_mp_prec+1' limbs available at `_mp_d',
-     and secondly when `mpf_set_prec_raw' lowers `_mp_prec' it leaves
-     `_mp_size' unchanged and so the size can be arbitrarily bigger than
-     `_mp_prec'.
+     '_mp_size' can also be greater than '_mp_prec'.  Firstly a value is
+     allowed to use all of the '_mp_prec+1' limbs available at '_mp_d',
+     and secondly when 'mpf_set_prec_raw' lowers '_mp_prec' it leaves
+     '_mp_size' unchanged and so the size can be arbitrarily bigger than
+     '_mp_prec'.
 
 Rounding
-     All rounding is done on limb boundaries.  Calculating `_mp_prec'
+     All rounding is done on limb boundaries.  Calculating '_mp_prec'
      limbs with the high non-zero will ensure the application requested
      minimum precision is obtained.
 
-     The use of simple "trunc" rounding towards zero is efficient,
-     since there's no need to examine extra limbs and increment or
-     decrement.
+     The use of simple "trunc" rounding towards zero is efficient, since
+     there's no need to examine extra limbs and increment or decrement.
 
 Bit Shifts
      Since the exponent is in limbs, there are no bit shifts in basic
-     operations like `mpf_add' and `mpf_mul'.  When differing exponents
+     operations like 'mpf_add' and 'mpf_mul'.  When differing exponents
      are encountered all that's needed is to adjust pointers to line up
      the relevant limbs.
 
-     Of course `mpf_mul_2exp' and `mpf_div_2exp' will require bit
+     Of course 'mpf_mul_2exp' and 'mpf_div_2exp' will require bit
      shifts, but the choice is between an exponent in limbs which
      requires shifts there, or one in bits which requires them almost
      everywhere else.
 
-Use of `_mp_prec+1' Limbs
-     The extra limb on `_mp_d' (`_mp_prec+1' rather than just
-     `_mp_prec') helps when an `mpf' routine might get a carry from its
-     operation.  `mpf_add' for instance will do an `mpn_add' of
-     `_mp_prec' limbs.  If there's no carry then that's the result, but
+Use of '_mp_prec+1' Limbs
+     The extra limb on '_mp_d' ('_mp_prec+1' rather than just
+     '_mp_prec') helps when an 'mpf' routine might get a carry from its
+     operation.  'mpf_add' for instance will do an 'mpn_add' of
+     '_mp_prec' limbs.  If there's no carry then that's the result, but
      if there is a carry then it's stored in the extra limb of space and
-     `_mp_size' becomes `_mp_prec+1'.
+     '_mp_size' becomes '_mp_prec+1'.
 
-     Whenever `_mp_prec+1' limbs are held in a variable, the low limb
-     is not needed for the intended precision, only the `_mp_prec' high
+     Whenever '_mp_prec+1' limbs are held in a variable, the low limb is
+     not needed for the intended precision, only the '_mp_prec' high
      limbs.  But zeroing it out or moving the rest down is unnecessary.
      Subsequent routines reading the value will simply take the high
-     limbs they need, and this will be `_mp_prec' if their target has
+     limbs they need, and this will be '_mp_prec' if their target has
      that same precision.  This is no more than a pointer adjustment,
      and must be checked anyway since the destination precision can be
      different from the sources.
 
-     Copy functions like `mpf_set' will retain a full `_mp_prec+1' limbs
-     if available.  This ensures that a variable which has `_mp_size'
-     equal to `_mp_prec+1' will get its full exact value copied.
-     Strictly speaking this is unnecessary since only `_mp_prec' limbs
+     Copy functions like 'mpf_set' will retain a full '_mp_prec+1' limbs
+     if available.  This ensures that a variable which has '_mp_size'
+     equal to '_mp_prec+1' will get its full exact value copied.
+     Strictly speaking this is unnecessary since only '_mp_prec' limbs
      are needed for the application's requested precision, but it's
-     considered that an `mpf_set' from one variable into another of the
+     considered that an 'mpf_set' from one variable into another of the
      same precision ought to produce an exact copy.
 
 Application Precisions
-     `__GMPF_BITS_TO_PREC' converts an application requested precision
-     to an `_mp_prec'.  The value in bits is rounded up to a whole limb
+     '__GMPF_BITS_TO_PREC' converts an application requested precision
+     to an '_mp_prec'.  The value in bits is rounded up to a whole limb
      then an extra limb is added since the most significant limb of
-     `_mp_d' is only non-zero and therefore might contain only one bit.
+     '_mp_d' is only non-zero and therefore might contain only one bit.
 
-     `__GMPF_PREC_TO_BITS' does the reverse conversion, and removes the
-     extra limb from `_mp_prec' before converting to bits.  The net
-     effect of reading back with `mpf_get_prec' is simply the precision
-     rounded up to a multiple of `mp_bits_per_limb'.
+     '__GMPF_PREC_TO_BITS' does the reverse conversion, and removes the
+     extra limb from '_mp_prec' before converting to bits.  The net
+     effect of reading back with 'mpf_get_prec' is simply the precision
+     rounded up to a multiple of 'mp_bits_per_limb'.
 
      Note that the extra limb added here for the high only being
-     non-zero is in addition to the extra limb allocated to `_mp_d'.
-     For example with a 32-bit limb, an application request for 250
-     bits will be rounded up to 8 limbs, then an extra added for the
-     high being only non-zero, giving an `_mp_prec' of 9.  `_mp_d' then
-     gets 10 limbs allocated.  Reading back with `mpf_get_prec' will
-     take `_mp_prec' subtract 1 limb and multiply by 32, giving 256
-     bits.
+     non-zero is in addition to the extra limb allocated to '_mp_d'.
+     For example with a 32-bit limb, an application request for 250 bits
+     will be rounded up to 8 limbs, then an extra added for the high
+     being only non-zero, giving an '_mp_prec' of 9.  '_mp_d' then gets
+     10 limbs allocated.  Reading back with 'mpf_get_prec' will take
+     '_mp_prec' subtract 1 limb and multiply by 32, giving 256 bits.
 
      Strictly speaking, the fact the high limb has at least one bit
      means that a float with, say, 3 limbs of 32-bits each will be
-     holding at least 65 bits, but for the purposes of `mpf_t' it's
+     holding at least 65 bits, but for the purposes of 'mpf_t' it's
      considered simply to be 64 bits, a nice multiple of the limb size.
 
 
@@ -1653,29 +1584,29 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Raw Output Internals,  Next: C++ Interface Internals,  Pr
 16.4 Raw Output Internals
 =========================
 
-`mpz_out_raw' uses the following format.
+'mpz_out_raw' uses the following format.
 
      +------+------------------------+
      | size |       data bytes       |
      +------+------------------------+
 
    The size is 4 bytes written most significant byte first, being the
-number of subsequent data bytes, or the twos complement negative of
-that when a negative integer is represented.  The data bytes are the
-absolute value of the integer, written most significant byte first.
+number of subsequent data bytes, or the twos complement negative of that
+when a negative integer is represented.  The data bytes are the absolute
+value of the integer, written most significant byte first.
 
    The most significant data byte is always non-zero, so the output is
 the same on all systems, irrespective of limb size.
 
    In GMP 1, leading zero bytes were written to pad the data bytes to a
-multiple of the limb size.  `mpz_inp_raw' will still accept this, for
+multiple of the limb size.  'mpz_inp_raw' will still accept this, for
 compatibility.
 
    The use of "big endian" for both the size and data fields is
 deliberate, it makes the data easy to read in a hex dump of a file.
 Unfortunately it also means that the limb data must be reversed when
-reading or writing, so neither a big endian nor little endian system
-can just read and write `_mp_d'.
+reading or writing, so neither a big endian nor little endian system can
+just read and write '_mp_d'.
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: C++ Interface Internals,  Prev: Raw Output Internals,  Up: Internals
@@ -1684,9 +1615,9 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: C++ Interface Internals,  Prev: Raw Output Internals,  Up
 ============================
 
 A system of expression templates is used to ensure something like
-`a=b+c' turns into a simple call to `mpz_add' etc.  For `mpf_class' the
+'a=b+c' turns into a simple call to 'mpz_add' etc.  For 'mpf_class' the
 scheme also ensures the precision of the final destination is used for
-any temporaries within a statement like `f=w*x+y*z'.  These are
+any temporaries within a statement like 'f=w*x+y*z'.  These are
 important features which a naive implementation cannot provide.
 
    A simplified description of the scheme follows.  The true scheme is
@@ -1713,12 +1644,12 @@ And an "additive expression" object,
          <__gmp_binary_expr<mpf_class, mpf_class, __gmp_binary_plus> >(f, g);
      }
 
-   The seemingly redundant `__gmp_expr<__gmp_binary_expr<...>>' is used
+   The seemingly redundant '__gmp_expr<__gmp_binary_expr<...>>' is used
 to encapsulate any possible kind of expression into a single template
-type.  In fact even `mpf_class' etc are `typedef' specializations of
-`__gmp_expr'.
+type.  In fact even 'mpf_class' etc are 'typedef' specializations of
+'__gmp_expr'.
 
-   Next we define assignment of `__gmp_expr' to `mpf_class'.
+   Next we define assignment of '__gmp_expr' to 'mpf_class'.
 
      template <class T>
      mpf_class & mpf_class::operator=(const __gmp_expr<T> &expr)
@@ -1734,14 +1665,14 @@ type.  In fact even `mpf_class' etc are `typedef' specializations of
        Op::eval(f, expr.val1.get_mpf_t(), expr.val2.get_mpf_t());
      }
 
-   where `expr.val1' and `expr.val2' are references to the expression's
-operands (here `expr' is the `__gmp_binary_expr' stored within the
-`__gmp_expr').
+   where 'expr.val1' and 'expr.val2' are references to the expression's
+operands (here 'expr' is the '__gmp_binary_expr' stored within the
+'__gmp_expr').
 
    This way, the expression is actually evaluated only at the time of
-assignment, when the required precision (that of `f') is known.
-Furthermore the target `mpf_t' is now available, thus we can call
-`mpf_add' directly with `f' as the output argument.
+assignment, when the required precision (that of 'f') is known.
+Furthermore the target 'mpf_t' is now available, thus we can call
+'mpf_add' directly with 'f' as the output argument.
 
    Compound expressions are handled by defining operators taking
 subexpressions as their arguments, like this:
@@ -1756,7 +1687,7 @@ subexpressions as their arguments, like this:
          (expr1, expr2);
      }
 
-   And the corresponding specializations of `__gmp_expr::eval':
+   And the corresponding specializations of '__gmp_expr::eval':
 
      template <class T, class U, class Op>
      void __gmp_expr
@@ -1769,7 +1700,7 @@ subexpressions as their arguments, like this:
      }
 
    The expression is thus recursively evaluated to any level of
-complexity and all subexpressions are evaluated to the precision of `f'.
+complexity and all subexpressions are evaluated to the precision of 'f'.
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Contributors,  Next: References,  Prev: Internals,  Up: Top
@@ -1777,12 +1708,12 @@ File: gmp.info,  Node: Contributors,  Next: References,  Prev: Internals,  Up: T
 Appendix A Contributors
 ***********************
 
-Torbjo"rn Granlund wrote the original GMP library and is still the main
+Torbj�rn Granlund wrote the original GMP library and is still the main
 developer.  Code not explicitly attributed to others, was contributed by
-Torbjo"rn.  Several other individuals and organizations have contributed
-GMP.  Here is a list in chronological order on first contribution:
+Torbj�rn.  Several other individuals and organizations have contributed
+GMP. Here is a list in chronological order on first contribution:
 
-   Gunnar Sjo"din and Hans Riesel helped with mathematical problems in
+   Gunnar Sj�din and Hans Riesel helped with mathematical problems in
 early versions of the library.
 
    Richard Stallman helped with the interface design and revised the
@@ -1792,33 +1723,33 @@ first version of this manual.
 the library and made creative suggestions.
 
    John Amanatides of York University in Canada contributed the function
-`mpz_probab_prime_p'.
+'mpz_probab_prime_p'.
 
    Paul Zimmermann wrote the REDC-based mpz_powm code, the
-Scho"nhage-Strassen FFT multiply code, and the Karatsuba square root
+Sch�nhage-Strassen FFT multiply code, and the Karatsuba square root
 code.  He also improved the Toom3 code for GMP 4.2.  Paul sparked the
-development of GMP 2, with his comparisons between bignum packages.
-The ECMNET project Paul is organizing was a driving force behind many
-of the optimizations in GMP 3.  Paul also wrote the new GMP 4.3 nth
-root code (with Torbjo"rn).
+development of GMP 2, with his comparisons between bignum packages.  The
+ECMNET project Paul is organizing was a driving force behind many of the
+optimizations in GMP 3.  Paul also wrote the new GMP 4.3 nth root code
+(with Torbj�rn).
 
    Ken Weber (Kent State University, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande
-do Sul) contributed now defunct versions of `mpz_gcd', `mpz_divexact',
-`mpn_gcd', and `mpn_bdivmod', partially supported by CNPq (Brazil)
-grant 301314194-2.
+do Sul) contributed now defunct versions of 'mpz_gcd', 'mpz_divexact',
+'mpn_gcd', and 'mpn_bdivmod', partially supported by CNPq (Brazil) grant
+301314194-2.
 
    Per Bothner of Cygnus Support helped to set up GMP to use Cygnus'
 configure.  He has also made valuable suggestions and tested numerous
 intermediary releases.
 
-   Joachim Hollman was involved in the design of the `mpf' interface,
-and in the `mpz' design revisions for version 2.
+   Joachim Hollman was involved in the design of the 'mpf' interface,
+and in the 'mpz' design revisions for version 2.
 
-   Bennet Yee contributed the initial versions of `mpz_jacobi' and
-`mpz_legendre'.
+   Bennet Yee contributed the initial versions of 'mpz_jacobi' and
+'mpz_legendre'.
 
-   Andreas Schwab contributed the files `mpn/m68k/lshift.S' and
-`mpn/m68k/rshift.S' (now in `.asm' form).
+   Andreas Schwab contributed the files 'mpn/m68k/lshift.S' and
+'mpn/m68k/rshift.S' (now in '.asm' form).
 
    Robert Harley of Inria, France and David Seal of ARM, England,
 suggested clever improvements for population count.  Robert also wrote
@@ -1826,35 +1757,34 @@ highly optimized Karatsuba and 3-way Toom multiplication functions for
 GMP 3, and contributed the ARM assembly code.
 
    Torsten Ekedahl of the Mathematical department of Stockholm
-University provided significant inspiration during several phases of
-the GMP development.  His mathematical expertise helped improve several
+University provided significant inspiration during several phases of the
+GMP development.  His mathematical expertise helped improve several
 algorithms.
 
    Linus Nordberg wrote the new configure system based on autoconf and
 implemented the new random functions.
 
-   Kevin Ryde worked on a large number of things: optimized x86 code,
-m4 asm macros, parameter tuning, speed measuring, the configure system,
+   Kevin Ryde worked on a large number of things: optimized x86 code, m4
+asm macros, parameter tuning, speed measuring, the configure system,
 function inlining, divisibility tests, bit scanning, Jacobi symbols,
 Fibonacci and Lucas number functions, printf and scanf functions, perl
-interface, demo expression parser, the algorithms chapter in the
-manual, `gmpasm-mode.el', and various miscellaneous improvements
-elsewhere.
+interface, demo expression parser, the algorithms chapter in the manual,
+'gmpasm-mode.el', and various miscellaneous improvements elsewhere.
 
    Kent Boortz made the Mac OS 9 port.
 
    Steve Root helped write the optimized alpha 21264 assembly code.
 
-   Gerardo Ballabio wrote the `gmpxx.h' C++ class interface and the C++
-`istream' input routines.
+   Gerardo Ballabio wrote the 'gmpxx.h' C++ class interface and the C++
+'istream' input routines.
 
-   Jason Moxham rewrote `mpz_fac_ui'.
+   Jason Moxham rewrote 'mpz_fac_ui'.
 
    Pedro Gimeno implemented the Mersenne Twister and made other random
 number improvements.
 
-   Niels Mo"ller wrote the sub-quadratic GCD, extended GCD and jacobi
-code, the quadratic Hensel division code, and (with Torbjo"rn) the new
+   Niels M�ller wrote the sub-quadratic GCD, extended GCD and jacobi
+code, the quadratic Hensel division code, and (with Torbj�rn) the new
 divide and conquer division code for GMP 4.3.  Niels also helped
 implement the new Toom multiply code for GMP 4.3 and implemented helper
 functions to simplify Toom evaluations for GMP 5.0.  He wrote the
@@ -1865,35 +1795,35 @@ mini-gmp package used for gmp bootstrapping.
 strategy, and found the optimal strategies for evaluation and
 interpolation in Toom multiplication.
 
-   Marco Bodrato helped implement the new Toom multiply code for GMP
-4.3 and implemented most of the new Toom multiply and squaring code for
-5.0.  He is the main author of the current mpn_mulmod_bnm1,
-mpn_mullo_n, and mpn_sqrlo.  Marco also wrote the functions mpn_invert
-and mpn_invertappr, and improved the speed of integer root extraction.
-He is the author of the current combinatorial functions: binomial,
+   Marco Bodrato helped implement the new Toom multiply code for GMP 4.3
+and implemented most of the new Toom multiply and squaring code for 5.0.
+He is the main author of the current mpn_mulmod_bnm1, mpn_mullo_n, and
+mpn_sqrlo.  Marco also wrote the functions mpn_invert and
+mpn_invertappr, and improved the speed of integer root extraction.  He
+is the author of the current combinatorial functions: binomial,
 factorial, multifactorial, primorial.
 
-   David Harvey suggested the internal function `mpn_bdiv_dbm1',
+   David Harvey suggested the internal function 'mpn_bdiv_dbm1',
 implementing division relevant to Toom multiplication.  He also worked
 on fast assembly sequences, in particular on a fast AMD64
-`mpn_mul_basecase'. He wrote the internal middle product functions
-`mpn_mulmid_basecase', `mpn_toom42_mulmid', `mpn_mulmid_n' and related
+'mpn_mul_basecase'.  He wrote the internal middle product functions
+'mpn_mulmid_basecase', 'mpn_toom42_mulmid', 'mpn_mulmid_n' and related
 helper routines.
 
-   Martin Boij wrote `mpn_perfect_power_p'.
+   Martin Boij wrote 'mpn_perfect_power_p'.
 
-   Marc Glisse improved `gmpxx.h': use fewer temporaries (faster),
-specializations of `numeric_limits' and `common_type', C++11 features
+   Marc Glisse improved 'gmpxx.h': use fewer temporaries (faster),
+specializations of 'numeric_limits' and 'common_type', C++11 features
 (move constructors, explicit bool conversion, UDL), make the conversion
-from `mpq_class' to `mpz_class' explicit, optimize operations where one
-argument is a small compile-time constant, replace some heap
-allocations by stack allocations.  He also fixed the eofbit handling of
-C++ streams, and removed one division from `mpq/aors.c'.
+from 'mpq_class' to 'mpz_class' explicit, optimize operations where one
+argument is a small compile-time constant, replace some heap allocations
+by stack allocations.  He also fixed the eofbit handling of C++ streams,
+and removed one division from 'mpq/aors.c'.
 
    David S Miller wrote assembly code for SPARC T3 and T4.
 
-   Mark Sofroniou cleaned up the types of mul_fft.c, letting it work
-for huge operands.
+   Mark Sofroniou cleaned up the types of mul_fft.c, letting it work for
+huge operands.
 
    Ulrich Weigand ported GMP to the powerpc64le ABI.
 
@@ -1905,14 +1835,14 @@ have contributed to GMP but are not listed above, please tell
 supported in part by the ESPRIT-BRA (Basic Research Activities) 6846
 project POSSO (POlynomial System SOlving).
 
-   The development of GMP 2, 3, and 4.0 was supported in part by the
-IDA Center for Computing Sciences.
+   The development of GMP 2, 3, and 4.0 was supported in part by the IDA
+Center for Computing Sciences.
 
-   The development of GMP 4.3, 5.0, and 5.1 was supported in part by
-the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research.
+   The development of GMP 4.3, 5.0, and 5.1 was supported in part by the
+Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research.
 
-   Thanks go to Hans Thorsen for donating an SGI system for the GMP
-test system environment.
+   Thanks go to Hans Thorsen for donating an SGI system for the GMP test
+system environment.
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: References,  Next: GNU Free Documentation License,  Prev: Contributors,  Up: Top
@@ -1929,85 +1859,84 @@ B.1 Books
 
    * Richard Crandall and Carl Pomerance, "Prime Numbers: A
      Computational Perspective", 2nd edition, Springer-Verlag, 2005.
-     `http://www.math.dartmouth.edu/~carlp/'
+     <http://www.math.dartmouth.edu/~carlp/>
 
    * Henri Cohen, "A Course in Computational Algebraic Number Theory",
      Graduate Texts in Mathematics number 138, Springer-Verlag, 1993.
-     `http://www.math.u-bordeaux.fr/~cohen/'
+     <http://www.math.u-bordeaux.fr/~cohen/>
 
    * Donald E. Knuth, "The Art of Computer Programming", volume 2,
      "Seminumerical Algorithms", 3rd edition, Addison-Wesley, 1998.
-     `http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/taocp.html'
+     <http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/taocp.html>
 
    * John D. Lipson, "Elements of Algebra and Algebraic Computing", The
      Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company Inc, 1981.
 
    * Alfred J. Menezes, Paul C. van Oorschot and Scott A. Vanstone,
      "Handbook of Applied Cryptography",
-     `http://www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca/hac/'
+     <http://www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca/hac/>
 
-   * Richard M. Stallman and the GCC Developer Community, "Using the
-     GNU Compiler Collection", Free Software Foundation, 2008,
-     available online `https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/', and in the GCC
-     package `https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/'
+   * Richard M. Stallman and the GCC Developer Community, "Using the GNU
+     Compiler Collection", Free Software Foundation, 2008, available
+     online <https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/>, and in the GCC package
+     <https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
 
 B.2 Papers
 ==========
 
    * Yves Bertot, Nicolas Magaud and Paul Zimmermann, "A Proof of GMP
      Square Root", Journal of Automated Reasoning, volume 29, 2002, pp.
-     225-252.  Also available online as INRIA Research Report 4475,
-     June 2002, `http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/07/21/13/PDF/RR-4475.pdf'
+     225-252.  Also available online as INRIA Research Report 4475, June
+     2002, <http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/07/21/13/PDF/RR-4475.pdf>
 
    * Christoph Burnikel and Joachim Ziegler, "Fast Recursive Division",
      Max-Planck-Institut fuer Informatik Research Report MPI-I-98-1-022,
-     `http://data.mpi-sb.mpg.de/internet/reports.nsf/NumberView/1998-1-022'
+     <http://data.mpi-sb.mpg.de/internet/reports.nsf/NumberView/1998-1-022>
 
-   * Torbjo"rn Granlund and Peter L. Montgomery, "Division by Invariant
+   * Torbj�rn Granlund and Peter L. Montgomery, "Division by Invariant
      Integers using Multiplication", in Proceedings of the SIGPLAN
      PLDI'94 Conference, June 1994.  Also available
-     `https://gmplib.org/~tege/divcnst-pldi94.pdf'.
+     <https://gmplib.org/~tege/divcnst-pldi94.pdf>.
 
-   * Niels Mo"ller and Torbjo"rn Granlund, "Improved division by
-     invariant integers", IEEE Transactions on Computers, 11 June 2010.
-     `https://gmplib.org/~tege/division-paper.pdf'
+   * Niels M�ller and Torbj�rn Granlund, "Improved division by invariant
+     integers", IEEE Transactions on Computers, 11 June 2010.
+     <https://gmplib.org/~tege/division-paper.pdf>
 
-   * Torbjo"rn Granlund and Niels Mo"ller, "Division of integers large
-     and small", to appear.
+   * Torbj�rn Granlund and Niels M�ller, "Division of integers large and
+     small", to appear.
 
    * Tudor Jebelean, "An algorithm for exact division", Journal of
      Symbolic Computation, volume 15, 1993, pp. 169-180.  Research
      report version available
-     `ftp://ftp.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/techreports/1992/92-35.ps.gz'
+     <ftp://ftp.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/techreports/1992/92-35.ps.gz>
 
    * Tudor Jebelean, "Exact Division with Karatsuba Complexity -
      Extended Abstract", RISC-Linz technical report 96-31,
-     `ftp://ftp.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/techreports/1996/96-31.ps.gz'
+     <ftp://ftp.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/techreports/1996/96-31.ps.gz>
 
    * Tudor Jebelean, "Practical Integer Division with Karatsuba
      Complexity", ISSAC 97, pp. 339-341.  Technical report available
-     `ftp://ftp.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/techreports/1996/96-29.ps.gz'
+     <ftp://ftp.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/techreports/1996/96-29.ps.gz>
 
    * Tudor Jebelean, "A Generalization of the Binary GCD Algorithm",
      ISSAC 93, pp. 111-116.  Technical report version available
-     `ftp://ftp.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/techreports/1993/93-01.ps.gz'
+     <ftp://ftp.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/techreports/1993/93-01.ps.gz>
 
-   * Tudor Jebelean, "A Double-Digit Lehmer-Euclid Algorithm for
-     Finding the GCD of Long Integers", Journal of Symbolic
-     Computation, volume 19, 1995, pp. 145-157.  Technical report
-     version also available
-     `ftp://ftp.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/techreports/1992/92-69.ps.gz'
+   * Tudor Jebelean, "A Double-Digit Lehmer-Euclid Algorithm for Finding
+     the GCD of Long Integers", Journal of Symbolic Computation, volume
+     19, 1995, pp. 145-157.  Technical report version also available
+     <ftp://ftp.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/techreports/1992/92-69.ps.gz>
 
    * Werner Krandick and Tudor Jebelean, "Bidirectional Exact Integer
      Division", Journal of Symbolic Computation, volume 21, 1996, pp.
      441-455.  Early technical report version also available
-     `ftp://ftp.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/techreports/1994/94-50.ps.gz'
+     <ftp://ftp.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/techreports/1994/94-50.ps.gz>
 
    * Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura, "Mersenne Twister: A
      623-dimensionally equidistributed uniform pseudorandom number
      generator", ACM Transactions on Modelling and Computer Simulation,
      volume 8, January 1998, pp. 3-30.  Available online
-     `http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/ARTICLES/mt.ps.gz'
+     <http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/ARTICLES/mt.ps.gz>
      (or .pdf)
 
    * R. Moenck and A. Borodin, "Fast Modular Transforms via Division",
@@ -2016,15 +1945,15 @@ B.2 Papers
      Modular Transforms", Journal of Computer and System Sciences,
      volume 8, number 3, June 1974, pp. 366-386.
 
-   * Niels Mo"ller, "On Scho"nhage's algorithm and subquadratic integer
-     GCD   computation", in Mathematics of Computation, volume 77,
-     January 2008, pp.    589-607.
+   * Niels M�ller, "On Sch�nhage's algorithm and subquadratic integer
+     GCD computation", in Mathematics of Computation, volume 77, January
+     2008, pp. 589-607.
 
    * Peter L. Montgomery, "Modular Multiplication Without Trial
      Division", in Mathematics of Computation, volume 44, number 170,
      April 1985.
 
-   * Arnold Scho"nhage and Volker Strassen, "Schnelle Multiplikation
+   * Arnold Sch�nhage and Volker Strassen, "Schnelle Multiplikation
      grosser Zahlen", Computing 7, 1971, pp. 281-292.
 
    * Kenneth Weber, "The accelerated integer GCD algorithm", ACM
@@ -2033,11 +1962,11 @@ B.2 Papers
 
    * Paul Zimmermann, "Karatsuba Square Root", INRIA Research Report
      3805, November 1999,
-     `http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072854/PDF/RR-3805.pdf'
+     <http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072854/PDF/RR-3805.pdf>
 
    * Paul Zimmermann, "A Proof of GMP Fast Division and Square Root
      Implementations",
-     `http://www.loria.fr/~zimmerma/papers/proof-div-sqrt.ps.gz'
+     <http://www.loria.fr/~zimmerma/papers/proof-div-sqrt.ps.gz>
 
    * Dan Zuras, "On Squaring and Multiplying Large Integers", ARITH-11:
      IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic, 1993, pp. 260 to 271.
@@ -2053,8 +1982,8 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
 
                      Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
 
-     Copyright (C) 2000-2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-     `http://fsf.org/'
+     Copyright � 2000-2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+     <http://fsf.org/>
 
      Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
      of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
@@ -2079,21 +2008,21 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
      free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
      that the software does.  But this License is not limited to
      software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
-     of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
-     We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
+     of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.  We
+     recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
      instruction or reference.
 
   1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
 
      This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
-     that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
-     can be distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice
+     that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
+     be distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice
      grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
      to use that work under the conditions stated herein.  The
      "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work.  Any member
-     of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You
-     accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a
-     way requiring permission under copyright law.
+     of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You accept
+     the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
+     requiring permission under copyright law.
 
      A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
      Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
@@ -2111,12 +2040,12 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
      regarding them.
 
      The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
-     titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
-     the notice that says that the Document is released under this
-     License.  If a section does not fit the above definition of
-     Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.
-     The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections.  If the Document
-     does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
+     titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
+     notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
+     If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
+     is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may
+     contain zero Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify
+     any Invariant Sections then there are none.
 
      The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
      listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
@@ -2127,27 +2056,27 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
      A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
      represented in a format whose specification is available to the
      general public, that is suitable for revising the document
-     straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
-     composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
-     widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
-     text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
-     formats suitable for input to text formatters.  A copy made in an
-     otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of
-     markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent
-     modification by readers is not Transparent.  An image format is
-     not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text.  A
-     copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
+     straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
+     of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
+     available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
+     formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats
+     suitable for input to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise
+     Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has
+     been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by
+     readers is not Transparent.  An image format is not Transparent if
+     used for any substantial amount of text.  A copy that is not
+     "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
 
      Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
      ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
-     SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
-     standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for
-     human modification.  Examples of transparent image formats include
-     PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats include proprietary formats that
-     can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or
-     XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
-     available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF
-     produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
+     SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming
+     simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.
+     Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.
+     Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
+     edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
+     the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
+     the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
+     processors for output purposes only.
 
      The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
      plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
@@ -2185,8 +2114,8 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
      may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
      or further copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However,
      you may accept compensation in exchange for copies.  If you
-     distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
-     the conditions in section 3.
+     distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
+     conditions in section 3.
 
      You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
      and you may publicly display copies.
@@ -2200,12 +2129,11 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
      these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
      Back-Cover Texts on the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly
      and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies.  The
-     front cover must present the full title with all words of the
-     title equally prominent and visible.  You may add other material
-     on the covers in addition.  Copying with changes limited to the
-     covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
-     satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
-     other respects.
+     front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
+     equally prominent and visible.  You may add other material on the
+     covers in addition.  Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
+     long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
+     conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
 
      If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
      legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
@@ -2213,40 +2141,39 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
      adjacent pages.
 
      If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
-     numbering more than 100, you must either include a
-     machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
-     state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from
-     which the general network-using public has access to download
-     using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent
-     copy of the Document, free of added material.  If you use the
-     latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
-     begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
-     this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
-     location until at least one year after the last time you
-     distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
-     retailers) of that edition to the public.
+     numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
+     Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
+     each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
+     network-using public has access to download using public-standard
+     network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
+     of added material.  If you use the latter option, you must take
+     reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
+     copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
+     remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
+     year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
+     through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
 
      It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
-     the Document well before redistributing any large number of
-     copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
-     version of the Document.
+     the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
+     to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
+     Document.
 
   4. MODIFICATIONS
 
      You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
      under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
-     release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
-     the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
-     licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
-     whoever possesses a copy of it.  In addition, you must do these
-     things in the Modified Version:
+     release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
+     Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
+     distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
+     possesses a copy of it.  In addition, you must do these things in
+     the Modified Version:
 
        A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
-          distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
-          previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
-          in the History section of the Document).  You may use the
-          same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
-          that version gives permission.
+          distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
+          versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
+          History section of the Document).  You may use the same title
+          as a previous version if the original publisher of that
+          version gives permission.
 
        B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
           entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
@@ -2276,31 +2203,30 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
 
        I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
           and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
-          authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
-          the Title Page.  If there is no section Entitled "History" in
-          the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
-          and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
-          then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
-          the previous sentence.
+          authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
+          Title Page.  If there is no section Entitled "History" in the
+          Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
+          publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
+          an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
+          previous sentence.
 
        J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
           for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
           likewise the network locations given in the Document for
-          previous versions it was based on.  These may be placed in
-          the "History" section.  You may omit a network location for a
-          work that was published at least four years before the
-          Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
-          it refers to gives permission.
+          previous versions it was based on.  These may be placed in the
+          "History" section.  You may omit a network location for a work
+          that was published at least four years before the Document
+          itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
+          to gives permission.
 
        K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
-          Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
-          section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
+          Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
+          all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
           acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
 
-       L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
-          unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
-          or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
-          titles.
+       L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
+          in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers or the
+          equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
 
        M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section
           may not be included in the Modified Version.
@@ -2313,11 +2239,11 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
 
      If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
      appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
-     material copied from the Document, you may at your option
-     designate some or all of these sections as invariant.  To do this,
-     add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
-     Version's license notice.  These titles must be distinct from any
-     other section titles.
+     material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
+     some or all of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their
+     titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's
+     license notice.  These titles must be distinct from any other
+     section titles.
 
      You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
      nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
@@ -2326,15 +2252,15 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
      definition of a standard.
 
      You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
-     and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
-     of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one
-     passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
-     added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the
-     Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
-     previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
-     you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
-     replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
-     publisher that added the old one.
+     and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
+     the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage
+     of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
+     through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document
+     already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
+     by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
+     behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
+     one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
+     the old one.
 
      The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
      License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
@@ -2344,8 +2270,8 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
 
      You may combine the Document with other documents released under
      this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
-     modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
-     all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
+     modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
+     of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
      unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
      combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
      their Warranty Disclaimers.
@@ -2372,20 +2298,20 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
      documents released under this License, and replace the individual
      copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
      that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
-     rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
-     documents in all other respects.
+     rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
+     in all other respects.
 
      You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
      distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
-     a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
-     this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
-     that document.
+     a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
+     License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
+     document.
 
   7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
 
      A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
-     separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
-     a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
+     separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
+     storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
      copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
      legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
      works permit.  When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
@@ -2430,8 +2356,8 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
 
      However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
      license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
-     provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly
-     and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
+     provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
+     finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
      copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
      reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
 
@@ -2443,33 +2369,33 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
      after your receipt of the notice.
 
      Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
-     the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from
-     you under this License.  If your rights have been terminated and
-     not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of
-     the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
+     the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
+     under this License.  If your rights have been terminated and not
+     permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
+     same material does not give you any rights to use it.
 
- 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
+  10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
 
      The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
      the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
      versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
      differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
-     `https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
+     <https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.
 
      Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
      number.  If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
      version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
      have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
      that specified version or of any later version that has been
-     published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If
-     the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
-     you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
-     Free Software Foundation.  If the Document specifies that a proxy
-     can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
+     published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If the
+     Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
+     choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
+     Software Foundation.  If the Document specifies that a proxy can
+     decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
      proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
      authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
 
- 11. RELICENSING
+  11. RELICENSING
 
      "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
      World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
@@ -2499,7 +2425,6 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
      site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
      2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
 
-
 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
 ====================================================
 
@@ -2516,7 +2441,7 @@ notices just after the title page:
        Free Documentation License''.
 
    If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
-Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
+Texts, replace the "with...Texts."  line with this:
 
          with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
          the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
@@ -2527,9 +2452,9 @@ combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
 situation.
 
    If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
-recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
-free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
-permit their use in free software.
+recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
+software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
+their use in free software.
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Concept Index,  Next: Function Index,  Prev: GNU Free Documentation License,  Up: Top
@@ -2542,18 +2467,18 @@ Concept Index
 
 * #include:                              Headers and Libraries.
                                                               (line   6)
-* --build:                               Build Options.       (line  52)
-* --disable-fft:                         Build Options.       (line 313)
-* --disable-shared:                      Build Options.       (line  45)
-* --disable-static:                      Build Options.       (line  45)
-* --enable-alloca:                       Build Options.       (line 274)
-* --enable-assert:                       Build Options.       (line 319)
-* --enable-cxx:                          Build Options.       (line 226)
-* --enable-fat:                          Build Options.       (line 161)
-* --enable-profiling <1>:                Build Options.       (line 323)
-* --enable-profiling:                    Profiling.           (line   6)
+* --build:                               Build Options.       (line  51)
+* --disable-fft:                         Build Options.       (line 307)
+* --disable-shared:                      Build Options.       (line  44)
+* --disable-static:                      Build Options.       (line  44)
+* --enable-alloca:                       Build Options.       (line 273)
+* --enable-assert:                       Build Options.       (line 313)
+* --enable-cxx:                          Build Options.       (line 225)
+* --enable-fat:                          Build Options.       (line 160)
+* --enable-profiling:                    Build Options.       (line 317)
+* --enable-profiling <1>:                Profiling.           (line   6)
 * --exec-prefix:                         Build Options.       (line  32)
-* --host:                                Build Options.       (line  66)
+* --host:                                Build Options.       (line  65)
 * --prefix:                              Build Options.       (line  32)
 * -finstrument-functions:                Profiling.           (line  66)
 * 2exp functions:                        Efficiency.          (line  43)
@@ -2561,22 +2486,22 @@ Concept Index
                                                               (line  94)
 * 80x86:                                 Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line 150)
-* ABI <1>:                               Build Options.       (line 168)
-* ABI:                                   ABI and ISA.         (line   6)
+* ABI:                                   Build Options.       (line 167)
+* ABI <1>:                               ABI and ISA.         (line   6)
 * About this manual:                     Introduction to GMP. (line  57)
 * AC_CHECK_LIB:                          Autoconf.            (line  11)
+* AIX:                                   ABI and ISA.         (line 174)
 * AIX <1>:                               Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line   7)
-* AIX:                                   ABI and ISA.         (line 178)
 * Algorithms:                            Algorithms.          (line   6)
-* alloca:                                Build Options.       (line 274)
+* alloca:                                Build Options.       (line 273)
 * Allocation of memory:                  Custom Allocation.   (line   6)
 * AMD64:                                 ABI and ISA.         (line  44)
 * Anonymous FTP of latest version:       Introduction to GMP. (line  37)
 * Application Binary Interface:          ABI and ISA.         (line   6)
+* Arithmetic functions:                  Integer Arithmetic.  (line   6)
 * Arithmetic functions <1>:              Rational Arithmetic. (line   6)
 * Arithmetic functions <2>:              Float Arithmetic.    (line   6)
-* Arithmetic functions:                  Integer Arithmetic.  (line   6)
 * ARM:                                   Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line  20)
 * Assembly cache handling:               Assembly Cache Handling.
@@ -2596,16 +2521,16 @@ Concept Index
                                                               (line   6)
 * Assembly writing guide:                Assembly Writing Guide.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Assertion checking <1>:                Debugging.           (line  79)
-* Assertion checking:                    Build Options.       (line 319)
-* Assignment functions <1>:              Assigning Integers.  (line   6)
-* Assignment functions <2>:              Initializing Rationals.
+* Assertion checking:                    Build Options.       (line 313)
+* Assertion checking <1>:                Debugging.           (line  78)
+* Assignment functions:                  Assigning Integers.  (line   6)
+* Assignment functions <1>:              Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Assignment functions <3>:              Simultaneous Float Init & Assign.
+* Assignment functions <2>:              Initializing Rationals.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Assignment functions <4>:              Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign.
+* Assignment functions <3>:              Assigning Floats.    (line   6)
+* Assignment functions <4>:              Simultaneous Float Init & Assign.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Assignment functions:                  Assigning Floats.    (line   6)
 * Autoconf:                              Autoconf.            (line   6)
 * Basics:                                GMP Basics.          (line   6)
 * Binomial coefficient algorithm:        Binomial Coefficients Algorithm.
@@ -2617,9 +2542,9 @@ Concept Index
 * Bit manipulation functions:            Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Bit scanning functions:                Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling.
-                                                              (line  40)
+                                                              (line  39)
 * Bit shift left:                        Integer Arithmetic.  (line  38)
-* Bit shift right:                       Integer Division.    (line  62)
+* Bit shift right:                       Integer Division.    (line  74)
 * Bits per limb:                         Useful Macros and Constants.
                                                               (line   7)
 * Bug reporting:                         Reporting Bugs.      (line   6)
@@ -2631,36 +2556,36 @@ Concept Index
 * Build options:                         Build Options.       (line   6)
 * Build problems known:                  Known Build Problems.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Build system:                          Build Options.       (line  52)
+* Build system:                          Build Options.       (line  51)
 * Building GMP:                          Installing GMP.      (line   6)
 * Bus error:                             Debugging.           (line   7)
-* C compiler:                            Build Options.       (line 179)
-* C++ compiler:                          Build Options.       (line 250)
+* C compiler:                            Build Options.       (line 178)
+* C++ compiler:                          Build Options.       (line 249)
 * C++ interface:                         C++ Class Interface. (line   6)
 * C++ interface internals:               C++ Interface Internals.
                                                               (line   6)
 * C++ istream input:                     C++ Formatted Input. (line   6)
 * C++ ostream output:                    C++ Formatted Output.
                                                               (line   6)
-* C++ support:                           Build Options.       (line 226)
-* CC:                                    Build Options.       (line 179)
-* CC_FOR_BUILD:                          Build Options.       (line 213)
-* CFLAGS:                                Build Options.       (line 179)
-* Checker:                               Debugging.           (line 115)
-* checkergcc:                            Debugging.           (line 122)
+* C++ support:                           Build Options.       (line 225)
+* CC:                                    Build Options.       (line 178)
+* CC_FOR_BUILD:                          Build Options.       (line 212)
+* CFLAGS:                                Build Options.       (line 178)
+* Checker:                               Debugging.           (line 114)
+* checkergcc:                            Debugging.           (line 121)
 * Code organisation:                     Assembly Code Organisation.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Compaq C++:                            Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line  25)
-* Comparison functions <1>:              Integer Comparisons. (line   6)
+* Comparison functions:                  Integer Comparisons. (line   6)
+* Comparison functions <1>:              Comparing Rationals. (line   6)
 * Comparison functions <2>:              Float Comparison.    (line   6)
-* Comparison functions:                  Comparing Rationals. (line   6)
 * Compatibility with older versions:     Compatibility with older versions.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Conditions for copying GNU MP:         Copying.             (line   6)
 * Configuring GMP:                       Installing GMP.      (line   6)
 * Congruence algorithm:                  Exact Remainder.     (line  30)
-* Congruence functions:                  Integer Division.    (line 137)
+* Congruence functions:                  Integer Division.    (line 150)
 * Constants:                             Useful Macros and Constants.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Contributors:                          Contributors.        (line   6)
@@ -2668,19 +2593,19 @@ Concept Index
                                                               (line   6)
 * Conventions for variables:             Variable Conventions.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Conversion functions <1>:              Converting Integers. (line   6)
-* Conversion functions <2>:              Converting Floats.   (line   6)
-* Conversion functions:                  Rational Conversions.
+* Conversion functions:                  Converting Integers. (line   6)
+* Conversion functions <1>:              Rational Conversions.
                                                               (line   6)
+* Conversion functions <2>:              Converting Floats.   (line   6)
 * Copying conditions:                    Copying.             (line   6)
-* CPPFLAGS:                              Build Options.       (line 205)
-* CPU types <1>:                         Introduction to GMP. (line  24)
-* CPU types:                             Build Options.       (line 108)
-* Cross compiling:                       Build Options.       (line  66)
+* CPPFLAGS:                              Build Options.       (line 204)
+* CPU types:                             Introduction to GMP. (line  24)
+* CPU types <1>:                         Build Options.       (line 107)
+* Cross compiling:                       Build Options.       (line  65)
 * Cryptography functions, low-level:     Low-level Functions. (line 507)
 * Custom allocation:                     Custom Allocation.   (line   6)
-* CXX:                                   Build Options.       (line 250)
-* CXXFLAGS:                              Build Options.       (line 250)
+* CXX:                                   Build Options.       (line 249)
+* CXXFLAGS:                              Build Options.       (line 249)
 * Cygwin:                                Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line  57)
 * Darwin:                                Known Build Problems.
@@ -2691,39 +2616,44 @@ Concept Index
 * Digits in an integer:                  Miscellaneous Integer Functions.
                                                               (line  23)
 * Divisibility algorithm:                Exact Remainder.     (line  30)
-* Divisibility functions:                Integer Division.    (line 137)
+* Divisibility functions:                Integer Division.    (line 136)
+* Divisibility functions <1>:            Integer Division.    (line 150)
 * Divisibility testing:                  Efficiency.          (line  91)
 * Division algorithms:                   Division Algorithms. (line   6)
+* Division functions:                    Integer Division.    (line   6)
 * Division functions <1>:                Rational Arithmetic. (line  24)
-* Division functions <2>:                Integer Division.    (line   6)
-* Division functions:                    Float Arithmetic.    (line  33)
-* DJGPP <1>:                             Notes for Particular Systems.
+* Division functions <2>:                Float Arithmetic.    (line  33)
+* DJGPP:                                 Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line  57)
-* DJGPP:                                 Known Build Problems.
+* DJGPP <1>:                             Known Build Problems.
                                                               (line  18)
 * DLLs:                                  Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line  70)
-* DocBook:                               Build Options.       (line 346)
-* Documentation formats:                 Build Options.       (line 339)
+* DocBook:                               Build Options.       (line 340)
+* Documentation formats:                 Build Options.       (line 333)
 * Documentation license:                 GNU Free Documentation License.
                                                               (line   6)
-* DVI:                                   Build Options.       (line 342)
+* DVI:                                   Build Options.       (line 336)
 * Efficiency:                            Efficiency.          (line   6)
 * Emacs:                                 Emacs.               (line   6)
-* Exact division functions:              Integer Division.    (line 112)
+* Exact division functions:              Integer Division.    (line 125)
 * Exact remainder:                       Exact Remainder.     (line   6)
 * Example programs:                      Demonstration Programs.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Exec prefix:                           Build Options.       (line  32)
-* Execution profiling <1>:               Build Options.       (line 323)
-* Execution profiling:                   Profiling.           (line   6)
-* Exponentiation functions <1>:          Float Arithmetic.    (line  41)
+* Execution profiling:                   Build Options.       (line 317)
+* Execution profiling <1>:               Profiling.           (line   6)
 * Exponentiation functions:              Integer Exponentiation.
                                                               (line   6)
+* Exponentiation functions <1>:          Float Arithmetic.    (line  41)
 * Export:                                Integer Import and Export.
                                                               (line  45)
 * Expression parsing demo:               Demonstration Programs.
                                                               (line  15)
+* Expression parsing demo <1>:           Demonstration Programs.
+                                                              (line  17)
+* Expression parsing demo <2>:           Demonstration Programs.
+                                                              (line  19)
 * Extended GCD:                          Number Theoretic Functions.
                                                               (line  43)
 * Factor removal functions:              Number Theoretic Functions.
@@ -2732,26 +2662,26 @@ Concept Index
 * Factorial functions:                   Number Theoretic Functions.
                                                               (line 112)
 * Factorization demo:                    Demonstration Programs.
-                                                              (line  25)
+                                                              (line  22)
 * Fast Fourier Transform:                FFT Multiplication.  (line   6)
-* Fat binary:                            Build Options.       (line 161)
+* Fat binary:                            Build Options.       (line 160)
+* FFT multiplication:                    Build Options.       (line 307)
 * FFT multiplication <1>:                FFT Multiplication.  (line   6)
-* FFT multiplication:                    Build Options.       (line 313)
 * Fibonacci number algorithm:            Fibonacci Numbers Algorithm.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Fibonacci sequence functions:          Number Theoretic Functions.
                                                               (line 132)
 * Float arithmetic functions:            Float Arithmetic.    (line   6)
+* Float assignment functions:            Assigning Floats.    (line   6)
 * Float assignment functions <1>:        Simultaneous Float Init & Assign.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Float assignment functions:            Assigning Floats.    (line   6)
 * Float comparison functions:            Float Comparison.    (line   6)
 * Float conversion functions:            Converting Floats.   (line   6)
 * Float functions:                       Floating-point Functions.
                                                               (line   6)
+* Float initialization functions:        Initializing Floats. (line   6)
 * Float initialization functions <1>:    Simultaneous Float Init & Assign.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Float initialization functions:        Initializing Floats. (line   6)
 * Float input and output functions:      I/O of Floats.       (line   6)
 * Float internals:                       Float Internals.     (line   6)
 * Float miscellaneous functions:         Miscellaneous Float Functions.
@@ -2774,29 +2704,31 @@ Concept Index
                                                               (line   6)
 * FreeBSD:                               Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line  43)
-* frexp <1>:                             Converting Integers. (line  43)
-* frexp:                                 Converting Floats.   (line  24)
+* FreeBSD <1>:                           Notes for Particular Systems.
+                                                              (line  52)
+* frexp:                                 Converting Integers. (line  43)
+* frexp <1>:                             Converting Floats.   (line  24)
 * FTP of latest version:                 Introduction to GMP. (line  37)
 * Function classes:                      Function Classes.    (line   6)
 * FunctionCheck:                         Profiling.           (line  77)
-* GCC Checker:                           Debugging.           (line 115)
+* GCC Checker:                           Debugging.           (line 114)
 * GCD algorithms:                        Greatest Common Divisor Algorithms.
                                                               (line   6)
 * GCD extended:                          Number Theoretic Functions.
                                                               (line  43)
 * GCD functions:                         Number Theoretic Functions.
                                                               (line  26)
-* GDB:                                   Debugging.           (line  58)
-* Generic C:                             Build Options.       (line 152)
+* GDB:                                   Debugging.           (line  57)
+* Generic C:                             Build Options.       (line 151)
 * GMP Perl module:                       Demonstration Programs.
-                                                              (line  35)
+                                                              (line  28)
 * GMP version number:                    Useful Macros and Constants.
                                                               (line  12)
 * gmp.h:                                 Headers and Libraries.
                                                               (line   6)
 * gmpxx.h:                               C++ Interface General.
                                                               (line   8)
-* GNU Debugger:                          Debugging.           (line  58)
+* GNU Debugger:                          Debugging.           (line  57)
 * GNU Free Documentation License:        GNU Free Documentation License.
                                                               (line   6)
 * GNU strip:                             Known Build Problems.
@@ -2810,40 +2742,41 @@ Concept Index
                                                               (line  34)
 * Headers:                               Headers and Libraries.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Heap problems:                         Debugging.           (line  24)
+* Heap problems:                         Debugging.           (line  23)
 * Home page:                             Introduction to GMP. (line  33)
-* Host system:                           Build Options.       (line  66)
-* HP-UX:                                 ABI and ISA.         (line  77)
-* HPPA:                                  ABI and ISA.         (line  77)
-* I/O functions <1>:                     I/O of Integers.     (line   6)
+* Host system:                           Build Options.       (line  65)
+* HP-UX:                                 ABI and ISA.         (line  76)
+* HP-UX <1>:                             ABI and ISA.         (line 114)
+* HPPA:                                  ABI and ISA.         (line  76)
+* I/O functions:                         I/O of Integers.     (line   6)
+* I/O functions <1>:                     I/O of Rationals.    (line   6)
 * I/O functions <2>:                     I/O of Floats.       (line   6)
-* I/O functions:                         I/O of Rationals.    (line   6)
 * i386:                                  Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line 150)
-* IA-64:                                 ABI and ISA.         (line 116)
+* IA-64:                                 ABI and ISA.         (line 114)
 * Import:                                Integer Import and Export.
                                                               (line  11)
 * In-place operations:                   Efficiency.          (line  57)
 * Include files:                         Headers and Libraries.
                                                               (line   6)
 * info-lookup-symbol:                    Emacs.               (line   6)
-* Initialization functions <1>:          Initializing Floats. (line   6)
-* Initialization functions <2>:          Random State Initialization.
+* Initialization functions:              Initializing Integers.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Initialization functions <3>:          Simultaneous Float Init & Assign.
+* Initialization functions <1>:          Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Initialization functions <4>:          Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign.
+* Initialization functions <2>:          Initializing Rationals.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Initialization functions <5>:          Initializing Rationals.
+* Initialization functions <3>:          Initializing Floats. (line   6)
+* Initialization functions <4>:          Simultaneous Float Init & Assign.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Initialization functions:              Initializing Integers.
+* Initialization functions <5>:          Random State Initialization.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Initializing and clearing:             Efficiency.          (line  21)
-* Input functions <1>:                   Formatted Input Functions.
-                                                              (line   6)
-* Input functions <2>:                   I/O of Rationals.    (line   6)
-* Input functions <3>:                   I/O of Floats.       (line   6)
 * Input functions:                       I/O of Integers.     (line   6)
+* Input functions <1>:                   I/O of Rationals.    (line   6)
+* Input functions <2>:                   I/O of Floats.       (line   6)
+* Input functions <3>:                   Formatted Input Functions.
+                                                              (line   6)
 * Install prefix:                        Build Options.       (line  32)
 * Installing GMP:                        Installing GMP.      (line   6)
 * Instruction Set Architecture:          ABI and ISA.         (line   6)
@@ -2851,8 +2784,8 @@ Concept Index
 * Integer:                               Nomenclature and Types.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Integer arithmetic functions:          Integer Arithmetic.  (line   6)
-* Integer assignment functions <1>:      Assigning Integers.  (line   6)
-* Integer assignment functions:          Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign.
+* Integer assignment functions:          Assigning Integers.  (line   6)
+* Integer assignment functions <1>:      Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Integer bit manipulation functions:    Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling.
                                                               (line   6)
@@ -2866,9 +2799,9 @@ Concept Index
 * Integer functions:                     Integer Functions.   (line   6)
 * Integer import:                        Integer Import and Export.
                                                               (line  11)
-* Integer initialization functions <1>:  Initializing Integers.
+* Integer initialization functions:      Initializing Integers.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Integer initialization functions:      Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign.
+* Integer initialization functions <1>:  Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Integer input and output functions:    I/O of Integers.     (line   6)
 * Integer internals:                     Integer Internals.   (line   6)
@@ -2888,8 +2821,8 @@ Concept Index
 * Introduction:                          Introduction to GMP. (line   6)
 * Inverse modulo functions:              Number Theoretic Functions.
                                                               (line  70)
-* IRIX <1>:                              ABI and ISA.         (line 141)
-* IRIX:                                  Known Build Problems.
+* IRIX:                                  ABI and ISA.         (line 139)
+* IRIX <1>:                              Known Build Problems.
                                                               (line  38)
 * ISA:                                   ABI and ISA.         (line   6)
 * istream input:                         C++ Formatted Input. (line   6)
@@ -2928,6 +2861,8 @@ Concept Index
 * Linear congruential algorithm:         Random Number Algorithms.
                                                               (line  25)
 * Linear congruential random numbers:    Random State Initialization.
+                                                              (line  18)
+* Linear congruential random numbers <1>: Random State Initialization.
                                                               (line  32)
 * Linking:                               Headers and Libraries.
                                                               (line  22)
@@ -2942,8 +2877,8 @@ Concept Index
 * MacOS X:                               Known Build Problems.
                                                               (line  51)
 * Mailing lists:                         Introduction to GMP. (line  44)
-* Malloc debugger:                       Debugging.           (line  30)
-* Malloc problems:                       Debugging.           (line  24)
+* Malloc debugger:                       Debugging.           (line  29)
+* Malloc problems:                       Debugging.           (line  23)
 * Memory allocation:                     Custom Allocation.   (line   6)
 * Memory management:                     Memory Management.   (line   6)
 * Mersenne twister algorithm:            Random Number Algorithms.
@@ -2952,7 +2887,7 @@ Concept Index
                                                               (line  13)
 * MINGW:                                 Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line  57)
-* MIPS:                                  ABI and ISA.         (line 141)
+* MIPS:                                  ABI and ISA.         (line 139)
 * Miscellaneous float functions:         Miscellaneous Float Functions.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Miscellaneous integer functions:       Miscellaneous Integer Functions.
@@ -2963,16 +2898,18 @@ Concept Index
                                                               (line  70)
 * Most significant bit:                  Miscellaneous Integer Functions.
                                                               (line  34)
-* MPN_PATH:                              Build Options.       (line 327)
+* MPN_PATH:                              Build Options.       (line 321)
 * MS Windows:                            Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line  57)
+* MS Windows <1>:                        Notes for Particular Systems.
+                                                              (line  70)
 * MS-DOS:                                Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line  57)
 * Multi-threading:                       Reentrancy.          (line   6)
 * Multiplication algorithms:             Multiplication Algorithms.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Nails:                                 Low-level Functions. (line 683)
-* Native compilation:                    Build Options.       (line  52)
+* Nails:                                 Low-level Functions. (line 685)
+* Native compilation:                    Build Options.       (line  51)
 * NetBSD:                                Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line 100)
 * NeXT:                                  Known Build Problems.
@@ -2983,13 +2920,13 @@ Concept Index
                                                               (line   6)
 * Non-Unix systems:                      Build Options.       (line  11)
 * Nth root algorithm:                    Nth Root Algorithm.  (line   6)
-* Number sequences:                      Efficiency.          (line 147)
+* Number sequences:                      Efficiency.          (line 145)
 * Number theoretic functions:            Number Theoretic Functions.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Numerator and denominator:             Applying Integer Functions.
                                                               (line   6)
 * obstack output:                        Formatted Output Functions.
-                                                              (line  81)
+                                                              (line  79)
 * OpenBSD:                               Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line 109)
 * Optimizing performance:                Performance optimization.
@@ -2997,22 +2934,26 @@ Concept Index
 * ostream output:                        C++ Formatted Output.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Other languages:                       Language Bindings.   (line   6)
-* Output functions <1>:                  Formatted Output Functions.
+* Output functions:                      I/O of Integers.     (line   6)
+* Output functions <1>:                  I/O of Rationals.    (line   6)
+* Output functions <2>:                  I/O of Floats.       (line   6)
+* Output functions <3>:                  Formatted Output Functions.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Output functions <2>:                  I/O of Rationals.    (line   6)
-* Output functions <3>:                  I/O of Integers.     (line   6)
-* Output functions:                      I/O of Floats.       (line   6)
 * Packaged builds:                       Notes for Package Builds.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Parameter conventions:                 Parameter Conventions.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Parsing expressions demo:              Demonstration Programs.
-                                                              (line  21)
+                                                              (line  15)
+* Parsing expressions demo <1>:          Demonstration Programs.
+                                                              (line  17)
+* Parsing expressions demo <2>:          Demonstration Programs.
+                                                              (line  19)
 * Particular systems:                    Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Past GMP versions:                     Compatibility with older versions.
                                                               (line   6)
-* PDF:                                   Build Options.       (line 342)
+* PDF:                                   Build Options.       (line 336)
 * Perfect power algorithm:               Perfect Power Algorithm.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Perfect power functions:               Integer Roots.       (line  28)
@@ -3020,19 +2961,19 @@ Concept Index
                                                               (line   6)
 * Perfect square functions:              Integer Roots.       (line  37)
 * perl:                                  Demonstration Programs.
-                                                              (line  35)
+                                                              (line  28)
 * Perl module:                           Demonstration Programs.
-                                                              (line  35)
-* Postscript:                            Build Options.       (line 342)
-* Power/PowerPC <1>:                     Known Build Problems.
-                                                              (line  63)
+                                                              (line  28)
+* Postscript:                            Build Options.       (line 336)
 * Power/PowerPC:                         Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line 115)
+* Power/PowerPC <1>:                     Known Build Problems.
+                                                              (line  63)
 * Powering algorithms:                   Powering Algorithms. (line   6)
-* Powering functions <1>:                Float Arithmetic.    (line  41)
 * Powering functions:                    Integer Exponentiation.
                                                               (line   6)
-* PowerPC:                               ABI and ISA.         (line 176)
+* Powering functions <1>:                Float Arithmetic.    (line  41)
+* PowerPC:                               ABI and ISA.         (line 173)
 * Precision of floats:                   Floating-point Functions.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Precision of hardware floating point:  Notes for Particular Systems.
@@ -3053,19 +2994,19 @@ Concept Index
                                                               (line   6)
 * Random number algorithms:              Random Number Algorithms.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Random number functions <1>:           Integer Random Numbers.
+* Random number functions:               Integer Random Numbers.
                                                               (line   6)
+* Random number functions <1>:           Miscellaneous Float Functions.
+                                                              (line  27)
 * Random number functions <2>:           Random Number Functions.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Random number functions:               Miscellaneous Float Functions.
-                                                              (line  27)
 * Random number seeding:                 Random State Seeding.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Random number state:                   Random State Initialization.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Random state:                          Nomenclature and Types.
                                                               (line  46)
-* Rational arithmetic:                   Efficiency.          (line 113)
+* Rational arithmetic:                   Efficiency.          (line 111)
 * Rational arithmetic functions:         Rational Arithmetic. (line   6)
 * Rational assignment functions:         Initializing Rationals.
                                                               (line   6)
@@ -3087,22 +3028,23 @@ Concept Index
                                                               (line   6)
 * Reallocations:                         Efficiency.          (line  30)
 * Reentrancy:                            Reentrancy.          (line   6)
-* References:                            References.          (line   6)
+* References:                            References.          (line   5)
 * Remove factor functions:               Number Theoretic Functions.
                                                               (line 104)
 * Reporting bugs:                        Reporting Bugs.      (line   6)
 * Root extraction algorithm:             Nth Root Algorithm.  (line   6)
 * Root extraction algorithms:            Root Extraction Algorithms.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Root extraction functions <1>:         Float Arithmetic.    (line  37)
 * Root extraction functions:             Integer Roots.       (line   6)
+* Root extraction functions <1>:         Float Arithmetic.    (line  37)
 * Root testing functions:                Integer Roots.       (line  28)
+* Root testing functions <1>:            Integer Roots.       (line  37)
 * Rounding functions:                    Miscellaneous Float Functions.
                                                               (line   9)
 * Sample programs:                       Demonstration Programs.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Scan bit functions:                    Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling.
-                                                              (line  40)
+                                                              (line  39)
 * scanf formatted input:                 Formatted Input.     (line   6)
 * SCO:                                   Known Build Problems.
                                                               (line  38)
@@ -3115,27 +3057,31 @@ Concept Index
                                                               (line  65)
 * Shared library versioning:             Notes for Package Builds.
                                                               (line   9)
+* Sign tests:                            Integer Comparisons. (line  28)
 * Sign tests <1>:                        Comparing Rationals. (line  28)
 * Sign tests <2>:                        Float Comparison.    (line  34)
-* Sign tests:                            Integer Comparisons. (line  28)
 * Size in digits:                        Miscellaneous Integer Functions.
                                                               (line  23)
 * Small operands:                        Efficiency.          (line   7)
-* Solaris <1>:                           ABI and ISA.         (line 208)
-* Solaris:                               Known Build Problems.
+* Solaris:                               ABI and ISA.         (line 204)
+* Solaris <1>:                           Known Build Problems.
                                                               (line  72)
+* Solaris <2>:                           Known Build Problems.
+                                                              (line  77)
 * Sparc:                                 Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line 127)
-* Sparc V9:                              ABI and ISA.         (line 208)
+* Sparc <1>:                             Notes for Particular Systems.
+                                                              (line 132)
+* Sparc V9:                              ABI and ISA.         (line 204)
 * Special integer functions:             Integer Special Functions.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Square root algorithm:                 Square Root Algorithm.
                                                               (line   6)
 * SSE2:                                  Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line 156)
-* Stack backtrace:                       Debugging.           (line  50)
+* Stack backtrace:                       Debugging.           (line  49)
+* Stack overflow:                        Build Options.       (line 273)
 * Stack overflow <1>:                    Debugging.           (line   7)
-* Stack overflow:                        Build Options.       (line 274)
 * Static linking:                        Efficiency.          (line  14)
 * stdarg.h:                              Headers and Libraries.
                                                               (line  17)
@@ -3143,22 +3089,22 @@ Concept Index
                                                               (line  11)
 * Stripped libraries:                    Known Build Problems.
                                                               (line  28)
-* Sun:                                   ABI and ISA.         (line 208)
+* Sun:                                   ABI and ISA.         (line 204)
 * SunOS:                                 Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line 144)
 * Systems:                               Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Temporary memory:                      Build Options.       (line 274)
-* Texinfo:                               Build Options.       (line 339)
-* Text input/output:                     Efficiency.          (line 153)
+* Temporary memory:                      Build Options.       (line 273)
+* Texinfo:                               Build Options.       (line 333)
+* Text input/output:                     Efficiency.          (line 151)
 * Thread safety:                         Reentrancy.          (line   6)
-* Toom multiplication <1>:               Higher degree Toom'n'half.
+* Toom multiplication:                   Toom 3-Way Multiplication.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Toom multiplication <2>:               Other Multiplication.
+* Toom multiplication <1>:               Toom 4-Way Multiplication.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Toom multiplication <3>:               Toom 4-Way Multiplication.
+* Toom multiplication <2>:               Higher degree Toom'n'half.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Toom multiplication:                   Toom 3-Way Multiplication.
+* Toom multiplication <3>:               Other Multiplication.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Types:                                 Nomenclature and Types.
                                                               (line   6)
@@ -3171,19 +3117,21 @@ Concept Index
                                                               (line   6)
 * User-defined precision:                Floating-point Functions.
                                                               (line   6)
-* Valgrind:                              Debugging.           (line 130)
+* Valgrind:                              Debugging.           (line 129)
 * Variable conventions:                  Variable Conventions.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Version number:                        Useful Macros and Constants.
                                                               (line  12)
 * Web page:                              Introduction to GMP. (line  33)
 * Windows:                               Notes for Particular Systems.
+                                                              (line  57)
+* Windows <1>:                           Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line  70)
 * x86:                                   Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line 150)
 * x87:                                   Notes for Particular Systems.
                                                               (line  34)
-* XML:                                   Build Options.       (line 346)
+* XML:                                   Build Options.       (line 340)
 
 
 File: gmp.info,  Node: Function Index,  Prev: Concept Index,  Up: Top
@@ -3194,50 +3142,54 @@ Function and Type Index
 [index]
 * Menu:
 
+* _mpz_realloc:                          Integer Special Functions.
+                                                              (line  13)
 * __GMP_CC:                              Useful Macros and Constants.
-                                                              (line  23)
+                                                              (line  22)
 * __GMP_CFLAGS:                          Useful Macros and Constants.
-                                                              (line  24)
+                                                              (line  23)
 * __GNU_MP_VERSION:                      Useful Macros and Constants.
-                                                              (line  10)
+                                                              (line   9)
 * __GNU_MP_VERSION_MINOR:                Useful Macros and Constants.
-                                                              (line  11)
+                                                              (line  10)
 * __GNU_MP_VERSION_PATCHLEVEL:           Useful Macros and Constants.
-                                                              (line  12)
-* _mpz_realloc:                          Integer Special Functions.
-                                                              (line  14)
+                                                              (line  11)
+* abs:                                   C++ Interface Integers.
+                                                              (line  46)
 * abs <1>:                               C++ Interface Rationals.
-                                                              (line  49)
-* abs <2>:                               C++ Interface Integers.
                                                               (line  47)
-* abs:                                   C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line  83)
+* abs <2>:                               C++ Interface Floats.
+                                                              (line  82)
 * ceil:                                  C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line  84)
-* cmp <1>:                               C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line  85)
-* cmp <2>:                               C++ Interface Integers.
+                                                              (line  83)
+* cmp:                                   C++ Interface Integers.
+                                                              (line  47)
+* cmp <1>:                               C++ Interface Integers.
+                                                              (line  48)
+* cmp <2>:                               C++ Interface Rationals.
                                                               (line  48)
 * cmp <3>:                               C++ Interface Rationals.
-                                                              (line  51)
-* cmp:                                   C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line  86)
+                                                              (line  49)
+* cmp <4>:                               C++ Interface Floats.
+                                                              (line  84)
+* cmp <5>:                               C++ Interface Floats.
+                                                              (line  85)
 * floor:                                 C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line  93)
+                                                              (line  95)
 * gcd:                                   C++ Interface Integers.
-                                                              (line  64)
+                                                              (line  68)
 * gmp_asprintf:                          Formatted Output Functions.
-                                                              (line  65)
+                                                              (line  63)
 * gmp_errno:                             Random State Initialization.
-                                                              (line  55)
+                                                              (line  56)
 * GMP_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT:            Random State Initialization.
-                                                              (line  55)
+                                                              (line  56)
 * GMP_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED_ARGUMENT:        Random State Initialization.
-                                                              (line  55)
+                                                              (line  56)
 * gmp_fprintf:                           Formatted Output Functions.
-                                                              (line  29)
+                                                              (line  28)
 * gmp_fscanf:                            Formatted Input Functions.
-                                                              (line  25)
+                                                              (line  24)
 * GMP_LIMB_BITS:                         Low-level Functions. (line 713)
 * GMP_NAIL_BITS:                         Low-level Functions. (line 711)
 * GMP_NAIL_MASK:                         Low-level Functions. (line 721)
@@ -3245,100 +3197,96 @@ Function and Type Index
 * GMP_NUMB_MASK:                         Low-level Functions. (line 722)
 * GMP_NUMB_MAX:                          Low-level Functions. (line 730)
 * gmp_obstack_printf:                    Formatted Output Functions.
-                                                              (line  79)
+                                                              (line  75)
 * gmp_obstack_vprintf:                   Formatted Output Functions.
-                                                              (line  81)
+                                                              (line  77)
 * gmp_printf:                            Formatted Output Functions.
-                                                              (line  24)
-* GMP_RAND_ALG_DEFAULT:                  Random State Initialization.
-                                                              (line  49)
-* GMP_RAND_ALG_LC:                       Random State Initialization.
-                                                              (line  49)
+                                                              (line  23)
 * gmp_randclass:                         C++ Interface Random Numbers.
-                                                              (line   7)
+                                                              (line   6)
 * gmp_randclass::get_f:                  C++ Interface Random Numbers.
-                                                              (line  46)
+                                                              (line  44)
+* gmp_randclass::get_f <1>:              C++ Interface Random Numbers.
+                                                              (line  45)
 * gmp_randclass::get_z_bits:             C++ Interface Random Numbers.
-                                                              (line  39)
+                                                              (line  37)
+* gmp_randclass::get_z_bits <1>:         C++ Interface Random Numbers.
+                                                              (line  38)
 * gmp_randclass::get_z_range:            C++ Interface Random Numbers.
-                                                              (line  42)
+                                                              (line  41)
 * gmp_randclass::gmp_randclass:          C++ Interface Random Numbers.
-                                                              (line  27)
+                                                              (line  11)
+* gmp_randclass::gmp_randclass <1>:      C++ Interface Random Numbers.
+                                                              (line  26)
 * gmp_randclass::seed:                   C++ Interface Random Numbers.
-                                                              (line  34)
+                                                              (line  32)
+* gmp_randclass::seed <1>:               C++ Interface Random Numbers.
+                                                              (line  33)
 * gmp_randclear:                         Random State Initialization.
                                                               (line  62)
 * gmp_randinit:                          Random State Initialization.
-                                                              (line  47)
+                                                              (line  45)
 * gmp_randinit_default:                  Random State Initialization.
-                                                              (line   7)
+                                                              (line   6)
 * gmp_randinit_lc_2exp:                  Random State Initialization.
-                                                              (line  18)
+                                                              (line  16)
 * gmp_randinit_lc_2exp_size:             Random State Initialization.
-                                                              (line  32)
+                                                              (line  30)
 * gmp_randinit_mt:                       Random State Initialization.
-                                                              (line  13)
+                                                              (line  12)
 * gmp_randinit_set:                      Random State Initialization.
-                                                              (line  43)
+                                                              (line  41)
 * gmp_randseed:                          Random State Seeding.
-                                                              (line   8)
+                                                              (line   6)
 * gmp_randseed_ui:                       Random State Seeding.
-                                                              (line  10)
+                                                              (line   8)
 * gmp_randstate_t:                       Nomenclature and Types.
                                                               (line  46)
+* GMP_RAND_ALG_DEFAULT:                  Random State Initialization.
+                                                              (line  50)
+* GMP_RAND_ALG_LC:                       Random State Initialization.
+                                                              (line  50)
 * gmp_scanf:                             Formatted Input Functions.
-                                                              (line  21)
+                                                              (line  20)
 * gmp_snprintf:                          Formatted Output Functions.
-                                                              (line  46)
+                                                              (line  44)
 * gmp_sprintf:                           Formatted Output Functions.
-                                                              (line  34)
+                                                              (line  33)
 * gmp_sscanf:                            Formatted Input Functions.
-                                                              (line  29)
+                                                              (line  28)
 * gmp_urandomb_ui:                       Random State Miscellaneous.
-                                                              (line   8)
+                                                              (line   6)
 * gmp_urandomm_ui:                       Random State Miscellaneous.
-                                                              (line  14)
+                                                              (line  12)
 * gmp_vasprintf:                         Formatted Output Functions.
-                                                              (line  66)
+                                                              (line  64)
 * gmp_version:                           Useful Macros and Constants.
                                                               (line  18)
 * gmp_vfprintf:                          Formatted Output Functions.
-                                                              (line  30)
+                                                              (line  29)
 * gmp_vfscanf:                           Formatted Input Functions.
-                                                              (line  26)
-* gmp_vprintf:                           Formatted Output Functions.
                                                               (line  25)
+* gmp_vprintf:                           Formatted Output Functions.
+                                                              (line  24)
 * gmp_vscanf:                            Formatted Input Functions.
-                                                              (line  22)
+                                                              (line  21)
 * gmp_vsnprintf:                         Formatted Output Functions.
-                                                              (line  48)
+                                                              (line  46)
 * gmp_vsprintf:                          Formatted Output Functions.
-                                                              (line  35)
+                                                              (line  34)
 * gmp_vsscanf:                           Formatted Input Functions.
-                                                              (line  31)
+                                                              (line  29)
 * hypot:                                 C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line  94)
+                                                              (line  96)
 * lcm:                                   C++ Interface Integers.
-                                                              (line  65)
-* mp_bitcnt_t:                           Nomenclature and Types.
-                                                              (line  42)
-* mp_bits_per_limb:                      Useful Macros and Constants.
-                                                              (line   7)
-* mp_exp_t:                              Nomenclature and Types.
-                                                              (line  27)
-* mp_get_memory_functions:               Custom Allocation.   (line  90)
-* mp_limb_t:                             Nomenclature and Types.
-                                                              (line  31)
-* mp_set_memory_functions:               Custom Allocation.   (line  18)
-* mp_size_t:                             Nomenclature and Types.
-                                                              (line  37)
-* mpf_abs:                               Float Arithmetic.    (line  47)
-* mpf_add:                               Float Arithmetic.    (line   7)
-* mpf_add_ui:                            Float Arithmetic.    (line   9)
+                                                              (line  69)
+* mpf_abs:                               Float Arithmetic.    (line  46)
+* mpf_add:                               Float Arithmetic.    (line   6)
+* mpf_add_ui:                            Float Arithmetic.    (line   7)
 * mpf_ceil:                              Miscellaneous Float Functions.
-                                                              (line   7)
+                                                              (line   6)
 * mpf_class:                             C++ Interface General.
-                                                              (line  20)
+                                                              (line  19)
 * mpf_class::fits_sint_p:                C++ Interface Floats.
                                                               (line  87)
 * mpf_class::fits_slong_p:               C++ Interface Floats.
@@ -3346,297 +3294,323 @@ Function and Type Index
 * mpf_class::fits_sshort_p:              C++ Interface Floats.
                                                               (line  89)
 * mpf_class::fits_uint_p:                C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line  90)
-* mpf_class::fits_ulong_p:               C++ Interface Floats.
                                                               (line  91)
-* mpf_class::fits_ushort_p:              C++ Interface Floats.
+* mpf_class::fits_ulong_p:               C++ Interface Floats.
                                                               (line  92)
+* mpf_class::fits_ushort_p:              C++ Interface Floats.
+                                                              (line  93)
 * mpf_class::get_d:                      C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line  95)
+                                                              (line  98)
 * mpf_class::get_mpf_t:                  C++ Interface General.
-                                                              (line  66)
+                                                              (line  65)
 * mpf_class::get_prec:                   C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line 115)
+                                                              (line 120)
 * mpf_class::get_si:                     C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line  96)
+                                                              (line  99)
 * mpf_class::get_str:                    C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line  98)
+                                                              (line 100)
 * mpf_class::get_ui:                     C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line  99)
+                                                              (line 102)
 * mpf_class::mpf_class:                  C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line  47)
+                                                              (line  11)
+* mpf_class::mpf_class <1>:              C++ Interface Floats.
+                                                              (line  12)
+* mpf_class::mpf_class <2>:              C++ Interface Floats.
+                                                              (line  32)
+* mpf_class::mpf_class <3>:              C++ Interface Floats.
+                                                              (line  33)
+* mpf_class::mpf_class <4>:              C++ Interface Floats.
+                                                              (line  41)
+* mpf_class::mpf_class <5>:              C++ Interface Floats.
+                                                              (line  42)
+* mpf_class::mpf_class <6>:              C++ Interface Floats.
+                                                              (line  44)
+* mpf_class::mpf_class <7>:              C++ Interface Floats.
+                                                              (line  45)
 * mpf_class::operator=:                  C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line  60)
+                                                              (line  59)
 * mpf_class::set_prec:                   C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line 116)
+                                                              (line 121)
 * mpf_class::set_prec_raw:               C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line 117)
+                                                              (line 122)
 * mpf_class::set_str:                    C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line 101)
-* mpf_class::swap:                       C++ Interface Floats.
                                                               (line 104)
-* mpf_clear:                             Initializing Floats. (line  37)
-* mpf_clears:                            Initializing Floats. (line  41)
-* mpf_cmp:                               Float Comparison.    (line   7)
-* mpf_cmp_d:                             Float Comparison.    (line   9)
-* mpf_cmp_si:                            Float Comparison.    (line  11)
-* mpf_cmp_ui:                            Float Comparison.    (line  10)
-* mpf_cmp_z:                             Float Comparison.    (line   8)
-* mpf_div:                               Float Arithmetic.    (line  29)
-* mpf_div_2exp:                          Float Arithmetic.    (line  55)
-* mpf_div_ui:                            Float Arithmetic.    (line  33)
-* mpf_eq:                                Float Comparison.    (line  19)
+* mpf_class::set_str <1>:                C++ Interface Floats.
+                                                              (line 105)
+* mpf_class::swap:                       C++ Interface Floats.
+                                                              (line 109)
+* mpf_clear:                             Initializing Floats. (line  36)
+* mpf_clears:                            Initializing Floats. (line  40)
+* mpf_cmp:                               Float Comparison.    (line   6)
+* mpf_cmp_d:                             Float Comparison.    (line   8)
+* mpf_cmp_si:                            Float Comparison.    (line  10)
+* mpf_cmp_ui:                            Float Comparison.    (line   9)
+* mpf_cmp_z:                             Float Comparison.    (line   7)
+* mpf_div:                               Float Arithmetic.    (line  28)
+* mpf_div_2exp:                          Float Arithmetic.    (line  53)
+* mpf_div_ui:                            Float Arithmetic.    (line  31)
+* mpf_eq:                                Float Comparison.    (line  17)
 * mpf_fits_sint_p:                       Miscellaneous Float Functions.
-                                                              (line  20)
+                                                              (line  19)
 * mpf_fits_slong_p:                      Miscellaneous Float Functions.
-                                                              (line  18)
+                                                              (line  17)
 * mpf_fits_sshort_p:                     Miscellaneous Float Functions.
-                                                              (line  22)
+                                                              (line  21)
 * mpf_fits_uint_p:                       Miscellaneous Float Functions.
-                                                              (line  19)
+                                                              (line  18)
 * mpf_fits_ulong_p:                      Miscellaneous Float Functions.
-                                                              (line  17)
+                                                              (line  16)
 * mpf_fits_ushort_p:                     Miscellaneous Float Functions.
-                                                              (line  21)
+                                                              (line  20)
 * mpf_floor:                             Miscellaneous Float Functions.
-                                                              (line   8)
-* mpf_get_d:                             Converting Floats.   (line   7)
-* mpf_get_d_2exp:                        Converting Floats.   (line  17)
-* mpf_get_default_prec:                  Initializing Floats. (line  12)
-* mpf_get_prec:                          Initializing Floats. (line  62)
-* mpf_get_si:                            Converting Floats.   (line  28)
-* mpf_get_str:                           Converting Floats.   (line  38)
-* mpf_get_ui:                            Converting Floats.   (line  29)
-* mpf_init:                              Initializing Floats. (line  19)
-* mpf_init2:                             Initializing Floats. (line  26)
+                                                              (line   7)
+* mpf_get_d:                             Converting Floats.   (line   6)
+* mpf_get_default_prec:                  Initializing Floats. (line  11)
+* mpf_get_d_2exp:                        Converting Floats.   (line  15)
+* mpf_get_prec:                          Initializing Floats. (line  61)
+* mpf_get_si:                            Converting Floats.   (line  27)
+* mpf_get_str:                           Converting Floats.   (line  36)
+* mpf_get_ui:                            Converting Floats.   (line  28)
+* mpf_init:                              Initializing Floats. (line  18)
+* mpf_init2:                             Initializing Floats. (line  25)
+* mpf_inits:                             Initializing Floats. (line  30)
 * mpf_init_set:                          Simultaneous Float Init & Assign.
-                                                              (line  16)
+                                                              (line  15)
 * mpf_init_set_d:                        Simultaneous Float Init & Assign.
-                                                              (line  19)
-* mpf_init_set_si:                       Simultaneous Float Init & Assign.
                                                               (line  18)
+* mpf_init_set_si:                       Simultaneous Float Init & Assign.
+                                                              (line  17)
 * mpf_init_set_str:                      Simultaneous Float Init & Assign.
-                                                              (line  26)
+                                                              (line  24)
 * mpf_init_set_ui:                       Simultaneous Float Init & Assign.
-                                                              (line  17)
-* mpf_inits:                             Initializing Floats. (line  31)
-* mpf_inp_str:                           I/O of Floats.       (line  39)
+                                                              (line  16)
+* mpf_inp_str:                           I/O of Floats.       (line  38)
 * mpf_integer_p:                         Miscellaneous Float Functions.
-                                                              (line  14)
-* mpf_mul:                               Float Arithmetic.    (line  19)
-* mpf_mul_2exp:                          Float Arithmetic.    (line  51)
-* mpf_mul_ui:                            Float Arithmetic.    (line  21)
-* mpf_neg:                               Float Arithmetic.    (line  44)
-* mpf_out_str:                           I/O of Floats.       (line  19)
-* mpf_pow_ui:                            Float Arithmetic.    (line  41)
+                                                              (line  13)
+* mpf_mul:                               Float Arithmetic.    (line  18)
+* mpf_mul_2exp:                          Float Arithmetic.    (line  49)
+* mpf_mul_ui:                            Float Arithmetic.    (line  19)
+* mpf_neg:                               Float Arithmetic.    (line  43)
+* mpf_out_str:                           I/O of Floats.       (line  17)
+* mpf_pow_ui:                            Float Arithmetic.    (line  39)
 * mpf_random2:                           Miscellaneous Float Functions.
-                                                              (line  37)
-* mpf_reldiff:                           Float Comparison.    (line  30)
-* mpf_set:                               Assigning Floats.    (line  10)
-* mpf_set_d:                             Assigning Floats.    (line  13)
-* mpf_set_default_prec:                  Initializing Floats. (line   7)
-* mpf_set_prec:                          Initializing Floats. (line  65)
-* mpf_set_prec_raw:                      Initializing Floats. (line  72)
-* mpf_set_q:                             Assigning Floats.    (line  15)
-* mpf_set_si:                            Assigning Floats.    (line  12)
-* mpf_set_str:                           Assigning Floats.    (line  18)
-* mpf_set_ui:                            Assigning Floats.    (line  11)
-* mpf_set_z:                             Assigning Floats.    (line  14)
-* mpf_sgn:                               Float Comparison.    (line  34)
-* mpf_sqrt:                              Float Arithmetic.    (line  36)
-* mpf_sqrt_ui:                           Float Arithmetic.    (line  37)
-* mpf_sub:                               Float Arithmetic.    (line  12)
-* mpf_sub_ui:                            Float Arithmetic.    (line  16)
-* mpf_swap:                              Assigning Floats.    (line  52)
+                                                              (line  35)
+* mpf_reldiff:                           Float Comparison.    (line  28)
+* mpf_set:                               Assigning Floats.    (line   9)
+* mpf_set_d:                             Assigning Floats.    (line  12)
+* mpf_set_default_prec:                  Initializing Floats. (line   6)
+* mpf_set_prec:                          Initializing Floats. (line  64)
+* mpf_set_prec_raw:                      Initializing Floats. (line  71)
+* mpf_set_q:                             Assigning Floats.    (line  14)
+* mpf_set_si:                            Assigning Floats.    (line  11)
+* mpf_set_str:                           Assigning Floats.    (line  17)
+* mpf_set_ui:                            Assigning Floats.    (line  10)
+* mpf_set_z:                             Assigning Floats.    (line  13)
+* mpf_sgn:                               Float Comparison.    (line  33)
+* mpf_sqrt:                              Float Arithmetic.    (line  35)
+* mpf_sqrt_ui:                           Float Arithmetic.    (line  36)
+* mpf_sub:                               Float Arithmetic.    (line  11)
+* mpf_sub_ui:                            Float Arithmetic.    (line  14)
+* mpf_swap:                              Assigning Floats.    (line  50)
 * mpf_t:                                 Nomenclature and Types.
                                                               (line  21)
 * mpf_trunc:                             Miscellaneous Float Functions.
-                                                              (line   9)
-* mpf_ui_div:                            Float Arithmetic.    (line  31)
-* mpf_ui_sub:                            Float Arithmetic.    (line  14)
+                                                              (line   8)
+* mpf_ui_div:                            Float Arithmetic.    (line  29)
+* mpf_ui_sub:                            Float Arithmetic.    (line  12)
 * mpf_urandomb:                          Miscellaneous Float Functions.
-                                                              (line  27)
-* mpn_add:                               Low-level Functions. (line  69)
-* mpn_add_1:                             Low-level Functions. (line  64)
-* mpn_add_n:                             Low-level Functions. (line  54)
-* mpn_addmul_1:                          Low-level Functions. (line 150)
-* mpn_and_n:                             Low-level Functions. (line 449)
-* mpn_andn_n:                            Low-level Functions. (line 464)
-* mpn_cmp:                               Low-level Functions. (line 295)
-* mpn_cnd_add_n:                         Low-level Functions. (line 542)
-* mpn_cnd_sub_n:                         Low-level Functions. (line 544)
-* mpn_cnd_swap:                          Low-level Functions. (line 569)
-* mpn_com:                               Low-level Functions. (line 489)
-* mpn_copyd:                             Low-level Functions. (line 498)
-* mpn_copyi:                             Low-level Functions. (line 494)
-* mpn_divexact_1:                        Low-level Functions. (line 233)
-* mpn_divexact_by3:                      Low-level Functions. (line 240)
-* mpn_divexact_by3c:                     Low-level Functions. (line 242)
-* mpn_divmod:                            Low-level Functions. (line 228)
-* mpn_divmod_1:                          Low-level Functions. (line 212)
-* mpn_divrem:                            Low-level Functions. (line 186)
-* mpn_divrem_1:                          Low-level Functions. (line 210)
-* mpn_gcd:                               Low-level Functions. (line 303)
-* mpn_gcd_1:                             Low-level Functions. (line 313)
-* mpn_gcdext:                            Low-level Functions. (line 319)
-* mpn_get_str:                           Low-level Functions. (line 373)
-* mpn_hamdist:                           Low-level Functions. (line 438)
-* mpn_ior_n:                             Low-level Functions. (line 454)
-* mpn_iorn_n:                            Low-level Functions. (line 469)
-* mpn_lshift:                            Low-level Functions. (line 271)
-* mpn_mod_1:                             Low-level Functions. (line 266)
-* mpn_mul:                               Low-level Functions. (line 116)
-* mpn_mul_1:                             Low-level Functions. (line 135)
-* mpn_mul_n:                             Low-level Functions. (line 105)
-* mpn_nand_n:                            Low-level Functions. (line 474)
-* mpn_neg:                               Low-level Functions. (line  98)
-* mpn_nior_n:                            Low-level Functions. (line 479)
-* mpn_perfect_square_p:                  Low-level Functions. (line 444)
-* mpn_popcount:                          Low-level Functions. (line 434)
-* mpn_random:                            Low-level Functions. (line 423)
-* mpn_random2:                           Low-level Functions. (line 424)
-* mpn_rshift:                            Low-level Functions. (line 283)
-* mpn_scan0:                             Low-level Functions. (line 408)
-* mpn_scan1:                             Low-level Functions. (line 416)
-* mpn_sec_add_1:                         Low-level Functions. (line 555)
-* mpn_sec_div_qr:                        Low-level Functions. (line 632)
-* mpn_sec_div_qr_itch:                   Low-level Functions. (line 633)
-* mpn_sec_div_r:                         Low-level Functions. (line 649)
+                                                              (line  25)
+* mpn_add:                               Low-level Functions. (line  67)
+* mpn_addmul_1:                          Low-level Functions. (line 148)
+* mpn_add_1:                             Low-level Functions. (line  62)
+* mpn_add_n:                             Low-level Functions. (line  52)
+* mpn_andn_n:                            Low-level Functions. (line 462)
+* mpn_and_n:                             Low-level Functions. (line 447)
+* mpn_cmp:                               Low-level Functions. (line 293)
+* mpn_cnd_add_n:                         Low-level Functions. (line 540)
+* mpn_cnd_sub_n:                         Low-level Functions. (line 542)
+* mpn_cnd_swap:                          Low-level Functions. (line 567)
+* mpn_com:                               Low-level Functions. (line 487)
+* mpn_copyd:                             Low-level Functions. (line 496)
+* mpn_copyi:                             Low-level Functions. (line 492)
+* mpn_divexact_1:                        Low-level Functions. (line 231)
+* mpn_divexact_by3:                      Low-level Functions. (line 238)
+* mpn_divexact_by3c:                     Low-level Functions. (line 240)
+* mpn_divmod:                            Low-level Functions. (line 226)
+* mpn_divmod_1:                          Low-level Functions. (line 210)
+* mpn_divrem:                            Low-level Functions. (line 183)
+* mpn_divrem_1:                          Low-level Functions. (line 208)
+* mpn_gcd:                               Low-level Functions. (line 301)
+* mpn_gcdext:                            Low-level Functions. (line 316)
+* mpn_gcd_1:                             Low-level Functions. (line 311)
+* mpn_get_str:                           Low-level Functions. (line 371)
+* mpn_hamdist:                           Low-level Functions. (line 436)
+* mpn_iorn_n:                            Low-level Functions. (line 467)
+* mpn_ior_n:                             Low-level Functions. (line 452)
+* mpn_lshift:                            Low-level Functions. (line 269)
+* mpn_mod_1:                             Low-level Functions. (line 264)
+* mpn_mul:                               Low-level Functions. (line 114)
+* mpn_mul_1:                             Low-level Functions. (line 133)
+* mpn_mul_n:                             Low-level Functions. (line 103)
+* mpn_nand_n:                            Low-level Functions. (line 472)
+* mpn_neg:                               Low-level Functions. (line  96)
+* mpn_nior_n:                            Low-level Functions. (line 477)
+* mpn_perfect_square_p:                  Low-level Functions. (line 442)
+* mpn_popcount:                          Low-level Functions. (line 432)
+* mpn_random:                            Low-level Functions. (line 422)
+* mpn_random2:                           Low-level Functions. (line 423)
+* mpn_rshift:                            Low-level Functions. (line 281)
+* mpn_scan0:                             Low-level Functions. (line 406)
+* mpn_scan1:                             Low-level Functions. (line 414)
+* mpn_sec_add_1:                         Low-level Functions. (line 553)
+* mpn_sec_div_qr:                        Low-level Functions. (line 629)
+* mpn_sec_div_qr_itch:                   Low-level Functions. (line 632)
+* mpn_sec_div_r:                         Low-level Functions. (line 648)
 * mpn_sec_div_r_itch:                    Low-level Functions. (line 650)
 * mpn_sec_invert:                        Low-level Functions. (line 664)
-* mpn_sec_invert_itch:                   Low-level Functions. (line 665)
-* mpn_sec_mul:                           Low-level Functions. (line 577)
-* mpn_sec_mul_itch:                      Low-level Functions. (line 578)
-* mpn_sec_powm:                          Low-level Functions. (line 607)
-* mpn_sec_powm_itch:                     Low-level Functions. (line 609)
-* mpn_sec_sqr:                           Low-level Functions. (line 592)
-* mpn_sec_sqr_itch:                      Low-level Functions. (line 593)
-* mpn_sec_sub_1:                         Low-level Functions. (line 557)
-* mpn_sec_tabselect:                     Low-level Functions. (line 623)
-* mpn_set_str:                           Low-level Functions. (line 388)
-* mpn_sizeinbase:                        Low-level Functions. (line 366)
-* mpn_sqr:                               Low-level Functions. (line 127)
-* mpn_sqrtrem:                           Low-level Functions. (line 348)
-* mpn_sub:                               Low-level Functions. (line  90)
-* mpn_sub_1:                             Low-level Functions. (line  85)
-* mpn_sub_n:                             Low-level Functions. (line  76)
-* mpn_submul_1:                          Low-level Functions. (line 162)
-* mpn_tdiv_qr:                           Low-level Functions. (line 175)
-* mpn_xnor_n:                            Low-level Functions. (line 484)
-* mpn_xor_n:                             Low-level Functions. (line 459)
-* mpn_zero:                              Low-level Functions. (line 501)
-* mpn_zero_p:                            Low-level Functions. (line 299)
-* mpq_abs:                               Rational Arithmetic. (line  34)
-* mpq_add:                               Rational Arithmetic. (line   8)
+* mpn_sec_invert_itch:                   Low-level Functions. (line 666)
+* mpn_sec_mul:                           Low-level Functions. (line 574)
+* mpn_sec_mul_itch:                      Low-level Functions. (line 577)
+* mpn_sec_powm:                          Low-level Functions. (line 604)
+* mpn_sec_powm_itch:                     Low-level Functions. (line 607)
+* mpn_sec_sqr:                           Low-level Functions. (line 590)
+* mpn_sec_sqr_itch:                      Low-level Functions. (line 592)
+* mpn_sec_sub_1:                         Low-level Functions. (line 555)
+* mpn_sec_tabselect:                     Low-level Functions. (line 621)
+* mpn_set_str:                           Low-level Functions. (line 386)
+* mpn_sizeinbase:                        Low-level Functions. (line 364)
+* mpn_sqr:                               Low-level Functions. (line 125)
+* mpn_sqrtrem:                           Low-level Functions. (line 346)
+* mpn_sub:                               Low-level Functions. (line  88)
+* mpn_submul_1:                          Low-level Functions. (line 160)
+* mpn_sub_1:                             Low-level Functions. (line  83)
+* mpn_sub_n:                             Low-level Functions. (line  74)
+* mpn_tdiv_qr:                           Low-level Functions. (line 172)
+* mpn_xnor_n:                            Low-level Functions. (line 482)
+* mpn_xor_n:                             Low-level Functions. (line 457)
+* mpn_zero:                              Low-level Functions. (line 500)
+* mpn_zero_p:                            Low-level Functions. (line 298)
+* mpq_abs:                               Rational Arithmetic. (line  33)
+* mpq_add:                               Rational Arithmetic. (line   6)
 * mpq_canonicalize:                      Rational Number Functions.
-                                                              (line  22)
+                                                              (line  21)
 * mpq_class:                             C++ Interface General.
-                                                              (line  19)
+                                                              (line  18)
 * mpq_class::canonicalize:               C++ Interface Rationals.
-                                                              (line  43)
+                                                              (line  41)
 * mpq_class::get_d:                      C++ Interface Rationals.
-                                                              (line  52)
+                                                              (line  51)
 * mpq_class::get_den:                    C++ Interface Rationals.
-                                                              (line  66)
+                                                              (line  67)
 * mpq_class::get_den_mpz_t:              C++ Interface Rationals.
-                                                              (line  76)
+                                                              (line  77)
 * mpq_class::get_mpq_t:                  C++ Interface General.
-                                                              (line  65)
+                                                              (line  64)
 * mpq_class::get_num:                    C++ Interface Rationals.
-                                                              (line  65)
+                                                              (line  66)
 * mpq_class::get_num_mpz_t:              C++ Interface Rationals.
-                                                              (line  75)
+                                                              (line  76)
 * mpq_class::get_str:                    C++ Interface Rationals.
-                                                              (line  53)
+                                                              (line  52)
 * mpq_class::mpq_class:                  C++ Interface Rationals.
-                                                              (line  12)
+                                                              (line   9)
+* mpq_class::mpq_class <1>:              C++ Interface Rationals.
+                                                              (line  10)
+* mpq_class::mpq_class <2>:              C++ Interface Rationals.
+                                                              (line  21)
+* mpq_class::mpq_class <3>:              C++ Interface Rationals.
+                                                              (line  26)
+* mpq_class::mpq_class <4>:              C++ Interface Rationals.
+                                                              (line  28)
 * mpq_class::set_str:                    C++ Interface Rationals.
+                                                              (line  54)
+* mpq_class::set_str <1>:                C++ Interface Rationals.
                                                               (line  55)
 * mpq_class::swap:                       C++ Interface Rationals.
-                                                              (line  57)
+                                                              (line  58)
 * mpq_clear:                             Initializing Rationals.
-                                                              (line  16)
+                                                              (line  15)
 * mpq_clears:                            Initializing Rationals.
-                                                              (line  20)
-* mpq_cmp:                               Comparing Rationals. (line   7)
-* mpq_cmp_si:                            Comparing Rationals. (line  18)
-* mpq_cmp_ui:                            Comparing Rationals. (line  16)
-* mpq_cmp_z:                             Comparing Rationals. (line   8)
+                                                              (line  19)
+* mpq_cmp:                               Comparing Rationals. (line   6)
+* mpq_cmp_si:                            Comparing Rationals. (line  16)
+* mpq_cmp_ui:                            Comparing Rationals. (line  14)
+* mpq_cmp_z:                             Comparing Rationals. (line   7)
 * mpq_denref:                            Applying Integer Functions.
-                                                              (line  18)
-* mpq_div:                               Rational Arithmetic. (line  24)
-* mpq_div_2exp:                          Rational Arithmetic. (line  28)
-* mpq_equal:                             Comparing Rationals. (line  34)
+                                                              (line  16)
+* mpq_div:                               Rational Arithmetic. (line  22)
+* mpq_div_2exp:                          Rational Arithmetic. (line  26)
+* mpq_equal:                             Comparing Rationals. (line  33)
 * mpq_get_d:                             Rational Conversions.
-                                                              (line   7)
+                                                              (line   6)
 * mpq_get_den:                           Applying Integer Functions.
-                                                              (line  24)
+                                                              (line  22)
 * mpq_get_num:                           Applying Integer Functions.
-                                                              (line  23)
+                                                              (line  21)
 * mpq_get_str:                           Rational Conversions.
-                                                              (line  22)
+                                                              (line  21)
 * mpq_init:                              Initializing Rationals.
-                                                              (line   7)
+                                                              (line   6)
 * mpq_inits:                             Initializing Rationals.
-                                                              (line  12)
-* mpq_inp_str:                           I/O of Rationals.    (line  27)
-* mpq_inv:                               Rational Arithmetic. (line  37)
-* mpq_mul:                               Rational Arithmetic. (line  16)
-* mpq_mul_2exp:                          Rational Arithmetic. (line  20)
-* mpq_neg:                               Rational Arithmetic. (line  31)
+                                                              (line  11)
+* mpq_inp_str:                           I/O of Rationals.    (line  26)
+* mpq_inv:                               Rational Arithmetic. (line  36)
+* mpq_mul:                               Rational Arithmetic. (line  14)
+* mpq_mul_2exp:                          Rational Arithmetic. (line  18)
+* mpq_neg:                               Rational Arithmetic. (line  30)
 * mpq_numref:                            Applying Integer Functions.
-                                                              (line  17)
-* mpq_out_str:                           I/O of Rationals.    (line  19)
+                                                              (line  15)
+* mpq_out_str:                           I/O of Rationals.    (line  17)
 * mpq_set:                               Initializing Rationals.
-                                                              (line  24)
+                                                              (line  23)
 * mpq_set_d:                             Rational Conversions.
-                                                              (line  17)
+                                                              (line  16)
 * mpq_set_den:                           Applying Integer Functions.
-                                                              (line  26)
+                                                              (line  24)
 * mpq_set_f:                             Rational Conversions.
-                                                              (line  18)
+                                                              (line  17)
 * mpq_set_num:                           Applying Integer Functions.
-                                                              (line  25)
+                                                              (line  23)
 * mpq_set_si:                            Initializing Rationals.
-                                                              (line  31)
+                                                              (line  29)
 * mpq_set_str:                           Initializing Rationals.
-                                                              (line  36)
+                                                              (line  35)
 * mpq_set_ui:                            Initializing Rationals.
-                                                              (line  29)
+                                                              (line  27)
 * mpq_set_z:                             Initializing Rationals.
-                                                              (line  25)
-* mpq_sgn:                               Comparing Rationals. (line  28)
-* mpq_sub:                               Rational Arithmetic. (line  12)
+                                                              (line  24)
+* mpq_sgn:                               Comparing Rationals. (line  27)
+* mpq_sub:                               Rational Arithmetic. (line  10)
 * mpq_swap:                              Initializing Rationals.
-                                                              (line  56)
+                                                              (line  54)
 * mpq_t:                                 Nomenclature and Types.
                                                               (line  16)
 * mpz_2fac_ui:                           Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line 110)
-* mpz_abs:                               Integer Arithmetic.  (line  45)
-* mpz_add:                               Integer Arithmetic.  (line   7)
-* mpz_add_ui:                            Integer Arithmetic.  (line   9)
-* mpz_addmul:                            Integer Arithmetic.  (line  26)
-* mpz_addmul_ui:                         Integer Arithmetic.  (line  28)
+                                                              (line 109)
+* mpz_abs:                               Integer Arithmetic.  (line  44)
+* mpz_add:                               Integer Arithmetic.  (line   6)
+* mpz_addmul:                            Integer Arithmetic.  (line  24)
+* mpz_addmul_ui:                         Integer Arithmetic.  (line  26)
+* mpz_add_ui:                            Integer Arithmetic.  (line   7)
 * mpz_and:                               Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling.
-                                                              (line  11)
+                                                              (line  10)
 * mpz_array_init:                        Integer Special Functions.
-                                                              (line  11)
+                                                              (line   9)
 * mpz_bin_ui:                            Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line 122)
+                                                              (line 120)
 * mpz_bin_uiui:                          Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line 124)
-* mpz_cdiv_q:                            Integer Division.    (line  13)
+                                                              (line 122)
+* mpz_cdiv_q:                            Integer Division.    (line  12)
+* mpz_cdiv_qr:                           Integer Division.    (line  14)
+* mpz_cdiv_qr_ui:                        Integer Division.    (line  21)
 * mpz_cdiv_q_2exp:                       Integer Division.    (line  26)
-* mpz_cdiv_q_ui:                         Integer Division.    (line  18)
-* mpz_cdiv_qr:                           Integer Division.    (line  16)
-* mpz_cdiv_qr_ui:                        Integer Division.    (line  22)
-* mpz_cdiv_r:                            Integer Division.    (line  14)
-* mpz_cdiv_r_2exp:                       Integer Division.    (line  28)
-* mpz_cdiv_r_ui:                         Integer Division.    (line  20)
-* mpz_cdiv_ui:                           Integer Division.    (line  24)
+* mpz_cdiv_q_ui:                         Integer Division.    (line  17)
+* mpz_cdiv_r:                            Integer Division.    (line  13)
+* mpz_cdiv_r_2exp:                       Integer Division.    (line  29)
+* mpz_cdiv_r_ui:                         Integer Division.    (line  19)
+* mpz_cdiv_ui:                           Integer Division.    (line  23)
 * mpz_class:                             C++ Interface General.
-                                                              (line  18)
+                                                              (line  17)
 * mpz_class::fits_sint_p:                C++ Interface Integers.
                                                               (line  50)
 * mpz_class::fits_slong_p:               C++ Interface Integers.
@@ -3644,279 +3618,303 @@ Function and Type Index
 * mpz_class::fits_sshort_p:              C++ Interface Integers.
                                                               (line  52)
 * mpz_class::fits_uint_p:                C++ Interface Integers.
-                                                              (line  53)
-* mpz_class::fits_ulong_p:               C++ Interface Integers.
                                                               (line  54)
-* mpz_class::fits_ushort_p:              C++ Interface Integers.
+* mpz_class::fits_ulong_p:               C++ Interface Integers.
                                                               (line  55)
-* mpz_class::get_d:                      C++ Interface Integers.
+* mpz_class::fits_ushort_p:              C++ Interface Integers.
                                                               (line  56)
+* mpz_class::get_d:                      C++ Interface Integers.
+                                                              (line  58)
 * mpz_class::get_mpz_t:                  C++ Interface General.
-                                                              (line  64)
+                                                              (line  63)
 * mpz_class::get_si:                     C++ Interface Integers.
-                                                              (line  57)
+                                                              (line  59)
 * mpz_class::get_str:                    C++ Interface Integers.
-                                                              (line  58)
+                                                              (line  60)
 * mpz_class::get_ui:                     C++ Interface Integers.
-                                                              (line  59)
+                                                              (line  61)
 * mpz_class::mpz_class:                  C++ Interface Integers.
-                                                              (line   7)
+                                                              (line   6)
+* mpz_class::mpz_class <1>:              C++ Interface Integers.
+                                                              (line  14)
+* mpz_class::mpz_class <2>:              C++ Interface Integers.
+                                                              (line  19)
+* mpz_class::mpz_class <3>:              C++ Interface Integers.
+                                                              (line  21)
 * mpz_class::set_str:                    C++ Interface Integers.
-                                                              (line  61)
+                                                              (line  63)
+* mpz_class::set_str <1>:                C++ Interface Integers.
+                                                              (line  64)
 * mpz_class::swap:                       C++ Interface Integers.
-                                                              (line  66)
+                                                              (line  71)
 * mpz_clear:                             Initializing Integers.
-                                                              (line  49)
+                                                              (line  48)
 * mpz_clears:                            Initializing Integers.
-                                                              (line  53)
+                                                              (line  52)
 * mpz_clrbit:                            Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling.
-                                                              (line  56)
-* mpz_cmp:                               Integer Comparisons. (line   7)
-* mpz_cmp_d:                             Integer Comparisons. (line   8)
-* mpz_cmp_si:                            Integer Comparisons. (line   9)
-* mpz_cmp_ui:                            Integer Comparisons. (line  10)
-* mpz_cmpabs:                            Integer Comparisons. (line  18)
-* mpz_cmpabs_d:                          Integer Comparisons. (line  19)
-* mpz_cmpabs_ui:                         Integer Comparisons. (line  20)
+                                                              (line  54)
+* mpz_cmp:                               Integer Comparisons. (line   6)
+* mpz_cmpabs:                            Integer Comparisons. (line  17)
+* mpz_cmpabs_d:                          Integer Comparisons. (line  18)
+* mpz_cmpabs_ui:                         Integer Comparisons. (line  19)
+* mpz_cmp_d:                             Integer Comparisons. (line   7)
+* mpz_cmp_si:                            Integer Comparisons. (line   8)
+* mpz_cmp_ui:                            Integer Comparisons. (line   9)
 * mpz_com:                               Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling.
-                                                              (line  20)
+                                                              (line  19)
 * mpz_combit:                            Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling.
-                                                              (line  59)
-* mpz_congruent_2exp_p:                  Integer Division.    (line 137)
-* mpz_congruent_p:                       Integer Division.    (line 133)
-* mpz_congruent_ui_p:                    Integer Division.    (line 135)
-* mpz_divexact:                          Integer Division.    (line 110)
-* mpz_divexact_ui:                       Integer Division.    (line 112)
-* mpz_divisible_2exp_p:                  Integer Division.    (line 123)
-* mpz_divisible_p:                       Integer Division.    (line 120)
-* mpz_divisible_ui_p:                    Integer Division.    (line 122)
+                                                              (line  57)
+* mpz_congruent_2exp_p:                  Integer Division.    (line 148)
+* mpz_congruent_p:                       Integer Division.    (line 144)
+* mpz_congruent_ui_p:                    Integer Division.    (line 146)
+* mpz_divexact:                          Integer Division.    (line 122)
+* mpz_divexact_ui:                       Integer Division.    (line 123)
+* mpz_divisible_2exp_p:                  Integer Division.    (line 135)
+* mpz_divisible_p:                       Integer Division.    (line 132)
+* mpz_divisible_ui_p:                    Integer Division.    (line 133)
 * mpz_even_p:                            Miscellaneous Integer Functions.
-                                                              (line  18)
+                                                              (line  17)
 * mpz_export:                            Integer Import and Export.
-                                                              (line  45)
+                                                              (line  43)
 * mpz_fac_ui:                            Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line 109)
-* mpz_fdiv_q:                            Integer Division.    (line  30)
-* mpz_fdiv_q_2exp:                       Integer Division.    (line  43)
-* mpz_fdiv_q_ui:                         Integer Division.    (line  35)
-* mpz_fdiv_qr:                           Integer Division.    (line  33)
-* mpz_fdiv_qr_ui:                        Integer Division.    (line  39)
-* mpz_fdiv_r:                            Integer Division.    (line  31)
-* mpz_fdiv_r_2exp:                       Integer Division.    (line  45)
-* mpz_fdiv_r_ui:                         Integer Division.    (line  37)
-* mpz_fdiv_ui:                           Integer Division.    (line  41)
+                                                              (line 108)
+* mpz_fdiv_q:                            Integer Division.    (line  33)
+* mpz_fdiv_qr:                           Integer Division.    (line  35)
+* mpz_fdiv_qr_ui:                        Integer Division.    (line  42)
+* mpz_fdiv_q_2exp:                       Integer Division.    (line  47)
+* mpz_fdiv_q_ui:                         Integer Division.    (line  38)
+* mpz_fdiv_r:                            Integer Division.    (line  34)
+* mpz_fdiv_r_2exp:                       Integer Division.    (line  50)
+* mpz_fdiv_r_ui:                         Integer Division.    (line  40)
+* mpz_fdiv_ui:                           Integer Division.    (line  44)
 * mpz_fib2_ui:                           Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line 132)
-* mpz_fib_ui:                            Number Theoretic Functions.
                                                               (line 130)
+* mpz_fib_ui:                            Number Theoretic Functions.
+                                                              (line 129)
 * mpz_fits_sint_p:                       Miscellaneous Integer Functions.
-                                                              (line  10)
+                                                              (line   9)
 * mpz_fits_slong_p:                      Miscellaneous Integer Functions.
-                                                              (line   8)
+                                                              (line   7)
 * mpz_fits_sshort_p:                     Miscellaneous Integer Functions.
-                                                              (line  12)
+                                                              (line  11)
 * mpz_fits_uint_p:                       Miscellaneous Integer Functions.
-                                                              (line   9)
+                                                              (line   8)
 * mpz_fits_ulong_p:                      Miscellaneous Integer Functions.
-                                                              (line   7)
+                                                              (line   6)
 * mpz_fits_ushort_p:                     Miscellaneous Integer Functions.
-                                                              (line  11)
+                                                              (line  10)
 * mpz_gcd:                               Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line  26)
-* mpz_gcd_ui:                            Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line  33)
+                                                              (line  25)
 * mpz_gcdext:                            Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line  43)
-* mpz_get_d:                             Converting Integers. (line  27)
-* mpz_get_d_2exp:                        Converting Integers. (line  36)
-* mpz_get_si:                            Converting Integers. (line  18)
-* mpz_get_str:                           Converting Integers. (line  47)
-* mpz_get_ui:                            Converting Integers. (line  11)
+                                                              (line  41)
+* mpz_gcd_ui:                            Number Theoretic Functions.
+                                                              (line  31)
 * mpz_getlimbn:                          Integer Special Functions.
-                                                              (line  23)
+                                                              (line  22)
+* mpz_get_d:                             Converting Integers. (line  26)
+* mpz_get_d_2exp:                        Converting Integers. (line  34)
+* mpz_get_si:                            Converting Integers. (line  17)
+* mpz_get_str:                           Converting Integers. (line  46)
+* mpz_get_ui:                            Converting Integers. (line  10)
 * mpz_hamdist:                           Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling.
-                                                              (line  29)
+                                                              (line  28)
 * mpz_import:                            Integer Import and Export.
-                                                              (line  11)
+                                                              (line   9)
 * mpz_init:                              Initializing Integers.
-                                                              (line  26)
+                                                              (line  25)
 * mpz_init2:                             Initializing Integers.
-                                                              (line  33)
+                                                              (line  32)
+* mpz_inits:                             Initializing Integers.
+                                                              (line  28)
 * mpz_init_set:                          Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign.
-                                                              (line  27)
+                                                              (line  26)
 * mpz_init_set_d:                        Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign.
-                                                              (line  30)
-* mpz_init_set_si:                       Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign.
                                                               (line  29)
+* mpz_init_set_si:                       Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign.
+                                                              (line  28)
 * mpz_init_set_str:                      Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign.
-                                                              (line  35)
+                                                              (line  33)
 * mpz_init_set_ui:                       Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign.
-                                                              (line  28)
-* mpz_inits:                             Initializing Integers.
-                                                              (line  29)
-* mpz_inp_raw:                           I/O of Integers.     (line  62)
-* mpz_inp_str:                           I/O of Integers.     (line  31)
+                                                              (line  27)
+* mpz_inp_raw:                           I/O of Integers.     (line  61)
+* mpz_inp_str:                           I/O of Integers.     (line  30)
 * mpz_invert:                            Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line  70)
+                                                              (line  68)
 * mpz_ior:                               Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling.
-                                                              (line  14)
+                                                              (line  13)
 * mpz_jacobi:                            Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line  79)
+                                                              (line  78)
 * mpz_kronecker:                         Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line  87)
+                                                              (line  86)
 * mpz_kronecker_si:                      Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line  88)
+                                                              (line  87)
 * mpz_kronecker_ui:                      Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line  89)
+                                                              (line  88)
 * mpz_lcm:                               Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line  62)
+                                                              (line  61)
 * mpz_lcm_ui:                            Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line  64)
+                                                              (line  62)
 * mpz_legendre:                          Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line  82)
+                                                              (line  81)
 * mpz_limbs_finish:                      Integer Special Functions.
-                                                              (line  48)
+                                                              (line  47)
 * mpz_limbs_modify:                      Integer Special Functions.
-                                                              (line  41)
+                                                              (line  40)
 * mpz_limbs_read:                        Integer Special Functions.
-                                                              (line  35)
+                                                              (line  34)
 * mpz_limbs_write:                       Integer Special Functions.
-                                                              (line  40)
+                                                              (line  39)
 * mpz_lucnum2_ui:                        Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line 143)
-* mpz_lucnum_ui:                         Number Theoretic Functions.
                                                               (line 141)
+* mpz_lucnum_ui:                         Number Theoretic Functions.
+                                                              (line 140)
 * mpz_mfac_uiui:                         Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line 112)
-* mpz_mod:                               Integer Division.    (line 100)
-* mpz_mod_ui:                            Integer Division.    (line 102)
-* mpz_mul:                               Integer Arithmetic.  (line  19)
-* mpz_mul_2exp:                          Integer Arithmetic.  (line  38)
-* mpz_mul_si:                            Integer Arithmetic.  (line  20)
-* mpz_mul_ui:                            Integer Arithmetic.  (line  22)
-* mpz_neg:                               Integer Arithmetic.  (line  42)
+                                                              (line 110)
+* mpz_mod:                               Integer Division.    (line 112)
+* mpz_mod_ui:                            Integer Division.    (line 113)
+* mpz_mul:                               Integer Arithmetic.  (line  18)
+* mpz_mul_2exp:                          Integer Arithmetic.  (line  36)
+* mpz_mul_si:                            Integer Arithmetic.  (line  19)
+* mpz_mul_ui:                            Integer Arithmetic.  (line  20)
+* mpz_neg:                               Integer Arithmetic.  (line  41)
 * mpz_nextprime:                         Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line  19)
+                                                              (line  18)
 * mpz_odd_p:                             Miscellaneous Integer Functions.
-                                                              (line  17)
-* mpz_out_raw:                           I/O of Integers.     (line  46)
-* mpz_out_str:                           I/O of Integers.     (line  19)
-* mpz_perfect_power_p:                   Integer Roots.       (line  28)
-* mpz_perfect_square_p:                  Integer Roots.       (line  37)
+                                                              (line  16)
+* mpz_out_raw:                           I/O of Integers.     (line  45)
+* mpz_out_str:                           I/O of Integers.     (line  17)
+* mpz_perfect_power_p:                   Integer Roots.       (line  27)
+* mpz_perfect_square_p:                  Integer Roots.       (line  36)
 * mpz_popcount:                          Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling.
-                                                              (line  23)
-* mpz_pow_ui:                            Integer Exponentiation.
-                                                              (line  31)
+                                                              (line  22)
 * mpz_powm:                              Integer Exponentiation.
-                                                              (line   8)
+                                                              (line   6)
 * mpz_powm_sec:                          Integer Exponentiation.
-                                                              (line  18)
+                                                              (line  16)
 * mpz_powm_ui:                           Integer Exponentiation.
-                                                              (line  10)
+                                                              (line   8)
+* mpz_pow_ui:                            Integer Exponentiation.
+                                                              (line  29)
 * mpz_primorial_ui:                      Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line 117)
+                                                              (line 116)
 * mpz_probab_prime_p:                    Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line   7)
+                                                              (line   6)
 * mpz_random:                            Integer Random Numbers.
-                                                              (line  42)
+                                                              (line  41)
 * mpz_random2:                           Integer Random Numbers.
-                                                              (line  51)
+                                                              (line  50)
 * mpz_realloc2:                          Initializing Integers.
-                                                              (line  57)
+                                                              (line  56)
 * mpz_remove:                            Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line 104)
+                                                              (line 102)
 * mpz_roinit_n:                          Integer Special Functions.
-                                                              (line  69)
+                                                              (line  67)
 * MPZ_ROINIT_N:                          Integer Special Functions.
-                                                              (line  84)
-* mpz_root:                              Integer Roots.       (line   8)
-* mpz_rootrem:                           Integer Roots.       (line  14)
+                                                              (line  83)
+* mpz_root:                              Integer Roots.       (line   6)
+* mpz_rootrem:                           Integer Roots.       (line  12)
 * mpz_rrandomb:                          Integer Random Numbers.
-                                                              (line  31)
+                                                              (line  29)
 * mpz_scan0:                             Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling.
-                                                              (line  38)
+                                                              (line  35)
 * mpz_scan1:                             Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling.
-                                                              (line  40)
-* mpz_set:                               Assigning Integers.  (line  10)
-* mpz_set_d:                             Assigning Integers.  (line  13)
-* mpz_set_f:                             Assigning Integers.  (line  15)
-* mpz_set_q:                             Assigning Integers.  (line  14)
-* mpz_set_si:                            Assigning Integers.  (line  12)
-* mpz_set_str:                           Assigning Integers.  (line  21)
-* mpz_set_ui:                            Assigning Integers.  (line  11)
+                                                              (line  37)
+* mpz_set:                               Assigning Integers.  (line   9)
 * mpz_setbit:                            Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling.
-                                                              (line  53)
-* mpz_sgn:                               Integer Comparisons. (line  28)
-* mpz_si_kronecker:                      Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line  90)
+                                                              (line  51)
+* mpz_set_d:                             Assigning Integers.  (line  12)
+* mpz_set_f:                             Assigning Integers.  (line  14)
+* mpz_set_q:                             Assigning Integers.  (line  13)
+* mpz_set_si:                            Assigning Integers.  (line  11)
+* mpz_set_str:                           Assigning Integers.  (line  20)
+* mpz_set_ui:                            Assigning Integers.  (line  10)
+* mpz_sgn:                               Integer Comparisons. (line  27)
 * mpz_size:                              Integer Special Functions.
-                                                              (line  31)
+                                                              (line  30)
 * mpz_sizeinbase:                        Miscellaneous Integer Functions.
-                                                              (line  23)
-* mpz_sqrt:                              Integer Roots.       (line  18)
-* mpz_sqrtrem:                           Integer Roots.       (line  21)
-* mpz_sub:                               Integer Arithmetic.  (line  12)
-* mpz_sub_ui:                            Integer Arithmetic.  (line  14)
-* mpz_submul:                            Integer Arithmetic.  (line  32)
-* mpz_submul_ui:                         Integer Arithmetic.  (line  34)
-* mpz_swap:                              Assigning Integers.  (line  37)
+                                                              (line  22)
+* mpz_si_kronecker:                      Number Theoretic Functions.
+                                                              (line  89)
+* mpz_sqrt:                              Integer Roots.       (line  17)
+* mpz_sqrtrem:                           Integer Roots.       (line  20)
+* mpz_sub:                               Integer Arithmetic.  (line  11)
+* mpz_submul:                            Integer Arithmetic.  (line  30)
+* mpz_submul_ui:                         Integer Arithmetic.  (line  32)
+* mpz_sub_ui:                            Integer Arithmetic.  (line  12)
+* mpz_swap:                              Assigning Integers.  (line  36)
 * mpz_t:                                 Nomenclature and Types.
                                                               (line   6)
-* mpz_tdiv_q:                            Integer Division.    (line  47)
-* mpz_tdiv_q_2exp:                       Integer Division.    (line  60)
-* mpz_tdiv_q_ui:                         Integer Division.    (line  52)
-* mpz_tdiv_qr:                           Integer Division.    (line  50)
-* mpz_tdiv_qr_ui:                        Integer Division.    (line  56)
-* mpz_tdiv_r:                            Integer Division.    (line  48)
-* mpz_tdiv_r_2exp:                       Integer Division.    (line  62)
-* mpz_tdiv_r_ui:                         Integer Division.    (line  54)
-* mpz_tdiv_ui:                           Integer Division.    (line  58)
+* mpz_tdiv_q:                            Integer Division.    (line  54)
+* mpz_tdiv_qr:                           Integer Division.    (line  56)
+* mpz_tdiv_qr_ui:                        Integer Division.    (line  63)
+* mpz_tdiv_q_2exp:                       Integer Division.    (line  68)
+* mpz_tdiv_q_ui:                         Integer Division.    (line  59)
+* mpz_tdiv_r:                            Integer Division.    (line  55)
+* mpz_tdiv_r_2exp:                       Integer Division.    (line  71)
+* mpz_tdiv_r_ui:                         Integer Division.    (line  61)
+* mpz_tdiv_ui:                           Integer Division.    (line  65)
 * mpz_tstbit:                            Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling.
-                                                              (line  62)
+                                                              (line  60)
 * mpz_ui_kronecker:                      Number Theoretic Functions.
-                                                              (line  91)
+                                                              (line  90)
 * mpz_ui_pow_ui:                         Integer Exponentiation.
-                                                              (line  33)
-* mpz_ui_sub:                            Integer Arithmetic.  (line  16)
+                                                              (line  31)
+* mpz_ui_sub:                            Integer Arithmetic.  (line  14)
 * mpz_urandomb:                          Integer Random Numbers.
-                                                              (line  14)
+                                                              (line  12)
 * mpz_urandomm:                          Integer Random Numbers.
-                                                              (line  23)
+                                                              (line  21)
 * mpz_xor:                               Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling.
-                                                              (line  17)
-* operator"" <1>:                        C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line  56)
-* operator"" <2>:                        C++ Interface Rationals.
-                                                              (line  38)
+                                                              (line  16)
+* mp_bitcnt_t:                           Nomenclature and Types.
+                                                              (line  42)
+* mp_bits_per_limb:                      Useful Macros and Constants.
+                                                              (line   7)
+* mp_exp_t:                              Nomenclature and Types.
+                                                              (line  27)
+* mp_get_memory_functions:               Custom Allocation.   (line  86)
+* mp_limb_t:                             Nomenclature and Types.
+                                                              (line  31)
+* mp_set_memory_functions:               Custom Allocation.   (line  14)
+* mp_size_t:                             Nomenclature and Types.
+                                                              (line  37)
 * operator"":                            C++ Interface Integers.
-                                                              (line  30)
+                                                              (line  29)
+* operator"" <1>:                        C++ Interface Rationals.
+                                                              (line  36)
+* operator"" <2>:                        C++ Interface Floats.
+                                                              (line  55)
 * operator%:                             C++ Interface Integers.
-                                                              (line  35)
-* operator/:                             C++ Interface Integers.
                                                               (line  34)
-* operator<<:                            C++ Formatted Output.
+* operator/:                             C++ Interface Integers.
                                                               (line  33)
-* operator>> <1>:                        C++ Formatted Input. (line  14)
-* operator>> <2>:                        C++ Interface Rationals.
-                                                              (line  85)
-* operator>>:                            C++ Formatted Input. (line  25)
-* sgn <1>:                               C++ Interface Integers.
-                                                              (line  62)
-* sgn <2>:                               C++ Interface Rationals.
+* operator<<:                            C++ Formatted Output.
+                                                              (line  10)
+* operator<< <1>:                        C++ Formatted Output.
+                                                              (line  19)
+* operator<< <2>:                        C++ Formatted Output.
+                                                              (line  32)
+* operator>>:                            C++ Formatted Input. (line  10)
+* operator>> <1>:                        C++ Formatted Input. (line  13)
+* operator>> <2>:                        C++ Formatted Input. (line  24)
+* operator>> <3>:                        C++ Interface Rationals.
+                                                              (line  86)
+* sgn:                                   C++ Interface Integers.
+                                                              (line  65)
+* sgn <1>:                               C++ Interface Rationals.
                                                               (line  56)
-* sgn:                                   C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line 102)
-* sqrt <1>:                              C++ Interface Integers.
-                                                              (line  63)
-* sqrt:                                  C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line 103)
-* swap <1>:                              C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line 105)
-* swap <2>:                              C++ Interface Rationals.
-                                                              (line  58)
+* sgn <2>:                               C++ Interface Floats.
+                                                              (line 106)
+* sqrt:                                  C++ Interface Integers.
+                                                              (line  66)
+* sqrt <1>:                              C++ Interface Floats.
+                                                              (line 107)
 * swap:                                  C++ Interface Integers.
-                                                              (line  67)
+                                                              (line  72)
+* swap <1>:                              C++ Interface Rationals.
+                                                              (line  59)
+* swap <2>:                              C++ Interface Floats.
+                                                              (line 110)
 * trunc:                                 C++ Interface Floats.
-                                                              (line 106)
-
+                                                              (line 111)