geodetic 0.0.1

data/examples/02_all_coordinate_systems.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# Comprehensive demonstration of all coordinate systems
+# Shows complete orthogonal conversions between all implemented coordinate systems
+
+require_relative '../lib/geodetic'
+require_relative '../lib/geodetic/coordinates/lla'
+require_relative '../lib/geodetic/coordinates/ecef'
+require_relative '../lib/geodetic/coordinates/utm'
+require_relative '../lib/geodetic/coordinates/enu'
+require_relative '../lib/geodetic/coordinates/ned'
+require_relative '../lib/geodetic/coordinates/mgrs'
+require_relative '../lib/geodetic/coordinates/web_mercator'
+require_relative '../lib/geodetic/coordinates/ups'
+require_relative '../lib/geodetic/coordinates/usng'
+require_relative '../lib/geodetic/coordinates/state_plane'
+require_relative '../lib/geodetic/coordinates/bng'
+require_relative '../lib/geodetic/coordinates/gh36'
+require_relative '../lib/geodetic/geoid_height'
+
+include Geodetic
+LLA        = Coordinates::LLA
+ECEF       = Coordinates::ECEF
+UTM_Coord  = Coordinates::UTM
+ENU        = Coordinates::ENU
+NED        = Coordinates::NED
+MGRS       = Coordinates::MGRS
+USNG       = Coordinates::USNG
+WebMerc    = Coordinates::WebMercator
+UPS        = Coordinates::UPS
+StatePlane = Coordinates::StatePlane
+BNG        = Coordinates::BNG
+GH36       = Coordinates::GH36
+
+def demo_coordinate_systems
+  puts "=" * 80
+  puts "COMPLETE COORDINATE SYSTEM CONVERSION DEMONSTRATION"
+  puts "=" * 80
+  puts
+
+  # Test location: Seattle Space Needle
+  seattle_lat = 47.6205
+  seattle_lng = -122.3493
+  seattle_alt = 184.0
+
+  puts "Reference Location: Seattle Space Needle"
+  puts "   Latitude:  #{seattle_lat} degrees"
+  puts "   Longitude: #{seattle_lng} degrees"
+  puts "   Altitude:  #{seattle_alt} meters"
+  puts
+
+  # Create reference LLA coordinate
+  lla_coord = LLA.new(lat: seattle_lat, lng: seattle_lng, alt: seattle_alt)
+  reference_lla = LLA.new(lat: seattle_lat, lng: seattle_lng, alt: 0.0)  # For local coordinates
+
+  puts "ALL COORDINATE SYSTEM CONVERSIONS"
+  puts "-" * 50
+
+  # ========== ECEF Conversion ==========
+  puts "Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed (ECEF)"
+  ecef_coord = lla_coord.to_ecef
+  puts "   ECEF: X=#{ecef_coord.x.round(3)}m, Y=#{ecef_coord.y.round(3)}m, Z=#{ecef_coord.z.round(3)}m"
+
+  # Round-trip test
+  lla_from_ecef = ecef_coord.to_lla
+  lat_error = (lla_from_ecef.lat - seattle_lat).abs
+  lng_error = (lla_from_ecef.lng - seattle_lng).abs
+  puts "   Round-trip error: Lat=#{lat_error.round(15)}, Lng=#{lng_error.round(15)}"
+  puts
+
+  # ========== UTM Conversion ==========
+  puts "Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)"
+  utm_coord = lla_coord.to_utm
+  puts "   UTM: #{utm_coord.easting.round(3)}E #{utm_coord.northing.round(3)}N Zone #{utm_coord.zone}#{utm_coord.hemisphere}"
+
+  # Round-trip test
+  lla_from_utm = utm_coord.to_lla
+  utm_lat_error = (lla_from_utm.lat - seattle_lat).abs
+  utm_lng_error = (lla_from_utm.lng - seattle_lng).abs
+  puts "   Round-trip error: Lat=#{utm_lat_error.round(8)}, Lng=#{utm_lng_error.round(8)}"
+  puts
+
+  # ========== ENU Conversion ==========
+  puts "East, North, Up (ENU) Local Coordinates"
+  enu_coord = lla_coord.to_enu(reference_lla)
+  puts "   ENU: E=#{enu_coord.east.round(3)}m, N=#{enu_coord.north.round(3)}m, U=#{enu_coord.up.round(3)}m"
+  puts "   Distance from reference: #{enu_coord.distance_to_origin.round(3)}m"
+  puts "   Bearing from reference: #{enu_coord.bearing_from_origin.round(3)} degrees"
+  puts
+
+  # ========== NED Conversion ==========
+  puts "North, East, Down (NED) Local Coordinates"
+  ned_coord = lla_coord.to_ned(reference_lla)
+  puts "   NED: N=#{ned_coord.north.round(3)}m, E=#{ned_coord.east.round(3)}m, D=#{ned_coord.down.round(3)}m"
+  puts "   Distance from reference: #{ned_coord.distance_to_origin.round(3)}m"
+  puts "   Elevation angle: #{ned_coord.elevation_angle.round(3)} degrees"
+  puts
+
+  # ========== MGRS Conversion ==========
+  puts "Military Grid Reference System (MGRS)"
+  mgrs_coord = MGRS.from_lla(lla_coord)
+  puts "   MGRS: #{mgrs_coord}"
+  puts "   Zone: #{mgrs_coord.grid_zone_designator}, Square: #{mgrs_coord.square_identifier}"
+  puts "   Within square: #{mgrs_coord.easting.round(3)}E, #{mgrs_coord.northing.round(3)}N"
+
+  # Test different precisions
+  mgrs_10m = MGRS.from_lla(lla_coord, WGS84, 4)
+  mgrs_1m = MGRS.from_lla(lla_coord, WGS84, 5)
+  puts "   10m precision: #{mgrs_10m}"
+  puts "   1m precision:  #{mgrs_1m}"
+  puts
+
+  # ========== USNG Conversion ==========
+  puts "US National Grid (USNG)"
+  usng_coord = USNG.from_lla(lla_coord)
+  puts "   USNG: #{usng_coord}"
+  puts "   Full format: #{usng_coord.to_full_format}"
+  puts "   Abbreviated: #{usng_coord.to_abbreviated_format}"
+  puts
+
+  # ========== Web Mercator Conversion ==========
+  puts "Web Mercator (EPSG:3857) - Used by Google Maps, OSM"
+  web_merc_coord = WebMerc.from_lla(lla_coord)
+  puts "   Web Mercator: X=#{web_merc_coord.x.round(3)}m, Y=#{web_merc_coord.y.round(3)}m"
+
+  # Test tile coordinates at different zoom levels
+  tile_10 = web_merc_coord.to_tile_coordinates(10)
+  tile_15 = web_merc_coord.to_tile_coordinates(15)
+  puts "   Tile (zoom 10): X=#{tile_10[0]}, Y=#{tile_10[1]}"
+  puts "   Tile (zoom 15): X=#{tile_15[0]}, Y=#{tile_15[1]}"
+  puts
+
+  # ========== UPS Conversion (using North Pole example) ==========
+  puts "Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS)"
+  north_pole_lla = LLA.new(lat: 89.0, lng: 0.0, alt: 0.0)
+  ups_coord = UPS.from_lla(north_pole_lla)
+  puts "   UPS (North Pole): #{ups_coord.easting.round(3)}E #{ups_coord.northing.round(3)}N Zone #{ups_coord.zone}#{ups_coord.hemisphere}"
+  puts "   Grid convergence: #{ups_coord.grid_convergence.round(6)} degrees"
+  puts "   Scale factor: #{ups_coord.point_scale_factor.round(8)}"
+  puts
+
+  # ========== State Plane Conversion ==========
+  puts "State Plane Coordinate System (SPC)"
+  begin
+    ca_spc = StatePlane.from_lla(lla_coord, 'CA_I')
+    puts "   California Zone I: #{ca_spc.easting.round(3)}ft, #{ca_spc.northing.round(3)}ft"
+    puts "   State: #{ca_spc.zone_info[:state]}, Projection: #{ca_spc.zone_info[:projection]}"
+    puts "   Units: #{ca_spc.zone_info[:units]}"
+
+    # Convert to meters
+    ca_spc_meters = ca_spc.to_meters
+    puts "   In meters: #{ca_spc_meters.easting.round(3)}m, #{ca_spc_meters.northing.round(3)}m"
+  rescue => e
+    puts "   State Plane conversion: #{e.message}"
+  end
+  puts
+
+  # ========== Geohash-36 Conversion ==========
+  puts "Geohash-36 (GH36)"
+  gh36_coord = GH36.new(lla_coord)
+  puts "   GH36: #{gh36_coord.to_s}"
+  puts "   Precision: #{gh36_coord.precision} chars"
+  puts "   Precision in meters: lat=#{gh36_coord.precision_in_meters[:lat].round(3)}m, lng=#{gh36_coord.precision_in_meters[:lng].round(3)}m"
+
+  # URL slug
+  puts "   URL slug: #{gh36_coord.to_slug}"
+
+  # Reduced precision
+  gh36_short = GH36.new(lla_coord, precision: 5)
+  puts "   5-char precision: #{gh36_short.to_s}"
+
+  # Round-trip test
+  lla_from_gh36 = gh36_coord.to_lla
+  gh36_lat_error = (lla_from_gh36.lat - seattle_lat).abs
+  gh36_lng_error = (lla_from_gh36.lng - seattle_lng).abs
+  puts "   Round-trip error: Lat=#{gh36_lat_error.round(8)}, Lng=#{gh36_lng_error.round(8)}"
+
+  # Neighbors
+  neighbors = gh36_coord.neighbors
+  puts "   Neighbors:"
+  neighbors.each do |dir, neighbor|
+    puts "     #{dir}: #{neighbor.to_s}"
+  end
+
+  # Area (bounding rectangle)
+  area = gh36_coord.to_area
+  puts "   Cell area: NW=(#{area.nw.lat.round(6)}, #{area.nw.lng.round(6)}) SE=(#{area.se.lat.round(6)}, #{area.se.lng.round(6)})"
+  puts "   Midpoint inside cell? #{area.includes?(gh36_coord.to_lla)}"
+  puts
+
+  # ========== British National Grid Conversion ==========
+  puts "British National Grid (BNG)"
+  london_lla = LLA.new(lat: 51.5007, lng: -0.1246, alt: 11.0)
+  bng_coord = BNG.from_lla(london_lla)
+  puts "   BNG (London): #{bng_coord.easting.round(3)}E #{bng_coord.northing.round(3)}N"
+  puts "   Grid reference: #{bng_coord.to_grid_reference(6)}"
+  puts "   Grid reference (low precision): #{bng_coord.to_grid_reference(0)}"
+  puts
+
+  # ========== Geoid Height Demonstration ==========
+  puts "Geoid Height and Vertical Datum Support"
+  geoid = GeoidHeight.new(geoid_model: 'EGM2008')
+
+  seattle_geoid_height = geoid.geoid_height_at(seattle_lat, seattle_lng)
+  orthometric_height = geoid.ellipsoidal_to_orthometric(seattle_lat, seattle_lng, seattle_alt)
+
+  puts "   Geoid height (EGM2008): #{seattle_geoid_height.round(3)}m"
+  puts "   Ellipsoidal height (HAE): #{seattle_alt}m"
+  puts "   Orthometric height (MSL): #{orthometric_height.round(3)}m"
+
+  # Test different geoid models
+  egm96_geoid = GeoidHeight.new(geoid_model: 'EGM96')
+  egm96_height = egm96_geoid.geoid_height_at(seattle_lat, seattle_lng)
+  puts "   Geoid height (EGM96): #{egm96_height.round(3)}m"
+  puts "   Model difference: #{(seattle_geoid_height - egm96_height).abs.round(3)}m"
+
+  # Test vertical datum conversion
+  navd88_height = geoid.convert_vertical_datum(seattle_lat, seattle_lng, seattle_alt, 'HAE', 'NAVD88')
+  puts "   Height in NAVD88: #{navd88_height.round(3)}m"
+  puts
+
+  # ========== Cross-System Conversions ==========
+  puts "CROSS-SYSTEM CONVERSION CHAINS"
+  puts "-" * 50
+
+  # Chain 1: 3D systems that preserve altitude
+  puts "Chain 1 (3D systems): LLA -> ECEF -> UTM -> ENU -> NED -> LLA"
+  c1_ecef  = lla_coord.to_ecef
+  c1_utm   = c1_ecef.to_utm
+  c1_enu   = c1_utm.to_enu(reference_lla)
+  c1_ned   = c1_enu.to_ned
+  c1_final = c1_ned.to_lla(reference_lla)
+
+  c1_lat_err = (c1_final.lat - seattle_lat).abs
+  c1_lng_err = (c1_final.lng - seattle_lng).abs
+  c1_alt_err = (c1_final.alt - seattle_alt).abs
+
+  puts "   Final: #{c1_final.lat.round(8)}°, #{c1_final.lng.round(8)}°, #{c1_final.alt.round(3)}m"
+  puts "   Error: Lat=#{c1_lat_err.round(10)}°, Lng=#{c1_lng_err.round(10)}°, Alt=#{c1_alt_err.round(6)}m"
+  puts
+
+  # Chain 2: 2D systems (use altitude 0.0 since these systems don't carry altitude)
+  lla_2d = LLA.new(lat: seattle_lat, lng: seattle_lng, alt: 0.0)
+
+  puts "Chain 2 (2D systems): LLA -> MGRS -> USNG -> Web Mercator -> LLA"
+  puts "   Starting with altitude 0.0 (2D systems do not carry altitude)"
+  c2_mgrs     = MGRS.from_lla(lla_2d)
+  c2_usng     = USNG.from_mgrs(c2_mgrs)
+  c2_web_merc = WebMerc.from_lla(c2_usng.to_lla)
+  c2_final    = c2_web_merc.to_lla
+
+  c2_lat_err = (c2_final.lat - seattle_lat).abs
+  c2_lng_err = (c2_final.lng - seattle_lng).abs
+
+  puts "   Final: #{c2_final.lat.round(8)}°, #{c2_final.lng.round(8)}°, #{c2_final.alt.round(3)}m"
+  puts "   Error: Lat=#{c2_lat_err.round(8)}° (~#{(c2_lat_err * 111320).round(2)}m), Lng=#{c2_lng_err.round(8)}° (~#{(c2_lng_err * 111320 * Math.cos(seattle_lat * Math::PI / 180)).round(2)}m), Alt=#{c2_final.alt.round(3)}m"
+  puts "   Lat/Lng error is from MGRS 1-meter grid precision truncation."
+  puts
+
+  # ========== Rectangle Area ==========
+  puts "RECTANGLE AREA"
+  puts "-" * 50
+
+  nw = LLA.new(lat: 47.65, lng: -122.40)
+  se = LLA.new(lat: 47.60, lng: -122.30)
+  rect = Areas::Rectangle.new(nw: nw, se: se)
+  puts "   NW: (#{rect.nw.lat}, #{rect.nw.lng})"
+  puts "   SE: (#{rect.se.lat}, #{rect.se.lng})"
+  puts "   NE: (#{rect.ne.lat}, #{rect.ne.lng})"
+  puts "   SW: (#{rect.sw.lat}, #{rect.sw.lng})"
+  puts "   Centroid: (#{rect.centroid.lat}, #{rect.centroid.lng})"
+  puts "   Space Needle inside? #{rect.includes?(lla_coord)}"
+  puts "   London inside? #{rect.includes?(london_lla)}"
+
+  # Rectangle from non-LLA coordinates
+  nw_wm = WebMerc.from_lla(nw)
+  se_wm = WebMerc.from_lla(se)
+  rect_wm = Areas::Rectangle.new(nw: nw_wm, se: se_wm)
+  puts "   From WebMercator: NW=(#{rect_wm.nw.lat.round(4)}, #{rect_wm.nw.lng.round(4)})"
+  puts
+
+  # ========== Summary ==========
+  puts "COORDINATE SYSTEM SUMMARY"
+  puts "-" * 50
+  puts "LLA (Latitude, Longitude, Altitude)"
+  puts "ECEF (Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed)"
+  puts "UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator)"
+  puts "ENU (East, North, Up)"
+  puts "NED (North, East, Down)"
+  puts "MGRS (Military Grid Reference System)"
+  puts "USNG (US National Grid)"
+  puts "Web Mercator (EPSG:3857)"
+  puts "UPS (Universal Polar Stereographic)"
+  puts "State Plane Coordinates"
+  puts "British National Grid (BNG)"
+  puts "Geohash-36 (GH36)"
+  puts "Geoid Height Support"
+  puts
+  puts "Areas: Circle, Polygon, Rectangle"
+  puts
+  puts "All coordinate systems support complete bidirectional conversions!"
+  puts "Total coordinate systems implemented: 13"
+  puts "Total conversion paths available: 156 (13 x 12)"
+  puts
+  puts "=" * 80
+end
+
+# Run the demonstration if this file is executed directly
+if __FILE__ == $0
+  demo_coordinate_systems
+end

data/examples/03_distance_calculations.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+# Demonstration of distance calculations and the Distance class
+# Shows great-circle distances, straight-line distances, unit conversions,
+# and arithmetic with the Distance class.
+
+require_relative "../lib/geodetic"
+
+Distance = Geodetic::Distance
+
+# ── Notable locations ────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+seattle  = GCS::LLA.new(lat: 47.6205, lng: -122.3493, alt: 0.0)
+portland = GCS::LLA.new(lat: 45.5152, lng: -122.6784, alt: 0.0)
+sf       = GCS::LLA.new(lat: 37.7749, lng: -122.4194, alt: 0.0)
+nyc      = GCS::LLA.new(lat: 40.7128, lng: -74.0060,  alt: 0.0)
+london   = GCS::LLA.new(lat: 51.5074, lng: -0.1278,   alt: 0.0)
+
+puts "=== Distance Calculations Demo ==="
+puts
+
+# ── Basic distance_to ────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+puts "--- Great-Circle Distances (Vincenty) ---"
+puts
+
+d = seattle.distance_to(portland)
+puts "Seattle -> Portland:"
+puts "  #{d.meters.round(2)} meters"
+puts "  #{d.to_km.to_f.round(2)} km"
+puts "  #{d.to_mi.to_f.round(2)} miles"
+puts "  #{d.to_nmi.to_f.round(2)} nautical miles"
+puts
+
+d = seattle.distance_to(nyc)
+puts "Seattle -> New York: #{d.to_mi.to_s}"
+puts
+
+d = seattle.distance_to(london)
+puts "Seattle -> London:   #{d.to_km.to_s}"
+puts
+
+# ── Radial distances (one-to-many) ──────────────────────────────
+
+puts "--- Radial Distances from Seattle ---"
+puts
+
+distances = seattle.distance_to(portland, sf, nyc, london)
+labels    = %w[Portland SF NYC London]
+
+distances.each_with_index do |dist, i|
+  puts "  -> %-10s %10.1f km  (%7.1f mi)" % [labels[i], dist.to_km.to_f, dist.to_mi.to_f]
+end
+puts
+
+# ── Chain distances (consecutive pairs) ─────────────────────────
+
+puts "--- Chain Distances (consecutive legs) ---"
+puts "Route: Seattle -> Portland -> SF -> NYC"
+puts
+
+legs = GCS.distance_between(seattle, portland, sf, nyc)
+leg_labels = ["Seattle -> Portland", "Portland -> SF", "SF -> NYC"]
+
+total = Distance.new(0)
+legs.each_with_index do |leg, i|
+  total = total + leg
+  puts "  %-20s %8.1f km" % [leg_labels[i], leg.to_km.to_f]
+end
+puts "  %-20s %8.1f km" % ["Total", total.to_km.to_f]
+puts
+
+# ── Straight-line vs great-circle ───────────────────────────────
+
+puts "--- Straight-Line vs Great-Circle ---"
+puts
+
+gc = seattle.distance_to(london)
+sl = seattle.straight_line_distance_to(london)
+
+puts "Seattle -> London:"
+puts "  Great-circle:  #{gc.to_km.to_f.round(1)} km"
+puts "  Straight-line: #{sl.to_km.to_f.round(1)} km (through the Earth)"
+puts "  Difference:    #{(gc - sl).to_km.to_f.round(1)} km"
+puts
+
+# ── Cross-system distances ──────────────────────────────────────
+
+puts "--- Cross-System Distances ---"
+puts
+
+utm_seattle  = seattle.to_utm
+mgrs_portland = GCS::MGRS.from_lla(portland)
+
+d = utm_seattle.distance_to(mgrs_portland)
+puts "UTM(Seattle) -> MGRS(Portland): #{d.to_km.to_f.round(2)} km"
+
+wm_sf = GCS::WebMercator.from_lla(sf)
+d = wm_sf.distance_to(utm_seattle)
+puts "WebMercator(SF) -> UTM(Seattle): #{d.to_mi.to_f.round(2)} mi"
+
+gh36_nyc = GCS::GH36.new(nyc)
+d = gh36_nyc.distance_to(utm_seattle)
+puts "GH36(NYC) -> UTM(Seattle): #{d.to_km.to_f.round(2)} km"
+puts
+
+# ── Distance class construction ─────────────────────────────────
+
+puts "=== Distance Class Features ==="
+puts
+
+puts "--- Construction from different units ---"
+puts
+
+examples = [
+  Distance.new(1000),
+  Distance.km(5),
+  Distance.mi(3),
+  Distance.ft(5280),
+  Distance.nmi(1),
+]
+
+examples.each do |d|
+  puts "  %-40s => %10.3f meters" % [d.inspect, d.meters]
+end
+puts
+
+# ── Unit conversions ────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+puts "--- Unit Conversions ---"
+puts
+
+d = Distance.new(1609.344)
+puts "1609.344 meters is:"
+puts "  #{d.to_km.to_f.round(6)} km"
+puts "  #{d.to_mi.to_f.round(6)} miles"
+puts "  #{d.to_ft.to_f.round(2)} feet"
+puts "  #{d.to_yd.to_f.round(2)} yards"
+puts "  #{d.to_nmi.to_f.round(6)} nautical miles"
+puts "  #{d.to_cm.to_f.round(2)} cm"
+puts "  #{d.to_mm.to_f.round(2)} mm"
+puts
+
+# ── Display formatting ──────────────────────────────────────────
+
+puts "--- Display Formatting ---"
+puts
+
+d = Distance.km(42.195) # marathon distance
+puts <<~HEREDOC
+  Marathon distance:
+    to_s:      #{d.to_s}
+    to_s(3):   #{d.to_s(3)}
+    to_s(1):   #{d.to_s(1)}
+    to_s(0):   #{d.to_s(0)}
+    to_f:      #{d.to_f}
+    to_i:      #{d.to_i}
+    inspect:   #{d.inspect}
+    in miles:  #{d.to_mi.to_s}
+    in feet:   #{d.to_ft.to_s(0)}
+HEREDOC
+
+# ── Arithmetic ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+puts "--- Arithmetic ---"
+puts
+
+d1 = Distance.km(5)
+d2 = Distance.mi(3)
+
+puts "d1 = #{d1.inspect}"
+puts "d2 = #{d2.inspect}"
+puts
+
+sum = d1 + d2
+puts "d1 + d2  = #{sum.to_km.to_f.round(3)} km  (#{sum.meters.round(3)} m)"
+
+diff = d1 - d2
+puts "d1 - d2  = #{diff.to_km.to_f.round(3)} km  (#{diff.meters.round(3)} m)"
+
+scaled = d1 * 3
+puts "d1 * 3   = #{scaled.to_km.to_f.round(3)} km"
+
+halved = d2 / 2
+puts "d2 / 2   = #{halved.to_mi.to_f.round(3)} mi"
+
+ratio = d1 / d2
+puts "d1 / d2  = #{ratio.round(6)} (ratio)"
+puts
+
+# Numeric constants use the display unit
+puts "--- Numeric Constants in Display Unit ---"
+puts
+
+d = Distance.new(5000).to_km  # 5 km
+puts "d = #{d.inspect}"
+puts "d + 3 (adds 3 km) = #{(d + 3).to_km.to_f} km"
+puts "d - 2 (subs 2 km) = #{(d - 2).to_km.to_f} km"
+puts "d > 4 (4 km)?       #{d > 4}"
+puts "d < 4 (4 km)?       #{d < 4}"
+puts
+
+# ── Comparison ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+puts "--- Comparison (unit-independent) ---"
+puts
+
+a = Distance.km(1)
+b = Distance.new(1000)
+c = Distance.mi(1)
+
+puts "1 km == 1000 m?  #{a == b}"
+puts "1 mi > 1 km?     #{c > a}"
+puts "1 km < 1 mi?     #{a < c}"
+puts
+
+# ── Coerce (Numeric * Distance) ────────────────────────────────
+
+d = Distance.km(10)
+result = 3 * d
+puts "3 * #{d.to_s} = #{result} (via coerce)"
+puts
+
+puts "=== Done ==="