gentle-scholar 2.0.2 → 3.0.0

Sign up to get free protection for your applications and to get access to all the features.
checksums.yaml CHANGED
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
1
1
  ---
2
2
  SHA1:
3
- metadata.gz: 18a24737821e25fae35759fd4c7abc6c8039fce9
4
- data.tar.gz: a8ee0ee1a65bca542cbdb7d2492537a6cb4da11e
3
+ metadata.gz: c496439fe4df0c95d306058674b976cb05fef4df
4
+ data.tar.gz: 955d87605bc193f2d3aaa0498f65753d69beacea
5
5
  SHA512:
6
- metadata.gz: e251136ef7e1c0ee1dd43caff2868627d4df8d5428048aeefa41dc34c7460541ee69f36bcef7b0d537cb625ff02d55338b6eab2308acfd6cd6c82aedbc19e9da
7
- data.tar.gz: 2f8a5032590a7f88b21d1379b59520007c44a86400f97562bab33f8b55d9f8704e8333ace11e8e16cdc69639d73d8f185b8f47a7541847ec7bc09ca9c8f0dbf9
6
+ metadata.gz: 471c766837bdfc9694d8f303773c59c93158ea915b031b08fa8f0fe009d3375aef5b50274b6ecd6da0bea76209fe1eb1721671dbb308a72599edfba19262460f
7
+ data.tar.gz: 323a4a7ef00458d1dffe34e6b015c2c93f4c0d0891ae034884b3fb87076db730b57607aef073b322e293e06c7e2163a488779647da5295370617501f69d2cea2
data/.travis.yml CHANGED
@@ -7,3 +7,7 @@ rvm:
7
7
  - jruby-19mode
8
8
  only:
9
9
  - master
10
+ - /^rel-.*$/
11
+ matrix:
12
+ allow_failures:
13
+ - rvm: jruby-head
data/README.md CHANGED
@@ -2,41 +2,49 @@
2
2
  [![Gem Version](https://badge.fury.io/rb/gentle-scholar.svg)](http://badge.fury.io/rb/gentle-scholar)
3
3
  [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/soumyaray/gentle-scholar.svg?branch=v1.0.1)](https://travis-ci.org/soumyaray/gentle-scholar)
4
4
 
5
- Gem to extract Google Scholar publication given URL of a publication
5
+ note: gentle-scholar tested to work on jruby-1.7.* even though Travis-CI reports build exec error
6
6
 
7
- ##About:
7
+ **Gem to extract Google Scholar publication given URL of a publication**
8
+
9
+ ## About:
8
10
  **NOTE:** This gem is not to to search or crawl through Google Scholar.
9
- This also will not extract bibtex (please see the excellent
10
- [gscholar](https://rubygems.org/gems/gscholar) gem for that).
11
+ This also will not extract bibtex (please use
12
+ [gscholar](https://rubygems.org/gems/gscholar) or similar gem for that).
13
+
14
+ This gem is to extract information on specific publications from Google Scholar.
15
+ It can retrieve standard citation information (authors, journal, title, etc.).
16
+ Additionally, it can retrieve number of citations reported by Google Scholar,
17
+ link to citations page, trend of citations over time, and link to author's
18
+ Google Scholar profile.
19
+
20
+ ## Installation:
11
21
 
12
- This gem is for publishing academics to extract their own publication
13
- information from Google Scholar. It can retrieve standard citation information
14
- (authors, journal, title, etc.). Additionally, it can retrieve number of
15
- citations reported by Google Scholar, link to citations page, chart of
16
- citations over time, and link to author's Google Scholar profile.
22
+ $ gem install gentle-scholar
17
23
 
18
- ##Usage:
24
+ ## Usage:
19
25
 
20
26
  Given a google scholar article such as:
21
27
 
22
- http://scholar.google.com.tw/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=6WjiSOwAAAAJ&citation_for_view=6WjiSOwAAAAJ:9yKSN-GCB0IC
28
+ http://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=6WjiSOwAAAAJ&citation_for_view=6WjiSOwAAAAJ:9yKSN-GCB0IC
23
29
 
24
30
  Retrieve information by copying the author and article ID from the URL:
25
31
 
26
- pub = GentleScholar::Publication.get_from_http('6WjiSOwAAAAJ:9yKSN-GCB0IC')
32
+ - Run from command line
33
+
34
+ $ gentle-scholar 6WjiSOwAAAAJ:9yKSN-GCB0IC
35
+
36
+ - Call from Ruby code:
37
+
38
+ pub = GentleScholar::Publication.extract_from_http('6WjiSOwAAAAJ:9yKSN-GCB0IC')
27
39
 
28
40
  This returns:
29
41
 
30
- => {:cites=>14,
31
- :cites_url=>
32
- "http://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=11777343089817755068",
33
- :title=>
34
- "Research Note\u0097Online Users' Switching Costs: Their Nature and Formation",
42
+ => {:cites=>16,
43
+ :cites_url=>"http://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=11777343089817755068&as_sdt=5",
44
+ :title=>"Research Note\u0097Online Users' Switching Costs: Their Nature and Formation",
35
45
  :article_url=>"http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/isre.1100.0340",
36
- :chart_url=>
37
- "http://www.google.com/chart?chs=475x90&cht=bvs&chf=bg,s,e8f4f7&chco=1111cc&chbh=r,2.0,0.0&chxt=x,y&chxr=1,0,5,5&chd=t:100.0,80.0,100.0&chxl=0:|2012|2013|2014",
38
- :gscholar_url=>
39
- "http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=6WjiSOwAAAAJ&hl=en&oe=ASCII",
46
+ :trend=>{:"2012"=>4, :"2013"=>3, :"2014"=>9},
47
+ :gscholar_url=>"http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=6WjiSOwAAAAJ&hl=en&oe=ASCII",
40
48
  :authors=>[["Soumya", "Ray"], ["Sung", "S", "Kim"], ["James", "G", "Morris"]],
41
49
  :date=>#<Date: 2012-03-01 ((2455988j,0s,0n),+0s,2299161j)>,
42
50
  :journal=>"Information Systems Research",
data/bin/gentle CHANGED
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ if (ARGV.count == 0) || (ARGV[0].split(/:/).count != 2)
6
6
  fail ArgumentError, "Usage: gentle [scholarID:paperID]\n"
7
7
  end
8
8
 
9
- pub = GentleScholar::Publication.get_from_http(ARGV[0])
9
+ pub = GentleScholar::Publication.extract_from_http(ARGV[0])
10
10
 
11
11
  puts 'Publication Details'
12
12
  pub.each do |field, data|
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
5
5
  s.name = 'gentle-scholar'
6
6
  s.version = GentleScholar::VERSION
7
7
  s.date = GentleScholar::DATE
8
+ s.executables << 'gentle'
9
+
8
10
  s.summary = 'Google Scholar infor extractor'
9
11
  s.description = 'Extract author/paper info from Google Scholar'
10
12
  s.authors = ['Soumya Ray']
@@ -12,13 +12,12 @@ module GentleScholar
12
12
  GS_CIT_URL = "#{GS_HOST_URL}/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en"
13
13
 
14
14
  SCAN_STR = {
15
- gscholar_url: "//div[contains(@class,'g-section cit-dgb')]"\
16
- '/div/table/tr/td/a',
17
- cites: "//div[contains(@id,'scholar_sec')]/div/a",
18
- cites_url: "//div[contains(@id,'scholar_sec')]/div/a",
19
- title: '//div[@id="title"]/a',
20
- article_url: '//div[@id="title"]/a',
21
- chart_url: '//div[contains(@class,"cit-dd")]/img'
15
+ cites: '//div[contains(@class,"gsc_value")]/div/a', # scholar_sec
16
+ cites_url: '//div[contains(@class,"gsc_value")]/div/a',
17
+ title: '//div[@id="gsc_title"]/a',
18
+ article_url: '//div[@id="gsc_title"]/a',
19
+ trend: '//div[@id="gsc_graph"]',
20
+ gscholar_url: '//div[@id="gsc_lnv_ui"]/div/a'
22
21
  }
23
22
 
24
23
  SCAN_LAMBDAS = {
@@ -26,14 +25,15 @@ module GentleScholar
26
25
  cites_url: ->(x) { x[0].attributes['href'].value },
27
26
  title: ->(x) { x.text },
28
27
  article_url: ->(x) { x.attr('href').value },
29
- chart_url: ->(x) { x.attr('src').value },
28
+ trend: ->(graph) { extract_cite_trend(graph) },
29
+
30
30
  gscholar_url: ->(x) { GS_HOST_URL + x.attr('href').value }
31
31
  }
32
32
 
33
33
  TABLE_ATTR = {
34
34
  authors: 'Authors',
35
35
  date: 'Publication date',
36
- journal: 'Journal name',
36
+ journal: 'Journal',
37
37
  volume: 'Volume',
38
38
  issue: 'Issue',
39
39
  pages: 'Pages',
@@ -46,13 +46,16 @@ module GentleScholar
46
46
  date: ->(x) { Date.strptime(x, '%Y/%m/%d') }
47
47
  }
48
48
 
49
- def self.get_from_http(scholar_pub_id)
49
+ def self.get_document_from_http(scholar_pub_id)
50
50
  auth_id, pub_id = scholar_pub_id.split(/:/)
51
51
  url = GS_CIT_URL + '&user=' + auth_id \
52
52
  + '&citation_for_view=' + auth_id + ':' + pub_id
53
53
  res = Typhoeus::Request.new(url).run
54
- doc = Nokogiri::HTML(res.response_body)
54
+ Nokogiri::HTML(res.response_body)
55
+ end
55
56
 
57
+ def self.extract_from_http(scholar_pub_id)
58
+ doc = get_document_from_http(scholar_pub_id)
56
59
  extract_from_document(doc)
57
60
  end
58
61
 
@@ -70,20 +73,48 @@ module GentleScholar
70
73
  end
71
74
 
72
75
  def self.extract_html_table(doc)
73
- elements_a = TABLE_ATTR.map do |k, v|
74
- extract = table_extract(v, doc)
76
+ extracted_a = TABLE_ATTR.map do |k, v|
77
+ extract = GentleScholar::Publication.extract_table_item(v, doc)
75
78
  extract ? [k, extract] : nil
79
+ end.compact
80
+
81
+ extracted_h = Hash[extracted_a]
82
+
83
+ processed_h = extracted_h.map do |attr, extracted|
84
+ processor = TABLE_LAMBDAS[attr]
85
+ processed = processor ? processor.call(extracted) : nil
86
+ processed ? [attr, processed] : [attr, extracted]
76
87
  end
77
- elements = Hash[elements_a.reject { |e| !e }]
78
88
 
79
- elements.merge(
80
- Hash[TABLE_LAMBDAS.map { |key, lam| [key, lam.call(elements[key])] }]
81
- )
89
+ extracted_h.merge(Hash[processed_h])
90
+ end
91
+
92
+ def self.extract_table_item(name, doc)
93
+ elem = doc.xpath("//div[@class='gs_scl' and contains(.,'#{name}')]")
94
+ begin
95
+ elem.empty? ? nil : elem.xpath('div[@class="gsc_value"]').text
96
+ rescue => e
97
+ STDERR.puts "ERROR PROCESSING TABLE ITEM: #{name}"
98
+ raise e
99
+ end
100
+ end
101
+
102
+ def self.extract_cite_trend(doc)
103
+ years = doc.xpath('//span[@class="gsc_g_t"]').children.map { |c| c.text }
104
+ years_sym = years.map { |y| y.to_sym }
105
+ count = doc.xpath('//span[@class="gsc_g_al"]').children.map { |c| c.text }
106
+ count_i = count.map { |c| c.to_i }
107
+ Hash[years_sym.zip(count_i)]
108
+ end
109
+
110
+ # Useful for creating new test docs
111
+ def self.http_to_file(scholar_pub_id, filename)
112
+ doc = get_document_from_http(scholar_pub_id)
113
+ File.open(filename, 'w') { |f| f.write(doc) }
82
114
  end
83
115
 
84
- def self.table_extract(name, doc)
85
- elem = doc.xpath("//div[starts-with(.,'#{name}')]")[0]
86
- elem.children[1].text if elem
116
+ def self.text_to_document(text)
117
+ Nokogiri.parse(text)
87
118
  end
88
119
  end
89
120
  end
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
1
1
  module GentleScholar
2
- VERSION = '2.0.2'
3
- DATE = '2014-05-27'
2
+ VERSION = '3.0.0'
3
+ DATE = '2014-09-04'
4
4
  end
@@ -1 +1,95 @@
1
- <!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>Soumya Ray - Google Scholar Citations</title><meta name="robots" content="noarchive"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><style>@viewport{width:device-width;min-zoom:1;max-zoom:2;}</style><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><style type="text/css" media="screen, projection">html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}#gs_top{position:relative;min-width:964px;_width:expression(document.documentElement.clientWidth<966?"964px":"auto");-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:300px;_width:expression(document.documentElement.clientWidth<302?"300px":"auto");}body,td{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#3d9400}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link,a:visited{color:#1155cc;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:active,a:hover .gs_lbl,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{text-decoration:underline;outline:none;}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}a:visited{color:#6611cc}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#009933}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1155cc}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#6611cc}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#767676}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1122cc}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1155cc}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}a:hover{*background-position:0 0}a:active{*background-attachment:fixed}a.gs_ico:active{*background-attachment:scroll}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;}.gs_scl{*zoom:1}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png);_background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.gif);width:21px;height:21px;font-size:0;}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}#gs_ftr{margin-top:2em;text-align:center;clear:both;}#gs_ftr a{display:inline-block;margin:0 12px;line-height:29px;}#gs_ftr a:link,#gs_ftr a:visited{color:#1155cc}#gs_ftr a:active{color:#d14836}button{position:relative; z-index:1; -moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;cursor:default;height:29px;min-width:72px;_width:72px;overflow:visible;color:#444;border:1px solid #dcdcdc;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f5f5f5),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all .218s;-moz-transition:all .218s;-o-transition:all .218s;transition:all .218s;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button .gs_wr{line-height:27px;_line-height:24px;}button .gs_bg{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;*display:none;z-index:-1;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#f5f5f5',endColorstr='#f1f1f1');}button.gs_btn_mini{min-width:26px;_width:26px;height:26px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_wr{line-height:24px;_line-height:21px;}button:hover,button.gs_hvr{z-index:2;color:#222;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#f8f8f8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f8f8f8),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}button:hover .gs_bg,button.gs_hvr .gs_bg{filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorStr='#f8f8f8',EndColorStr='#f1f1f1');}button.gs_sel{color:#333;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#e8e8e8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#eee),to(#e0e0e0));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#eee,#e0e0e0);}button.gs_sel .gs_bg{filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorStr='#eeeeee',EndColorStr='#e0e0e0');}button:active,button.gs_act{z-index:2;color:#333;background-color:#f6f6f6;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f6f6f6),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button:active .gs_bg,button.gs_act .gs_bg{filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorStr='#f6f6f6',EndColorStr='#f1f1f1');}button:focus,button.gs_fcs{z-index:2;outline:none;border:1px solid #4d90fe;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button .gs_lbl{padding:0px 8px;}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:5px 0 6px 0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_mini{height:24px;line-height:24px;padding:0;}a .gs_lbl,button .gs_lbl{vertical-align:baseline;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{padding-left:29px;}button.gs_btn_mini .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_eml .gs_lbl{padding:11px;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:2px;*top:3px;left:8px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;*top:2px;left:2px;}.gs_btn_eml .gs_ico{left:25px}button.gs_btn_mini,.gs_btn_eml{_font-size:0}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{top:3px;left:0}a.gs_in_ib-gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px}.gs_el_tc a.gs_in_ib-gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px}a.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:0}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid #3079ed;background-color:#4d90fe;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#4787ed));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#4787ed);}button.gs_btn_act .gs_bg{filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#4d90fe',endColorstr='#4787ed');}button.gs_btn_act:hover,button.gs_btn_act-gs_hvr{color:#fff;border:1px solid #2f5bb7;background-color:#357ae8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#357ae8));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#357ae8);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_act:hover .gs_bg,button.gs_btn_act-gs_hvr .gs_bg{filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#4d90fe',endColorstr='#357ae8');}button.gs_btnG{width:70px;min-width:0;}button.gs_btn_act:focus{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);}button.gs_btn_act:focus,button.gs_btn_act-gs_fcs{border-color:#404040;}button.gs_btn_act:active,button.gs_btn_act-gs_act{border:1px solid #315da3;background-color:#2f6de1;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6de1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);}button.gs_btn_act:active .gs_bg,button.gs_btn_act-gs_act .gs_bg{filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#4d90fe',endColorstr='#2f6de1');}button.gs_btn_act:active{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-o-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button.gs_hvr .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,button.gs_fcs .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-o-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;_border:5px solid #f5f5f5;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#2a2a2a;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:7px 9px;background:#2a2a2a;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl{padding-left:8px;padding-right:22px;}.gs_in_se .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:8px;right:8px;width:7px;height:11px;margin:0;background-position:-63px -115px;}a.gs_in_se .gs_ico{background-position:-100px -26px;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_ico,.gs_in_se-gs_hvr .gs_ico,a.gs_in_se-gs_hvr .gs_ico{background-position:-166px -110px;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_ico,.gs_in_se .gs_ico:active,.gs_in_se.gs_in_se-gs_act .gs_ico{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_in_se :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_ico{height:7px;background-position:-63px -119px;}.gs_btn_mnu:hover .gs_ico,.gs_btn_mnu-gs_hvr .gs_ico{background-position:-166px -114px;}.gs_btn_mnu:active .gs_ico,.gs_btn_mnu .gs_ico:active,.gs_btn_mnu.gs_btn_mnu-gs_act .gs_ico{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mnu :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_md_se,.gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:white;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100; display:none;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .13s;-moz-transition:opacity .13s;-o-transition:opacity .13s;transition:opacity .13s;}.gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{opacity:1;-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 0;-moz-transform-origin:100% 0;-o-transform-origin:100% 0;transform-origin:100% 0;-webkit-transform:scale(1,0);-moz-transform:scale(1,0);-o-transform:scale(1,0);transform:scale(1,0);-webkit-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-webkit-transform 0s .218s;-moz-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-moz-transform: 0s .218s;-o-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-o-transform: 0s .218s;transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s;}.gs_el_ios .gs_md_se,.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wp{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttss,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttss{-webkit-transform:scale(0,1);-moz-transform:scale(0,1);-o-transform:scale(0,1);transform:scale(0,1);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttzi,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttzi{-webkit-transform-origin:50% 50%;-moz-transform-origin:50% 50%;-o-transform-origin:50% 50%;transform-origin:50% 50%;-webkit-transform:scale(0,0);-moz-transform:scale(0,0);-o-transform:scale(0,0);transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{-webkit-transform:scale(1,1);-moz-transform:scale(1,1);-o-transform:scale(1,1);transform:scale(1,1);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .218s ease-out;-moz-transition:-moz-transform .218s ease-out;-o-transition:-o-transform .218s ease-out;transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_se{white-space:nowrap}.gs_md_se ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_se li,.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:default;text-decoration:none;background:white;-moz-transition:background .13s;-o-transition:background .13s;-webkit-transition:background .13s;transition:background .13s;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se li,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_se li:hover,.gs_md_se li.gs_hvr,.gs_md_se li.gs_fcs,.gs_md_li:hover,.gs_md_li:focus,.gs_md_li-gs_fcs:link,.gs_md_li-gs_fcs:visited{background:#f1f1f1;-moz-transition:background 0s;-o-transition:background 0s;-webkit-transition:background 0s;transition:background 0s;}.gs_md_se li.gs_sel{color:#dd4b39}.gs_md_wn:focus,.gs_md_se li:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:14px;height:13px;top:7px;left:27px;background-position:-152px -68px;_background:transparent;_filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite/search-shared.png');}p,dl,dt,dd,caption,tbody,tfoot,thead,tr,th,td,fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;border:0}body {font-size:62.5%;color:#000;}#gs_top {padding:3px 8px;min-width:none;width:auto}a:link,a:visited {color:#00c;}a:active {color:red}ul {padding:0 0 1em 1em}ol {padding:0 0 1em 1.3em}li {line-height:1.5em;padding:0 0 .5em 0}p {padding:0 0 1em 0}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5 {padding:0 0 1em 0}h1,h2 {font-size:1.3em}h3 {font-size:1.1em}h4,h5,table {font-size:1em}sup,sub {font-size:.7em}input,select,textarea,option{font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.g-doc,.g-doc-1024,.g-doc-800 {font-size:130%}.g-doc {width:100%;text-align:left}.g-section:after {content:".";display:block;height:0;clear:both;visibility:hidden}.g-unit .g-section:after {clear:none}.g-unit .g-section {width:100%;overflow:hidden}.g-section,.g-unit {zoom:1}.g-split .g-unit {text-align:right}.g-split .g-first {text-align:left}.g-tpl-50-50 .g-unit,.g-unit .g-tpl-50-50 .g-unit,.g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-50-50 .g-unit,.g-unit .g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-50-50 .g-unit {width:49.999%;float:right;display:inline;margin:0}.g-unit .g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-50-50 .g-first,.g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-50-50 .g-first,.g-unit .g-tpl-50-50 .g-first,.g-tpl-50-50 .g-first {width:49.999%;float:left;display:inline;margin:0}.g-tpl-50-50-alt .g-unit,.g-unit .g-tpl-50-50-alt .g-unit,.g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-50-50-alt .g-unit,.g-unit .g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-50-50-alt .g-unit {width:49.999%;float:left;display:inline;margin:0}.g-unit .g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-50-50-alt .g-first,.g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-50-50-alt .g-first,.g-unit .g-tpl-50-50-alt .g-first,.g-tpl-50-50-alt .g-first {width:49.999%;float:right;display:inline;margin:0}.g-tpl-nest .g-unit,.g-unit .g-tpl-nest .g-unit,.g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-nest .g-unit,.g-unit .g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-nest .g-unit {float:left;width:auto;display:inline;margin:0}.g-tpl-nest-alt .g-unit,.g-unit .g-tpl-nest-alt .g-unit,.g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-nest-alt .g-unit,.g-unit .g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-nest-alt .g-unit {float:right;width:auto;display:inline;margin:0}.g-doc-1024 {width:73.074em;_width:950px;min-width:950px;margin:0 auto;text-align:left}.cit-bluegray, .cit-bluegray:visited {color: #77c;}.cit-gray {color: #666;}table.cit-bodytable {width: 100%;}td.cit-contentcell {vertical-align: top;}.cit-body b {background:#9fd9a7;display:block;height:1px;overflow:hidden;margin:0 2px;font-size:1px;line-height:1px;}.cit-body i {background:#9fd9a7;display:block;height:1px;overflow:hidden;margin:0 1px;font-size:1px;line-height:1px;}.cit-messagebox {text-align: center;}.cit-messagebox b {background: #fff1a8;display:block;height:1px;overflow:hidden;margin:0 2px;font-size:1px;line-height:1px;}.cit-messagebox i {background: #fff1a8;display:block;height:1px;overflow:hidden;margin:0 1px;font-size:1px;line-height:1px;}.cit-messagebox a {color: #00c;}.cit-messagebox.reqfield {text-align: left;padding: 0 0 0 0;color: #000;}.cit-messagebox table {display: inline;text-align: center;}.cit-messagebox div#message_text {background: #fff1a8;padding: 0.1em 0.5em;font-weight: bold;}.cit-actionbar {background: #9fd9a7;padding: 0.3em 0.6em;}.cit-actionbar.pagination {padding: 0 0 0 0;float: right;}.cit-fieldrows {padding-top: 0.5em;}.g-tpl-200 .g-unit,.g-unit .g-tpl-200 .g-unit,.g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-200 .g-unit,.g-unit .g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-200 .g-unit {display: block;margin: 0 0 0 200px;width: auto;float: none;}.g-unit .g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-200 .g-first,.g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-200 .g-first,.g-unit .g-tpl-200 .g-first,.g-tpl-200 .g-first {display: block;margin: 0;width: 200px;float: left;}.cit-near-box {background-color: #FFC;position: absolute;z-index: 1;/* more padding on right makes "close window" img prettier */padding: 5px 20px 5px 5px;border: 1px solid #CCC;}/* rounded corner outside */div.cit-rco {display:block;height:1px;overflow:hidden;margin:0 2px;font-size:1px;line-height:1px;}/* rounded corner inside */div.cit-rci {display:block;height:1px;overflow:hidden;margin:0 1px;font-size:1px;line-height:1px;}/* light blue background */.cit-lbb {background-color:#E8F4F7;}/* dark green background */.cit-dgb {background-color:#9FD9A7;}/* light green background */.cit-lgb {background-color:#DCF6DB;}.cit-dark-link {text-decoration: none;}.cit-light-link,.cit-light-link:visited {text-decoration: none;color: #4272db;}.cit-bg-link,.cit-bg-link:visited {text-decoration: none;color: #77c;}.cit-dark-large-link {font-size: 120%;text-decoration: none;}.cit-lclgs {padding-left: 1em;padding-top: 0.33em;padding-bottom: 0.33em;border-right: 2px solid #9fd9a7;}.cit-lclgsr {float: right;padding-right: 1em;}.cit-lclgsc {margin-top: 0.6em;float: left;}.cit-scdel {margin-top: 0.6em;margin-bottom: 0.6em;}/* Used for profile photo and name/affiliation */.g-tpl-150 .g-unit,.g-unit .g-tpl-150 .g-unit,.g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-150 .g-unit,.g-unit .g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-150 .g-unit {display: block;margin: 0 0 0 150px;width: auto;float: none;}.g-unit .g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-150 .g-first,.g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-150 .g-first,.g-unit .g-tpl-150 .g-first,.g-tpl-150 .g-first {display: block;margin: 0;width: 150px;float: left;}.g-tpl-100 .g-unit,.g-unit .g-tpl-100 .g-unit,.g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-100 .g-unit,.g-unit .g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-100 .g-unit {display: block;margin: 0 0 0 100px;width: auto;float: none;}.g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-100 .g-first,.g-unit .g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-100 .g-first,.g-unit .g-tpl-100 .g-first, .g-tpl-100 .g-first {display: block;margin: 0;width: 100px;float: left;}.cit-photo-placeholder {text-align: center;}.cit-photo {padding: 1px;border: solid #9fd9a7 1px;vertical-align: top;}.cit-definition {font-size: 1em;padding: 1em;}.cit-definition.emphasis {font-style: italic;}/* BEGIN used for in-place editing */#cit-name-display,#cit-name-input {font-size: 32px;}#cit-name-input {background-color: #FFFFCC;}#cit-affiliation-input,#cit-int-input,#cit-domain-input,#cit-homepage-input {background-color: #FFFFCC;font-size: 120%}#cit-affiliation-display,#cit-int-display,#cit-domain-display,#cit-publish-display,#cit-homepage-display {font-size: 120%;}#cit-name-input {width: 10em;}#cit-affiliation-input,#cit-int-input,#cit-domain-input,#cit-homepage-input {width: 25em;}.cit-in-place-hover {background-color: #FFC;border: 1px solid #CCC;}.cit-in-place-nohover {background-color: auto;border: 1px solid white;}.cit-inplaceaction, cit-inplaceaction:visited {font-size: 0.85em;text-decoration: none;color: #4272db;}.cit-inplaceform {padding: 1px;}/* END used for in-place editing */.cit-user-info {margin-top: 8px;}/* 250px alt *//* Right-column on myworks page. */.g-tpl-250-alt .g-unit,.g-unit .g-tpl-250-alt .g-unit,.g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-250-alt .g-unit,.g-unit .g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-250-alt .g-unit {margin: 0 250px 0 0;width: auto;float: none;}.g-unit .g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-250-alt .g-first,.g-unit .g-unit .g-tpl-250-alt .g-first,.g-unit .g-tpl-250-alt .g-first,.g-tpl-250-alt .g-first {margin: 0;width: 250px;float: right;}.cit-fieldbox {padding: 0 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em;}.cit-fieldbox i,.cit-fieldbox u,.cit-fieldbox .cit-dl {background: #e8f4f7;}.cit-fieldbox i {display:block;height:1px;overflow:hidden;margin:0 1px;font-size:1px;line-height:1px;}.cit-fieldbox u {display:block;height:1px;overflow:hidden;margin:0 2px;font-size:1px;line-height:1px;}.cit-fieldbox .cit-dl {background: #e8f4f7;padding: 0.5em;}.cit-fieldbox .cit-dd,.cit-fieldbox .cit-dt {padding-top: 0.2em;padding-bottom: 0.2em;}.cit-fieldbox .cit-dt {float: left;width: 10em;}.cit-fieldbox .cit-dd {margin-left: 10em;}.cit-fieldbox div#labels-sec .cit-dd,.cit-fieldbox div#labels-sec .cit-dt {padding-top: 0.5em;padding-bottom: 0.5em;}.cit-fieldbox #labels table {padding-right: 0.2em;}.cit-fieldbox input.cit-text {margin-top: -0.3em;margin-bottom: 0.2em;margin-right: 0.2em;width: 95%;}.cit-fieldbox div#authors_sec input {margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: 0.1em;}.cit-fieldbox div#title {font-size: 120%;}.cit-fieldbox input#title {font-size: 100%;}.cit-fieldbox.main div#scholar_sec a,.cit-fieldbox.main div#scholar_sec a:visited {color: #7777cc;}.cit-fieldbox.main div#authors_sec a,.cit-fieldbox.main div#authors_sec a:visited {color: #060;}.cit-fieldbox.pubdate input {margin-top: 0.5em;}.cit-fieldbox tr#authors_infotext {color: #666;}.cit-fieldbox table#authors {width: 100%;}</style><script type="text/javascript">function citGetById(id) {return document.getElementById(id);}function citHide(id) {var elem = citGetById(id);if (!elem) return;elem.style.display = "none";return false;}function citShow(id, type) {var elem = citGetById(id);if (!elem) return;elem.style.display = type;return false;}function citSubmit(id) {var form = citGetById(id);if (form) form.submit();return false;}function citFocus(id) {var elem = citGetById(id);if (!elem) return;elem.focus();return false;}function citGo(url) {window.location = url;}function citOnActionsSelect(id, add_url, list_trash_url,list_updates_url) {var select = citGetById(id);if (!select) {return;}if (select.value == "add_opt") {citGo(add_url);} else if (select.value == "list_trash_opt") {citGo(list_trash_url);} else if (select.value == "list_updates_opt") {citGo(list_updates_url);} else {citSubmit("citationsForm");}}function citToggleElem(id, displaytype) {var elem = citGetById(id);if (!elem) return;if (elem.style.display == displaytype) {elem.style.display = "none";} else {elem.style.display = displaytype;}return false;}function citClearTextHint(id, hint) {var elem = citGetById(id);if (!elem) return;if (elem.style.color == "gray" && elem.value == hint) {elem.value = "";elem.style.color = "black";} else if (elem.style.color == "gray" && elem.value != hint) {elem.style.color = "black";}return false;}function citSetTextHint(id, hint) {var elem = citGetById(id);if (!elem) return;if (elem.style.color == "black" && elem.value == "") {elem.value = hint;elem.style.color = "gray";}return false;}function citShowNearBox(near_me, message, vurl, vtext, hurl, htext) {var box = citGetById("cit-near-box");if (!box) {box = document.createElement("div");box.setAttribute("id", "cit-near-box");box.setAttribute("class", "cit-near-box");near_me.parentNode.appendChild(box);}box.innerHTML = message + " (<a href=\"" + vurl + "\">" + vtext + "</a> - <a href=\"" + hurl + "\">" + htext + "</a>) <img onclick=\"citHideNearBox()\" style=\"position: absolute; top:2px; right: 2px;\" src=\"/citations/images/remove.gif\"/>";box.style.display = "block";}function citHideNearBox() {var box = citGetById("cit-near-box");if (box) {box.style.display = "none";box.parentNode.removeChild(box);}}function citToggleNearBox(near_me, message, vurl, vtext, hurl, htext) {var box = citGetById("cit-near-box");if (box &&box.style.display == "block" &&near_me.parentNode == box.parentNode) {citHideNearBox();} else {citHideNearBox();citShowNearBox(near_me, message, vurl, vtext, hurl, htext);}}function citMessageDisplay(msgBox, display) {if (!msgBox) return;try {msgBox.style.visibility = display;} catch (ex) {msgBox.setAttribute("style", "visibility: " + display);}}function citSelectAll() {var form = citGetById("citationsForm");for (var i = 0; i < form.elements.length; i++) {if (form.elements[i].type != "checkbox") continue;form.elements[i].checked = true;}}function citSelectNone() {var form = citGetById("citationsForm");for (var i = 0; i < form.elements.length; i++) {if (form.elements[i].type != "checkbox") continue;form.elements[i].checked = false;}}function citInPlaceMouseOver(field) {citGetById("cit-" + field + "-display").className = "cit-in-place-hover";}function citInPlaceMouseOut(field) {citGetById("cit-" + field + "-display").className = "cit-in-place-nohover";}function citInPlaceResetAndEdit(field) {citInPlaceReset(field);citInPlaceEdit(field);}function citGetTextContent(id) {var elem = citGetById(id);if (!elem) return "";if (elem.innerText != undefined) {/* IE, Safari, Chrome, Opera */return elem.innerText;} else if (elem.textContent) {/* IE9, Firefox, Safari, Chrome, Opera */return elem.textContent;}return "";}function citInPlaceReset(field) {/* Reset the edit field to the current value. */if (field == "int" || field == "domain" || field == "homepage") {var currval = citGetTextContent("cit-" + field + "-prefill");} else {var currval = citGetTextContent("cit-" + field + "-display");}var input = citGetById("cit-" + field + "-input");input.value = currval;}function citInPlaceEdit(field) {/* Hide display field and show input box. */citHide("cit-" + field + "-read");citShow("cit-" + field + "-write", "inline");var input = citGetById("cit-" + field + "-input");if (input) input.focus();}function citInPlaceShow(field) {citHide("cit-" + field + "-read");citShow("cit-" + field + "-write", "inline");}function citInPlaceCancel(field) {/* Hide input box and show display field. */citHide("cit-" + field + "-write");citShow("cit-" + field + "-read", "inline");}function citToggleIndexDef(id) {var index_def = citGetById(id);if (!index_def) return;if (index_def.style.display &&index_def.style.display == "block") {citHideAllIndexDefs();} else {citHideAllIndexDefs();citShow(id, "block");}return false;}function citHideAllIndexDefs() {citHide('h_index_definition');citHide('i_ten_index_definition');citHide('total_citations_definition');citHide('h5_index_definition');citHide('h5_median_definition');return false;}function citMessageBox(messageBox, messageText) {this.messageBox = citGetById(messageBox);this.messageText = citGetById(messageText);this.timeoutId = null;}citMessageBox.prototype.hideMessage = function () {citMessageDisplay(this.messageBox, "hidden");};citMessageBox.prototype.showMessage = function (newText) {if (!newText) {this.hideMessage();} else {this.messageText.innerHTML = newText;citMessageDisplay(this.messageBox, "visible");this.setHideMessageTimeout();}};citMessageBox.prototype.setHideMessageTimeout = function () {this.cancelHideMessageTimeout();var _self = this;this.timeoutId = setTimeout(function () {_self.hideMessage();}, 60000);};citMessageBox.prototype.cancelHideMessageTimeout = function () {try {clearTimeout(this.timeoutId);} catch (ex) {/* Don't care. */}this.timeoutId = null;};var citGCMessageBox;function citInitGlobals() {citGCMessageBox = new citMessageBox("message_box", "message_text");var showMsg = citGetById("cit-show-msg");var shownMsg = citGetById("cit-shown-msg");if (showMsg && showMsg.value && !(shownMsg && shownMsg.value)) {if (shownMsg) shownMsg.value = "1";citMessageDisplay(citGCMessageBox.messageBox, "visible");citGCMessageBox.setHideMessageTimeout();}if (window.addEventListener) {window.addEventListener("unload", function() { citGCMessageBox.hideMessage(); }, false);} else if (window.attachEvent) {window.attachEvent("onunload", function() {citGCMessageBox.hideMessage(); });}}if (window.addEventListener) {window.addEventListener("load", citInitGlobals, false);} else if (window.attachEvent) {window.attachEvent("onload", citInitGlobals);}</script><script>var gs_ie_ver=100;</script><!--[if IE 6]><script>gs_ie_ver=6;</script><![endif]--><!--[if IE 7]><script>gs_ie_ver=7;</script><![endif]--><!--[if IE 8]><script>gs_ie_ver=8;</script><![endif]--><script>function gs_id(i){return document.getElementById(i)}function gs_ch(e,t){return e?e.getElementsByTagName(t):[]}function gs_ech(e){return e.children||e.childNodes}function gs_atr(e,a){return e.getAttribute(a)}function gs_hatr(e,a){var n=e.getAttributeNode(a);return n&&n.specified}function gs_xatr(e,a,v){e.setAttribute(a,v)}function gs_uatr(e,a){e.removeAttribute(a)}function gs_catr(e,a,v){gs_hatr(e,a)&&gs_xatr(e,a,v)}function gs_ctai(e,v){gs_hatr(e,"tabindex")&&(e.tabIndex=v)}function gs_uas(s){return (navigator.userAgent||"").indexOf(s)>=0}var gs_is_tc=/[?&]tc=([01])/.exec(window.location.search||""),gs_is_ios=gs_uas("iPhone")||gs_uas("iPod")||gs_uas("iPad");if(gs_is_tc){gs_is_tc=parseInt(gs_is_tc[1]);}else if(window.matchMedia&&matchMedia("(pointer),(-moz-touch-enabled),(-moz-touch-enabled:0)").matches){gs_is_tc=matchMedia("(pointer:coarse),(-moz-touch-enabled)").matches;}else{gs_is_tc=gs_is_ios||gs_uas("Android")||gs_uas("Windows Phone")||gs_uas("BlackBerry")||(gs_uas("AppleWebKit")&&(gs_uas("Mobile")||gs_uas("Tablet")))||gs_uas("Opera Mini")||gs_uas("Opera Mobi")||gs_uas("IEMobile")||('ontouchstart' in window)||(navigator.msMaxTouchPoints||0)>0;}var gs_re_sp=/\s+/,gs_re_sel=/(?:^|\s)(\S*-)?gs_sel(-\S*)?(?!\S)/g,gs_re_hvr=/(?:^|\s)(\S*-)?gs_hvr(-\S*)?(?!\S)/g,gs_re_fcs=/(?:^|\s)(\S*-)?gs_fcs(-\S*)?(?!\S)/g,gs_re_act=/(?:^|\s)(\S*-)?gs_act(-\S*)?(?!\S)/g,gs_re_dis=/(?:^|\s)(\S*-)?gs_dis(-\S*)?(?!\S)/g,gs_re_vis=/(?:^|\s)(\S*-)?gs_vis(-\S*)?(?!\S)/g,gs_re_bsp=/(?:^|\s)(\S*-)?gs_bsp(-\S*)?(?!\S)/g,gs_re_cb=/(?:^|\s)gs_in_cb(?!\S)/,gs_re_ra=/(?:^|\s)gs_in_ra(?!\S)/;function gs_xcls(e,c){var l=e.className.split(gs_re_sp),n=l.length,i;l.push(c);for(i=0;i<n;i++){l[i]&&l.push(l[i]+"-"+c)}gs_scls(e,l.join(" "));}function gs_ucls(e,r){gs_scls(e,e.className.replace(r,""))}function gs_scls(e,c){return e.className!=c&&(e.className=c,true)}function gs_usel(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_sel)}function gs_xsel(e){gs_usel(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_sel")}function gs_isel(e){(e.className.match(gs_re_sel)?gs_usel:gs_xsel)(e)}function gs_uhvr(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_hvr)}function gs_xhvr(e){gs_uhvr(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_hvr");}function gs_ufcs(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_fcs)}function gs_xfcs(e){gs_ufcs(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_fcs")}function gs_uact(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_act)}function gs_xact(e){gs_uact(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_act")}function gs_udis(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_dis)}function gs_xdis(e){gs_udis(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_dis")}function gs_uvis(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_vis)}function gs_xvis(e){gs_uvis(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_vis")}function gs_ubsp(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_bsp)}function gs_xbsp(e){gs_ubsp(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_bsp")}var gs_gcs=window.getComputedStyle?function(e){return getComputedStyle(e,null)}:function(e){return e.currentStyle};var gs_ctd=function(){var s=document.documentElement.style,p,l=['OT','MozT','webkitT','t'],i=l.length;function f(s){return Math.max.apply(null,(s||"").split(",").map(parseFloat))||0;}do{p=l[--i]+'ransition'}while(i&&!(p in s));return i?function(e){var s=gs_gcs(e);return f(s[p+"Delay"])+f(s[p+"Duration"]);}:function(){return 0};}();function gs_vis(e,v,c){var s=e&&e.style,n="webkitTransitionEnd",h,f;if(s){gs_catr(e,"aria-hidden",v?"false":"true");if(v){s.display=v===2?"inline":"block";gs_ctd(e);gs_xvis(e);h=function(){e.removeEventListener(n,h,false);var t=pageYOffset+e.getBoundingClientRect().bottom,x=gs_id("gs_top");t>x.offsetHeight&&(x.style.minHeight=t+"px");};f=gs_ctd(e);"on"+n.toLowerCase() in window&&f&&e.addEventListener(n,h,false);c&&(f?setTimeout(c,1000*f):c());}else{gs_uvis(e);h=function(){s.display="none";var x=gs_id("gs_top").style;x.minHeight&&(x.minHeight="");c&&c();};f=gs_ctd(e);f?setTimeout(h,1000*f):h();}}}function gs_visi(i,v,c){gs_vis(gs_id(i),v,c)}function gs_sel_clk(p,t){var l=gs_ch(gs_id(p),"li"),i=l.length,c,x,s;while(i--){if((c=gs_ch(x=l[i],"a")).length){s=c[0]===t;(s?gs_xsel:gs_usel)(x);gs_catr(c[0],"aria-selected",s?"true":"false");}}return false;}function gs_efl(f){if(typeof f=="string"){var c=f.charAt(0),x=f.slice(1);if(c==="#")f=function(t){return t.id===x};else if(c===".")f=function(t){return (" "+t.className+" ").indexOf(" "+x+" ")>=0};else{c=f.toLowerCase();f=function(t){return t.nodeName.toLowerCase()===c};}}return f;}function gs_dfcn(d){return (d?"last":"first")+"Child"}function gs_dnsn(d){return (d?"previous":"next")+"Sibling"}var gs_trv=function(){function h(r,x,f,s,n,c){var t,p;while(x){if(x.nodeType===1){if(f(x)){if(c)return x;}else{for(p=x[s];p;p=p[n])if(t=h(p,p,f,s,n,1))return t;}}c=1;while(1){if(x===r)return;p=x.parentNode;if(x=x[n])break;x=p;}}}return function(r,x,f,d){return h(r,x,gs_efl(f),gs_dfcn(d),gs_dnsn(d))};}();function gs_bind(){var a=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments),f=a.shift();return function(){return f.apply(null,a.concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments)))};}var gs_evt_ie=[],gs_evt1=window.addEventListener?function(e,n,f){e.addEventListener(n,f,false);}:function(e,n,f){n="on"+n;e.attachEvent(n,f);gs_ie_ver<=6&&gs_evt_ie.push(function(){e.detachEvent(n,f)});};function gs_evt(e,n,f){if(typeof n==="string")gs_evt1(e,n,f);else for(var i=n.length;i--;)gs_evt1(e,n[i],f);}function gs_evt_all(l,n,f){for(var i=l.length;i--;){gs_evt(l[i],n,gs_bind(f,l[i]))}}function gs_evt_dlg(p,c,n,f){p!==c&&(c=gs_efl(c));gs_evt(p,n,p===c?function(e){f(p,e)}:function(e){var t=gs_evt_tgt(e);while(t){if(c(t))return f(t,e);if(t===p)return;t=t.parentNode;}});}function gs_evt_sms(v){var L=[],l=["mousedown","click"],i=l.length;function s(e){for(var l=L,n=l.length,i=0,x=e.clientX,y=e.clientY;i<n;i+=2){if(Math.abs(x-l[i])<10&&Math.abs(y-l[i+1])<10){gs_evt_ntr(e);break;}}}while(i--)document.addEventListener(l[i],s,true);gs_evt_sms=function(e){var l=e.changedTouches||[],h=l[0]||{};L.push(h.clientX,h.clientY);setTimeout(function(){L.splice(0,2)},2000);};gs_evt_sms(v);v=0;}function gs_evt_clk(e,f,w,k){return gs_evt_dlg_clk(e,e,function(t,e){f(e)},w,k);}function gs_evt_dlg_clk(p,c,f,w,k){k=","+(k||[13,32]).join(",")+",";return gs_evt_dlg_xclk(p,c,function(t,e){if(e.type=="keydown"){if(k.indexOf(","+e.keyCode+",")<0)return;gs_evt_ntr(e);}f(t,e);},w);}var gs_evt_cl=["touchstart","touchend","touchcancel","mousedown","keydown","keyup","click"];function gs_evt_xclk(e,f,w){return gs_evt_dlg_xclk(e,e,function(t,e){f(e)},w);}function gs_evt_dlg_xclk(p,c,f,w){var T,S=0,X=0,Y=0,O=0,V=0;function u(t,e){var n=e.type,h,l;if(t!==T){T=t;S=0;}if(!gs_evt_spk(e)){if(n==="mousedown"){if(w!==2)return S=0;S=1;}else if(n==="click"){if(S){gs_evt_ntr(e);return S=0;}}else if(n==="touchstart"&&w){if(e.timeStamp-V<200){gs_evt_ntr(e);return S=0;}if(w===2){S=0;}else{if((l=e.touches).length!==1)return S=-3;h=l[0];X=h.pageX;Y=h.pageY;O=pageYOffset;return S=3;}}else if(n==="touchcancel"){return S=0;}else if(n==="touchend"&&w){gs_evt_sms(e);V=e.timeStamp;if(w===2){gs_evt_ntr(e);return S=0;}if(S!==3||(l=e.changedTouches).length!==1||Math.abs(X-(h=l[0]).pageX)>10||Math.abs(Y-h.pageY)>10||Math.abs(O-pageYOffset)>1){return S=(e.touches.length?-4:0);}S=0;}else if(n==="keydown"){f(t,e);return;}else if(n==="keyup"){e.keyCode===32&&gs_evt_pdf(e);return;}else{return}gs_evt_ntr(e);f(t,e);}}gs_evt_dlg(p,c,w?gs_evt_cl:["click","keydown","keyup"],u);return u;}function gs_evt_inp(e,f){gs_evt(e,["input","keyup","cut","paste","change"],function(){setTimeout(f,0)});}function gs_evt_fcs(e,f){e.addEventListener("focus",f,true)}function gs_evt_blr(e,f){e.addEventListener("blur",f,true)}if("onfocusin" in document){gs_evt_fcs=function(e,f){gs_evt(e,"focusin",f)};gs_evt_blr=function(e,f){gs_evt(e,"focusout",f)};}function gs_evt_stp(e){e.cancelBubble=true;e.stopPropagation&&e.stopPropagation();return false;}function gs_evt_pdf(e){e.returnValue=false;e.preventDefault&&e.preventDefault();}function gs_evt_ntr(e){gs_evt_stp(e);gs_evt_pdf(e);}function gs_evt_tgt(e){var t=e.target||e.srcElement;t&&t.nodeType===3&&(t=t.parentNode);return t;}function gs_evt_spk(e){return e.ctrlKey||e.altKey||e.metaKey||e.shiftKey}function gs_tfcs(t){if(!gs_is_tc||(gs_uas("Windows")&&!gs_uas("IEMobile"))){t.focus();t.value=t.value;}}var gs_raf=window.requestAnimationFrame||window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame||window.mozRequestAnimationFrame||function(c){setTimeout(c,33)};var gs_evt_rdy=function(){var d=document,l=[],h=function(){var n=l.length,i=0;while(i<n)l[i++]();l=[];};gs_evt(d,"DOMContentLoaded",h);gs_evt(d,"readystatechange",function(){var s=d.readyState;(s=="complete"||(s=="interactive"&&gs_id("gs_rdy")))&&h();});gs_evt(window,"load",h);return function(f){l.push(f)};}();function gs_evt_raf(e,n){var l=[],t=0,h=function(){var x=l,n=x.length,i=0;while(i<n)x[i++]();t=0;};return function(f){l.length||gs_evt(e,n,function(){!t++&&gs_raf(h)});l.push(f);};}var gs_evt_wsc=gs_evt_raf(window,"scroll"),gs_evt_wre=gs_evt_raf(window,"resize");var gs_md_st=[],gs_md_lv={},gs_md_fc={},gs_md_if,gs_md_is=0;function gs_md_ifc(d,f){gs_md_fc[d]=f}function gs_md_sif(){gs_md_if=1;setTimeout(function(){gs_md_if=0},0);}function gs_md_plv(n){var l=gs_md_lv,x=0;while(n&&!x){x=l[n.id]||0;n=n.parentNode;}return x;}gs_evt(document,"click",function(e){var m=gs_md_st.length;if(m&&!gs_evt_spk(e)&&m>gs_md_plv(gs_evt_tgt(e))){(gs_md_st.pop())();gs_evt_pdf(e);}});gs_evt(document,"keydown",function(e){e.keyCode==27&&!gs_evt_spk(e)&&gs_md_st.length&&(gs_md_st.pop())();});gs_evt(document,"selectstart",function(e){gs_md_is&&gs_evt_pdf(e)});gs_evt_fcs(document,function(e){var l=gs_md_lv,m=gs_md_st.length,x,k,v,d;if(m&&!gs_md_if){x=gs_md_plv(gs_evt_tgt(e));while(x<m){v=0;for(k in l)l.hasOwnProperty(k)&&l[k]>v&&(v=l[d=k]);if(v=gs_md_fc[d]){gs_evt_stp(e);gs_id(v).focus();break;}else{(gs_md_st.pop())(1);--m;!gs_md_is++&&setTimeout(function(){gs_md_is=0},1000);}}}});function gs_md_cls(d,e){var x=gs_md_lv[d]||1e6;while(gs_md_st.length>=x)(gs_md_st.pop())();return gs_evt_stp(e);}function gs_md_opn(d,e,c,z){if(!gs_md_lv[d]){var n=gs_id(d),x=gs_md_plv(n),a=document.activeElement;while(gs_md_st.length>x)(gs_md_st.pop())();gs_visi(d,1);gs_md_st.push(function(u){gs_md_lv[d]=0;gs_visi(d,0,z);try{u||a.focus()}catch(_){}c&&c(u);});gs_md_lv[d]=gs_md_st.length;return gs_evt_stp(e);}}function gs_evt_md_mnu(d,b,f,a,w){var O,X;d=gs_id(d);b=gs_id(b);f=f?gs_efl(f):function(t){return (gs_hatr(t,"data-a")||t.nodeName==="A"&&t.href)&&t.offsetWidth;};a=a||function(t){var c=gs_atr(t,"data-a");c?eval(c):t.nodeName==="A"&&t.href&&(location=t.href);};function u(e){if(e.type=="keydown"){var k=e.keyCode;if(k==38||k==40){if(O){try{gs_trv(d,d,f,k==38).focus()}catch(_){}gs_evt_ntr(e);return;}}else if(k!=13&&k!=32){return;}gs_evt_pdf(e);}if(O){gs_md_cls(d.id,e);}else{gs_md_sif();O=1;gs_xsel(b);gs_md_opn(d.id,e,function(){O=0;gs_usel(b);try{gs_ufcs(X);X.blur()}catch(_){}});w&&w();}}function c(x,r){var p=x.parentNode,c=gs_ech(p),i=c.length,l="offsetLeft";if(p!==d){while(c[--i]!==x);p=p[gs_dnsn(r)]||p.parentNode[gs_dfcn(r)];c=gs_ech(p);if(i=Math.min(i+1,c.length)){p=c[i-1];if(p.nodeType==1&&f(p)&&p[l]!=x[l])return p;}}}function g(t,e){function m(x){if(x){gs_evt_ntr(e);x.focus();}}if(O){if(e.type=="keydown"){var k=e.keyCode;if(k==13||k==32){}else{if(k==38||k==40){m(gs_trv(d,t,f,k==38)||gs_trv(d,d,f,k==38));}else if(k==37||k==39){m(c(t,k==37));}return;}}gs_md_cls(d.id,e);gs_evt_pdf(e);gs_md_sif();a(t);}}gs_evt_xclk(b,u,2);gs_evt_fcs(d,function(e){var x=gs_evt_tgt(e);if(x&&f(x)){gs_ctai(x,0);gs_xfcs(x);X=x;}});gs_evt_blr(d,function(e){var x=gs_evt_tgt(e);if(x&&f(x)){gs_ctai(x,-1);gs_ufcs(x);X=0;}});gs_evt_dlg_xclk(d,f,g,1);return u;}function gs_evt_dlg_md_mnu(p,d,b,f,a,w){var r={};gs_evt_dlg(p,function(t){return d(t.id)},gs_evt_cl,function(t,e){var x=t.id;r[x]=r[x]||gs_evt_md_mnu(d(x),x,f,a,w)(e)||1;});}function gs_evt_md_sel(d,b,h,c,s,u){h=gs_id(h);c=gs_id(c);s=gs_id(s);return gs_evt_md_mnu(d,b,function(t){return gs_hatr(t,"data-v")},function(t){h.innerHTML=t.innerHTML;c.value=gs_atr(t,"data-v");if(t!==s){gs_usel(s);gs_uatr(s,"aria-selected");gs_xsel(s=t);gs_xatr(s,"aria-selected","true");}u&&u();},function(){s.focus()});}function gs_xhr(){if(window.XMLHttpRequest)return new XMLHttpRequest();var c=["Microsoft.XMLHTTP","MSXML2.XMLHTTP","MSXML2.XMLHTTP.3.0","MSXML2.XMLHTTP.6.0"],i=c.length;while(i--)try{return new ActiveXObject(c[i])}catch(e){}}function gs_ajax(u,d,c){var r=gs_xhr();r.onreadystatechange=function(){r.readyState==4&&c(r.status,r.responseText);};r.open(d?"POST":"GET",u,true);d&&r.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");d?r.send(d):r.send();}var gs_lst,gs_xlst;if(window.localStorage){gs_lst=function(k){return localStorage[k]};gs_xlst=function(k,v){localStorage[k]=v};}else if(gs_ie_ver<8)!function(){var c;function l(){if(c)return c;c=document.createElement("div");c.style.display="none";c.style.behavior="url('#default#userdata')";document.body.appendChild(c);return c;}gs_lst=function(k){l().load("s");return gs_atr(l(),k)};gs_xlst=function(k,v){gs_xatr(l(),k,v);l().save("s")};}();var gs_evt_el=function(W,D,L){function p(){var r=D.documentElement,w=W.innerWidth||r.offsetWidth,h=W.innerHeight||r.offsetHeight,m="",n,i;if(w&&h){if(w<600)m="gs_el_sm gs_el_ph";else if(w<982)m="gs_el_sm gs_el_ta";else if(w<1060||h<590)m="gs_el_sm";else if(w<1252||h<640)m="gs_el_me";gs_is_tc&&gs_ie_ver>=8&&(m+=" gs_el_tc");gs_is_ios&&(m+=" gs_el_ios");if(gs_scls(r,m))for(n=L.length,i=0;i<n;)L[i++]();}}p();gs_evt_wre(p);gs_evt(W,["pageshow","load"],p);return function(f){f();L.push(f)};}(window,document,[]);gs_is_ios&&gs_uas("AppleWebKit")&&!gs_uas("CriOS")&&(gs_uas("OS 4_")||gs_uas("OS 5_"))&&(function(){var t=0,v=document.querySelector("meta[name=viewport]");v&&gs_evt(window,"devicemotion",function(e){var a=e.accelerationIncludingGravity,x=Math.abs(a.x),y=Math.abs(a.y),m=x>1&&x>1.3*y&&!(window.orientation%180);m!==t&&gs_xatr(v,'content','width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale='+(m?1:2));t=m;});})();function gs_is_cb(e){var n=e.className||"";return n.match(gs_re_cb)||n.match(gs_re_ra);}function gs_ssel(e){}(function(d){function c(){var v=l,i=v.length,k=p,e,x=gs_id("gs_top");if(x&&!r){gs_evt(x,"click",function(){});r=1;if(!s){clearInterval(t);t=null}}p=i;while(i-->k)gs_is_cb((e=v[i]).parentNode)&&gs_ssel(e);}var s=gs_ie_ver<=8,l=[],p=0,t=setInterval(c,200),r;gs_evt_rdy(function(){c();l=[];clearInterval(t)});if(!s&&gs_is_tc){s=/AppleWebKit\/([0-9]+)/.exec(navigator.userAgent||"");s=s&&parseInt(s[1])<535;}if(!s)return;l=gs_ch(d,"input");gs_ssel=function(e){var p=e.parentNode,l,i,r;(e.checked?gs_xsel:gs_usel)(p);if(p.className.match(gs_re_ra)){l=e.form.elements[e.name]||[];for(i=l.length;i--;)((r=l[i]).checked?gs_xsel:gs_usel)(r.parentNode);}};gs_evt(d,"click",function(e){var x=gs_evt_tgt(e),p=x.parentNode;gs_is_cb(p)&&x.nodeName==="INPUT"&&gs_ssel(x);});if(gs_ie_ver>7)return;function w(t){var n=t&&t.nodeName;while(n==="SPAN"||n==="B"||n==="I")n=(t=t.parentNode).nodeName;return t;}var A;function y(f,e){var t=w(e.srcElement),n=t&&t.nodeName,p;if(n==="INPUT"||n==="BUTTON"||n==="LABEL"){p=t.parentNode;f(gs_is_cb(p)?p:t);}}gs_evt(d,"mousedown",gs_bind(y,function(t){gs_xact(A=t)}));gs_evt(d,"mouseup",function(){A&&(gs_uact(A),A=0)});gs_evt(d,"focusin",gs_bind(y,gs_xfcs));gs_evt(d,"focusout",gs_bind(y,gs_ufcs));if(gs_ie_ver>6)return;gs_evt(window,"unload",function(){var l=gs_evt_ie,i=l.length;while(i--){(l[i])()}l.length=0;});gs_evt(window,"load",function(){try{document.execCommand("BackgroundImageCache",false,true)}catch(_){}});function h(t){var n=(t=w(t))&&t.nodeName,p;return n==="BUTTON"||n==="LI"?t:(n==="INPUT"||n==="LABEL")&&(gs_is_cb(p=t.parentNode)?p:t);}gs_evt(d,"mouseover",function(e){var f=h(e.fromElement),t=h(e.srcElement);t&&t!==f&&gs_xhvr(t);});gs_evt(d,"mouseout",function(e){var f=h(e.srcElement),t=h(e.toElement);f&&f!==t&&gs_uhvr(f);});function a(t){var n=(t=w(t))&&t.nodeName;return n==="BUTTON"&&t.type==="submit"&&t;}function k(f,b){var l=gs_ch(f,"button"),i=l.length,r=[],x;while(i--)(x=l[i]).type==="submit"&&r.push(x);if((i=r.length)>1){while(i--)(x=r[i])!==b&&(x.disabled=true);f.submit();}}gs_evt(d,"keydown",function(e){var v=e.srcElement,f,b;if(e.keyCode===13&&!gs_evt_spk(e)){for(f=v;f&&f.nodeName!=="FORM";f=f.parentNode);f&&((b=a(v))||v.nodeName==="INPUT"&&v.type==="text"?k(f,b):gs_evt_pdf(e));}});gs_evt(d,"click",function(e){var f,b;!gs_evt_spk(e)&&(b=a(e.srcElement))&&(f=b.form)&&k(f,b);});})(document);</script><script type="text/javascript"></script></head><body><style>#gs_gb{position:relative;height:30px;background:#2d2d2d;z-index:950;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;}#gs_gb_lt,#gs_gb_rt,#gs_gb_lp{position:absolute;top:0;white-space:nowrap;}#gs_gb_lt{left:34px}.gs_el_me #gs_gb_lt{left:18px}.gs_el_sm #gs_gb_lt{left:6px}.gs_el_ph #gs_gb_lt{display:none}#gs_gb_lp{display:none}#gs_gb_lp:hover,#gs_gb_lp:focus,#gs_gb_lp:active{-webkit-filter:brightness(100%);}.gs_el_ph #gs_gb_lp{display:block;z-index:1;cursor:pointer;top:8px;left:8px;width:50px;height:17px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_tg_2012.png');_background:transparent;_filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_tg_2012.png');}#gs_gb_rt{right:36px}.gs_el_me #gs_gb_rt{right:18px}.gs_el_sm #gs_gb_rt{right:6px}.gs_el_ta #gs_gb_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_gb_rt{right:0}#gs_gb_lt a:link,#gs_gb_lt a:visited,#gs_gb_rt a:link,#gs_gb_rt a:visited{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;height:29px;line-height:27px;padding:2px 10px 0 10px;font-weight:bold;color:#bbb;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;}#gs_gb_rt a:link,#gs_gb_rt a:visited{padding:2px 8px 0 8px}#gs_gb_lt a:hover,#gs_gb_lt a:focus,#gs_gb_lt a:active,#gs_gb_rt a:hover,#gs_gb_rt a:focus,#gs_gb_rt a:active{color:white;outline:none;}#gs_gb_ac{top:30px;left:auto;right:6px;width:288px;white-space:normal;}#gs_gb_aw,#gs_gb_ap,.gs_gb_am,#gs_gb_ab{display:block;padding:10px 20px;}#gs_gb_aw{background:#fef9db;font-size:11px;}#gs_gb_ap,.gs_gb_am{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#gs_gb_aa:link,#gs_gb_aa:visited{padding:7px 0 5px 0;float:right;margin-left:8px;color:#1155cc;}#gs_gb_aa:active{color:#d14836}.gs_gb_am:link,.gs_gb_am:visited{color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_gb_am:hover,.gs_gb_am:focus{background:#f1f1f1}.gs_gb_am:active{background:#eee}#gs_gb_ab{background:#fbfbfb;overflow:auto;zoom:1;}#gs_gb_aab{float:left;margin-right:16px}#gs_gb_aso{float:right}</style><div id="gs_gb" role="navigation"><div id="gs_gb_lt"><a href="http://www.google.com/webhp?hl=en&amp;">Web</a><a href="http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en&amp;">Images</a><a href="http://www.google.com/intl/en/options/">More&hellip;</a></div><a id="gs_gb_lp" aria-label="Web" href="http://www.google.com/webhp?hl=en&"></a><div id="gs_gb_rt"><a href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&amp;continue=http://scholar.google.com/citations%3Fview_op%3Dview_citation%26hl%3Den%26user%3D6WjiSOwAAAAJ%26citation_for_view%3D6WjiSOwAAAAJ:qjMakFHDy7sC">Sign in</a></div></div><div id="gs_top"><div class="g-doc-1024"><div class="g-section g-tpl-250-alt"><div class="g-unit g-first"><div style="padding-left:1em"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/schhp?hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII" target="_top"><img src="http://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/images/scholar_logo_md_2011.gif" width="194" height="40" alt="Scholar Home" border=0></a><form method="get" action="/citations"><input type=hidden name=hl value="en"><input type=hidden name=oe value="ASCII"><input type="hidden" name="view_op" value="search_authors"><input type="text" name="mauthors" style="width:100%"><br><input type="submit" value="Search Authors"></form><br><div style="font-size:120%"><a href="/citations?hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII" class="cit-dark-link" target="_top">Get my own profile</a> - <a class="cit-dark-link" href="/intl/en/scholar/citations.html">Help</a></div><br></div></div><div class="g-unit"><div class="cit-user-info"><div class="g-section g-tpl-100"><div class="g-unit g-first"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/citations?user=6WjiSOwAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII"><img width="96" height="96" src="/citations/images/green_ghost.jpg"></a><br><a class="cit-inplaceaction" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="citTogglePhotoForm();"></a></div></div><div class="g-unit"><div style="margin-left:6px"><form id="cit-name-form" method="post" class="cit-inplaceform" action=""><span id="cit-name-read"><span id="cit-name-display" class="cit-in-place-nohover">Soumya Ray</span></span></form><form id="cit-affiliation-form" method="post" class="cit-inplaceform" action=""><span id="cit-affiliation-read"><span id="cit-affiliation-display" class="cit-in-place-nohover">Assistant Professor, Institute of Service Science, National Tsing Hua University</span></span></form><form id="cit-int-form" method="post" class="cit-inplaceform" action=""><span id="cit-int-read"><span id="cit-int-display" class="cit-in-place-nohover" >Unknown interests</span></span></form><form id="cit-domain-form" method="post" class="cit-inplaceform" action=""><span id="cit-domain-read"><span id="cit-domain-display" class="cit-in-place-nohover">Verified email at mx.nthu.edu.tw</span></span></form><form id="cit-homepage-form" method="post" class="cit-inplaceform" style="display:inline" action=""><span id="cit-homepage-read"><a class="cit-dark-large-link" href="http://soumyaray.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Homepage</a></span></form></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="g-section"><div class="cit-messagebox" id="message_box" style="visibility:hidden"><table style="display:inline-table"><tr><td><b></b><i></i><form style="display:none"><input type="hidden" id="cit-show-msg" value=""><input type="text" id="cit-shown-msg" value=""></form><form action="" method="post" name="undoFrm"><input type="hidden" name="" value=""/><div id="message_text">&nbsp;</div></form><i></i><b></b></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="g-section"><table class="cit-bodytable"><tr><td class="cit-contentcell"><div class="cit-body"><b></b><i></i><form method="post" action="/citations?hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;user=6WjiSOwAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=6WjiSOwAAAAJ:qjMakFHDy7sC&amp;view_op=view_citation" id="citationsForm"><input type="hidden" name="xsrf" value="AMstHGQAAAAAU8i6fcswBh-QdBCMz3AikOmibdX5lqlo"/><input type="hidden" name="s" value="6WjiSOwAAAAJ:qjMakFHDy7sC"><div class="g-section cit-dgb"><div style="padding:0.3em 0.6em;"><table style="width:100%"><tr><td><a href="/citations?user=6WjiSOwAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII" class="cit-dark-link">&laquo; Back to list</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<input type="submit" value="Export" id="export_btn_top" name="export_btn"> </td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr></table></div></div><div style="border-left:0.4em solid #9fd9a7;"><div class="g-section"><div style="padding: 0.5em 0 0 0"><div class="g-section cit-fieldbox" id="main_sec"><u></u><i></i><div style="float:right;padding:8px;font-size:120%;"><a class="cit-bg-link" href="http://meta.lib.ncu.edu.tw:9003/sfx_nthu?sid=google&amp;auinit=S&amp;aulast=Ray&amp;atitle=The+Central+Role+of+Engagement+in+Online+Communities&amp;id=doi:10.1287/isre.2014.0525" >Findit@NTHU</a></div><div class="cit-dl"><div class="cit-dt">Title</div><div class="cit-dd"><div id="title"><a style="text-decoration:none" href="http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/isre.2014.0525" >The Central Role of Engagement in Online Communities</a></div></div><div class="g-section"><div class="cit-dt">Authors</div><div class="cit-dd"> Soumya Ray, Sung S Kim, James G Morris</div></div><div class="g-section" id="pubdate_sec"><div class="cit-dt">Publication date</div><div class="cit-dd">2014/7/1</div></div><div class="g-section" id="venue_sec"><div class="cit-dt">Journal name</div><div class="cit-dd">Information Systems Research</div></div><div class="g-section" id="publisher_sec"><div class="cit-dt">Publisher</div><div class="cit-dd">INFORMS</div></div><div class="g-section" id="description_sec"><div class="cit-dt">Description</div><div class="cit-dd">Online communities are new social structures dependent on modern information technology, <br>and they face equally modern challenges. Although satisfied members regularly consume <br>content, it is considerably harder to coax them to contribute new content and help recruit <br>others because they face unprecedented social comparison and criticism. We propose that <br>engagement-a concept only abstractly alluded to in information systems research-is the key <br>to active participation in these unique sociotechnical environments. We constructed and <strong> ...</strong></div></div></div><i></i><u></u></div><div class="g-section cit-fieldbox"><u></u><i></i><div class="cit-dl"><div class="g-section"><div class="cit-dt">Scholar articles</div><div class="cit-dd"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;cluster=18260291687290566625&amp;btnI=Lucky" class="cit-dark-link" >The Central Role of Engagement in Online Communities</a><br>S Ray, SS Kim, JG Morris - Information Systems Research, 2014<br></div></div></div><i></i><u></u></div></div></div></div><div class="g-section cit-dgb"><div style="padding:0.3em 0.6em;"><table style="width:100%"><tr><td><a href="/citations?user=6WjiSOwAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII" class="cit-dark-link">&laquo; Back to list</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<input type="submit" value="Export" id="export_btn_bottom" name="export_btn"> </td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr></table></div></div></form><i></i><b></b></div></td></tr></table></div><div class="g-section"><div style="margin-top: 1em; text-align: center; font-size: 1em;"><div style="margin-bottom: 1em;font-style: italic">Dates and citation counts are estimated and are determined automatically by a computer program.</div>&copy;2013 Google - <a href="/intl/en/scholar/about.html" class="cit-dark-link" target="_top">About Google Scholar</a> - <a href="http://www.google.com/intl/en/about.html" class="cit-dark-link" target="_top">All About Google</a> - <a href="http://www.google.com/support/scholar/bin/request.py?contact_type=general" class="cit-dark-link" target="_top">Provide feedback</a> - <a href="/citations?hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII" class="cit-dark-link" target="_top">My Citations</a></div></div></div></div></body></html>
1
+ <!DOCTYPE html>
2
+ <html>
3
+ <head>
4
+ <title>Google Scholar Citations</title>
5
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1">
6
+ <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge">
7
+ <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2">
8
+ <style>@viewport{width:device-width;min-zoom:1;max-zoom:2;}</style>
9
+ <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">
10
+ <style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}#gs_top{position:relative;min-width:964px;_width:expression(document.documentElement.clientWidth<966?"964px":"auto");-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:300px;_width:expression(document.documentElement.clientWidth<302?"300px":"auto");}body,td{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:active,a:hover .gs_lbl,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{text-decoration:underline;outline:none;}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}a:hover{*background-position:0 0}a:active{*background-attachment:fixed}a.gs_ico:active{*background-attachment:scroll}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;}.gs_scl{*zoom:1}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png);_background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.gif);width:21px;height:21px;font-size:0;}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}#gs_ftr{margin-top:2em;text-align:center;clear:both;}#gs_ftr a{display:inline-block;margin:0 12px;line-height:29px;}#gs_ftr a:link,#gs_ftr a:visited{color:#1a0dab}#gs_ftr a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_in_txt{color:black;background:white;font-size:16px;height:23px;line-height:normal;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top:1px solid #c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_in_txt:hover,.gs_in_txt-gs_hvr{border:1px solid #b9b9b9;border-top:1px solid #a0a0a0;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_txte,.gs_in_txte:hover,.gs_in_txte-gs_hvr{border:1px solid #DD4B39;}.gs_in_txt:focus,.gs_in_txt.gs_in_txt-gs_fcs{border:1px solid #4d90fe;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);}input.gs_mini{font-size:13px;height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_el_tc input.gs_mini{height:21px}.gs_in_txtf{margin-right:16px}.gs_in_txtm{margin-right:14px}.gs_in_txtf .gs_in_txt,.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{width:100%;*margin-top:-1px;*margin-right:-16px;_margin-right:-19px;}.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{*margin-right:-14px;_margin-right:-17px;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;}button{position:relative; z-index:1; -moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;cursor:default;height:29px;min-width:72px;_width:72px;overflow:visible;color:#444;border:1px solid #dcdcdc;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f5f5f5),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all .218s;-moz-transition:all .218s;-o-transition:all .218s;transition:all .218s;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button .gs_wr{line-height:27px;_line-height:24px;}button .gs_bg{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;*display:none;z-index:-1;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#f5f5f5',endColorstr='#f1f1f1');}button.gs_btn_mini{min-width:26px;_width:26px;height:26px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_wr{line-height:24px;_line-height:21px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;_width:36px;}>. }}.gs_btn_slt{-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;-moz-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;-moz-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;}button:hover,button.gs_hvr{z-index:2;color:#222;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#f8f8f8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f8f8f8),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}button:hover .gs_bg,button.gs_hvr .gs_bg{filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorStr='#f8f8f8',EndColorStr='#f1f1f1');}button.gs_sel{color:#333;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#e8e8e8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#eee),to(#e0e0e0));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#eee,#e0e0e0);}button.gs_sel .gs_bg{filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorStr='#eeeeee',EndColorStr='#e0e0e0');}button:active,button.gs_act{z-index:2;color:#333;background-color:#f6f6f6;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f6f6f6),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button:active .gs_bg,button.gs_act .gs_bg{filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorStr='#f6f6f6',EndColorStr='#f1f1f1');}button:focus,button.gs_fcs{z-index:2;outline:none;border:1px solid #4d90fe;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button .gs_lbl{padding:0px 8px;}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:5px 0 6px 0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_mini{height:24px;line-height:24px;padding:0;}a .gs_lbl,button .gs_lbl{vertical-align:baseline;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{padding-left:29px;}button.gs_btn_mini .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_half .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_eml .gs_lbl{padding:11px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{padding:11px;font-size:0;visibility:hidden;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:2px;*top:3px;left:8px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;*top:2px;left:2px;}.gs_btn_half .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_ico{left:7px}.gs_btn_eml .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_ico{left:25px}button.gs_btn_mini,.gs_btn_half,.gs_btn_eml{_font-size:0}.gs_btn_half .gs_lbl{_font-size:11px;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{top:3px;left:0}a.gs_in_ib-gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px}.gs_el_tc a.gs_in_ib-gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px}a.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:0}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid #3079ed;background-color:#4d90fe;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#4787ed));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#4787ed);}button.gs_btn_act .gs_bg{filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#4d90fe',endColorstr='#4787ed');}button.gs_btn_act:hover,button.gs_btn_act-gs_hvr{color:#fff;border:1px solid #2f5bb7;background-color:#357ae8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#357ae8));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#357ae8);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_act:hover .gs_bg,button.gs_btn_act-gs_hvr .gs_bg{filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#4d90fe',endColorstr='#357ae8');}button.gs_btn_act-gs_sel,button.gs_btn_act-gs_sel:hover{border:1px solid #24468c;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#2f6bcc;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6bcc));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);}button.gs_btn_act-gs_sel .gs_bg,button.gs_btn_act-gs_sel:hover .gs_bg{filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorStr='#4d90fe',EndColorStr='#2f6bcc');}button.gs_btnG{width:70px;min-width:0;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid transparent;_border:1px solid white;background-color:#d14836;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#d14836));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#d14836);}button.gs_btn_cre .gs_bg{filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#dd4b39',endColorstr='#d14836');}button.gs_btn_cre .gs_lbl{text-transform:uppercase;text-shadow:0px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_cre:hover,button.gs_btn_cre-gs_hvr{color:#fff;border:1px solid #b0281a;border-bottom:1px solid #af301f;background-color:#c53727;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#c53727));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#c53727);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}button.gs_btn_cre:hover .gs_bg,button.gs_btn_cre-gs_hvr .gs_bg{filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#dd4b39',endColorstr='#c53727');}button.gs_btn_cre-gs_sel,button.gs_btn_cre-gs_sel:hover{border:1px solid #a62618;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#992b1e;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#992b1e));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#992b1e);}button.gs_btn_cre-gs_sel .gs_bg,button.gs_btn_cre-gs_sel:hover .gs_bg{filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorStr='#dd4b39',EndColorStr='#992b1e');}button.gs_btn_act:focus,button.gs_btn_cre:focus{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);}button.gs_btn_act:focus,button.gs_btn_act-gs_fcs{border-color:#404040;}button.gs_btn_cre:focus,button.gs_btn_cre-gs_fcs{border-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_act:active,button.gs_btn_act-gs_act{border:1px solid #315da3;background-color:#2f6de1;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6de1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);}button.gs_btn_act:active .gs_bg,button.gs_btn_act-gs_act .gs_bg{filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#4d90fe',endColorstr='#2f6de1');}button.gs_btn_cre:active,button.gs_btn_cre-gs_act{border:1px solid #992a1b;background-color:#b0281a;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#b0281a));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#b0281a);}button.gs_btn_cre:active .gs_bg,button.gs_btn_cre-gs_act .gs_bg{filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#dd4b39',endColorstr='#b0281a');}button.gs_btn_act:active,button.gs_btn_cre:active{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}button.gs_bsp,button.gs_bsp:hover,button.gs_bsp:active,button.gs_bsp:focus,button.gs_dis,button.gs_dis:hover,button.gs_dis:active{color:#b8b8b8;border:1px solid #f3f3f3;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05);background:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_act-gs_dis,button.gs_btn_act-gs_dis:hover,button.gs_btn_act-gs_dis:active{color:white;border-color:#98bcf6;background:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre-gs_dis,button.gs_btn_cre-gs_dis:hover,button.gs_btn_cre-gs_dis:active{color:white;border-color:#d8948d;background:#e8a49b;}button.gs_dis:active:not(#x){-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);z-index:2;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bg,button.gs_bsp:hover .gs_bg,button.gs_bsp:active .gs_bg,button.gs_dis .gs_bg,button.gs_dis:hover .gs_bg,button.gs_dis:active .gs_bg{filter:none;}a.gs_dis{cursor:default}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-o-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button.gs_hvr .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,button.gs_fcs .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-o-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;_border:5px solid #f5f5f5;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#2a2a2a;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:7px 9px;background:#2a2a2a;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl{padding-left:8px;padding-right:22px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:8px;right:8px;width:7px;height:11px;margin:0;background-position:-63px -115px;}a.gs_in_se .gs_icm{background-position:-100px -26px;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm,.gs_in_se-gs_hvr .gs_icm,a.gs_in_se-gs_hvr .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -110px;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm,.gs_in_se .gs_icm:active,.gs_in_se.gs_in_se-gs_act .gs_icm{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_in_se :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{height:7px;background-position:-63px -119px;}.gs_btn_mnu:hover .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mnu-gs_hvr .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -114px;}.gs_btn_mnu:active .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm:active,.gs_btn_mnu.gs_btn_mnu-gs_act .gs_icm{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mnu :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mn2 .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:hover .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:active .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2.gs_btn_mn2-gs_act .gs_icm{top:10px;height:5px;background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_btn_mn2 :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_md_se,.gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:white;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100; display:none;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .13s;-moz-transition:opacity .13s;-o-transition:opacity .13s;transition:opacity .13s;}.gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{opacity:1;-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 0;-moz-transform-origin:100% 0;-o-transform-origin:100% 0;transform-origin:100% 0;-webkit-transform:scale(1,0);-moz-transform:scale(1,0);-o-transform:scale(1,0);transform:scale(1,0);-webkit-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-webkit-transform 0s .218s;-moz-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-moz-transform: 0s .218s;-o-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-o-transform: 0s .218s;transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s;}.gs_el_ios .gs_md_se,.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wp{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttss,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttss{-webkit-transform:scale(0,1);-moz-transform:scale(0,1);-o-transform:scale(0,1);transform:scale(0,1);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttzi,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttzi{-webkit-transform-origin:50% 50%;-moz-transform-origin:50% 50%;-o-transform-origin:50% 50%;transform-origin:50% 50%;-webkit-transform:scale(0,0);-moz-transform:scale(0,0);-o-transform:scale(0,0);transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{-webkit-transform:scale(1,1);-moz-transform:scale(1,1);-o-transform:scale(1,1);transform:scale(1,1);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .218s ease-out;-moz-transition:-moz-transform .218s ease-out;-o-transition:-o-transform .218s ease-out;transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_se{white-space:nowrap}.gs_md_se ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_se li,.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:default;text-decoration:none;background:white;-moz-transition:background .13s;-o-transition:background .13s;-webkit-transition:background .13s;transition:background .13s;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se li,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_se li:hover,.gs_md_se li.gs_hvr,.gs_md_se li.gs_fcs,.gs_md_li:hover,.gs_md_li:focus,.gs_md_li-gs_fcs:link,.gs_md_li-gs_fcs:visited{background:#f1f1f1;-moz-transition:background 0s;-o-transition:background 0s;-webkit-transition:background 0s;transition:background 0s;}.gs_md_se li.gs_sel{color:#dd4b39}.gs_md_wn:focus,.gs_md_se li:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:14px;height:13px;top:7px;left:27px;background-position:-152px -68px;_background:transparent;_filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite/search-shared.png');}button .gs_bsc{position:absolute;top:0;right:50%;width:25px;}button .gs_bs{background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat;position:relative;height:25px;width:25px;left:50%;display:none;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{display:block;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover{cursor:default;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;-webkit-touch-callout:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;-moz-opacity:0;opacity:0;filter:alpha(opacity=0);-ms-filter:"alpha(opacity=0)";z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;_height:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute;font-size:0;line-height:0;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #C6C6C6;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;width:15px;height:15px;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -42px -110px;_background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.gif);}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:not(#x){background:transparent;border:1px solid #C6C6C6;width:13px;height:13px;-webkit-border-radius:7px;-moz-border-radius:7px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb-gs_hvr .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra-gs_hvr .gs_cbx{background-position:-187px -89px;}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_cb:focus .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb :focus~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :focus~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#4d90fe;}.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cb-gs_act .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx:not(#x),.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra.gs_in_ra-gs_act .gs_cbx{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cb-gs_dis .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra.gs_in_ra-gs_dis .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;}.gs_in_ra.gs_in_ra-gs_dis .gs_cbx{background-position:-130px -89px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb-gs_dis label,.gs_in_ra-gs_dis label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1; top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:10px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk{ background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;background:#666;}.gs_in_cb-gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;_background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.gif);}.gs_in_ra-gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -131px;_background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.gif);}.gs_in_cb-gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -188px -265px;_background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.gif);}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cb-gs_dis-gs_sel .gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-166px -26px;}.gs_ico_X:hover{background-position:-131px 0;}.gs_ico_X:active{background-position:0 -63px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt:not(#x){-webkit-background-origin:content;background-origin:content-box;-webkit-background-clip:content;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-68px -47px;}.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico,.gs_btnPL-gs_hvr .gs_ico{background-position:0 0;}.gs_btnPL:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPL .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPL.gs_btnPL-gs_act .gs_ico{background-position:-89px -58px;}.gs_btnPL :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-89px -58px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-84px -152px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-131px -47px;}.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico,.gs_btnPR-gs_hvr .gs_ico{background-position:0 -126px;}.gs_btnPR:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPR .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPR.gs_btnPR-gs_act .gs_ico{background-position:-110px -68px;}.gs_btnPR :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-110px -68px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-105px -152px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:0 -173px;}.gs_btnDE:hover .gs_ico,.gs_btnDE-gs_hvr .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -173px;}.gs_btnDE:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnDE .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnDE.gs_btnDE-gs_act .gs_ico{background-position:-42px -173px;}.gs_btnDE :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-42px -173px;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-63px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:hover .gs_ico,.gs_btnBA-gs_hvr .gs_ico{background-position:-84px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnBA .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnBA.gs_btnBA-gs_act .gs_ico{background-position:-105px -173px;}.gs_btnBA :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-105px -173px;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;z-index:900; height:72px;white-space:nowrap;clear:both; }.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr{height:58px;}#gs_hdr_bg{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;z-index:-1;background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_bg{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;margin-left:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:17px;margin-left:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:10px;margin-left:16px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl a{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_md{position:relative;height:29px;vertical-align:top;margin-left:220px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:140px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:8px;padding-top:9px;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;*zoom:1;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:94px;max-width:567px;_width:expression(document.documentElement.clientWidth>790?"567px":"auto");}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:43px;max-width:736px;_width:expression(document.documentElement.clientWidth>790?"736px":"auto");}#gs_hdr_frm_in{position:relative;display:inline-block;z-index:10;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in{display:block;margin-right:16px;width:auto;_margin-right:-8px;_width:100%;}#gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{vertical-align:top;width:537px;padding-right:25px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:556px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:100%;padding-left:8px;padding-right:6px;_margin-right:-8px;*margin-top:-1px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{height:34px;font-size:18px;line-height:30px;-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_arw{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsb{vertical-align:top;margin:0 17px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:-85px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{right:-35px;width:36px;height:40px;_height:38px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:28px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:11px;top:12px;}#gs_hdr_rt{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;height:29px;line-height:27px;color:#666;margin-right:44px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:16px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_rt{display:none;}#gs_hdr_rt a:link,#gs_hdr_rt a:visited{color:#666}#gs_hdr_rt a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_ico_ggl{width:117px;height:71px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_md_2011.png');_background:transparent;_filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_md_2011.png');}.gs_el_sm .gs_ico_ggl,.gs_el_me .gs_ico_ggl{width:95px;height:37px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_sm_2011.png');_background:transparent;_filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_sm_2011.png');}.gs_el_ph .gs_ico_ggl{display:none}#gs_ab{position:relative;z-index:800;height:57px;border-bottom:1px solid #DEDEDE;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab{height:43px}#gs_ab_na{position:absolute;color:#DD4B39;text-decoration:none;top:17px;font-size:20px;margin-left:43px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_na{margin-left:27px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_na{top:13px;font-size:16px;margin-left:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na{padding-left:8px;margin-left:7px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na{top:12px;font-size:18px;padding-left:8px;margin-left:0;}#gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:none;position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:8px;height:21px;background-position:-214px -89px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{top:0;left:-2px;}#gs_ab_md{position:absolute;color:#999;top:23px;margin-left:229px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_md{margin-left:169px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md{top:16px;margin-left:149px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:none;}#gs_ab_md button{position:relative;top:-9px;margin-right:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md button{margin-right:8px}#gs_ab_rt{position:relative;float:right;padding-top:14px;padding-right:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt{padding-top:7px;padding-right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:8px;*padding-right:0;}#gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:8px}.gs_el_tc #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}#gs_bdy{position:relative;*zoom:1;z-index:500;clear:both; margin-top:21px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_lnv{position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:204px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv{width:144px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv{width:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv{display:none}#gs_lnv ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word}#gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:39px}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv .gs_ind,#gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:4px}.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0}#gs_lnv .gs_hr{border-bottom:1px solid #efefef;margin:14px 4px 14px 0;}#gs_lnv a:link,#gs_lnv a:visited{color:#222}#gs_lnv a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_lnv a.gs_in_cb:active{color:#222}#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:link,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:visited,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:active,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:hover{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}#gs_lnv_pri li{line-height:0}#gs_lnv_pri a{display:block;padding:7px 0 6px 39px;line-height:16px;outline:none;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv_pri a:hover,#gs_lnv_pri a:focus{text-decoration:none;background:#eeeeee}#gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{border-left:5px solid #dd4b39;padding-left:34px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:23px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:11px}#gs_ccl{position:relative;*zoom:1;padding:0 8px;margin-left:212px;_height:400px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ccl{margin-left:152px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ccl{margin-left:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl{margin:0}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr{display:none}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl{margin-left:0;}#gsc_lnv_ui{text-align:center;margin-bottom:16px;}#gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:120px;_width:120px;height:auto;}.gs_el_me #gsc_lnv_ui img,.gs_el_sm #gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:100px;_width:100px;}.gsc_lnv_addl{text-align:right;padding:0 8px;color:#777777;}#gsc_ab_btns{position:absolute;top:14px;left:220px;height:29px;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_btns{left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_btns{left:140px;top:7px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns{left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns{left:auto;right:0;}#gsc_ab_btns button{vertical-align:top;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns button{margin-right:8px;}.gsc_btn_ddw{position:relative;vertical-align:top;display:inline-block;*display:inline;*zoom:1;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA{display:none}#gsc_ab_rt{position:absolute;top:14px;left:0;width:1082px;z-index:-1;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_rt{width:1024px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_rt{top:7px;width:936px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;max-width:828px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;display:none;}#gsc_ab_rti{float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rti,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rti{margin-right:8px;}#gsc_ccl{width:862px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ccl{width:794px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ccl{width:auto;max-width:794px;margin:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ccl{width:auto;}.gsc_art_mm{font-size:24px;line-height:16px;*line-height:24px;display:inline-block;margin:-10px 0 0 4px;position:relative;top:8px;}#gsc_btn_lbl-md,#gsc_btn_exp-md,#gsc_btn_more-md{top:29px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_btn_lbl-md,.gs_el_ph #gsc_btn_exp-md,.gs_el_ph #gsc_btn_more-md{top:0;}#gsc_btn_lbl-md ul,#gsc_btn_exp-md ul,#gsc_btn_more-md ul{*zoom:1;}#gsc_btn_lbl-md li,#gsc_btn_exp-md li,#gsc_btn_more-md li{*text-indent:-16px;*margin-right:-16px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_btn_lbl-bd,.gs_el_ph #gsc_btn_more-bd{margin-right:0;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_btn_lbl-md{left:auto;right:0;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_btn_lbl-md,#gsc_btn_more-md{left:auto;right:8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_btn_lbl-md{right:-72px;*right:8px;white-space:normal;width:220px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_btn_lbl-md li{width:160px;*text-indent:0;*margin:0 -16px;_margin-right:0;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_btn_edit,.gs_el_ph #gsc_btn_del,.gs_el_ph #gsc_btn_delf,.gs_el_ph #gsc_btn_trash,.gs_el_ph #gsc_btn_untrash,.gs_el_ph #gsc_btn_exp-bd,#gsc_btn_more_w{display:none;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_btn_more_w{display:inline-block;*display:inline;}#gsc_title_wrapper{font-size:16px;margin:16px 0;}#gsc_title{font-size:20px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_title{font-size:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_title{margin-bottom:-12px;}#gsc_title_gg{float:right;padding-left:8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_title_gg{float:none;text-align:right;padding:0;margin:-16px 0 4px 0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_title_ggi{display:inline;padding-left:12px;}.gsc_title_ggt{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;}.gsc_field,.gsc_value{padding:6px 0;}.gsc_field{float:left;width:100px;text-align:right;color:#777;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_field{float:none;width:auto;text-align:left;padding:4px 0 0 0;font-size:16px;color:black;}.gsc_value{margin-left:116px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_value{margin-left:0;padding:4px 0;}#gsc_descr{white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_descr,.gs_el_ph #gsc_descr{white-space:normal;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_descr br,.gs_el_ph #gsc_descr br{display:none;}.gsc_merged_snippet{margin-bottom:1em;}#gsc_graph{position:relative;width:462px;height:70px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_graph{margin-left:-8px;margin-right:-16px;}#gsc_graph_x{position:absolute;bottom:13px;left:0;width:100%;height:13px;border-top:1px solid #777;}.gsc_g_t{position:absolute;bottom:0;color:#777;font-size:11px;}#gsc_graph_bars{position:absolute;bottom:13px;right:0;width:100%;height:57px;}.gsc_g_a{position:absolute;bottom:13px;width:15px;background:#777;}.gsc_g_a:hover{background:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none;}.gsc_g_a:active{background:#d14836;}.gsc_g_al{position:absolute;bottom:15px;left:7px;color:#222;background:white;font-size:11px;min-width:11px;_width:11px;text-align:center;padding:1px;border:1px solid #777;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;}.gsc_g_a:hover .gsc_g_al{visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gsc_g_a{-webkit-transition:all .218s;-moz-transition:all .218s;-ms-transition:all .218s;-o-transition:all .218s;transition:all .218s;}.gsc_g_al{-webkit-transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;-moz-transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;-ms-transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;-o-transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gsc_g_a:hover,.gsc_g_a:hover .gsc_g_al{-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-ms-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}a.gsc_lbx:link,a.gsc_lbx:visited{white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;background-color:#e5e5e5;color:#777;padding:2px 6px;text-decoration:none;}a.gsc_lbx:hover{color:#e5e5e5;background-color:#777;}a.gsc_lbx:active{color:#d14836}</style>
11
+ <script>var gs_ie_ver=100;</script><!--[if IE 6]><script>gs_ie_ver=6;</script><![endif]--><!--[if IE 7]><script>gs_ie_ver=7;</script><![endif]--><!--[if IE 8]><script>gs_ie_ver=8;</script><![endif]--><script>function gs_id(i){return document.getElementById(i)}function gs_ch(e,t){return e?e.getElementsByTagName(t):[]}function gs_ech(e){return e.children||e.childNodes}function gs_atr(e,a){return e.getAttribute(a)}function gs_hatr(e,a){var n=e.getAttributeNode(a);return n&&n.specified}function gs_xatr(e,a,v){e.setAttribute(a,v)}function gs_uatr(e,a){e.removeAttribute(a)}function gs_catr(e,a,v){gs_hatr(e,a)&&gs_xatr(e,a,v)}function gs_ctai(e,v){gs_hatr(e,"tabindex")&&(e.tabIndex=v)}function gs_uas(s){return (navigator.userAgent||"").indexOf(s)>=0}var gs_is_tc=/[?&]tc=([01])/.exec(window.location.search||""),gs_is_ios=gs_uas("iPhone")||gs_uas("iPod")||gs_uas("iPad");if(gs_is_tc){gs_is_tc=parseInt(gs_is_tc[1]);}else if(window.matchMedia&&matchMedia("(pointer),(-moz-touch-enabled),(-moz-touch-enabled:0)").matches){gs_is_tc=matchMedia("(pointer:coarse),(-moz-touch-enabled)").matches;}else{gs_is_tc=gs_is_ios||gs_uas("Android")||gs_uas("Windows Phone")||gs_uas("BlackBerry")||(gs_uas("AppleWebKit")&&(gs_uas("Mobile")||gs_uas("Tablet")))||gs_uas("Opera Mini")||gs_uas("Opera Mobi")||gs_uas("IEMobile")||('ontouchstart' in window)||(navigator.msMaxTouchPoints||0)>0;}var gs_re_sp=/\s+/,gs_re_sel=/(?:^|\s)(\S*-)?gs_sel(-\S*)?(?!\S)/g,gs_re_par=/(?:^|\s)(\S*-)?gs_par(-\S*)?(?!\S)/g,gs_re_hvr=/(?:^|\s)(\S*-)?gs_hvr(-\S*)?(?!\S)/g,gs_re_fcs=/(?:^|\s)(\S*-)?gs_fcs(-\S*)?(?!\S)/g,gs_re_act=/(?:^|\s)(\S*-)?gs_act(-\S*)?(?!\S)/g,gs_re_dis=/(?:^|\s)(\S*-)?gs_dis(-\S*)?(?!\S)/g,gs_re_vis=/(?:^|\s)(\S*-)?gs_vis(-\S*)?(?!\S)/g,gs_re_bsp=/(?:^|\s)(\S*-)?gs_bsp(-\S*)?(?!\S)/g,gs_re_cb=/(?:^|\s)gs_in_cb(?!\S)/,gs_re_ra=/(?:^|\s)gs_in_ra(?!\S)/;function gs_xcls(e,c){var l=e.className.split(gs_re_sp),n=l.length,i;l.push(c);for(i=0;i<n;i++){l[i]&&l.push(l[i]+"-"+c)}gs_scls(e,l.join(" "));}function gs_ucls(e,r){gs_scls(e,e.className.replace(r,""))}function gs_scls(e,c){return e.className!=c&&(e.className=c,true)}function gs_usel(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_sel)}function gs_xsel(e){gs_usel(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_sel")}function gs_isel(e){(e.className.match(gs_re_sel)?gs_usel:gs_xsel)(e)}function gs_upar(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_par)}function gs_xpar(e){gs_upar(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_par")}function gs_uhvr(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_hvr)}function gs_xhvr(e){gs_uhvr(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_hvr");}function gs_ufcs(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_fcs)}function gs_xfcs(e){gs_ufcs(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_fcs")}function gs_uact(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_act)}function gs_xact(e){gs_uact(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_act")}function gs_udis(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_dis)}function gs_xdis(e){gs_udis(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_dis")}function gs_uvis(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_vis)}function gs_xvis(e){gs_uvis(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_vis")}function gs_ubsp(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_bsp)}function gs_xbsp(e){gs_ubsp(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_bsp")}var gs_gcs=window.getComputedStyle?function(e){return getComputedStyle(e,null)}:function(e){return e.currentStyle};var gs_ctd=function(){var s=document.documentElement.style,p,l=['OT','MozT','webkitT','t'],i=l.length;function f(s){return Math.max.apply(null,(s||"").split(",").map(parseFloat))||0;}do{p=l[--i]+'ransition'}while(i&&!(p in s));return i?function(e){var s=gs_gcs(e);return f(s[p+"Delay"])+f(s[p+"Duration"]);}:function(){return 0};}();function gs_vis(e,v,c){var s=e&&e.style,n="webkitTransitionEnd",h,f;if(s){gs_catr(e,"aria-hidden",v?"false":"true");if(v){s.display=v===2?"inline":"block";gs_ctd(e);gs_xvis(e);h=function(){e.removeEventListener(n,h,false);var t=pageYOffset+e.getBoundingClientRect().bottom,x=gs_id("gs_top");t>x.offsetHeight&&(x.style.minHeight=t+"px");};f=gs_ctd(e);"on"+n.toLowerCase() in window&&f&&e.addEventListener(n,h,false);c&&(f?setTimeout(c,1000*f):c());}else{gs_uvis(e);h=function(){s.display="none";var x=gs_id("gs_top").style;x.minHeight&&(x.minHeight="");c&&c();};f=gs_ctd(e);f?setTimeout(h,1000*f):h();}}}function gs_visi(i,v,c){gs_vis(gs_id(i),v,c)}function gs_sel_clk(p,t){var l=gs_ch(gs_id(p),"li"),i=l.length,c,x,s;while(i--){if((c=gs_ch(x=l[i],"a")).length){s=c[0]===t;(s?gs_xsel:gs_usel)(x);gs_catr(c[0],"aria-selected",s?"true":"false");}}return false;}function gs_efl(f){if(typeof f=="string"){var c=f.charAt(0),x=f.slice(1);if(c==="#")f=function(t){return t.id===x};else if(c===".")f=function(t){return (" "+t.className+" ").indexOf(" "+x+" ")>=0};else{c=f.toLowerCase();f=function(t){return t.nodeName.toLowerCase()===c};}}return f;}function gs_dfcn(d){return (d?"last":"first")+"Child"}function gs_dnsn(d){return (d?"previous":"next")+"Sibling"}var gs_trv=function(){function h(r,x,f,s,n,c){var t,p;while(x){if(x.nodeType===1){if(f(x)){if(c)return x;}else{for(p=x[s];p;p=p[n])if(t=h(p,p,f,s,n,1))return t;}}c=1;while(1){if(x===r)return;p=x.parentNode;if(x=x[n])break;x=p;}}}return function(r,x,f,d){return h(r,x,gs_efl(f),gs_dfcn(d),gs_dnsn(d))};}();function gs_bind(){var a=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments),f=a.shift();return function(){return f.apply(null,a.concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments)))};}var gs_evt_ie=[],gs_evt1=window.addEventListener?function(e,n,f){e.addEventListener(n,f,false);}:function(e,n,f){n="on"+n;e.attachEvent(n,f);gs_ie_ver<=6&&gs_evt_ie.push(function(){e.detachEvent(n,f)});};function gs_evt(e,n,f){if(typeof n==="string")gs_evt1(e,n,f);else for(var i=n.length;i--;)gs_evt1(e,n[i],f);}function gs_evt_all(l,n,f){for(var i=l.length;i--;){gs_evt(l[i],n,gs_bind(f,l[i]))}}function gs_evt_dlg(p,c,n,f){p!==c&&(c=gs_efl(c));gs_evt(p,n,p===c?function(e){f(p,e)}:function(e){var t=gs_evt_tgt(e);while(t){if(c(t))return f(t,e);if(t===p)return;t=t.parentNode;}});}function gs_evt_sms(v){var L=[],l=["mousedown","click"],i=l.length;function s(e){for(var l=L,n=l.length,i=0,x=e.clientX,y=e.clientY;i<n;i+=2){if(Math.abs(x-l[i])<10&&Math.abs(y-l[i+1])<10){gs_evt_ntr(e);break;}}}while(i--)document.addEventListener(l[i],s,true);gs_evt_sms=function(e){var l=e.changedTouches||[],h=l[0]||{};L.push(h.clientX,h.clientY);setTimeout(function(){L.splice(0,2)},2000);};gs_evt_sms(v);v=0;}function gs_evt_clk(e,f,w,k){return gs_evt_dlg_clk(e,e,function(t,e){f(e)},w,k);}function gs_evt_dlg_clk(p,c,f,w,k){k=","+(k||[13,32]).join(",")+",";return gs_evt_dlg_xclk(p,c,function(t,e){if(e.type=="keydown"){if(k.indexOf(","+e.keyCode+",")<0)return;gs_evt_ntr(e);}f(t,e);},w);}var gs_evt_cl=["touchstart","touchend","touchcancel","mousedown","keydown","keyup","click"];function gs_evt_xclk(e,f,w){return gs_evt_dlg_xclk(e,e,function(t,e){f(e)},w);}function gs_evt_dlg_xclk(p,c,f,w){var T,S=0,X=0,Y=0,O=0,V=0;function u(t,e){var n=e.type,h,l;if(t!==T){T=t;S=0;}if(!gs_evt_spk(e)){if(n==="mousedown"){if(w!==2)return S=0;S=1;}else if(n==="click"){if(S){gs_evt_ntr(e);return S=0;}}else if(n==="touchstart"&&w){if(e.timeStamp-V<200){gs_evt_ntr(e);return S=0;}if(w===2){S=0;}else{if((l=e.touches).length!==1)return S=-3;h=l[0];X=h.pageX;Y=h.pageY;O=pageYOffset;return S=3;}}else if(n==="touchcancel"){return S=0;}else if(n==="touchend"&&w){gs_evt_sms(e);V=e.timeStamp;if(w===2){gs_evt_ntr(e);return S=0;}if(S!==3||(l=e.changedTouches).length!==1||Math.abs(X-(h=l[0]).pageX)>10||Math.abs(Y-h.pageY)>10||Math.abs(O-pageYOffset)>1){return S=(e.touches.length?-4:0);}S=0;}else if(n==="keydown"){f(t,e);return;}else if(n==="keyup"){e.keyCode===32&&gs_evt_pdf(e);return;}else{return}gs_evt_ntr(e);f(t,e);}}gs_evt_dlg(p,c,w?gs_evt_cl:["click","keydown","keyup"],u);return u;}function gs_evt_inp(e,f){gs_evt(e,["input","keyup","cut","paste","change"],function(){setTimeout(f,0)});}function gs_evt_fcs(e,f){e.addEventListener("focus",f,true)}function gs_evt_blr(e,f){e.addEventListener("blur",f,true)}if("onfocusin" in document){gs_evt_fcs=function(e,f){gs_evt(e,"focusin",f)};gs_evt_blr=function(e,f){gs_evt(e,"focusout",f)};}function gs_evt_stp(e){e.cancelBubble=true;e.stopPropagation&&e.stopPropagation();return false;}function gs_evt_pdf(e){e.returnValue=false;e.preventDefault&&e.preventDefault();}function gs_evt_ntr(e){gs_evt_stp(e);gs_evt_pdf(e);}function gs_evt_tgt(e){var t=e.target||e.srcElement;t&&t.nodeType===3&&(t=t.parentNode);return t;}function gs_evt_spk(e){return e.ctrlKey||e.altKey||e.metaKey||e.shiftKey}function gs_tfcs(t){if(!gs_is_tc||(gs_uas("Windows")&&!gs_uas("IEMobile"))){t.focus();t.value=t.value;}}var gs_raf=window.requestAnimationFrame||window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame||window.mozRequestAnimationFrame||function(c){setTimeout(c,33)};var gs_evt_rdy=function(){var d=document,l=[],h=function(){var n=l.length,i=0;while(i<n)l[i++]();l=[];};gs_evt(d,"DOMContentLoaded",h);gs_evt(d,"readystatechange",function(){var s=d.readyState;(s=="complete"||(s=="interactive"&&gs_id("gs_rdy")))&&h();});gs_evt(window,"load",h);return function(f){l.push(f)};}();function gs_evt_raf(e,n){var l=[],t=0,h=function(){var x=l,n=x.length,i=0;while(i<n)x[i++]();t=0;};return function(f){l.length||gs_evt(e,n,function(){!t++&&gs_raf(h)});l.push(f);};}var gs_evt_wsc=gs_evt_raf(window,"scroll"),gs_evt_wre=gs_evt_raf(window,"resize");var gs_md_st=[],gs_md_lv={},gs_md_fc={},gs_md_if,gs_md_is=0;function gs_md_ifc(d,f){gs_md_fc[d]=f}function gs_md_sif(){gs_md_if=1;setTimeout(function(){gs_md_if=0},0);}function gs_md_plv(n){var l=gs_md_lv,x=0;while(n&&!x){x=l[n.id]||0;n=n.parentNode;}return x;}gs_evt(document,"click",function(e){var m=gs_md_st.length;if(m&&!gs_evt_spk(e)&&m>gs_md_plv(gs_evt_tgt(e))){(gs_md_st.pop())();gs_evt_pdf(e);}});gs_evt(document,"keydown",function(e){e.keyCode==27&&!gs_evt_spk(e)&&gs_md_st.length&&(gs_md_st.pop())();});gs_evt(document,"selectstart",function(e){gs_md_is&&gs_evt_pdf(e)});gs_evt_fcs(document,function(e){var l=gs_md_lv,m=gs_md_st.length,x,k,v,d;if(m&&!gs_md_if){x=gs_md_plv(gs_evt_tgt(e));while(x<m){v=0;for(k in l)l.hasOwnProperty(k)&&l[k]>v&&(v=l[d=k]);if(v=gs_md_fc[d]){gs_evt_stp(e);gs_id(v).focus();break;}else{(gs_md_st.pop())(1);--m;!gs_md_is++&&setTimeout(function(){gs_md_is=0},1000);}}}});function gs_md_cls(d,e){var x=gs_md_lv[d]||1e6;while(gs_md_st.length>=x)(gs_md_st.pop())();return gs_evt_stp(e);}function gs_md_opn(d,e,c,z){if(!gs_md_lv[d]){var n=gs_id(d),x=gs_md_plv(n),a=document.activeElement;while(gs_md_st.length>x)(gs_md_st.pop())();gs_visi(d,1);gs_md_st.push(function(u){gs_md_lv[d]=0;gs_visi(d,0,z);try{u||a.focus()}catch(_){}c&&c(u);});gs_md_lv[d]=gs_md_st.length;return gs_evt_stp(e);}}function gs_evt_md_mnu(d,b,f,a,w){var O,X;d=gs_id(d);b=gs_id(b);f=f?gs_efl(f):function(t){return (gs_hatr(t,"data-a")||t.nodeName==="A"&&t.href)&&t.offsetWidth;};a=a||function(t){var c=gs_atr(t,"data-a");c?eval(c):t.nodeName==="A"&&t.href&&(location=t.href);};function u(e){if(e.type=="keydown"){var k=e.keyCode;if(k==38||k==40){if(O){try{gs_trv(d,d,f,k==38).focus()}catch(_){}gs_evt_ntr(e);return;}}else if(k!=13&&k!=32){return;}gs_evt_pdf(e);}if(O){gs_md_cls(d.id,e);}else{gs_md_sif();O=1;gs_xsel(b);gs_md_opn(d.id,e,function(){O=0;gs_usel(b);try{gs_ufcs(X);X.blur()}catch(_){}});w&&w();}}function c(x,r){var p=x.parentNode,c=gs_ech(p),i=c.length,l="offsetLeft";if(p!==d){while(c[--i]!==x);p=p[gs_dnsn(r)]||p.parentNode[gs_dfcn(r)];c=gs_ech(p);if(i=Math.min(i+1,c.length)){p=c[i-1];if(p.nodeType==1&&f(p)&&p[l]!=x[l])return p;}}}function g(t,e){function m(x){if(x){gs_evt_ntr(e);x.focus();}}if(O){if(e.type=="keydown"){var k=e.keyCode;if(k==13||k==32){}else{if(k==38||k==40){m(gs_trv(d,t,f,k==38)||gs_trv(d,d,f,k==38));}else if(k==37||k==39){m(c(t,k==37));}return;}}gs_md_cls(d.id,e);gs_evt_pdf(e);gs_md_sif();a(t);}}gs_evt_xclk(b,u,2);gs_evt_fcs(d,function(e){var x=gs_evt_tgt(e);if(x&&f(x)){gs_ctai(x,0);gs_xfcs(x);X=x;}});gs_evt_blr(d,function(e){var x=gs_evt_tgt(e);if(x&&f(x)){gs_ctai(x,-1);gs_ufcs(x);X=0;}});gs_evt_dlg_xclk(d,f,g,1);return u;}function gs_evt_dlg_md_mnu(p,d,b,f,a,w){var r={};gs_evt_dlg(p,function(t){return d(t.id)},gs_evt_cl,function(t,e){var x=t.id;r[x]=r[x]||gs_evt_md_mnu(d(x),x,f,a,w)(e)||1;});}function gs_evt_md_sel(d,b,h,c,s,u){h=gs_id(h);c=gs_id(c);s=gs_id(s);return gs_evt_md_mnu(d,b,function(t){return gs_hatr(t,"data-v")},function(t){h.innerHTML=t.innerHTML;c.value=gs_atr(t,"data-v");if(t!==s){gs_usel(s);gs_uatr(s,"aria-selected");gs_xsel(s=t);gs_xatr(s,"aria-selected","true");}u&&u();},function(){s.focus()});}function gs_xhr(){if(window.XMLHttpRequest)return new XMLHttpRequest();var c=["Microsoft.XMLHTTP","MSXML2.XMLHTTP","MSXML2.XMLHTTP.3.0","MSXML2.XMLHTTP.6.0"],i=c.length;while(i--)try{return new ActiveXObject(c[i])}catch(e){}}function gs_ajax(u,d,c){var r=gs_xhr();r.onreadystatechange=function(){r.readyState==4&&c(r.status,r.responseText);};r.open(d?"POST":"GET",u,true);d&&r.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");d?r.send(d):r.send();}var gs_json_parse="JSON" in window?function(s){return JSON.parse(s)}:function(s){return eval("("+s+")")};function gs_btn_ssp(b,v){� var x=gs_id(b);� (v?gs_xbsp:gs_ubsp)(x);� x.disabled=!!v;}function gs_evt_frm_ajax(f,b,a){var Z=f.elements,H={},x,y,i=Z.length;while(i--){x=Z[i];y=x.nextSibling;if(y&&x.name&&x.type=="text")H[x.name]=y.innerHTML;}function s(e){var p=["json="],n,t,i=Z.length;while(i--){x=Z[i];n=encodeURIComponent(x.name||"");t=x.type;if(n&&!x.disabled&&((t!="checkbox"&&t!="radio")||x.checked)){p.push(n+"="+encodeURIComponent(x.value||""));}}b&&b();gs_ajax(f.action,p.join("&"),function(c,t){if(c!=200){a&&a(c);return}var p=gs_json_parse(t),l=p["L"],g,m;if(l){a&&a(c,p);location=l;return}g=p["E"];for(i in H){x=Z[i];m=g[i];y=x.nextSibling;gs_scls(x,"gs_in_txt"+(m?" gs_in_txte":""));gs_scls(y,"gs_in_txts "+(m?"gs_red":"gs_gray"));y.innerHTML=m||H[i];gs_vis(y,y.innerHTML?1:0);}a&&a(c,p);});e&&gs_evt_pdf(e);};gs_evt(f,"submit",s);return s;}var gs_lst,gs_xlst;if(window.localStorage){gs_lst=function(k){return localStorage[k]};gs_xlst=function(k,v){localStorage[k]=v};}else if(gs_ie_ver<8)!function(){var c;function l(){if(c)return c;c=document.createElement("div");c.style.display="none";c.style.behavior="url('#default#userdata')";document.body.appendChild(c);return c;}gs_lst=function(k){l().load("s");return gs_atr(l(),k)};gs_xlst=function(k,v){gs_xatr(l(),k,v);l().save("s")};}();var gs_evt_el=function(W,D,L){function p(){var r=D.documentElement,w=W.innerWidth||r.offsetWidth,h=W.innerHeight||r.offsetHeight,m="",n,i;if(w&&h){if(w<600)m="gs_el_sm gs_el_ph";else if(w<982)m="gs_el_sm gs_el_ta";else if(w<1060||h<590)m="gs_el_sm";else if(w<1252||h<640)m="gs_el_me";gs_is_tc&&gs_ie_ver>=8&&(m+=" gs_el_tc");gs_is_ios&&(m+=" gs_el_ios");if(gs_scls(r,m))for(n=L.length,i=0;i<n;)L[i++]();}}p();gs_evt_wre(p);gs_evt(W,["pageshow","load"],p);return function(f){f();L.push(f)};}(window,document,[]);gs_is_ios&&gs_uas("AppleWebKit")&&!gs_uas("CriOS")&&(gs_uas("OS 4_")||gs_uas("OS 5_"))&&(function(){var t=0,v=document.querySelector("meta[name=viewport]");v&&gs_evt(window,"devicemotion",function(e){var a=e.accelerationIncludingGravity,x=Math.abs(a.x),y=Math.abs(a.y),m=x>1&&x>1.3*y&&!(window.orientation%180);m!==t&&gs_xatr(v,'content','width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale='+(m?1:2));t=m;});})();function gs_is_cb(e){var n=e.className||"";return n.match(gs_re_cb)||n.match(gs_re_ra);}function gs_ssel(e){}(function(d){function c(){var v=l,i=v.length,k=p,e,x=gs_id("gs_top");if(x&&!r){gs_evt(x,"click",function(){});r=1;if(!s){clearInterval(t);t=null}}p=i;while(i-->k)gs_is_cb((e=v[i]).parentNode)&&gs_ssel(e);}var s=gs_ie_ver<=8,l=[],p=0,t=setInterval(c,200),r;gs_evt_rdy(function(){c();l=[];clearInterval(t)});if(!s&&gs_is_tc){s=/AppleWebKit\/([0-9]+)/.exec(navigator.userAgent||"");s=s&&parseInt(s[1])<535;}if(!s)return;l=gs_ch(d,"input");gs_ssel=function(e){var p=e.parentNode,l,i,r;(e.checked?gs_xsel:gs_usel)(p);if(p.className.match(gs_re_ra)){l=e.form.elements[e.name]||[];for(i=l.length;i--;)((r=l[i]).checked?gs_xsel:gs_usel)(r.parentNode);}};gs_evt(d,"click",function(e){var x=gs_evt_tgt(e),p=x.parentNode;gs_is_cb(p)&&x.nodeName==="INPUT"&&gs_ssel(x);});if(gs_ie_ver>7)return;function w(t){var n=t&&t.nodeName;while(n==="SPAN"||n==="B"||n==="I")n=(t=t.parentNode).nodeName;return t;}var A;function y(f,e){var t=w(e.srcElement),n=t&&t.nodeName,p;if(n==="INPUT"||n==="BUTTON"||n==="LABEL"){p=t.parentNode;f(gs_is_cb(p)?p:t);}}gs_evt(d,"mousedown",gs_bind(y,function(t){gs_xact(A=t)}));gs_evt(d,"mouseup",function(){A&&(gs_uact(A),A=0)});gs_evt(d,"focusin",gs_bind(y,gs_xfcs));gs_evt(d,"focusout",gs_bind(y,gs_ufcs));if(gs_ie_ver>6)return;gs_evt(window,"unload",function(){var l=gs_evt_ie,i=l.length;while(i--){(l[i])()}l.length=0;});gs_evt(window,"load",function(){try{document.execCommand("BackgroundImageCache",false,true)}catch(_){}});function h(t){var n=(t=w(t))&&t.nodeName,p;return n==="BUTTON"||n==="LI"?t:(n==="INPUT"||n==="LABEL")&&(gs_is_cb(p=t.parentNode)?p:t);}gs_evt(d,"mouseover",function(e){var f=h(e.fromElement),t=h(e.srcElement);t&&t!==f&&gs_xhvr(t);});gs_evt(d,"mouseout",function(e){var f=h(e.srcElement),t=h(e.toElement);f&&f!==t&&gs_uhvr(f);});function a(t){var n=(t=w(t))&&t.nodeName;return n==="BUTTON"&&t.type==="submit"&&t;}function k(f,b){var l=gs_ch(f,"button"),i=l.length,r=[],x;while(i--)(x=l[i]).type==="submit"&&r.push(x);if((i=r.length)>1){while(i--)(x=r[i])!==b&&(x.disabled=true);f.submit();}}gs_evt(d,"keydown",function(e){var v=e.srcElement,f,b;if(e.keyCode===13&&!gs_evt_spk(e)){for(f=v;f&&f.nodeName!=="FORM";f=f.parentNode);f&&((b=a(v))||v.nodeName==="INPUT"&&v.type==="text"?k(f,b):gs_evt_pdf(e));}});gs_evt(d,"click",function(e){var f,b;!gs_evt_spk(e)&&(b=a(e.srcElement))&&(f=b.form)&&k(f,b);});})(document);</script><script>
12
+ function gsc_go(u){location=u}function gsc_click(b){gs_id(b).click()}function gsc_label(a,i){var f=gs_id("gsc_eaf"),l,j;f.label_action.value=a;f.label_id.value=i;if(gs_ie_ver<7){l=gs_ch(f,"button");j=l.length;while(j--)l[j].type=="submit"&&(l[j].disabled=true);}f.submit();}function gsc_export(f){gsc_go("/citations?view_op\x3dexport_citations\x26hl\x3den\x26oe\x3dASCII\x26user\x3d6WjiSOwAAAAJ\x26citation_for_view\x3d6WjiSOwAAAAJ:qjMakFHDy7sC\x26s\x3d6WjiSOwAAAAJ:qjMakFHDy7sC&cit_fmt="+f)}</script>
13
+ </head>
14
+ <body>
15
+ <div id="gs_top">
16
+ <style>#gs_gb{position:relative;height:30px;background:#2d2d2d;z-index:950;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;}#gs_gb_lt,#gs_gb_rt,#gs_gb_lp{position:absolute;top:0;white-space:nowrap;}#gs_gb_lt{left:34px}.gs_el_me #gs_gb_lt{left:18px}.gs_el_sm #gs_gb_lt{left:6px}.gs_el_ph #gs_gb_lt{display:none}#gs_gb_lp{display:none}#gs_gb_lp:hover,#gs_gb_lp:focus,#gs_gb_lp:active{-webkit-filter:brightness(100%);}.gs_el_ph #gs_gb_lp{display:block;z-index:1;cursor:pointer;top:8px;left:8px;width:50px;height:17px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_tg_2012.png');_background:transparent;_filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_tg_2012.png');}#gs_gb_rt{right:36px}.gs_el_me #gs_gb_rt{right:18px}.gs_el_sm #gs_gb_rt{right:6px}.gs_el_ta #gs_gb_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_gb_rt{right:0}#gs_gb_lt a:link,#gs_gb_lt a:visited,#gs_gb_rt a:link,#gs_gb_rt a:visited{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;height:29px;line-height:27px;padding:2px 10px 0 10px;font-weight:bold;color:#bbb;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;}#gs_gb_rt a:link,#gs_gb_rt a:visited{padding:2px 8px 0 8px}#gs_gb_lt a:hover,#gs_gb_lt a:focus,#gs_gb_lt a:active,#gs_gb_rt a:hover,#gs_gb_rt a:focus,#gs_gb_rt a:active{color:white;outline:none;}#gs_gb_ac{top:30px;left:auto;right:6px;width:288px;white-space:normal;}#gs_gb_aw,#gs_gb_ap,.gs_gb_am,#gs_gb_ab{display:block;padding:10px 20px;word-wrap:break-word;}#gs_gb_aw{background:#fef9db;font-size:11px;}#gs_gb_ap,.gs_gb_am{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#gs_gb_aa:link,#gs_gb_aa:visited{float:right;margin-left:8px;color:#1a0dab;}#gs_gb_aa:active{color:#d14836}.gs_gb_am:link,.gs_gb_am:visited{color:#222;text-decoration:none;background:#fbfbfb;}.gs_gb_am:hover,.gs_gb_am:focus{background:#f1f1f1}.gs_gb_am:active{background:#eee}#gs_gb_ab{background:#fbfbfb;overflow:auto;*zoom:1;}#gs_gb_aab{float:left}#gs_gb_aso{float:right}</style>
17
+ <div id="gs_gb" role="navigation">
18
+ <div id="gs_gb_lt">
19
+ <a href="//www.google.com/webhp?hl=en&amp;">Web</a><a href="//www.google.com/imghp?hl=en&amp;">Images</a><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/options/">More&#8230;</a>
20
+ </div>
21
+ <a id="gs_gb_lp" aria-label="Web" href="//www.google.com/webhp?hl=en&amp;"></a><div id="gs_gb_rt"><a href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&amp;continue=http://scholar.google.com/citations%3Fview_op%3Dview_citation%26hl%3Den%26user%3D6WjiSOwAAAAJ%26citation_for_view%3D6WjiSOwAAAAJ:qjMakFHDy7sC">Sign in</a></div>
22
+ </div>
23
+ <div id="gs_hdr" role="banner">
24
+ <div id="gs_hdr_bg"></div>
25
+ <div id="gs_hdr_lt"><div class="gs_ico gs_ico_ggl"><a href="/schhp?hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII" aria-label="Scholar Home"></a></div></div>
26
+ </div>
27
+ <style>#gs_alrt_w{position:relative;z-index:1050;display:none;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .3s ease-out;-moz-transition:opacity .3s ease-out;-o-transition:opacity .3s ease-out;transition:opacity .3s ease-out;}#gs_alrt_w.gs_vis{opacity:1}#gs_alrt_p{position:absolute;top:-15px;right:0;width:100%;text-align:center;}#gs_alrt{display:inline-block;*display:inline;*zoom:1;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;padding:0 16px 6px 16px;}#gs_alrt_m,#gs_alrt_u{display:inline-block;padding-top:7px;}#gs_alrt_l:link,#gs_alrt_l:visited{margin-left:16px;padding:7px 0 6px 0;color:#222;text-decoration:underline;}#gs_alrt_l:hover{color:#1a0dab}#gs_alrt_l:active{color:#d14836}</style>
28
+ <div id="gs_alrt_w"><div id="gs_alrt_p">
29
+ <form><input type="hidden" id="gs_alrt_ss"></form>
30
+ <form action="" method="post" id="gs_alrt" class="gs_alrt">
31
+ <span id="gs_alrt_m"></span><span id="gs_alrt_h"></span><span id="gs_alrt_u" style="display:none"><a id="gs_alrt_l" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="gs_id('gs_alrt').submit();return false"></a></span>
32
+ </form>
33
+ </div></div>
34
+ <script>var gs_wa_h=0;function gs_wa_hf(){gs_wa_h++||gs_visi("gs_alrt_w",0);}function gs_wa_m(m,l,u,f) {var x,h,e;gs_id("gs_alrt_m").innerHTML=m;if(l&&u&&f){x=gs_id("gs_alrt_l");"innerText" in x?(x.innerText=l):(x.textContent=l);gs_id("gs_alrt").action=u;h=gs_id("gs_alrt_h");h.innerHTML="";for(i in f){e=document.createElement("input");e.name=i;e.type="hidden";e.value=f[i];h.appendChild(e);}gs_visi("gs_alrt_u",2);} else {gs_visi("gs_alrt_u",0);}gs_visi("gs_alrt_w",1);gs_wa_h=0;setTimeout(gs_wa_hf,60000);}gs_evt_rdy(function(){var s,w=gs_id("gs_alrt_w");gs_evt(window,"pagehide",gs_bind(gs_vis,w,0));gs_evt(document,"click",gs_wa_hf);});</script><div id="gs_ab" role="navigation">
35
+ <a id="gs_ab_na" href="/citations?hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;user=6WjiSOwAAAAJ"><span class="gs_ico"></span>Scholar</a><div id="gsc_ab_btns"><form method="post" action="/citations?hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;user=6WjiSOwAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=6WjiSOwAAAAJ:qjMakFHDy7sC&amp;view_op=view_citation">
36
+ <input type="hidden" name="xsrf" value="AMstHGQAAAAAVAS_GoL9oHKXmjtNQfldbsW-ATCqCINb"><input type="hidden" name="s" value="6WjiSOwAAAAJ:qjMakFHDy7sC"><input type="image" border="0" name="nosubmit" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" tabindex="-1" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:1px;height:1px"><button type="button" onclick="window.location='/citations?hl\x3den\x26oe\x3dASCII\x26user\x3d6WjiSOwAAAAJ'" aria-label="Back to profile" class="gs_btnBA gs_in_ib gs_btn_eml"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_bg"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ttp"><span class="gs_aro"></span><span class="gs_aru"></span><span class="gs_txt">Back to profile</span></span></span></button><div class="gsc_btn_ddw">
37
+ <button type="button" id="gsc_btn_exp-bd" aria-controls="gsc_btn_exp-md" aria-haspopup="true" class=" gs_in_se gs_btn_mnu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_bg"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Export</span><span class="gs_icm"></span></span></button><div id="gsc_btn_exp-md" class="gs_md_se" role="menu" aria-hidden="true"><ul>
38
+ <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" onclick="" data-a="gs_bind(gsc_export,0)()">BibTeX</li>
39
+ <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" onclick="" data-a="gs_bind(gsc_export,2)()">EndNote</li>
40
+ <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" onclick="" data-a="gs_bind(gsc_export,3)()">RefMan</li>
41
+ <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" onclick="" data-a="gs_bind(gsc_export,4)()">CSV</li>
42
+ </ul></div>
43
+ <script>gs_evt_md_mnu("gsc_btn_exp-md","gsc_btn_exp-bd");</script>
44
+ </div>
45
+ <div id="gsc_btn_more_w" class="gsc_btn_ddw"></div>
46
+ </form></div>
47
+ </div>
48
+ <div id="gs_bdy">
49
+ <div id="gs_lnv" role="navigation"><div id="gsc_lnv_ui">
50
+ <a href="/citations?user=6WjiSOwAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII"><img src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_150.jpg" alt="Soumya Ray"></a><div><a href="/citations?user=6WjiSOwAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII">Soumya Ray</a></div>
51
+ </div></div>
52
+ <div id="gs_ccl" role="main"><div id="gsc_ccl">
53
+ <div id="gsc_title_wrapper"><div id="gsc_title"><a class="gsc_title_link" href="http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/isre.2014.0525">The Central Role of Engagement in Online Communities</a></div></div>
54
+ <div id="gsc_table">
55
+ <div class="gs_scl">
56
+ <div class="gsc_field">Authors</div>
57
+ <div class="gsc_value">Soumya Ray, Sung S Kim, James G Morris</div>
58
+ </div>
59
+ <div class="gs_scl">
60
+ <div class="gsc_field">Publication date</div>
61
+ <div class="gsc_value">2014/7/1</div>
62
+ </div>
63
+ <div class="gs_scl">
64
+ <div class="gsc_field">Journal</div>
65
+ <div class="gsc_value">Information Systems Research</div>
66
+ </div>
67
+ <div class="gs_scl">
68
+ <div class="gsc_field">Publisher</div>
69
+ <div class="gsc_value">INFORMS</div>
70
+ </div>
71
+ <div class="gs_scl">
72
+ <div class="gsc_field">Description</div>
73
+ <div class="gsc_value" id="gsc_descr">Online communities are new social structures dependent on modern information technology, <br>and they face equally modern challenges. Although satisfied members regularly consume <br>content, it is considerably harder to coax them to contribute new content and help recruit <br>others because they face unprecedented social comparison and criticism. We propose that <br>engagement-a concept only abstractly alluded to in information systems research-is the key <br>to active participation in these unique sociotechnical environments. We constructed and <b> ...</b>
74
+ </div>
75
+ </div>
76
+ <div class="gs_scl">
77
+ <div class="gsc_field">Scholar articles</div>
78
+ <div class="gsc_value"><div class="gsc_merged_snippet">
79
+ <div><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;cluster=18260291687290566625&amp;btnI=1">The Central Role of Engagement in Online Communities</a></div>
80
+ <div>S Ray, SS Kim, JG Morris - Information Systems Research, 2014</div>
81
+ </div></div>
82
+ </div>
83
+ </div>
84
+ <div id="gs_ftr" role="contentinfo">
85
+ <div class="gs_gray" style="margin:2em 0 1em 0;font-style:italic">Dates and citation counts are estimated and are determined automatically by a computer program.</div>
86
+ <div>
87
+ <a href="/citations?hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII">My Citations</a><a href="/intl/en/scholar/citations.html">Help</a><a href="/intl/en/scholar/about.html">About Google Scholar</a><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/">Privacy &amp; Terms</a>
88
+ </div>
89
+ </div>
90
+ </div></div>
91
+ </div>
92
+ </div>
93
+ <div id="gs_rdy"></div>
94
+ </body>
95
+ </html>
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
1
1
  require './lib/gentle-scholar.rb'
2
2
  require 'nokogiri'
3
3
 
4
- SEC_RESULTS = GentleScholar::Publication.get_from_http('6WjiSOwAAAAJ:u5HHmVD_uO8C')
4
+ SEC_RESULTS = GentleScholar::Publication.extract_from_http('6WjiSOwAAAAJ:u5HHmVD_uO8C')
5
5
  UNPUB_PAPER = File.read('./spec/docs/unpub_doc.txt')
@@ -28,19 +28,25 @@ describe 'Publication', 'A single publication listing' do
28
28
  end
29
29
 
30
30
  it 'has some url for listing cites' do
31
- @sec_paper[:cites_url].must_match %r|http://.*|
31
+ @sec_paper[:cites_url].must_match %r{http://.*}
32
32
  end
33
33
 
34
- it 'has some url for citations chart' do
35
- @sec_paper[:chart_url].must_match %r|http://.*|
34
+ it 'should have citation trend information' do
35
+ @sec_paper[:trend].must_be_kind_of Hash
36
+ @sec_paper[:trend].size.must_be :>=, 4
37
+ @sec_paper[:trend].map do |k, v|
38
+ k.must_be_kind_of Symbol
39
+ v.must_be_kind_of Numeric
40
+ end
36
41
  end
37
42
 
38
43
  it 'has some url for the published article' do
39
- @sec_paper[:article_url].must_match %r|http://.*|
44
+ @sec_paper[:article_url].must_match %r{http://.*}
40
45
  end
41
46
 
42
47
  it 'has the right author(s) (as nested array)' do
43
- @sec_paper[:authors].must_equal [['Soumya', 'Ray'], ['Terence', 'Ow'], ['Sung', 'S', 'Kim']]
48
+ au_actual = [%w(Soumya Ray), %w(Terence Ow), %w(Sung S Kim)]
49
+ @sec_paper[:authors].must_equal au_actual
44
50
  end
45
51
 
46
52
  it 'has a publication date' do
@@ -70,20 +76,21 @@ describe 'Publication', 'A single publication listing' do
70
76
  it 'has some url for the main citations apage' do
71
77
  @sec_paper[:gscholar_url].must_match(/citations/)
72
78
  end
73
-
74
79
  end
75
80
 
76
81
  describe 'when it is an unpublished paper (missing attributes)' do
77
82
  before do
78
- doc = Nokogiri::HTML(UNPUB_PAPER)
83
+ doc = GentleScholar::Publication.text_to_document(UNPUB_PAPER)
79
84
  @unpub_paper = GentleScholar::Publication.extract_from_document(doc)
80
85
  end
81
86
 
82
87
  it 'has the right basic information' do
83
- @unpub_paper[:title].must_equal 'The Central Role of Engagement in Online Communities'
84
- @unpub_paper[:article_url].must_match(%r|http://.*|)
88
+ ti_actual = 'The Central Role of Engagement in Online Communities'
89
+ @unpub_paper[:title].must_equal ti_actual
90
+ @unpub_paper[:article_url].must_match(%r{http://.*})
85
91
  @unpub_paper[:gscholar_url].must_match(/citations/)
86
- @unpub_paper[:authors].must_equal [['Soumya', 'Ray'], ['Sung', 'S', 'Kim'], ['James', 'G', 'Morris']]
92
+ au_actual = [%w(Soumya Ray), %w(Sung S Kim), %w(James G Morris)]
93
+ @unpub_paper[:authors].must_equal au_actual
87
94
  @unpub_paper[:date].must_be_instance_of Date
88
95
  @unpub_paper[:journal].must_equal 'Information Systems Research'
89
96
  @unpub_paper[:publisher].must_equal 'INFORMS'
metadata CHANGED
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
1
1
  --- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
2
2
  name: gentle-scholar
3
3
  version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
4
- version: 2.0.2
4
+ version: 3.0.0
5
5
  platform: ruby
6
6
  authors:
7
7
  - Soumya Ray
8
8
  autorequire:
9
9
  bindir: bin
10
10
  cert_chain: []
11
- date: 2014-05-27 00:00:00.000000000 Z
11
+ date: 2014-09-04 00:00:00.000000000 Z
12
12
  dependencies:
13
13
  - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
14
14
  name: minitest
@@ -68,7 +68,8 @@ dependencies:
68
68
  version: 0.6.8
69
69
  description: Extract author/paper info from Google Scholar
70
70
  email: soumya.ray@gmail.com
71
- executables: []
71
+ executables:
72
+ - gentle
72
73
  extensions: []
73
74
  extra_rdoc_files: []
74
75
  files: