geminfo 0.1.0 → 0.1.1

data/path/gems/ffi-1.9.10-x86-mingw32/ext/ffi_c/libffi/doc/libffi.info

@@ -1,593 +0,0 @@
-This is ../libffi/doc/libffi.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13
-from ../libffi/doc/libffi.texi.
-
-This manual is for Libffi, a portable foreign-function interface
-library.
-
-   Copyright (C) 2008, 2010 Red Hat, Inc.
-
-     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
-     document under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
-     published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or
-     (at your option) any later version.  A copy of the license is
-     included in the section entitled "GNU General Public License".
-
-
-INFO-DIR-SECTION Development
-START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
-* libffi: (libffi).             Portable foreign-function interface library.
-END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
-
-
-File: libffi.info,  Node: Top,  Next: Introduction,  Up: (dir)
-
-libffi
-******
-
-This manual is for Libffi, a portable foreign-function interface
-library.
-
-   Copyright (C) 2008, 2010 Red Hat, Inc.
-
-     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
-     document under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
-     published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or
-     (at your option) any later version.  A copy of the license is
-     included in the section entitled "GNU General Public License".
-
-
-* Menu:
-
-* Introduction::                What is libffi?
-* Using libffi::                How to use libffi.
-* Missing Features::            Things libffi can't do.
-* Index::                       Index.
-
-
-File: libffi.info,  Node: Introduction,  Next: Using libffi,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top
-
-1 What is libffi?
-*****************
-
-Compilers for high level languages generate code that follow certain
-conventions.  These conventions are necessary, in part, for separate
-compilation to work.  One such convention is the "calling convention".
-The calling convention is a set of assumptions made by the compiler
-about where function arguments will be found on entry to a function.  A
-calling convention also specifies where the return value for a function
-is found.  The calling convention is also sometimes called the "ABI" or
-"Application Binary Interface".  
-
-   Some programs may not know at the time of compilation what arguments
-are to be passed to a function.  For instance, an interpreter may be
-told at run-time about the number and types of arguments used to call a
-given function.  `Libffi' can be used in such programs to provide a
-bridge from the interpreter program to compiled code.
-
-   The `libffi' library provides a portable, high level programming
-interface to various calling conventions.  This allows a programmer to
-call any function specified by a call interface description at run time.
-
-   FFI stands for Foreign Function Interface.  A foreign function
-interface is the popular name for the interface that allows code
-written in one language to call code written in another language.  The
-`libffi' library really only provides the lowest, machine dependent
-layer of a fully featured foreign function interface.  A layer must
-exist above `libffi' that handles type conversions for values passed
-between the two languages.  
-
-
-File: libffi.info,  Node: Using libffi,  Next: Missing Features,  Prev: Introduction,  Up: Top
-
-2 Using libffi
-**************
-
-* Menu:
-
-* The Basics::                  The basic libffi API.
-* Simple Example::              A simple example.
-* Types::                       libffi type descriptions.
-* Multiple ABIs::               Different passing styles on one platform.
-* The Closure API::             Writing a generic function.
-* Closure Example::             A closure example.
-
-
-File: libffi.info,  Node: The Basics,  Next: Simple Example,  Up: Using libffi
-
-2.1 The Basics
-==============
-
-`Libffi' assumes that you have a pointer to the function you wish to
-call and that you know the number and types of arguments to pass it, as
-well as the return type of the function.
-
-   The first thing you must do is create an `ffi_cif' object that
-matches the signature of the function you wish to call.  This is a
-separate step because it is common to make multiple calls using a
-single `ffi_cif'.  The "cif" in `ffi_cif' stands for Call InterFace.
-To prepare a call interface object, use the function `ffi_prep_cif'.  
-
- -- Function: ffi_status ffi_prep_cif (ffi_cif *CIF, ffi_abi ABI,
-          unsigned int NARGS, ffi_type *RTYPE, ffi_type **ARGTYPES)
-     This initializes CIF according to the given parameters.
-
-     ABI is the ABI to use; normally `FFI_DEFAULT_ABI' is what you
-     want.  *note Multiple ABIs:: for more information.
-
-     NARGS is the number of arguments that this function accepts.
-     `libffi' does not yet handle varargs functions; see *note Missing
-     Features:: for more information.
-
-     RTYPE is a pointer to an `ffi_type' structure that describes the
-     return type of the function.  *Note Types::.
-
-     ARGTYPES is a vector of `ffi_type' pointers.  ARGTYPES must have
-     NARGS elements.  If NARGS is 0, this argument is ignored.
-
-     `ffi_prep_cif' returns a `libffi' status code, of type
-     `ffi_status'.  This will be either `FFI_OK' if everything worked
-     properly; `FFI_BAD_TYPEDEF' if one of the `ffi_type' objects is
-     incorrect; or `FFI_BAD_ABI' if the ABI parameter is invalid.
-
-   To call a function using an initialized `ffi_cif', use the
-`ffi_call' function:
-
- -- Function: void ffi_call (ffi_cif *CIF, void *FN, void *RVALUE, void
-          **AVALUES)
-     This calls the function FN according to the description given in
-     CIF.  CIF must have already been prepared using `ffi_prep_cif'.
-
-     RVALUE is a pointer to a chunk of memory that will hold the result
-     of the function call.  This must be large enough to hold the
-     result and must be suitably aligned; it is the caller's
-     responsibility to ensure this.  If CIF declares that the function
-     returns `void' (using `ffi_type_void'), then RVALUE is ignored.
-     If RVALUE is `NULL', then the return value is discarded.
-
-     AVALUES is a vector of `void *' pointers that point to the memory
-     locations holding the argument values for a call.  If CIF declares
-     that the function has no arguments (i.e., NARGS was 0), then
-     AVALUES is ignored.  Note that argument values may be modified by
-     the callee (for instance, structs passed by value); the burden of
-     copying pass-by-value arguments is placed on the caller.
-
-
-File: libffi.info,  Node: Simple Example,  Next: Types,  Prev: The Basics,  Up: Using libffi
-
-2.2 Simple Example
-==================
-
-Here is a trivial example that calls `puts' a few times.
-
-     #include <stdio.h>
-     #include <ffi.h>
-
-     int main()
-     {
-       ffi_cif cif;
-       ffi_type *args[1];
-       void *values[1];
-       char *s;
-       int rc;
-
-       /* Initialize the argument info vectors */
-       args[0] = &ffi_type_pointer;
-       values[0] = &s;
-
-       /* Initialize the cif */
-       if (ffi_prep_cif(&cif, FFI_DEFAULT_ABI, 1,
-     		       &ffi_type_uint, args) == FFI_OK)
-         {
-           s = "Hello World!";
-           ffi_call(&cif, puts, &rc, values);
-           /* rc now holds the result of the call to puts */
-
-           /* values holds a pointer to the function's arg, so to
-              call puts() again all we need to do is change the
-              value of s */
-           s = "This is cool!";
-           ffi_call(&cif, puts, &rc, values);
-         }
-
-       return 0;
-     }
-
-
-File: libffi.info,  Node: Types,  Next: Multiple ABIs,  Prev: Simple Example,  Up: Using libffi
-
-2.3 Types
-=========
-
-* Menu:
-
-* Primitive Types::             Built-in types.
-* Structures::                  Structure types.
-* Type Example::                Structure type example.
-
-
-File: libffi.info,  Node: Primitive Types,  Next: Structures,  Up: Types
-
-2.3.1 Primitive Types
----------------------
-
-`Libffi' provides a number of built-in type descriptors that can be
-used to describe argument and return types:
-
-`ffi_type_void'
-     The type `void'.  This cannot be used for argument types, only for
-     return values.
-
-`ffi_type_uint8'
-     An unsigned, 8-bit integer type.
-
-`ffi_type_sint8'
-     A signed, 8-bit integer type.
-
-`ffi_type_uint16'
-     An unsigned, 16-bit integer type.
-
-`ffi_type_sint16'
-     A signed, 16-bit integer type.
-
-`ffi_type_uint32'
-     An unsigned, 32-bit integer type.
-
-`ffi_type_sint32'
-     A signed, 32-bit integer type.
-
-`ffi_type_uint64'
-     An unsigned, 64-bit integer type.
-
-`ffi_type_sint64'
-     A signed, 64-bit integer type.
-
-`ffi_type_float'
-     The C `float' type.
-
-`ffi_type_double'
-     The C `double' type.
-
-`ffi_type_uchar'
-     The C `unsigned char' type.
-
-`ffi_type_schar'
-     The C `signed char' type.  (Note that there is not an exact
-     equivalent to the C `char' type in `libffi'; ordinarily you should
-     either use `ffi_type_schar' or `ffi_type_uchar' depending on
-     whether `char' is signed.)
-
-`ffi_type_ushort'
-     The C `unsigned short' type.
-
-`ffi_type_sshort'
-     The C `short' type.
-
-`ffi_type_uint'
-     The C `unsigned int' type.
-
-`ffi_type_sint'
-     The C `int' type.
-
-`ffi_type_ulong'
-     The C `unsigned long' type.
-
-`ffi_type_slong'
-     The C `long' type.
-
-`ffi_type_longdouble'
-     On platforms that have a C `long double' type, this is defined.
-     On other platforms, it is not.
-
-`ffi_type_pointer'
-     A generic `void *' pointer.  You should use this for all pointers,
-     regardless of their real type.
-
-   Each of these is of type `ffi_type', so you must take the address
-when passing to `ffi_prep_cif'.
-
-
-File: libffi.info,  Node: Structures,  Next: Type Example,  Prev: Primitive Types,  Up: Types
-
-2.3.2 Structures
-----------------
-
-Although `libffi' has no special support for unions or bit-fields, it
-is perfectly happy passing structures back and forth.  You must first
-describe the structure to `libffi' by creating a new `ffi_type' object
-for it.
-
- -- ffi_type:
-     The `ffi_type' has the following members:
-    `size_t size'
-          This is set by `libffi'; you should initialize it to zero.
-
-    `unsigned short alignment'
-          This is set by `libffi'; you should initialize it to zero.
-
-    `unsigned short type'
-          For a structure, this should be set to `FFI_TYPE_STRUCT'.
-
-    `ffi_type **elements'
-          This is a `NULL'-terminated array of pointers to `ffi_type'
-          objects.  There is one element per field of the struct.
-
-
-File: libffi.info,  Node: Type Example,  Prev: Structures,  Up: Types
-
-2.3.3 Type Example
-------------------
-
-The following example initializes a `ffi_type' object representing the
-`tm' struct from Linux's `time.h'.
-
-   Here is how the struct is defined:
-
-     struct tm {
-         int tm_sec;
-         int tm_min;
-         int tm_hour;
-         int tm_mday;
-         int tm_mon;
-         int tm_year;
-         int tm_wday;
-         int tm_yday;
-         int tm_isdst;
-         /* Those are for future use. */
-         long int __tm_gmtoff__;
-         __const char *__tm_zone__;
-     };
-
-   Here is the corresponding code to describe this struct to `libffi':
-
-         {
-           ffi_type tm_type;
-           ffi_type *tm_type_elements[12];
-           int i;
-
-           tm_type.size = tm_type.alignment = 0;
-           tm_type.elements = &tm_type_elements;
-
-           for (i = 0; i < 9; i++)
-               tm_type_elements[i] = &ffi_type_sint;
-
-           tm_type_elements[9] = &ffi_type_slong;
-           tm_type_elements[10] = &ffi_type_pointer;
-           tm_type_elements[11] = NULL;
-
-           /* tm_type can now be used to represent tm argument types and
-     	 return types for ffi_prep_cif() */
-         }
-
-
-File: libffi.info,  Node: Multiple ABIs,  Next: The Closure API,  Prev: Types,  Up: Using libffi
-
-2.4 Multiple ABIs
-=================
-
-A given platform may provide multiple different ABIs at once.  For
-instance, the x86 platform has both `stdcall' and `fastcall' functions.
-
-   `libffi' provides some support for this.  However, this is
-necessarily platform-specific.
-
-
-File: libffi.info,  Node: The Closure API,  Next: Closure Example,  Prev: Multiple ABIs,  Up: Using libffi
-
-2.5 The Closure API
-===================
-
-`libffi' also provides a way to write a generic function - a function
-that can accept and decode any combination of arguments.  This can be
-useful when writing an interpreter, or to provide wrappers for
-arbitrary functions.
-
-   This facility is called the "closure API".  Closures are not
-supported on all platforms; you can check the `FFI_CLOSURES' define to
-determine whether they are supported on the current platform.  
-
-   Because closures work by assembling a tiny function at runtime, they
-require special allocation on platforms that have a non-executable
-heap.  Memory management for closures is handled by a pair of functions:
-
- -- Function: void *ffi_closure_alloc (size_t SIZE, void **CODE)
-     Allocate a chunk of memory holding SIZE bytes.  This returns a
-     pointer to the writable address, and sets *CODE to the
-     corresponding executable address.
-
-     SIZE should be sufficient to hold a `ffi_closure' object.
-
- -- Function: void ffi_closure_free (void *WRITABLE)
-     Free memory allocated using `ffi_closure_alloc'.  The argument is
-     the writable address that was returned.
-
-   Once you have allocated the memory for a closure, you must construct
-a `ffi_cif' describing the function call.  Finally you can prepare the
-closure function:
-
- -- Function: ffi_status ffi_prep_closure_loc (ffi_closure *CLOSURE,
-          ffi_cif *CIF, void (*FUN) (ffi_cif *CIF, void *RET, void
-          **ARGS, void *USER_DATA), void *USER_DATA, void *CODELOC)
-     Prepare a closure function.
-
-     CLOSURE is the address of a `ffi_closure' object; this is the
-     writable address returned by `ffi_closure_alloc'.
-
-     CIF is the `ffi_cif' describing the function parameters.
-
-     USER_DATA is an arbitrary datum that is passed, uninterpreted, to
-     your closure function.
-
-     CODELOC is the executable address returned by `ffi_closure_alloc'.
-
-     FUN is the function which will be called when the closure is
-     invoked.  It is called with the arguments:
-    CIF
-          The `ffi_cif' passed to `ffi_prep_closure_loc'.
-
-    RET
-          A pointer to the memory used for the function's return value.
-          FUN must fill this, unless the function is declared as
-          returning `void'.
-
-    ARGS
-          A vector of pointers to memory holding the arguments to the
-          function.
-
-    USER_DATA
-          The same USER_DATA that was passed to `ffi_prep_closure_loc'.
-
-     `ffi_prep_closure_loc' will return `FFI_OK' if everything went ok,
-     and something else on error.
-
-     After calling `ffi_prep_closure_loc', you can cast CODELOC to the
-     appropriate pointer-to-function type.
-
-   You may see old code referring to `ffi_prep_closure'.  This function
-is deprecated, as it cannot handle the need for separate writable and
-executable addresses.
-
-
-File: libffi.info,  Node: Closure Example,  Prev: The Closure API,  Up: Using libffi
-
-2.6 Closure Example
-===================
-
-A trivial example that creates a new `puts' by binding `fputs' with
-`stdin'.
-
-     #include <stdio.h>
-     #include <ffi.h>
-
-     /* Acts like puts with the file given at time of enclosure. */
-     void puts_binding(ffi_cif *cif, unsigned int *ret, void* args[],
-                       FILE *stream)
-     {
-       *ret = fputs(*(char **)args[0], stream);
-     }
-
-     int main()
-     {
-       ffi_cif cif;
-       ffi_type *args[1];
-       ffi_closure *closure;
-
-       int (*bound_puts)(char *);
-       int rc;
-
-       /* Allocate closure and bound_puts */
-       closure = ffi_closure_alloc(sizeof(ffi_closure), &bound_puts);
-
-       if (closure)
-         {
-           /* Initialize the argument info vectors */
-           args[0] = &ffi_type_pointer;
-
-           /* Initialize the cif */
-           if (ffi_prep_cif(&cif, FFI_DEFAULT_ABI, 1,
-                            &ffi_type_uint, args) == FFI_OK)
-             {
-               /* Initialize the closure, setting stream to stdout */
-               if (ffi_prep_closure_loc(closure, &cif, puts_binding,
-                                        stdout, bound_puts) == FFI_OK)
-                 {
-                   rc = bound_puts("Hello World!");
-                   /* rc now holds the result of the call to fputs */
-                 }
-             }
-         }
-
-       /* Deallocate both closure, and bound_puts */
-       ffi_closure_free(closure);
-
-       return 0;
-     }
-
-
-File: libffi.info,  Node: Missing Features,  Next: Index,  Prev: Using libffi,  Up: Top
-
-3 Missing Features
-******************
-
-`libffi' is missing a few features.  We welcome patches to add support
-for these.
-
-   * There is no support for calling varargs functions.  This may work
-     on some platforms, depending on how the ABI is defined, but it is
-     not reliable.
-
-   * There is no support for bit fields in structures.
-
-   * The closure API is
-
-   * The "raw" API is undocumented.
-
-
-File: libffi.info,  Node: Index,  Prev: Missing Features,  Up: Top
-
-Index
-*****
-
-[index]
-* Menu:
-
-* :                                      Structures.           (line 12)
-* ABI:                                   Introduction.         (line 13)
-* Application Binary Interface:          Introduction.         (line 13)
-* calling convention:                    Introduction.         (line 13)
-* cif:                                   The Basics.           (line 14)
-* closure API:                           The Closure API.      (line 13)
-* closures:                              The Closure API.      (line 13)
-* FFI:                                   Introduction.         (line 31)
-* ffi_call:                              The Basics.           (line 41)
-* ffi_closure_alloc:                     The Closure API.      (line 19)
-* ffi_closure_free:                      The Closure API.      (line 26)
-* FFI_CLOSURES:                          The Closure API.      (line 13)
-* ffi_prep_cif:                          The Basics.           (line 16)
-* ffi_prep_closure_loc:                  The Closure API.      (line 34)
-* ffi_status <1>:                        The Closure API.      (line 37)
-* ffi_status:                            The Basics.           (line 18)
-* ffi_type:                              Structures.           (line 11)
-* ffi_type_double:                       Primitive Types.      (line 41)
-* ffi_type_float:                        Primitive Types.      (line 38)
-* ffi_type_longdouble:                   Primitive Types.      (line 71)
-* ffi_type_pointer:                      Primitive Types.      (line 75)
-* ffi_type_schar:                        Primitive Types.      (line 47)
-* ffi_type_sint:                         Primitive Types.      (line 62)
-* ffi_type_sint16:                       Primitive Types.      (line 23)
-* ffi_type_sint32:                       Primitive Types.      (line 29)
-* ffi_type_sint64:                       Primitive Types.      (line 35)
-* ffi_type_sint8:                        Primitive Types.      (line 17)
-* ffi_type_slong:                        Primitive Types.      (line 68)
-* ffi_type_sshort:                       Primitive Types.      (line 56)
-* ffi_type_uchar:                        Primitive Types.      (line 44)
-* ffi_type_uint:                         Primitive Types.      (line 59)
-* ffi_type_uint16:                       Primitive Types.      (line 20)
-* ffi_type_uint32:                       Primitive Types.      (line 26)
-* ffi_type_uint64:                       Primitive Types.      (line 32)
-* ffi_type_uint8:                        Primitive Types.      (line 14)
-* ffi_type_ulong:                        Primitive Types.      (line 65)
-* ffi_type_ushort:                       Primitive Types.      (line 53)
-* ffi_type_void:                         Primitive Types.      (line 10)
-* Foreign Function Interface:            Introduction.         (line 31)
-* void <1>:                              The Closure API.      (line 20)
-* void:                                  The Basics.           (line 43)
-
-
-
-Tag Table:
-Node: Top706
-Node: Introduction1448
-Node: Using libffi3084
-Node: The Basics3570
-Node: Simple Example6356
-Node: Types7383
-Node: Primitive Types7666
-Node: Structures9486
-Node: Type Example10346
-Node: Multiple ABIs11569
-Node: The Closure API11940
-Node: Closure Example14884
-Node: Missing Features16443
-Node: Index16936
-
-End Tag Table