gameboard 2.0.1 → 3.0.0

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.3.0/gems/rspec-expectations-3.5.0/lib/rspec/expectations/minitest_integration.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+require 'rspec/expectations'
+
+Minitest::Test.class_eval do
+  include ::RSpec::Matchers
+
+  # This `expect` will only be called if the user is using Minitest < 5.6
+  # or if they are _not_ using Minitest::Spec on 5.6+. Minitest::Spec on 5.6+
+  # defines its own `expect` and will have the assertions incremented via our
+  # definitions of `to`/`not_to`/`to_not` below.
+  def expect(*a, &b)
+    self.assertions += 1
+    super
+  end
+
+  # Convert a `MultipleExpectationsNotMetError` to a `Minitest::Assertion` error so
+  # it gets counted in minitest's summary stats as a failure rather than an error.
+  # It would be nice to make `MultipleExpectationsNotMetError` subclass
+  # `Minitest::Assertion`, but Minitest's implementation does not treat subclasses
+  # the same, so this is the best we can do.
+  def aggregate_failures(*args, &block)
+    super
+  rescue RSpec::Expectations::MultipleExpectationsNotMetError => e
+    assertion_failed = Minitest::Assertion.new(e.message)
+    assertion_failed.set_backtrace e.backtrace
+    raise assertion_failed
+  end
+end
+
+# Older versions of Minitest (e.g. before 5.6) do not define
+# `Minitest::Expectation`.
+if defined?(::Minitest::Expectation)
+  Minitest::Expectation.class_eval do
+    include RSpec::Expectations::ExpectationTarget::InstanceMethods
+
+    def to(*args)
+      ctx.assertions += 1
+      super
+    end
+
+    def not_to(*args)
+      ctx.assertions += 1
+      super
+    end
+
+    def to_not(*args)
+      ctx.assertions += 1
+      super
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+module RSpec
+  module Expectations
+    remove_const :ExpectationNotMetError
+    # Exception raised when an expectation fails.
+    ExpectationNotMetError = ::Minitest::Assertion
+  end
+end

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.3.0/gems/rspec-expectations-3.5.0/lib/rspec/expectations/syntax.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+module RSpec
+  module Expectations
+    # @api private
+    # Provides methods for enabling and disabling the available
+    # syntaxes provided by rspec-expectations.
+    module Syntax
+      module_function
+
+      # @api private
+      # Determines where we add `should` and `should_not`.
+      def default_should_host
+        @default_should_host ||= ::Object.ancestors.last
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      # Instructs rspec-expectations to warn on first usage of `should` or `should_not`.
+      # Enabled by default. This is largely here to facilitate testing.
+      def warn_about_should!
+        @warn_about_should = true
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      # Generates a deprecation warning for the given method if no warning
+      # has already been issued.
+      def warn_about_should_unless_configured(method_name)
+        return unless @warn_about_should
+
+        RSpec.deprecate(
+          "Using `#{method_name}` from rspec-expectations' old `:should` syntax without explicitly enabling the syntax",
+          :replacement => "the new `:expect` syntax or explicitly enable `:should` with `config.expect_with(:rspec) { |c| c.syntax = :should }`"
+        )
+
+        @warn_about_should = false
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      # Enables the `should` syntax.
+      def enable_should(syntax_host=default_should_host)
+        @warn_about_should = false if syntax_host == default_should_host
+        return if should_enabled?(syntax_host)
+
+        syntax_host.module_exec do
+          def should(matcher=nil, message=nil, &block)
+            ::RSpec::Expectations::Syntax.warn_about_should_unless_configured(::Kernel.__method__)
+            ::RSpec::Expectations::PositiveExpectationHandler.handle_matcher(self, matcher, message, &block)
+          end
+
+          def should_not(matcher=nil, message=nil, &block)
+            ::RSpec::Expectations::Syntax.warn_about_should_unless_configured(::Kernel.__method__)
+            ::RSpec::Expectations::NegativeExpectationHandler.handle_matcher(self, matcher, message, &block)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      # Disables the `should` syntax.
+      def disable_should(syntax_host=default_should_host)
+        return unless should_enabled?(syntax_host)
+
+        syntax_host.module_exec do
+          undef should
+          undef should_not
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      # Enables the `expect` syntax.
+      def enable_expect(syntax_host=::RSpec::Matchers)
+        return if expect_enabled?(syntax_host)
+
+        syntax_host.module_exec do
+          def expect(value=::RSpec::Expectations::ExpectationTarget::UndefinedValue, &block)
+            ::RSpec::Expectations::ExpectationTarget.for(value, block)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      # Disables the `expect` syntax.
+      def disable_expect(syntax_host=::RSpec::Matchers)
+        return unless expect_enabled?(syntax_host)
+
+        syntax_host.module_exec do
+          undef expect
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      # Indicates whether or not the `should` syntax is enabled.
+      def should_enabled?(syntax_host=default_should_host)
+        syntax_host.method_defined?(:should)
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      # Indicates whether or not the `expect` syntax is enabled.
+      def expect_enabled?(syntax_host=::RSpec::Matchers)
+        syntax_host.method_defined?(:expect)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+if defined?(BasicObject)
+  # The legacy `:should` syntax adds the following methods directly to
+  # `BasicObject` so that they are available off of any object. Note, however,
+  # that this syntax does not always play nice with delegate/proxy objects.
+  # We recommend you use the non-monkeypatching `:expect` syntax instead.
+  class BasicObject
+    # @method should
+    # Passes if `matcher` returns true.  Available on every `Object`.
+    # @example
+    #   actual.should eq expected
+    #   actual.should match /expression/
+    # @param [Matcher]
+    #   matcher
+    # @param [String] message optional message to display when the expectation fails
+    # @return [Boolean] true if the expectation succeeds (else raises)
+    # @note This is only available when you have enabled the `:should` syntax.
+    # @see RSpec::Matchers
+
+    # @method should_not
+    # Passes if `matcher` returns false.  Available on every `Object`.
+    # @example
+    #   actual.should_not eq expected
+    # @param [Matcher]
+    #   matcher
+    # @param [String] message optional message to display when the expectation fails
+    # @return [Boolean] false if the negative expectation succeeds (else raises)
+    # @note This is only available when you have enabled the `:should` syntax.
+    # @see RSpec::Matchers
+  end
+end

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.3.0/gems/rspec-expectations-3.5.0/lib/rspec/expectations/version.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+module RSpec
+  module Expectations
+    # @private
+    module Version
+      STRING = '3.5.0'
+    end
+  end
+end

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.3.0/gems/rspec-expectations-3.5.0/lib/rspec/matchers.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1038 @@
+require 'rspec/support'
+RSpec::Support.require_rspec_support 'matcher_definition'
+RSpec::Support.define_optimized_require_for_rspec(:matchers) { |f| require_relative(f) }
+
+%w[
+  english_phrasing
+  composable
+  built_in
+  generated_descriptions
+  dsl
+  matcher_delegator
+  aliased_matcher
+  expecteds_for_multiple_diffs
+].each { |file| RSpec::Support.require_rspec_matchers(file) }
+
+# RSpec's top level namespace. All of rspec-expectations is contained
+# in the `RSpec::Expectations` and `RSpec::Matchers` namespaces.
+module RSpec
+  # RSpec::Matchers provides a number of useful matchers we use to define
+  # expectations. Any object that implements the [matcher protocol](Matchers/MatcherProtocol)
+  # can be used as a matcher.
+  #
+  # ## Predicates
+  #
+  # In addition to matchers that are defined explicitly, RSpec will create
+  # custom matchers on the fly for any arbitrary predicate, giving your specs a
+  # much more natural language feel.
+  #
+  # A Ruby predicate is a method that ends with a "?" and returns true or false.
+  # Common examples are `empty?`, `nil?`, and `instance_of?`.
+  #
+  # All you need to do is write `expect(..).to be_` followed by the predicate
+  # without the question mark, and RSpec will figure it out from there.
+  # For example:
+  #
+  #     expect([]).to be_empty     # => [].empty?() | passes
+  #     expect([]).not_to be_empty # => [].empty?() | fails
+  #
+  # In addtion to prefixing the predicate matchers with "be_", you can also use "be_a_"
+  # and "be_an_", making your specs read much more naturally:
+  #
+  #     expect("a string").to be_an_instance_of(String) # =>"a string".instance_of?(String) # passes
+  #
+  #     expect(3).to be_a_kind_of(Fixnum)        # => 3.kind_of?(Numeric)     | passes
+  #     expect(3).to be_a_kind_of(Numeric)       # => 3.kind_of?(Numeric)     | passes
+  #     expect(3).to be_an_instance_of(Fixnum)   # => 3.instance_of?(Fixnum)  | passes
+  #     expect(3).not_to be_an_instance_of(Numeric) # => 3.instance_of?(Numeric) | fails
+  #
+  # RSpec will also create custom matchers for predicates like `has_key?`. To
+  # use this feature, just state that the object should have_key(:key) and RSpec will
+  # call has_key?(:key) on the target. For example:
+  #
+  #     expect(:a => "A").to have_key(:a)
+  #     expect(:a => "A").to have_key(:b) # fails
+  #
+  # You can use this feature to invoke any predicate that begins with "has_", whether it is
+  # part of the Ruby libraries (like `Hash#has_key?`) or a method you wrote on your own class.
+  #
+  # Note that RSpec does not provide composable aliases for these dynamic predicate
+  # matchers. You can easily define your own aliases, though:
+  #
+  #     RSpec::Matchers.alias_matcher :a_user_who_is_an_admin, :be_an_admin
+  #     expect(user_list).to include(a_user_who_is_an_admin)
+  #
+  # ## Custom Matchers
+  #
+  # When you find that none of the stock matchers provide a natural feeling
+  # expectation, you can very easily write your own using RSpec's matcher DSL
+  # or writing one from scratch.
+  #
+  # ### Matcher DSL
+  #
+  # Imagine that you are writing a game in which players can be in various
+  # zones on a virtual board. To specify that bob should be in zone 4, you
+  # could say:
+  #
+  #     expect(bob.current_zone).to eql(Zone.new("4"))
+  #
+  # But you might find it more expressive to say:
+  #
+  #     expect(bob).to be_in_zone("4")
+  #
+  # and/or
+  #
+  #     expect(bob).not_to be_in_zone("3")
+  #
+  # You can create such a matcher like so:
+  #
+  #     RSpec::Matchers.define :be_in_zone do |zone|
+  #       match do |player|
+  #         player.in_zone?(zone)
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #
+  # This will generate a <tt>be_in_zone</tt> method that returns a matcher
+  # with logical default messages for failures. You can override the failure
+  # messages and the generated description as follows:
+  #
+  #     RSpec::Matchers.define :be_in_zone do |zone|
+  #       match do |player|
+  #         player.in_zone?(zone)
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       failure_message do |player|
+  #         # generate and return the appropriate string.
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       failure_message_when_negated do |player|
+  #         # generate and return the appropriate string.
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       description do
+  #         # generate and return the appropriate string.
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #
+  # Each of the message-generation methods has access to the block arguments
+  # passed to the <tt>create</tt> method (in this case, <tt>zone</tt>). The
+  # failure message methods (<tt>failure_message</tt> and
+  # <tt>failure_message_when_negated</tt>) are passed the actual value (the
+  # receiver of <tt>expect(..)</tt> or <tt>expect(..).not_to</tt>).
+  #
+  # ### Custom Matcher from scratch
+  #
+  # You could also write a custom matcher from scratch, as follows:
+  #
+  #     class BeInZone
+  #       def initialize(expected)
+  #         @expected = expected
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       def matches?(target)
+  #         @target = target
+  #         @target.current_zone.eql?(Zone.new(@expected))
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       def failure_message
+  #         "expected #{@target.inspect} to be in Zone #{@expected}"
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       def failure_message_when_negated
+  #         "expected #{@target.inspect} not to be in Zone #{@expected}"
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #
+  # ... and a method like this:
+  #
+  #     def be_in_zone(expected)
+  #       BeInZone.new(expected)
+  #     end
+  #
+  # And then expose the method to your specs. This is normally done
+  # by including the method and the class in a module, which is then
+  # included in your spec:
+  #
+  #     module CustomGameMatchers
+  #       class BeInZone
+  #         # ...
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       def be_in_zone(expected)
+  #         # ...
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     describe "Player behaviour" do
+  #       include CustomGameMatchers
+  #       # ...
+  #     end
+  #
+  # or you can include in globally in a spec_helper.rb file <tt>require</tt>d
+  # from your spec file(s):
+  #
+  #     RSpec::configure do |config|
+  #       config.include(CustomGameMatchers)
+  #     end
+  #
+  # ### Making custom matchers composable
+  #
+  # RSpec's built-in matchers are designed to be composed, in expressions like:
+  #
+  #     expect(["barn", 2.45]).to contain_exactly(
+  #       a_value_within(0.1).of(2.5),
+  #       a_string_starting_with("bar")
+  #     )
+  #
+  # Custom matchers can easily participate in composed matcher expressions like these.
+  # Include {RSpec::Matchers::Composable} in your custom matcher to make it support
+  # being composed (matchers defined using the DSL have this included automatically).
+  # Within your matcher's `matches?` method (or the `match` block, if using the DSL),
+  # use `values_match?(expected, actual)` rather than `expected == actual`.
+  # Under the covers, `values_match?` is able to match arbitrary
+  # nested data structures containing a mix of both matchers and non-matcher objects.
+  # It uses `===` and `==` to perform the matching, considering the values to
+  # match if either returns `true`. The `Composable` mixin also provides some helper
+  # methods for surfacing the matcher descriptions within your matcher's description
+  # or failure messages.
+  #
+  # RSpec's built-in matchers each have a number of aliases that rephrase the matcher
+  # from a verb phrase (such as `be_within`) to a noun phrase (such as `a_value_within`),
+  # which reads better when the matcher is passed as an argument in a composed matcher
+  # expressions, and also uses the noun-phrase wording in the matcher's `description`,
+  # for readable failure messages. You can alias your custom matchers in similar fashion
+  # using {RSpec::Matchers.alias_matcher}.
+  module Matchers
+    # @method expect
+    # Supports `expect(actual).to matcher` syntax by wrapping `actual` in an
+    # `ExpectationTarget`.
+    # @example
+    #   expect(actual).to eq(expected)
+    #   expect(actual).not_to eq(expected)
+    # @return [ExpectationTarget]
+    # @see ExpectationTarget#to
+    # @see ExpectationTarget#not_to
+
+    # Defines a matcher alias. The returned matcher's `description` will be overriden
+    # to reflect the phrasing of the new name, which will be used in failure messages
+    # when passed as an argument to another matcher in a composed matcher expression.
+    #
+    # @param new_name [Symbol] the new name for the matcher
+    # @param old_name [Symbol] the original name for the matcher
+    # @param options  [Hash] options for the aliased matcher
+    # @option options [Class] :klass the ruby class to use as the decorator. (Not normally used).
+    # @yield [String] optional block that, when given, is used to define the overriden
+    #   logic. The yielded arg is the original description or failure message. If no
+    #   block is provided, a default override is used based on the old and new names.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   RSpec::Matchers.alias_matcher :a_list_that_sums_to, :sum_to
+    #   sum_to(3).description # => "sum to 3"
+    #   a_list_that_sums_to(3).description # => "a list that sums to 3"
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   RSpec::Matchers.alias_matcher :a_list_sorted_by, :be_sorted_by do |description|
+    #     description.sub("be sorted by", "a list sorted by")
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   be_sorted_by(:age).description # => "be sorted by age"
+    #   a_list_sorted_by(:age).description # => "a list sorted by age"
+    #
+    # @!macro [attach] alias_matcher
+    #   @!parse
+    #     alias $1 $2
+    def self.alias_matcher(new_name, old_name, options={}, &description_override)
+      description_override ||= lambda do |old_desc|
+        old_desc.gsub(EnglishPhrasing.split_words(old_name), EnglishPhrasing.split_words(new_name))
+      end
+      klass = options.fetch(:klass) { AliasedMatcher }
+
+      define_method(new_name) do |*args, &block|
+        matcher = __send__(old_name, *args, &block)
+        klass.new(matcher, description_override)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Defines a negated matcher. The returned matcher's `description` and `failure_message`
+    # will be overriden to reflect the phrasing of the new name, and the match logic will
+    # be based on the original matcher but negated.
+    #
+    # @param negated_name [Symbol] the name for the negated matcher
+    # @param base_name [Symbol] the name of the original matcher that will be negated
+    # @yield [String] optional block that, when given, is used to define the overriden
+    #   logic. The yielded arg is the original description or failure message. If no
+    #   block is provided, a default override is used based on the old and new names.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   RSpec::Matchers.define_negated_matcher :exclude, :include
+    #   include(1, 2).description # => "include 1 and 2"
+    #   exclude(1, 2).description # => "exclude 1 and 2"
+    #
+    # @note While the most obvious negated form may be to add a `not_` prefix,
+    #   the failure messages you get with that form can be confusing (e.g.
+    #   "expected [actual] to not [verb], but did not"). We've found it works
+    #   best to find a more positive name for the negated form, such as
+    #   `avoid_changing` rather than `not_change`.
+    def self.define_negated_matcher(negated_name, base_name, &description_override)
+      alias_matcher(negated_name, base_name, :klass => AliasedNegatedMatcher, &description_override)
+    end
+
+    # Allows multiple expectations in the provided block to fail, and then
+    # aggregates them into a single exception, rather than aborting on the
+    # first expectation failure like normal. This allows you to see all
+    # failures from an entire set of expectations without splitting each
+    # off into its own example (which may slow things down if the example
+    # setup is expensive).
+    #
+    # @param label [String] label for this aggregation block, which will be
+    #   included in the aggregated exception message.
+    # @param metadata [Hash] additional metadata about this failure aggregation
+    #   block. If multiple expectations fail, it will be exposed from the
+    #   {Expectations::MultipleExpectationsNotMetError} exception. Mostly
+    #   intended for internal RSpec use but you can use it as well.
+    # @yield Block containing as many expectation as you want. The block is
+    #   simply yielded to, so you can trust that anything that works outside
+    #   the block should work within it.
+    # @raise [Expectations::MultipleExpectationsNotMetError] raised when
+    #   multiple expectations fail.
+    # @raise [Expectations::ExpectationNotMetError] raised when a single
+    #   expectation fails.
+    # @raise [Exception] other sorts of exceptions will be raised as normal.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   aggregate_failures("verifying response") do
+    #     expect(response.status).to eq(200)
+    #     expect(response.headers).to include("Content-Type" => "text/plain")
+    #     expect(response.body).to include("Success")
+    #   end
+    #
+    # @note The implementation of this feature uses a thread-local variable,
+    #   which means that if you have an expectation failure in another thread,
+    #   it'll abort like normal.
+    def aggregate_failures(label=nil, metadata={}, &block)
+      Expectations::FailureAggregator.new(label, metadata).aggregate(&block)
+    end
+
+    # Passes if actual is truthy (anything but false or nil)
+    def be_truthy
+      BuiltIn::BeTruthy.new
+    end
+    alias_matcher :a_truthy_value, :be_truthy
+
+    # Passes if actual is falsey (false or nil)
+    def be_falsey
+      BuiltIn::BeFalsey.new
+    end
+    alias_matcher :be_falsy,       :be_falsey
+    alias_matcher :a_falsey_value, :be_falsey
+    alias_matcher :a_falsy_value,  :be_falsey
+
+    # Passes if actual is nil
+    def be_nil
+      BuiltIn::BeNil.new
+    end
+    alias_matcher :a_nil_value, :be_nil
+
+    # @example
+    #   expect(actual).to     be_truthy
+    #   expect(actual).to     be_falsey
+    #   expect(actual).to     be_nil
+    #   expect(actual).to     be_[arbitrary_predicate](*args)
+    #   expect(actual).not_to be_nil
+    #   expect(actual).not_to be_[arbitrary_predicate](*args)
+    #
+    # Given true, false, or nil, will pass if actual value is true, false or
+    # nil (respectively). Given no args means the caller should satisfy an if
+    # condition (to be or not to be).
+    #
+    # Predicates are any Ruby method that ends in a "?" and returns true or
+    # false.  Given be_ followed by arbitrary_predicate (without the "?"),
+    # RSpec will match convert that into a query against the target object.
+    #
+    # The arbitrary_predicate feature will handle any predicate prefixed with
+    # "be_an_" (e.g. be_an_instance_of), "be_a_" (e.g. be_a_kind_of) or "be_"
+    # (e.g. be_empty), letting you choose the prefix that best suits the
+    # predicate.
+    def be(*args)
+      args.empty? ? Matchers::BuiltIn::Be.new : equal(*args)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :a_value, :be, :klass => AliasedMatcherWithOperatorSupport
+
+    # passes if target.kind_of?(klass)
+    def be_a(klass)
+      be_a_kind_of(klass)
+    end
+    alias_method :be_an, :be_a
+
+    # Passes if actual.instance_of?(expected)
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect(5).to     be_an_instance_of(Fixnum)
+    #   expect(5).not_to be_an_instance_of(Numeric)
+    #   expect(5).not_to be_an_instance_of(Float)
+    def be_an_instance_of(expected)
+      BuiltIn::BeAnInstanceOf.new(expected)
+    end
+    alias_method :be_instance_of, :be_an_instance_of
+    alias_matcher :an_instance_of, :be_an_instance_of
+
+    # Passes if actual.kind_of?(expected)
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect(5).to     be_a_kind_of(Fixnum)
+    #   expect(5).to     be_a_kind_of(Numeric)
+    #   expect(5).not_to be_a_kind_of(Float)
+    def be_a_kind_of(expected)
+      BuiltIn::BeAKindOf.new(expected)
+    end
+    alias_method :be_kind_of, :be_a_kind_of
+    alias_matcher :a_kind_of,  :be_a_kind_of
+
+    # Passes if actual.between?(min, max). Works with any Comparable object,
+    # including String, Symbol, Time, or Numeric (Fixnum, Bignum, Integer,
+    # Float, Complex, and Rational).
+    #
+    # By default, `be_between` is inclusive (i.e. passes when given either the max or min value),
+    # but you can make it `exclusive` by chaining that off the matcher.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect(5).to      be_between(1, 10)
+    #   expect(11).not_to be_between(1, 10)
+    #   expect(10).not_to be_between(1, 10).exclusive
+    def be_between(min, max)
+      BuiltIn::BeBetween.new(min, max)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :a_value_between, :be_between
+
+    # Passes if actual == expected +/- delta
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect(result).to     be_within(0.5).of(3.0)
+    #   expect(result).not_to be_within(0.5).of(3.0)
+    def be_within(delta)
+      BuiltIn::BeWithin.new(delta)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :a_value_within, :be_within
+    alias_matcher :within,         :be_within
+
+    # Applied to a proc, specifies that its execution will cause some value to
+    # change.
+    #
+    # @param [Object] receiver
+    # @param [Symbol] message the message to send the receiver
+    #
+    # You can either pass <tt>receiver</tt> and <tt>message</tt>, or a block,
+    # but not both.
+    #
+    # When passing a block, it must use the `{ ... }` format, not
+    # do/end, as `{ ... }` binds to the `change` method, whereas do/end
+    # would errantly bind to the `expect(..).to` or `expect(...).not_to` method.
+    #
+    # You can chain any of the following off of the end to specify details
+    # about the change:
+    #
+    # * `from`
+    # * `to`
+    #
+    # or any one of:
+    #
+    # * `by`
+    # * `by_at_least`
+    # * `by_at_most`
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect {
+    #     team.add_player(player)
+    #   }.to change(roster, :count)
+    #
+    #   expect {
+    #     team.add_player(player)
+    #   }.to change(roster, :count).by(1)
+    #
+    #   expect {
+    #     team.add_player(player)
+    #   }.to change(roster, :count).by_at_least(1)
+    #
+    #   expect {
+    #     team.add_player(player)
+    #   }.to change(roster, :count).by_at_most(1)
+    #
+    #   string = "string"
+    #   expect {
+    #     string.reverse!
+    #   }.to change { string }.from("string").to("gnirts")
+    #
+    #   string = "string"
+    #   expect {
+    #     string
+    #   }.not_to change { string }.from("string")
+    #
+    #   expect {
+    #     person.happy_birthday
+    #   }.to change(person, :birthday).from(32).to(33)
+    #
+    #   expect {
+    #     employee.develop_great_new_social_networking_app
+    #   }.to change(employee, :title).from("Mail Clerk").to("CEO")
+    #
+    #   expect {
+    #     doctor.leave_office
+    #   }.to change(doctor, :sign).from(/is in/).to(/is out/)
+    #
+    #   user = User.new(:type => "admin")
+    #   expect {
+    #     user.symbolize_type
+    #   }.to change(user, :type).from(String).to(Symbol)
+    #
+    # == Notes
+    #
+    # Evaluates `receiver.message` or `block` before and after it
+    # evaluates the block passed to `expect`.
+    #
+    # `expect( ... ).not_to change` supports the form that specifies `from`
+    # (which specifies what you expect the starting, unchanged value to be)
+    # but does not support forms with subsequent calls to `by`, `by_at_least`,
+    # `by_at_most` or `to`.
+    def change(receiver=nil, message=nil, &block)
+      BuiltIn::Change.new(receiver, message, &block)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :a_block_changing,  :change
+    alias_matcher :changing,          :change
+
+    # Passes if actual contains all of the expected regardless of order.
+    # This works for collections. Pass in multiple args and it will only
+    # pass if all args are found in collection.
+    #
+    # @note This is also available using the `=~` operator with `should`,
+    #       but `=~` is not supported with `expect`.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect([1, 2, 3]).to contain_exactly(1, 2, 3)
+    #   expect([1, 2, 3]).to contain_exactly(1, 3, 2)
+    #
+    # @see #match_array
+    def contain_exactly(*items)
+      BuiltIn::ContainExactly.new(items)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :a_collection_containing_exactly, :contain_exactly
+    alias_matcher :containing_exactly,              :contain_exactly
+
+    # Passes if actual covers expected. This works for
+    # Ranges. You can also pass in multiple args
+    # and it will only pass if all args are found in Range.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect(1..10).to     cover(5)
+    #   expect(1..10).to     cover(4, 6)
+    #   expect(1..10).to     cover(4, 6, 11) # fails
+    #   expect(1..10).not_to cover(11)
+    #   expect(1..10).not_to cover(5)        # fails
+    #
+    # ### Warning:: Ruby >= 1.9 only
+    def cover(*values)
+      BuiltIn::Cover.new(*values)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :a_range_covering, :cover
+    alias_matcher :covering,         :cover
+
+    # Matches if the actual value ends with the expected value(s). In the case
+    # of a string, matches against the last `expected.length` characters of the
+    # actual string. In the case of an array, matches against the last
+    # `expected.length` elements of the actual array.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect("this string").to   end_with "string"
+    #   expect([0, 1, 2, 3, 4]).to end_with 4
+    #   expect([0, 2, 3, 4, 4]).to end_with 3, 4
+    def end_with(*expected)
+      BuiltIn::EndWith.new(*expected)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :a_collection_ending_with, :end_with
+    alias_matcher :a_string_ending_with,     :end_with
+    alias_matcher :ending_with,              :end_with
+
+    # Passes if <tt>actual == expected</tt>.
+    #
+    # See http://www.ruby-doc.org/core/classes/Object.html#M001057 for more
+    # information about equality in Ruby.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect(5).to     eq(5)
+    #   expect(5).not_to eq(3)
+    def eq(expected)
+      BuiltIn::Eq.new(expected)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :an_object_eq_to, :eq
+    alias_matcher :eq_to,           :eq
+
+    # Passes if `actual.eql?(expected)`
+    #
+    # See http://www.ruby-doc.org/core/classes/Object.html#M001057 for more
+    # information about equality in Ruby.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect(5).to     eql(5)
+    #   expect(5).not_to eql(3)
+    def eql(expected)
+      BuiltIn::Eql.new(expected)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :an_object_eql_to, :eql
+    alias_matcher :eql_to,           :eql
+
+    # Passes if <tt>actual.equal?(expected)</tt> (object identity).
+    #
+    # See http://www.ruby-doc.org/core/classes/Object.html#M001057 for more
+    # information about equality in Ruby.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect(5).to       equal(5)   # Fixnums are equal
+    #   expect("5").not_to equal("5") # Strings that look the same are not the same object
+    def equal(expected)
+      BuiltIn::Equal.new(expected)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :an_object_equal_to, :equal
+    alias_matcher :equal_to,           :equal
+
+    # Passes if `actual.exist?` or `actual.exists?`
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect(File).to exist("path/to/file")
+    def exist(*args)
+      BuiltIn::Exist.new(*args)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :an_object_existing, :exist
+    alias_matcher :existing,           :exist
+
+    # Passes if actual's attribute values match the expected attributes hash.
+    # This works no matter how you define your attribute readers.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   Person = Struct.new(:name, :age)
+    #   person = Person.new("Bob", 32)
+    #
+    #   expect(person).to have_attributes(:name => "Bob", :age => 32)
+    #   expect(person).to have_attributes(:name => a_string_starting_with("B"), :age => (a_value > 30) )
+    #
+    # @note It will fail if actual doesn't respond to any of the expected attributes.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect(person).to have_attributes(:color => "red")
+    def have_attributes(expected)
+      BuiltIn::HaveAttributes.new(expected)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :an_object_having_attributes, :have_attributes
+    alias_matcher :having_attributes,           :have_attributes
+
+    # Passes if actual includes expected. This works for
+    # collections and Strings. You can also pass in multiple args
+    # and it will only pass if all args are found in collection.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect([1,2,3]).to      include(3)
+    #   expect([1,2,3]).to      include(2,3)
+    #   expect([1,2,3]).to      include(2,3,4) # fails
+    #   expect([1,2,3]).not_to  include(4)
+    #   expect("spread").to     include("read")
+    #   expect("spread").not_to include("red")
+    #   expect(:a => 1, :b => 2).to include(:a)
+    #   expect(:a => 1, :b => 2).to include(:a, :b)
+    #   expect(:a => 1, :b => 2).to include(:a => 1)
+    #   expect(:a => 1, :b => 2).to include(:b => 2, :a => 1)
+    #   expect(:a => 1, :b => 2).to include(:c) # fails
+    #   expect(:a => 1, :b => 2).not_to include(:a => 2)
+    def include(*expected)
+      BuiltIn::Include.new(*expected)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :a_collection_including, :include
+    alias_matcher :a_string_including,     :include
+    alias_matcher :a_hash_including,       :include
+    alias_matcher :including,              :include
+
+    # Passes if the provided matcher passes when checked against all
+    # elements of the collection.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect([1, 3, 5]).to all be_odd
+    #   expect([1, 3, 6]).to all be_odd # fails
+    #
+    # @note The negative form `not_to all` is not supported. Instead
+    #   use `not_to include` or pass a negative form of a matcher
+    #   as the argument (e.g. `all exclude(:foo)`).
+    #
+    # @note You can also use this with compound matchers as well.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect([1, 3, 5]).to all( be_odd.and be_an(Integer) )
+    def all(expected)
+      BuiltIn::All.new(expected)
+    end
+
+    # Given a `Regexp` or `String`, passes if `actual.match(pattern)`
+    # Given an arbitrary nested data structure (e.g. arrays and hashes),
+    # matches if `expected === actual` || `actual == expected` for each
+    # pair of elements.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect(email).to match(/^([^\s]+)((?:[-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z]{2,})$/i)
+    #   expect(email).to match("@example.com")
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   hash = {
+    #     :a => {
+    #       :b => ["foo", 5],
+    #       :c => { :d => 2.05 }
+    #     }
+    #   }
+    #
+    #   expect(hash).to match(
+    #     :a => {
+    #       :b => a_collection_containing_exactly(
+    #         a_string_starting_with("f"),
+    #         an_instance_of(Fixnum)
+    #       ),
+    #       :c => { :d => (a_value < 3) }
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #
+    # @note The `match_regex` alias is deprecated and is not recommended for use.
+    #       It was added in 2.12.1 to facilitate its use from within custom
+    #       matchers (due to how the custom matcher DSL was evaluated in 2.x,
+    #       `match` could not be used there), but is no longer needed in 3.x.
+    def match(expected)
+      BuiltIn::Match.new(expected)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :match_regex,        :match
+    alias_matcher :an_object_matching, :match
+    alias_matcher :a_string_matching,  :match
+    alias_matcher :matching,           :match
+
+    # An alternate form of `contain_exactly` that accepts
+    # the expected contents as a single array arg rather
+    # that splatted out as individual items.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect(results).to contain_exactly(1, 2)
+    #   # is identical to:
+    #   expect(results).to match_array([1, 2])
+    #
+    # @see #contain_exactly
+    def match_array(items)
+      contain_exactly(*items)
+    end
+
+    # With no arg, passes if the block outputs `to_stdout` or `to_stderr`.
+    # With a string, passes if the block outputs that specific string `to_stdout` or `to_stderr`.
+    # With a regexp or matcher, passes if the block outputs a string `to_stdout` or `to_stderr` that matches.
+    #
+    # To capture output from any spawned subprocess as well, use `to_stdout_from_any_process` or
+    # `to_stderr_from_any_process`. Output from any process that inherits the main process's corresponding
+    # standard stream will be captured.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect { print 'foo' }.to output.to_stdout
+    #   expect { print 'foo' }.to output('foo').to_stdout
+    #   expect { print 'foo' }.to output(/foo/).to_stdout
+    #
+    #   expect { do_something }.to_not output.to_stdout
+    #
+    #   expect { warn('foo') }.to output.to_stderr
+    #   expect { warn('foo') }.to output('foo').to_stderr
+    #   expect { warn('foo') }.to output(/foo/).to_stderr
+    #
+    #   expect { do_something }.to_not output.to_stderr
+    #
+    #   expect { system('echo foo') }.to output("foo\n").to_stdout_from_any_process
+    #   expect { system('echo foo', out: :err) }.to output("foo\n").to_stderr_from_any_process
+    #
+    # @note `to_stdout` and `to_stderr` work by temporarily replacing `$stdout` or `$stderr`,
+    #   so they're not able to intercept stream output that explicitly uses `STDOUT`/`STDERR`
+    #   or that uses a reference to `$stdout`/`$stderr` that was stored before the
+    #   matcher was used.
+    # @note `to_stdout_from_any_process` and `to_stderr_from_any_process` use Tempfiles, and
+    #   are thus significantly (~30x) slower than `to_stdout` and `to_stderr`.
+    def output(expected=nil)
+      BuiltIn::Output.new(expected)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :a_block_outputting, :output
+
+    # With no args, matches if any error is raised.
+    # With a named error, matches only if that specific error is raised.
+    # With a named error and messsage specified as a String, matches only if both match.
+    # With a named error and messsage specified as a Regexp, matches only if both match.
+    # Pass an optional block to perform extra verifications on the exception matched
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect { do_something_risky }.to raise_error
+    #   expect { do_something_risky }.to raise_error(PoorRiskDecisionError)
+    #   expect { do_something_risky }.to raise_error(PoorRiskDecisionError) { |error| expect(error.data).to eq 42 }
+    #   expect { do_something_risky }.to raise_error(PoorRiskDecisionError, "that was too risky")
+    #   expect { do_something_risky }.to raise_error(PoorRiskDecisionError, /oo ri/)
+    #
+    #   expect { do_something_risky }.not_to raise_error
+    def raise_error(error=nil, message=nil, &block)
+      BuiltIn::RaiseError.new(error, message, &block)
+    end
+    alias_method :raise_exception,  :raise_error
+
+    alias_matcher :a_block_raising,  :raise_error do |desc|
+      desc.sub("raise", "a block raising")
+    end
+
+    alias_matcher :raising,        :raise_error do |desc|
+      desc.sub("raise", "raising")
+    end
+
+    # Matches if the target object responds to all of the names
+    # provided. Names can be Strings or Symbols.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect("string").to respond_to(:length)
+    #
+    def respond_to(*names)
+      BuiltIn::RespondTo.new(*names)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :an_object_responding_to, :respond_to
+    alias_matcher :responding_to,           :respond_to
+
+    # Passes if the submitted block returns true. Yields target to the
+    # block.
+    #
+    # Generally speaking, this should be thought of as a last resort when
+    # you can't find any other way to specify the behaviour you wish to
+    # specify.
+    #
+    # If you do find yourself in such a situation, you could always write
+    # a custom matcher, which would likely make your specs more expressive.
+    #
+    # @param description [String] optional description to be used for this matcher.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect(5).to satisfy { |n| n > 3 }
+    #   expect(5).to satisfy("be greater than 3") { |n| n > 3 }
+    def satisfy(description="satisfy block", &block)
+      BuiltIn::Satisfy.new(description, &block)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :an_object_satisfying, :satisfy
+    alias_matcher :satisfying,           :satisfy
+
+    # Matches if the actual value starts with the expected value(s). In the
+    # case of a string, matches against the first `expected.length` characters
+    # of the actual string. In the case of an array, matches against the first
+    # `expected.length` elements of the actual array.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect("this string").to   start_with "this s"
+    #   expect([0, 1, 2, 3, 4]).to start_with 0
+    #   expect([0, 2, 3, 4, 4]).to start_with 0, 1
+    def start_with(*expected)
+      BuiltIn::StartWith.new(*expected)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :a_collection_starting_with, :start_with
+    alias_matcher :a_string_starting_with,     :start_with
+    alias_matcher :starting_with,              :start_with
+
+    # Given no argument, matches if a proc throws any Symbol.
+    #
+    # Given a Symbol, matches if the given proc throws the specified Symbol.
+    #
+    # Given a Symbol and an arg, matches if the given proc throws the
+    # specified Symbol with the specified arg.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect { do_something_risky }.to throw_symbol
+    #   expect { do_something_risky }.to throw_symbol(:that_was_risky)
+    #   expect { do_something_risky }.to throw_symbol(:that_was_risky, 'culprit')
+    #
+    #   expect { do_something_risky }.not_to throw_symbol
+    #   expect { do_something_risky }.not_to throw_symbol(:that_was_risky)
+    #   expect { do_something_risky }.not_to throw_symbol(:that_was_risky, 'culprit')
+    def throw_symbol(expected_symbol=nil, expected_arg=nil)
+      BuiltIn::ThrowSymbol.new(expected_symbol, expected_arg)
+    end
+
+    alias_matcher :a_block_throwing, :throw_symbol do |desc|
+      desc.sub("throw", "a block throwing")
+    end
+
+    alias_matcher :throwing,        :throw_symbol do |desc|
+      desc.sub("throw", "throwing")
+    end
+
+    # Passes if the method called in the expect block yields, regardless
+    # of whether or not arguments are yielded.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect { |b| 5.tap(&b) }.to yield_control
+    #   expect { |b| "a".to_sym(&b) }.not_to yield_control
+    #
+    # @note Your expect block must accept a parameter and pass it on to
+    #   the method-under-test as a block.
+    def yield_control
+      BuiltIn::YieldControl.new
+    end
+    alias_matcher :a_block_yielding_control,  :yield_control
+    alias_matcher :yielding_control,          :yield_control
+
+    # Passes if the method called in the expect block yields with
+    # no arguments. Fails if it does not yield, or yields with arguments.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect { |b| User.transaction(&b) }.to yield_with_no_args
+    #   expect { |b| 5.tap(&b) }.not_to yield_with_no_args # because it yields with `5`
+    #   expect { |b| "a".to_sym(&b) }.not_to yield_with_no_args # because it does not yield
+    #
+    # @note Your expect block must accept a parameter and pass it on to
+    #   the method-under-test as a block.
+    # @note This matcher is not designed for use with methods that yield
+    #   multiple times.
+    def yield_with_no_args
+      BuiltIn::YieldWithNoArgs.new
+    end
+    alias_matcher :a_block_yielding_with_no_args,  :yield_with_no_args
+    alias_matcher :yielding_with_no_args,          :yield_with_no_args
+
+    # Given no arguments, matches if the method called in the expect
+    # block yields with arguments (regardless of what they are or how
+    # many there are).
+    #
+    # Given arguments, matches if the method called in the expect block
+    # yields with arguments that match the given arguments.
+    #
+    # Argument matching is done using `===` (the case match operator)
+    # and `==`. If the expected and actual arguments match with either
+    # operator, the matcher will pass.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect { |b| 5.tap(&b) }.to yield_with_args # because #tap yields an arg
+    #   expect { |b| 5.tap(&b) }.to yield_with_args(5) # because 5 == 5
+    #   expect { |b| 5.tap(&b) }.to yield_with_args(Fixnum) # because Fixnum === 5
+    #   expect { |b| File.open("f.txt", &b) }.to yield_with_args(/txt/) # because /txt/ === "f.txt"
+    #
+    #   expect { |b| User.transaction(&b) }.not_to yield_with_args # because it yields no args
+    #   expect { |b| 5.tap(&b) }.not_to yield_with_args(1, 2, 3)
+    #
+    # @note Your expect block must accept a parameter and pass it on to
+    #   the method-under-test as a block.
+    # @note This matcher is not designed for use with methods that yield
+    #   multiple times.
+    def yield_with_args(*args)
+      BuiltIn::YieldWithArgs.new(*args)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :a_block_yielding_with_args,  :yield_with_args
+    alias_matcher :yielding_with_args,          :yield_with_args
+
+    # Designed for use with methods that repeatedly yield (such as
+    # iterators). Passes if the method called in the expect block yields
+    # multiple times with arguments matching those given.
+    #
+    # Argument matching is done using `===` (the case match operator)
+    # and `==`. If the expected and actual arguments match with either
+    # operator, the matcher will pass.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   expect { |b| [1, 2, 3].each(&b) }.to yield_successive_args(1, 2, 3)
+    #   expect { |b| { :a => 1, :b => 2 }.each(&b) }.to yield_successive_args([:a, 1], [:b, 2])
+    #   expect { |b| [1, 2, 3].each(&b) }.not_to yield_successive_args(1, 2)
+    #
+    # @note Your expect block must accept a parameter and pass it on to
+    #   the method-under-test as a block.
+    def yield_successive_args(*args)
+      BuiltIn::YieldSuccessiveArgs.new(*args)
+    end
+    alias_matcher :a_block_yielding_successive_args,  :yield_successive_args
+    alias_matcher :yielding_successive_args,          :yield_successive_args
+
+    # Delegates to {RSpec::Expectations.configuration}.
+    # This is here because rspec-core's `expect_with` option
+    # looks for a `configuration` method on the mixin
+    # (`RSpec::Matchers`) to yield to a block.
+    # @return [RSpec::Expectations::Configuration] the configuration object
+    def self.configuration
+      Expectations.configuration
+    end
+
+  private
+
+    BE_PREDICATE_REGEX = /^(be_(?:an?_)?)(.*)/
+    HAS_REGEX = /^(?:have_)(.*)/
+    DYNAMIC_MATCHER_REGEX = Regexp.union(BE_PREDICATE_REGEX, HAS_REGEX)
+
+    def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
+      case method.to_s
+      when BE_PREDICATE_REGEX
+        BuiltIn::BePredicate.new(method, *args, &block)
+      when HAS_REGEX
+        BuiltIn::Has.new(method, *args, &block)
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    if RUBY_VERSION.to_f >= 1.9
+      def respond_to_missing?(method, *)
+        method =~ DYNAMIC_MATCHER_REGEX || super
+      end
+    else # for 1.8.7
+      # :nocov:
+      def respond_to?(method, *)
+        method = method.to_s
+        method =~ DYNAMIC_MATCHER_REGEX || super
+      end
+      public :respond_to?
+      # :nocov:
+    end
+
+    # @api private
+    def self.is_a_matcher?(obj)
+      return true  if ::RSpec::Matchers::BuiltIn::BaseMatcher === obj
+      begin
+        return false if obj.respond_to?(:i_respond_to_everything_so_im_not_really_a_matcher)
+      rescue NoMethodError
+        # Some objects, like BasicObject, don't implemented standard
+        # reflection methods.
+        return false
+      end
+      return false unless obj.respond_to?(:matches?)
+
+      obj.respond_to?(:failure_message) ||
+      obj.respond_to?(:failure_message_for_should) # support legacy matchers
+    end
+
+    ::RSpec::Support.register_matcher_definition do |obj|
+      is_a_matcher?(obj)
+    end
+
+    # @api private
+    def self.is_a_describable_matcher?(obj)
+      is_a_matcher?(obj) && obj.respond_to?(:description)
+    end
+
+    if RSpec::Support::Ruby.mri? && RUBY_VERSION[0, 3] == '1.9'
+      # @api private
+      # Note that `included` doesn't work for this because it is triggered
+      # _after_ `RSpec::Matchers` is an ancestor of the inclusion host, rather
+      # than _before_, like `append_features`. It's important we check this before
+      # in order to find the cases where it was already previously included.
+      def self.append_features(mod)
+        return super if mod < self # `mod < self` indicates a re-inclusion.
+
+        subclasses = ObjectSpace.each_object(Class).select { |c| c < mod && c < self }
+        return super unless subclasses.any?
+
+        subclasses.reject! { |s| subclasses.any? { |s2| s < s2 } } # Filter to the root ancestor.
+        subclasses = subclasses.map { |s| "`#{s}`" }.join(", ")
+
+        RSpec.warning "`#{self}` has been included in a superclass (`#{mod}`) " \
+                      "after previously being included in subclasses (#{subclasses}), " \
+                      "which can trigger infinite recursion from `super` due to an MRI 1.9 bug " \
+                      "(https://redmine.ruby-lang.org/issues/3351). To work around this, " \
+                      "either upgrade to MRI 2.0+, include a dup of the module (e.g. " \
+                      "`include #{self}.dup`), or find a way to include `#{self}` in `#{mod}` " \
+                      "before it is included in subclasses (#{subclasses}). See " \
+                      "https://github.com/rspec/rspec-expectations/issues/814 for more info"
+
+        super
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end