galaaz 2.1.7 → 2.1.9

data/blogs/galaaz_ggplot/galaaz_ggplot.tex

@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
 \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
 
 \usepackage{geometry}
-\geometry{a4paper, top=1in}
+\geometry{a4paper, top=1.05in, headheight=30pt, headsep=14pt}
 
 % needed for kableExtra
 \usepackage{longtable}
@@ -122,29 +122,60 @@
 \usepackage{graphicx}
 
 \usepackage{fancyhdr}
-% set the header and foot style
-% style 'fancy' adds the section name on the header
-% and the page number on the footer
+% Header: small Galaaz mark (left); page number + section title (right),
+% matching classic LaTeX style: "4  AN EXTENSION TO THE EXAMPLE"
+% (upright page number, uppercase italic section name).
+% Logo paths cover repo blogs (../../sty/), installed ~/sty/, and local images/.
+% Blogs may delay headers with \renewcommand{\galaazheaderfrompage}{3} after this sty
+% (e.g. skip title/TOC and a logo splash page).
+\newcommand{\galaazheaderfrompage}{1}
+\newcommand{\galaazheaderlogo}{%
+  \raisebox{-0.12\height}{%
+    \IfFileExists{../../sty/galaaz-header.png}{%
+      \includegraphics[height=0.32in]{../../sty/galaaz-header.png}%
+    }{%
+      \IfFileExists{galaaz-header.png}{%
+        \includegraphics[height=0.32in]{galaaz-header.png}%
+      }{%
+        \IfFileExists{images/galaaz-header.png}{%
+          \includegraphics[height=0.32in]{images/galaaz-header.png}%
+        }{}%
+      }%
+    }%
+  }%
+}
+% Section title only in marks (no \thesection); page number is separate.
+\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markboth{#1}{}}
+\renewcommand{\subsectionmark}[1]{}% keep the current section in the header
+\newcommand{\galaazmaybeheaderlogo}{%
+  \ifnum\value{page}<\galaazheaderfrompage\relax\else\galaazheaderlogo\fi}
+\newcommand{\galaazmayberighthead}{%
+  \ifnum\value{page}<\galaazheaderfrompage\relax
+  \else
+    \textup{\thepage}\hspace{1em}\textit{\MakeUppercase{\leftmark}}%
+  \fi
+}
 \pagestyle{fancy}
-
-% style 'fancyhf' leaves header and footer empty
-%\fancyhf{}
-
-% sets the left head element to \rightmark, which contains the
-% current section (\leftmark is the current chapter)
-%\fancyhead[L]{\rightmark} .
-
-% sets the right head element to the page number.
-% \fancyhead[R]{\thepage}
-
-% lets the head rule disappear.
-% \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
-% Possible selectors for the optional argument of \fancyhead/\fancyfoot
-% are L (left), C (center) or R (right) for the position of the element
-% and E (even) or O (odd) to distinguish even and odd pages. If you omit
-% E/O the element is set for all pages.
-
-% \usepackage{lipsum}
+\fancyhf{}
+\fancyhead[L]{\galaazmaybeheaderlogo}
+\fancyhead[R]{\galaazmayberighthead}
+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.3pt}
+\makeatletter
+\renewcommand{\headrule}{%
+  \ifnum\value{page}<\galaazheaderfrompage\relax
+  \else
+    \hrule\@height\headrulewidth\@width\headwidth
+    \vskip-\headrulewidth
+  \fi
+}
+\makeatother
+% First page often uses plain; same conditional header logic.
+\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
+  \fancyhf{}%
+  \fancyhead[L]{\galaazmaybeheaderlogo}%
+  \fancyhead[R]{\galaazmayberighthead}%
+  \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.3pt}%
+}
 
 % make available command lastpage
 \usepackage{lastpage}
@@ -165,8 +196,34 @@
 % Command to import an R variable to latex
 \newcommand{\RtoLatex}[2]{\newcommand{#1}{#2}}
 
+% Soft-wrap Pandoc highlighted code/output boxes (Shaded + Highlighting).
+% This runs after Pandoc's default \DefineVerbatimEnvironment{Highlighting}
+% (header includes come later in the generated .tex). Prefer manual line
+% breaks in Rmd sources; breaklines is a safety net for leftovers/output.
+% Requires TinyTeX/TeX Live package: tlmgr install fvextra
+\IfFileExists{fvextra.sty}{%
+  \usepackage{fvextra}%
+  \DefineVerbatimEnvironment{Highlighting}{Verbatim}{%
+    breaklines=true,
+    breakanywhere=true,
+    breakindent=1.5em,
+    fontsize=\small,
+    commandchars=\\\{\}%
+  }%
+}{%
+  % fancyvrb is already loaded by Pandoc; shrink code so more fits per line.
+  \DefineVerbatimEnvironment{Highlighting}{Verbatim}{%
+    fontsize=\small,
+    commandchars=\\\{\}%
+  }%
+}
+
 % 
 %\newcommand{\atraso}[1]{\color{red} \textbf {Tempo desde a Assinatura do Contrato: #1 dias}}
+% No header on title/TOC (p.1) or splash logo page (p.2);
+% logo + page number + section title from page 3 onward.
+% Load after galaaz.sty.
+\renewcommand{\galaazheaderfrompage}{3}
 \usepackage{bookmark}
 \IfFileExists{xurl.sty}{\usepackage{xurl}}{} % add URL line breaks if available
 \urlstyle{same}
@@ -183,8 +240,8 @@
   \apptocmd{\@title}{\par {\large #1 \par}}{}{}
 }
 \makeatother
-\subtitle{An example of tightly coupling Ruby and R (JRuby + GNU R,
-Galaaz 2.0)}
+\subtitle{An example of tightly coupling Ruby and R (JRuby or CRuby +
+GNU R, Galaaz 2.0)}
 \author{Rodrigo Botafogo}
 \date{16 October 2018 (narrative updated for Galaaz 2.0, 2026)}
 
@@ -195,6 +252,8 @@ Galaaz 2.0)}
 \setcounter{tocdepth}{2}
 \tableofcontents
 }
+\begin{center}\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{images/galaaz-lockup-stacked} \end{center}
+
 \section{Introduction}\label{introduction}
 
 Galaaz is a system for tightly coupling Ruby and R. Ruby is a powerful
@@ -202,22 +261,23 @@ language, with a large community, a very large set of libraries and
 great for web development. However, it lacks libraries for data science,
 statistics, scientific plotting and machine learning. On the other hand,
 R is considered one of the most powerful languages for solving all of
-the above problems. Maybe the strongest competitor to R is Python with
-libraries such as NumPy, Panda, SciPy, SciKit-Learn and a couple more.
+the above problems. \textbf{Python} is a strong competitor: NumPy,
+pandas, SciPy, and scikit-learn are widely used examples among
+\textbf{many thousands} of packages on PyPI for numerical and ML work.
 
 With Galaaz we do not intend to re-implement any of the scientific
 libraries in R; we allow for very tight coupling between the two
 languages to the point that the Ruby developer does not need to think
 about R syntax for every call. \textbf{Galaaz 2.0} does this with
-\textbf{\href{https://www.jruby.org/}{JRuby}} and \textbf{GNU R}: a
-\textbf{bridge} evaluates R from Ruby and exchanges data between
-processes.
+\textbf{\href{https://www.jruby.org/}{JRuby}} or \textbf{CRuby} and
+\textbf{GNU R}: a \textbf{bridge} evaluates R from Ruby and exchanges
+data between processes.
 
 An \textbf{earlier} Galaaz prototype used Oracle's \textbf{GraalVM} with
 \textbf{TruffleRuby} and \textbf{FastR} in one JVM. That stack is
 \textbf{historical}; today's documentation and tooling assume
-\textbf{JRuby + GNU R} (see the project manual and
-\textbf{\texttt{bin/galaaz-jruby}} / \textbf{\texttt{bin/gknit}}).
+\textbf{NewBridge on JRuby or CRuby} (see the project manual and
+\textbf{\texttt{bin/galaaz-ruby}} / \textbf{\texttt{bin/gknit}}).
 
 For background on the old stack:
 
@@ -258,7 +318,8 @@ Arthurian legend.
 \begin{itemize}
 \tightlist
 \item
-  \textbf{JRuby} and a compatible \textbf{JDK}
+  \textbf{JRuby} and a compatible \textbf{JDK}, \emph{or} \textbf{CRuby
+  3.3+}
 \item
   \textbf{GNU R} on your \texttt{PATH}
 \end{itemize}
@@ -274,9 +335,9 @@ but could be installed prior to the demo if desired:
   gridExtra
 \end{itemize}
 
-Installation of R packages requires a development environment. In Linux,
-the gnu compiler and tools should be enough. I am not sure what is
-needed on the Mac.
+Installation of R packages requires a development environment. On Linux,
+a typical build toolchain (GCC, headers) is usually enough. On macOS,
+Apple's \textbf{Xcode Command Line Tools} are commonly required.
 
 In order to run the `specs' the following Ruby package is necessary:
 
@@ -296,38 +357,38 @@ In order to run the `specs' the following Ruby package is necessary:
 
 \subsection{Running the demo}\label{running-the-demo}
 
-The ggplot for this demos was extracted from:
+The ggplot examples for this demo were adapted from:
 \url{http://r-statistics.co/Top50-Ggplot2-Visualizations-MasterList-R-Code.html}.
 
-On the console do
+At the shell, from a suitable Galaaz environment:
 
 \begin{verbatim}
-> galaaz master_list:scatter_plot
+galaaz master_list:scatter_plot
 \end{verbatim}
 
 \subsection{Running other demos}\label{running-other-demos}
 
-Doing on the console
+Running
 
 \begin{verbatim}
-> galaaz -T
+galaaz -T
 \end{verbatim}
 
-will show a list with all available demos. To run any of the demos in
-the list, substitute the call to `rake' to `galaaz'. For instance, one
-of the examples in the list is `rake sthda:bar'. In order to run this
-example just do `galaaz sthda:bar'. Doing `galaaz sthda:all' will run
-all demos in the sthda cathegory. Some of the examples require `rspec'
-do be available. To install `rspec' just do `gem install rspec'.
+lists available demo tasks. To run a demo, use \textbf{\texttt{galaaz}}
+where you would otherwise invoke \textbf{\texttt{rake}}. For example, if
+the list shows \texttt{rake\ sthda:bar}, run \texttt{galaaz\ sthda:bar}.
+To run every demo in the \textbf{sthda} category, use
+\texttt{galaaz\ sthda:all}. Some examples require \textbf{rspec};
+install it with \texttt{gem\ install\ rspec}.
 
 \section{The demo code}\label{the-demo-code}
 
 The following is the Ruby code and plot for the above example. There is
-a small difference between the code in the example and the code bellow.
-If the example is ran, the plot will appear on the screen, bellow, we
-generate an `svg' image and then include it in this document. In order
-to generate and image, the R.svg device is used. To generate the plot on
-the screen, use the R.awt device, as commented on the code.
+a small difference between the code in the example and the code below.
+If the example is \textbf{run}, the plot will appear on the screen;
+below, we generate an SVG image and then include it in this document. In
+order to generate and image, the R.svg device is used. To generate the
+plot on the screen, use the R.awt device, as commented on the code.
 
 \begin{Shaded}
 \begin{Highlighting}[]
@@ -338,7 +399,7 @@ the screen, use the R.awt device, as commented on the code.
 \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.options}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{scipen:} \DecValTok{999}\NormalTok{)  }\CommentTok{\# turn{-}off scientific notation like 1e+48}
 \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.theme\_set}\NormalTok{(}\ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.theme\_bw}\NormalTok{)  }\CommentTok{\# pre{-}set the bw theme.}
 
-\NormalTok{midwest }\OperatorTok{=} \OperatorTok{\textasciitilde{}}\WarningTok{:midwest}
+\NormalTok{midwest }\OperatorTok{=} \OperatorTok{\textasciitilde{}}\ConstantTok{R}\KeywordTok{[}\WarningTok{:midwest}\KeywordTok{]}
 
 \CommentTok{\# Scatterplot}
 \NormalTok{gg }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ midwest}\AttributeTok{.ggplot}\NormalTok{(}\ConstantTok{E}\AttributeTok{.aes}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{x:} \WarningTok{:area}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{y:} \WarningTok{:poptotal}\NormalTok{)) }\OperatorTok{+} 
@@ -356,7 +417,7 @@ the screen, use the R.awt device, as commented on the code.
 \end{Highlighting}
 \end{Shaded}
 
-\pandocbounded{\includegraphics[keepaspectratio]{galaaz_ggplot_files/figure-latex/midwest_rb.pdf}}
+\pandocbounded{\includegraphics[keepaspectratio]{galaaz_ggplot_files/galaaz_ggplot_files/figure-latex/midwest_rb.pdf}}
 
 In R, the code to generate this plot is the following
 
@@ -428,38 +489,43 @@ notation and the preferred color is blue.
 \begin{Highlighting}[]
 \CommentTok{\# corp\_theme.rb}
 \CommentTok{\# defines the corporate theme for all plots}
-    
+
 \ControlFlowTok{module} \DataTypeTok{CorpTheme}
 
-  \CommentTok{\#{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
-  \CommentTok{\# Defines the plot theme (visualization).  In this theme we remove major and minor}
-  \CommentTok{\# grids, borders and background.  We also turn{-}off scientific notation.}
-  \CommentTok{\#{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
-  
+  \CommentTok{\# {-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
+  \CommentTok{\# Plot theme: no major/minor grids, borders, or background;}
+  \CommentTok{\# turn off scientific notation.}
+  \CommentTok{\# {-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
+
   \ControlFlowTok{def} \DecValTok{self}\AttributeTok{.global\_theme}
-    
+
     \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.options}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{scipen:} \DecValTok{999}\NormalTok{)  }\CommentTok{\# turn{-}off scientific notation like 1e+48}
-    
+
     \CommentTok{\# remove major grids}
-\NormalTok{    global\_theme }\OperatorTok{=} \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.theme}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{panel\_\_grid\_\_major:} \ConstantTok{E}\AttributeTok{.element\_blank}\NormalTok{())}
+\NormalTok{    global\_theme }\OperatorTok{=}
+      \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.theme}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{panel\_\_grid\_\_major:} \ConstantTok{E}\AttributeTok{.element\_blank}\NormalTok{())}
     \CommentTok{\# remove minor grids}
-\NormalTok{    global\_theme }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ global\_theme }\OperatorTok{+} \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.theme}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{panel\_\_grid\_\_minor:} \ConstantTok{E}\AttributeTok{.element\_blank}\NormalTok{)}
+\NormalTok{    global\_theme }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ global\_theme }\OperatorTok{+}
+      \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.theme}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{panel\_\_grid\_\_minor:} \ConstantTok{E}\AttributeTok{.element\_blank}\NormalTok{)}
     \CommentTok{\# remove border}
-\NormalTok{    global\_theme }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ global\_theme }\OperatorTok{+} \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.theme}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{panel\_\_border:} \ConstantTok{E}\AttributeTok{.element\_blank}\NormalTok{)}
+\NormalTok{    global\_theme }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ global\_theme }\OperatorTok{+}
+      \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.theme}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{panel\_\_border:} \ConstantTok{E}\AttributeTok{.element\_blank}\NormalTok{)}
     \CommentTok{\# remove background}
-\NormalTok{    global\_theme }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ global\_theme }\OperatorTok{+} \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.theme}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{panel\_\_background:} \ConstantTok{E}\AttributeTok{.element\_blank}\NormalTok{)}
+\NormalTok{    global\_theme }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ global\_theme }\OperatorTok{+}
+      \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.theme}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{panel\_\_background:} \ConstantTok{E}\AttributeTok{.element\_blank}\NormalTok{)}
     \CommentTok{\# Change axis font}
 \NormalTok{    global\_theme }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ global\_theme }\OperatorTok{+}
-                   \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.theme}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{axis\_\_text:} \ConstantTok{E}\AttributeTok{.element\_text}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{size:} \DecValTok{8}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{color:} \StringTok{"\#000080"}\NormalTok{))}
+      \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.theme}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{axis\_\_text:} \ConstantTok{E}\AttributeTok{.element\_text}\NormalTok{(}
+                \WarningTok{size:} \DecValTok{8}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{color:} \StringTok{"\#000080"}\NormalTok{))}
     \CommentTok{\# change color of axis titles}
 \NormalTok{    global\_theme }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ global\_theme }\OperatorTok{+}
-                   \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.theme}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{axis\_\_title:} \ConstantTok{E}\AttributeTok{.element\_text}\NormalTok{(}
-                             \WarningTok{color:} \StringTok{"\#000080"}\NormalTok{, }
-                             \WarningTok{face:} \StringTok{"bold"}\NormalTok{,}
-                             \WarningTok{size:} \DecValTok{8}\NormalTok{,}
-                             \WarningTok{hjust:} \DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{))}
+      \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.theme}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{axis\_\_title:} \ConstantTok{E}\AttributeTok{.element\_text}\NormalTok{(}
+                \WarningTok{color:} \StringTok{"\#000080"}\NormalTok{,}
+                \WarningTok{face:} \StringTok{"bold"}\NormalTok{,}
+                \WarningTok{size:} \DecValTok{8}\NormalTok{,}
+                \WarningTok{hjust:} \DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{))}
   \ControlFlowTok{end}
-   
+
 \ControlFlowTok{end}
 \end{Highlighting}
 \end{Shaded}
@@ -470,7 +536,7 @@ We now define a ScatterPlot class:
 \begin{Highlighting}[]
 \CommentTok{\# ScatterPlot.rb}
 \CommentTok{\# creates a scatter plot and allow some configuration}
-    
+
 \ControlFlowTok{class} \DataTypeTok{ScatterPlot}
 
   \OtherTok{attr\_accessor} \WarningTok{:title}
@@ -478,55 +544,55 @@ We now define a ScatterPlot class:
   \OtherTok{attr\_accessor} \WarningTok{:caption}
   \OtherTok{attr\_accessor} \WarningTok{:x\_label}
   \OtherTok{attr\_accessor} \WarningTok{:y\_label}
-  
-  \CommentTok{\#{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
+
+  \CommentTok{\# {-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
   \CommentTok{\# Initialize the plot with the data and the x and y variables}
-  \CommentTok{\#{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
+  \CommentTok{\# {-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
 
   \ControlFlowTok{def}\NormalTok{ initialize(data, x}\OperatorTok{:}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{y:}\NormalTok{)}
     \OtherTok{@data} \OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ data}
     \OtherTok{@x} \OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ x}
     \OtherTok{@y} \OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ y}
   \ControlFlowTok{end}
-  
-  \CommentTok{\#{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
+
+  \CommentTok{\# {-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
   \CommentTok{\# Define groupings by color and size}
-  \CommentTok{\#{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
+  \CommentTok{\# {-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
 
   \ControlFlowTok{def}\NormalTok{ group\_by(color}\OperatorTok{:}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{size:}\NormalTok{)}
     \OtherTok{@color\_by} \OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ color}
     \OtherTok{@size\_by} \OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ size}
   \ControlFlowTok{end}
 
-  \CommentTok{\#{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
-  \CommentTok{\# Add a smoothing line, and if confidence is true the add a confidence interval, if}
-  \CommentTok{\# false does not add the confidence interval}
-  \CommentTok{\#{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
+  \CommentTok{\# {-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
+  \CommentTok{\# Add a smoothing line; confidence: true draws a CI band.}
+  \CommentTok{\# {-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
 
   \ControlFlowTok{def}\NormalTok{ add\_smoothing\_line(method}\OperatorTok{:}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{confidence:} \DecValTok{true}\NormalTok{)}
     \OtherTok{@method} \OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ method}
     \OtherTok{@confidence} \OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ confidence}
   \ControlFlowTok{end}
-  
-  \CommentTok{\#{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
-  \CommentTok{\# Creates the graph title, properly formated for this theme}
-  \CommentTok{\# @param title [String] The title to add to the graph}
-  \CommentTok{\# @return textGrob that can be included in a graph}
-  \CommentTok{\#{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
-
-  \ControlFlowTok{def}\NormalTok{ graph\_params(title}\OperatorTok{:} \StringTok{""}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{subtitle:} \StringTok{""}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{caption:} \StringTok{""}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{x\_label:} \StringTok{""}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{y\_label:} \StringTok{""}\NormalTok{)}
+
+  \CommentTok{\# {-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
+  \CommentTok{\# Graph title / labels, formatted for this theme.}
+  \CommentTok{\# @param title [String] title to add to the graph}
+  \CommentTok{\# @return labs() result that can be included in a graph}
+  \CommentTok{\# {-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
+
+  \ControlFlowTok{def}\NormalTok{ graph\_params(title}\OperatorTok{:} \StringTok{""}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{subtitle:} \StringTok{""}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{caption:} \StringTok{""}\NormalTok{,}
+                   \WarningTok{x\_label:} \StringTok{""}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{y\_label:} \StringTok{""}\NormalTok{)}
     \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.labs}\NormalTok{(}
-      \WarningTok{title:}\NormalTok{ title, }
-      \WarningTok{subtitle:}\NormalTok{ subtitle, }
+      \WarningTok{title:}\NormalTok{ title,}
+      \WarningTok{subtitle:}\NormalTok{ subtitle,}
       \WarningTok{caption:}\NormalTok{ caption,}
-      \WarningTok{y\_label:}\NormalTok{ y\_label, }
-      \WarningTok{x\_label:}\NormalTok{ x\_label, }
+      \WarningTok{y\_label:}\NormalTok{ y\_label,}
+      \WarningTok{x\_label:}\NormalTok{ x\_label,}
 \NormalTok{    )}
   \ControlFlowTok{end}
 
-  \CommentTok{\#{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
+  \CommentTok{\# {-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
   \CommentTok{\# Prepare the plot\textquotesingle{}s points}
-  \CommentTok{\#{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
+  \CommentTok{\# {-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
 
   \ControlFlowTok{def}\NormalTok{ points}
 \NormalTok{    params }\OperatorTok{=} \OperatorTok{\{\}}
@@ -534,28 +600,27 @@ We now define a ScatterPlot class:
 \NormalTok{    params}\KeywordTok{[}\WarningTok{:size}\KeywordTok{]} \OperatorTok{=} \OtherTok{@size\_by} \ControlFlowTok{if} \OtherTok{@size\_by}
     \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.geom\_point}\NormalTok{(}\ConstantTok{E}\AttributeTok{.aes}\NormalTok{(params))}
   \ControlFlowTok{end}
-      
-  \CommentTok{\#{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
+
+  \CommentTok{\# {-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
   \CommentTok{\# Plots the scatterplot}
-  \CommentTok{\#{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
+  \CommentTok{\# {-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}}
 
   \ControlFlowTok{def}\NormalTok{ plot}
 \NormalTok{    gg }\OperatorTok{=} \OtherTok{@data}\AttributeTok{.ggplot}\NormalTok{(}\ConstantTok{E}\AttributeTok{.aes}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{x:} \OtherTok{@x}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{y:} \OtherTok{@y}\NormalTok{)) }\OperatorTok{+}
-\NormalTok{      points }\OperatorTok{+} 
+\NormalTok{      points }\OperatorTok{+}
       \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.geom\_smooth}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{method:} \OtherTok{@method}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{se:} \OtherTok{@confidence}\NormalTok{) }\OperatorTok{+}
       \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.xlim}\NormalTok{(}\ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.c}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\FloatTok{0.1}\NormalTok{)) }\OperatorTok{+}
-      \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.ylim}\NormalTok{(}\ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.c}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{500000}\NormalTok{)) }\OperatorTok{+} 
+      \ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.ylim}\NormalTok{(}\ConstantTok{R}\AttributeTok{.c}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{500000}\NormalTok{)) }\OperatorTok{+}
 \NormalTok{      graph\_params(}\WarningTok{title:} \OtherTok{@title}\NormalTok{,}
-                   \WarningTok{subtitle:} \OtherTok{@subtitle}\NormalTok{, }
-                   \WarningTok{y\_label:} \OtherTok{@y\_label}\NormalTok{, }
-                   \WarningTok{x\_label:} \OtherTok{@x\_label}\NormalTok{, }
+                   \WarningTok{subtitle:} \OtherTok{@subtitle}\NormalTok{,}
+                   \WarningTok{y\_label:} \OtherTok{@y\_label}\NormalTok{,}
+                   \WarningTok{x\_label:} \OtherTok{@x\_label}\NormalTok{,}
                    \WarningTok{caption:} \OtherTok{@caption}\NormalTok{) }\OperatorTok{+}
       \DataTypeTok{CorpTheme}\AttributeTok{.global\_theme}
 
     \FunctionTok{puts}\NormalTok{ gg}
-    
   \ControlFlowTok{end}
-  
+
 \ControlFlowTok{end}
 \end{Highlighting}
 \end{Shaded}
@@ -568,29 +633,31 @@ data
 \FunctionTok{require} \VerbatimStringTok{\textquotesingle{}galaaz\textquotesingle{}}
 \FunctionTok{require} \VerbatimStringTok{\textquotesingle{}ggplot\textquotesingle{}}
 
-\NormalTok{sp }\OperatorTok{=} \DataTypeTok{ScatterPlot}\AttributeTok{.new}\NormalTok{(}\OperatorTok{\textasciitilde{}}\WarningTok{:midwest}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{x:} \WarningTok{:area}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{y:} \WarningTok{:poptotal}\NormalTok{)}
+\NormalTok{sp }\OperatorTok{=} \DataTypeTok{ScatterPlot}\AttributeTok{.new}\NormalTok{(}\OperatorTok{\textasciitilde{}}\ConstantTok{R}\KeywordTok{[}\WarningTok{:midwest}\KeywordTok{]}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{x:} \WarningTok{:area}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{y:} \WarningTok{:poptotal}\NormalTok{)}
 \NormalTok{sp}\AttributeTok{.title} \OperatorTok{=} \StringTok{"Midwest Dataset {-} Scatterplot"}
 \NormalTok{sp}\AttributeTok{.subtitle} \OperatorTok{=} \StringTok{"Area Vs Population"}
 \NormalTok{sp}\AttributeTok{.caption} \OperatorTok{=} \StringTok{"Source: midwest"}
 \NormalTok{sp}\AttributeTok{.x\_label} \OperatorTok{=} \StringTok{"Area"}
 \NormalTok{sp}\AttributeTok{.y\_label} \OperatorTok{=} \StringTok{"Population"}
-\NormalTok{sp}\AttributeTok{.group\_by}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{color:} \WarningTok{:state}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{size:} \WarningTok{:popdensity}\NormalTok{)    }\CommentTok{\# try sp.group\_by(color: :state)}
+\CommentTok{\# try: sp.group\_by(color: :state)}
+\NormalTok{sp}\AttributeTok{.group\_by}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{color:} \WarningTok{:state}\NormalTok{, }\WarningTok{size:} \WarningTok{:popdensity}\NormalTok{)}
 \CommentTok{\# available methods: "lm", "glm", "loess", "gam"}
-\NormalTok{sp}\AttributeTok{.add\_smoothing\_line}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{method:} \StringTok{"glm"}\NormalTok{) }
+\NormalTok{sp}\AttributeTok{.add\_smoothing\_line}\NormalTok{(}\WarningTok{method:} \StringTok{"glm"}\NormalTok{)}
 \NormalTok{sp}\AttributeTok{.plot}
 \end{Highlighting}
 \end{Shaded}
 
-\pandocbounded{\includegraphics[keepaspectratio]{galaaz_ggplot_files/figure-latex/scatter_plot_rb.pdf}}
+\pandocbounded{\includegraphics[keepaspectratio]{galaaz_ggplot_files/galaaz_ggplot_files/figure-latex/scatter_plot_rb.pdf}}
 
 \section{Conclusion}\label{conclusion}
 
 R is a very powerful language for statistical analysis, data analytics,
 machine learning, plotting and many other scientific applications with a
 very large package ecosystem. However R is often considered hard to
-learn and lacking modern computer languages constructs such as object
-oriented classes, modules, lambdas, etc. For this reason, many
-developers have started or switched from R to Python.
+learn and lacking modern language features such as object-oriented
+classes, modules, and first-class functions. For that reason, many teams
+have standardized on Python (or stayed entirely inside R) rather than
+mixing ecosystems.
 
 With Galaaz, R programmers can almost transparently migrate from R to
 Ruby, since syntax is almost identical and \textbf{GNU R} remains the
@@ -601,7 +668,8 @@ libraries that nicely complement R packages.
 For the Ruby developer, Galaaz allows the immediate use of R functions
 with minimal ceremony. As shown in the second example above, class
 \texttt{ScatterPlot} hides most R call details from the Ruby developer.
-\textbf{JRuby} provides \textbf{real parallel threads} on the Ruby side
-and access to the JVM ecosystem when you need it.
+Prefer \textbf{JRuby} when you want \textbf{real parallel threads} on
+the Ruby side and access to the JVM ecosystem; \textbf{CRuby} works
+equally for the Galaaz bridge itself.
 
 \end{document}