galaaz 0.4.6 → 0.5.0

data/blogs/galaaz_ggplot/galaaz_ggplot.out

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data/blogs/galaaz_ggplot/galaaz_ggplot.tex

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-\let\rmarkdownfootnote\footnote%
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-
-%%% Change title format to be more compact
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-
-% Create subtitle command for use in maketitle
-\newcommand{\subtitle}[1]{
-  \posttitle{
-    \begin{center}\large#1\end{center}
-    }
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-
-\setlength{\droptitle}{-2em}
-
-  \title{Ruby Plotting with Galaaz}
-    \pretitle{\vspace{\droptitle}\centering\huge}
-  \posttitle{\par}
-  \subtitle{An example of tightly coupling Ruby and R in GraalVM}
-  \author{Rodrigo Botafogo}
-    \preauthor{\centering\large\emph}
-  \postauthor{\par}
-      \predate{\centering\large\emph}
-  \postdate{\par}
-    \date{16 October 2018}
-
-% usar portugues do Brasil
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-
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-% needed for kableExtra
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-
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-
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-% E/O the element is set for all pages.
-
-% \usepackage{lipsum}
-
-% make available command lastpage
-\usepackage{lastpage}
-
-% default fontsize 11pt better to add
-% fontsize on the yaml header
-% \usepackage[fontsize=11pt]{scrextend}
-
-% comandos para formatar uma tabela
-\usepackage{array}
-\newcolumntype{L}[1]{>{\raggedright\let\newline\\\arraybackslash\hspace{0pt}}m{#1}}
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-
-% necessário if we need to import other latex documents
-\usepackage{import}
-
-% Command to import an R variable to latex
-\newcommand{\RtoLatex}[2]{\newcommand{#1}{#2}}
-
-% 
-%\newcommand{\atraso}[1]{\color{red} \textbf {Tempo desde a Assinatura do Contrato: #1 dias}}
-
-\begin{document}
-\maketitle
-
-{
-\setcounter{tocdepth}{2}
-\tableofcontents
-}
-\hypertarget{introduction}{%
-\section{Introduction}\label{introduction}}
-
-Galaaz is a system for tightly coupling Ruby and R. Ruby is a powerful
-language, with a large community, a very large set of libraries and
-great for web development. However, it lacks libraries for data science,
-statistics, scientific plotting and machine learning. On the other hand,
-R is considered one of the most powerful languages for solving all of
-the above problems. Maybe the strongest competitor to R is Python with
-libraries such as NumPy, Panda, SciPy, SciKit-Learn and a couple more.
-
-With Galaaz we do not intend to re-implement any of the scientific
-libraries in R, we allow for very tight coupling between the two
-languages to the point that the Ruby developer does not need to know
-that there is an R engine running. For this to happen we use new
-technologies provided by Oracle: GraalVM, TruffleRuby and FastR:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
- GraalVM is a universal virtual machine for running applications
- written in JavaScript, Python 3, Ruby, R, JVM-based languages like Java,
- Scala, Kotlin, and LLVM-based languages such as C and C++.
-
- GraalVM removes the isolation between programming languages and enables
- interoperability in a shared runtime. It can run either standalone or in
- the context of OpenJDK, Node.js, Oracle Database, or MySQL.
-
- GraalVM allows you to write polyglot applications with a seamless way to
- pass values from one language to another. With GraalVM there is no copying
- or marshaling necessary as it is with other polyglot systems. This lets
- you achieve high performance when language boundaries are crossed. Most
- of the time there is no additional cost for crossing a language boundary
- at all.
-
- Often developers have to make uncomfortable compromises that require them
- to rewrite their software in other languages. For example:
-
-  * “That library is not available in my language. I need to rewrite it.” 
-  * “That language would be the perfect fit for my problem, but we cannot
-    run it in our environment.” 
-  * “That problem is already solved in my language, but the language is
-    too slow.”
-
-With GraalVM we aim to allow developers to freely choose the right language
-for the task at hand without making compromises.
-\end{verbatim}
-
-Interested readers should also check out the following sites:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\tightlist
-\item
-  \href{https://www.graalvm.org/}{GraalVM Home}
-\item
-  \href{https://github.com/oracle/truffleruby}{TruffleRuby}
-\item
-  \href{https://github.com/oracle/fastr}{FastR}
-\item
-  \href{https://medium.com/graalvm/faster-r-with-fastr-4b8db0e0dceb}{Faster
-  R with FastR}
-\end{itemize}
-
-\hypertarget{what-does-galaaz-mean}{%
-\subsection{What does Galaaz mean}\label{what-does-galaaz-mean}}
-
-Galaaz is the Portuguese name for ``Galahad''. From Wikipedia:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-Sir Galahad (sometimes referred to as Galeas or Galath),
-in Arthurian legend, is a knight of King Arthur's Round Table and one
-of the three achievers of the Holy Grail. He is the illegitimate son
-of Sir Lancelot and Elaine of Corbenic, and is renowned for his
-gallantry and purity as the most perfect of all knights. Emerging quite
-late in the medieval Arthurian tradition, Sir Galahad first appears in the
-Lancelot–Grail cycle, and his story is taken up in later works such as
-the Post-Vulgate Cycle and Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur.
-His name should not be mistaken with Galehaut, a different knight from
-Arthurian legend. 
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\hypertarget{galaaz-demo}{%
-\section{Galaaz Demo}\label{galaaz-demo}}
-
-\hypertarget{prerequisites}{%
-\subsection{Prerequisites}\label{prerequisites}}
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\tightlist
-\item
-  GraalVM (\textgreater{}= rc7)
-\item
-  TruffleRuby
-\item
-  FastR
-\end{itemize}
-
-The following R packages will be automatically installed when necessary,
-but could be installed prior to the demo if desired:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\tightlist
-\item
-  ggplot2
-\item
-  gridExtra
-\end{itemize}
-
-Installation of R packages requires a development environment. In Linux,
-the gnu compiler and tools should be enough. I am not sure what is
-needed on the Mac.
-
-In order to run the `specs' the following Ruby package is necessary:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\tightlist
-\item
-  gem install rspec
-\end{itemize}
-
-\hypertarget{preparation}{%
-\subsection{Preparation}\label{preparation}}
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\tightlist
-\item
-  gem install galaaz
-\end{itemize}
-
-\hypertarget{running-the-demo}{%
-\subsection{Running the demo}\label{running-the-demo}}
-
-The ggplot for this demos was extracted from:
-\url{http://r-statistics.co/Top50-Ggplot2-Visualizations-MasterList-R-Code.html}.
-
-On the console do
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-> galaaz master_list:scatter_plot
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\hypertarget{running-other-demos}{%
-\subsection{Running other demos}\label{running-other-demos}}
-
-Doing on the console
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-> galaaz -T
-\end{verbatim}
-
-will show a list with all available demos. To run any of the demos in
-the list, substitute the call to `rake' to `galaaz'. For instance, one
-of the examples in the list is `rake sthda:bar'. In order to run this
-example just do `galaaz sthda:bar'. Doing `galaaz sthda:all' will run
-all demos in the sthda cathegory. Some of the examples require `rspec'
-do be available. To install `rspec' just do `gem install rspec'.
-
-\hypertarget{the-demo-code}{%
-\section{The demo code}\label{the-demo-code}}
-
-The following is the Ruby code and plot for the above example. There is
-a small difference between the code in the example and the code bellow.
-If the example is ran, the plot will appear on the screen, bellow, we
-generate an `svg' image and then include it in this document. In order
-to generate and image, the R.svg device is used. To generate the plot on
-the screen, use the R.awt device, as commented on the code.
-
-\begin{figure}
-\centering
-\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth,height=\textheight]{midwest.png}
-\caption{Midwest Plot}
-\end{figure}
-
-In R, the code to generate this plot is the following
-
-\begin{Shaded}
-\begin{Highlighting}[]
-\CommentTok{# install.packages("ggplot2")}
-\CommentTok{# load package and data}
-\KeywordTok{options}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{scipen=}\DecValTok{999}\NormalTok{)  }\CommentTok{# turn-off scientific notation like 1e+48}
-\KeywordTok{library}\NormalTok{(ggplot2)}
-\KeywordTok{theme_set}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{theme_bw}\NormalTok{())  }\CommentTok{# pre-set the bw theme.}
-\KeywordTok{data}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"midwest"}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{package =} \StringTok{"ggplot2"}\NormalTok{)}
-\CommentTok{# midwest <- read.csv("http://goo.gl/G1K41K")  # bkup data source}
-
-\CommentTok{# Scatterplot}
-\NormalTok{gg <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{ggplot}\NormalTok{(midwest, }\KeywordTok{aes}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{x=}\NormalTok{area, }\DataTypeTok{y=}\NormalTok{poptotal)) }\OperatorTok{+}\StringTok{ }
-\StringTok{      }\KeywordTok{geom_point}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{aes}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{col=}\NormalTok{state, }\DataTypeTok{size=}\NormalTok{popdensity)) }\OperatorTok{+}\StringTok{ }
-\StringTok{      }\KeywordTok{geom_smooth}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{method=}\StringTok{"loess"}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{se=}\NormalTok{F) }\OperatorTok{+}\StringTok{ }
-\StringTok{      }\KeywordTok{xlim}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\FloatTok{0.1}\NormalTok{)) }\OperatorTok{+}\StringTok{ }
-\StringTok{      }\KeywordTok{ylim}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{500000}\NormalTok{)) }\OperatorTok{+}\StringTok{ }
-\StringTok{      }\KeywordTok{labs}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{subtitle=}\StringTok{"Area Vs Population"}\NormalTok{, }
-           \DataTypeTok{y=}\StringTok{"Population"}\NormalTok{, }
-           \DataTypeTok{x=}\StringTok{"Area"}\NormalTok{, }
-           \DataTypeTok{title=}\StringTok{"Scatterplot"}\NormalTok{, }
-           \DataTypeTok{caption =} \StringTok{"Source: midwest"}\NormalTok{)}
-
-\KeywordTok{plot}\NormalTok{(gg)}
-\end{Highlighting}
-\end{Shaded}
-
-Note that both codes are very similar. The Ruby code requires the use of
-``R.'' before calling any functions, for instance R function
-`geom\_point' becomes `R.geom\_point' in Ruby. R named parameters such
-as (col = state, size = popdensity), become in Ruby (col: :state, size:
-:popdensity).
-
-One last point that needs to be observed is the call to the `aes'
-function. In Ruby instead of doing `R.aes', we use `E.aes'. The
-explanation of why E.aes is needed is an advanced topic in R and depends
-on what is know as Non-standard Evaluation (NSE) in R. In short,
-function `aes' is lazily evaluated in R, i.e., in R when calling
-geom\_point(aes(col=state, size=popdensity)), function geom\_point
-receives as argument something similar to a string containing
-`aes(col=state, size=popdensity)', and the aes function will be
-evaluated inside the geom\_point function. In Ruby, there is no Lazy
-evaluation and doing R.aes would try to evaluate aes immediately. In
-order to delay the evaluation of function aes we need to use E.aes. The
-interested reader on NSE in R is directed to
-\url{http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Computing-on-the-language.html}.
-
-\hypertarget{an-extension-to-the-example}{%
-\section{An extension to the
-example}\label{an-extension-to-the-example}}
-
-If both codes are so similar, then why would one use Ruby instead of R
-and what good is galaaz after all?
-
-Ruby is a modern OO language with numerous very useful constructs such
-as classes, modules, blocks, procs, etc. The example above focus on the
-coupling of both languages, and does not show the use of other Ruby
-constructs. In the following example, we will show a more complex
-example using other Ruby constructs. This is certainly not a very well
-written and robust Ruby code, but it give the idea of how Ruby and R are
-strongly coupled.
-
-Let's imagine that we work in a corporation that has its plot themes.
-So, it has defined a `CorpTheme' module. Plots in this corporation
-should not have grids, numbers in labels should not use scientific
-notation and the preferred color is blue.
-
-We now define a ScatterPlot class:
-
-And this is the final code for making the scatter plot with the midwest
-data
-
-\begin{figure}
-\centering
-\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth,height=\textheight]{scatter_plot.png}
-\caption{Midwest Plot with `glm' function and modified theme}
-\end{figure}
-
-\hypertarget{conclusion}{%
-\section{Conclusion}\label{conclusion}}
-
-R is a very powerful language for statistical analysis, data analytics,
-machine learning, plotting and many other scientific applications with a
-very large package ecosystem. However R is often considered hard to
-learn and lacking modern computer languages constructs such as object
-oriented classes, modules, lambdas, etc. For this reason, many
-developers have started or switched from R to Python.
-
-With Galaaz, R programmers can almost transparently migrate from R to
-Ruby, since syntax is almost identical and they have fastR as the R
-engine. FastR, by most benchmarks, can be orders of magnitude faster
-than Gnu R. Further, by using Galaaz the R developer can start (slowly
-if needed) using all of Ruby's constructs and libraries that nicely
-complement R packages.
-
-For the Ruby developer, Galaaz allows the immediate use of R functions
-completely transparently. As shown in the second example above, class
-ScatterPlot completely hides all the details an R calls from the Ruby
-developer, furthermore Galaaz is powered by TruffleRuby that can also be
-orders of magnitude faster than MRI Ruby.
-
-
-\end{document}