galaaz 0.4.0

data/examples/sthda_ggplot/two_variables_disc_cont/geom_dotplot.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+##########################################################################################
+# @author Rodrigo Botafogo
+#
+# Copyright © 2018 Rodrigo Botafogo. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, 
+# and distribute this software and its documentation, without fee and without a signed 
+# licensing agreement, is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice, this 
+# paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies, modifications, and 
+# distributions.
+#
+# IN NO EVENT SHALL RODRIGO BOTAFOGO BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, 
+# INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF 
+# THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF RODRIGO BOTAFOGO HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE 
+# POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+# RODRIGO BOTAFOGO SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, 
+# THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE 
+# SOFTWARE AND ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTATION, IF ANY, PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS PROVIDED "AS IS". 
+# RODRIGO BOTAFOGO HAS NO OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, 
+# OR MODIFICATIONS.
+##########################################################################################
+
+require 'galaaz'
+require 'ggplot'
+
+tooth_growth = ~:ToothGrowth
+tooth_growth.dose = tooth_growth.dose.as__factor
+puts tooth_growth
+
+e = tooth_growth.ggplot(E.aes(x: :dose, y: :len))
+
+R.awt
+
+# Default plot
+print e + R.geom_dotplot(binaxis: "y", stackdir: "center")
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+# Dot plot with mean points (+/- SD)
+# stat_summary requires library Hmisc that does not yet install in
+# graalvm
+# print e + R.geom_dotplot(binaxis: "y", stackdir: "center") + 
+#      R.stat_summary(fun__data: "mean_sdl",  fun__args: E.list(mult: 1), 
+#                     geom: "pointrange", color: "red")
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+# Combine with box plot
+print e + R.geom_boxplot + 
+      R.geom_dotplot(binaxis: "y", stackdir: "center") 
+  
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+# Add violin plot
+print e + R.geom_violin(trim: false) +
+      R.geom_dotplot(binaxis: 'y', stackdir: 'center')
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+# Color and fill by group (dose) 
+print e + R.geom_dotplot(E.aes(color: :dose, fill: :dose), 
+                         binaxis: "y", stackdir: "center")
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+# a = gets.chomp
+
+# removes the window
+R.dev__off

data/examples/sthda_ggplot/two_variables_disc_cont/geom_jitter.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+##########################################################################################
+# @author Rodrigo Botafogo
+#
+# Copyright © 2018 Rodrigo Botafogo. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, 
+# and distribute this software and its documentation, without fee and without a signed 
+# licensing agreement, is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice, this 
+# paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies, modifications, and 
+# distributions.
+#
+# IN NO EVENT SHALL RODRIGO BOTAFOGO BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, 
+# INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF 
+# THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF RODRIGO BOTAFOGO HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE 
+# POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+# RODRIGO BOTAFOGO SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, 
+# THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE 
+# SOFTWARE AND ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTATION, IF ANY, PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS PROVIDED "AS IS". 
+# RODRIGO BOTAFOGO HAS NO OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, 
+# OR MODIFICATIONS.
+##########################################################################################
+
+require 'galaaz'
+require 'ggplot'
+
+tooth_growth = ~:ToothGrowth
+tooth_growth.dose = tooth_growth.dose.as__factor
+puts tooth_growth
+
+e = tooth_growth.ggplot(E.aes(x: :dose, y: :len))
+
+R.awt
+
+# Default plot
+print e + R.geom_jitter(position: R.position_jitter(0.2))
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+# Strip charts with mean points (+/- SD)
+print e + R.geom_jitter(position: R.position_jitter(0.2)) + 
+      R.stat_summary(fun__data: "mean_sdl",  fun__args: R.list(mult: 1), 
+                     geom: "pointrange", color: "red")
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+# Combine with box plot
+print e + R.geom_jitter(position: R.position_jitter(0.2)) + 
+      R.geom_dotplot(binaxis: "y", stackdir: "center") 
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+# Add violin plot
+print e + R.geom_violin(trim: false) +
+      R.geom_jitter(position: R.position_jitter(0.2))
+  
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+# Change color and shape by group (dose) 
+print e + R.geom_jitter(E.aes(color: :dose, shape: :dose),
+                        position: R.position_jitter(0.2))
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+# a = gets.chomp
+
+# removes the window
+R.dev__off

data/examples/sthda_ggplot/two_variables_disc_cont/geom_line.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+##########################################################################################
+# @author Rodrigo Botafogo
+#
+# Copyright © 2018 Rodrigo Botafogo. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, 
+# and distribute this software and its documentation, without fee and without a signed 
+# licensing agreement, is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice, this 
+# paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies, modifications, and 
+# distributions.
+#
+# IN NO EVENT SHALL RODRIGO BOTAFOGO BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, 
+# INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF 
+# THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF RODRIGO BOTAFOGO HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE 
+# POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+# RODRIGO BOTAFOGO SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, 
+# THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE 
+# SOFTWARE AND ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTATION, IF ANY, PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS PROVIDED "AS IS". 
+# RODRIGO BOTAFOGO HAS NO OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, 
+# OR MODIFICATIONS.
+##########################################################################################
+
+require 'galaaz'
+require 'ggplot'
+
+df = R.data__frame(supp: R.rep(R.c("VC", "OJ"), each: 3),
+                   dose: R.rep(R.c("D0.5", "D1", "D2"), 2),
+                   len: R.c(6.8, 15, 33, 4.2, 10, 29.5))
+puts df.head
+
+
+R.awt
+
+# Change line types by groups (supp)
+print df.ggplot(E.aes(x: :dose, y: :len, group: :supp)) +
+      R.geom_line(E.aes(linetype: :supp)) +
+      R.geom_point
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+# Change line types, point shapes and colors
+print df.ggplot(E.aes(x: :dose, y: :len, group: :supp)) +
+      R.geom_line(E.aes(linetype: :supp, color: :supp)) +
+      R.geom_point(E.aes(shape: :supp, color: :supp))
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+
+# a = gets.chomp
+
+# removes the window
+R.dev__off

data/examples/sthda_ggplot/two_variables_disc_cont/geom_violin.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+##########################################################################################
+# @author Rodrigo Botafogo
+#
+# Copyright © 2018 Rodrigo Botafogo. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, 
+# and distribute this software and its documentation, without fee and without a signed 
+# licensing agreement, is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice, this 
+# paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies, modifications, and 
+# distributions.
+#
+# IN NO EVENT SHALL RODRIGO BOTAFOGO BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, 
+# INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF 
+# THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF RODRIGO BOTAFOGO HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE 
+# POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+# RODRIGO BOTAFOGO SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, 
+# THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE 
+# SOFTWARE AND ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTATION, IF ANY, PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS PROVIDED "AS IS". 
+# RODRIGO BOTAFOGO HAS NO OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, 
+# OR MODIFICATIONS.
+##########################################################################################
+
+require 'galaaz'
+require 'ggplot'
+
+# Package Hmisc does not yet install on graalvm because of
+# problems with package data.table
+# Polyglot.eval("R", "library('Hmisc')")
+
+tooth_growth = ~:ToothGrowth
+tooth_growth.dose = tooth_growth.dose.as__factor
+puts tooth_growth
+
+e = tooth_growth.ggplot(E.aes(x: :dose, y: :len))
+
+R.awt
+
+# Default plot
+print e + R.geom_violin(trim: false)
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+# violin plot with mean points (+/- SD)
+# R.stat_summary requires Hmisc
+print e + R.geom_violin(trim: false) + 
+      R.stat_summary(fun__data: "mean_sdl",  fun__args: E.list(mult: 1), 
+                     geom: "pointrange", color: "red")
+
+# sleep(2)
+# R.grid__newpage
+
+# Combine with box plot
+print e + R.geom_violin(trim: false) + 
+      R.geom_boxplot(width: 0.2)
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+# Color by group (dose) 
+print e + R.geom_violin(E.aes(color: :dose), trim: false)
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+# a = gets.chomp
+
+# removes the window
+R.dev__off

data/examples/sthda_ggplot/two_variables_disc_disc/geom_jitter.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+##########################################################################################
+# @author Rodrigo Botafogo
+#
+# Copyright © 2018 Rodrigo Botafogo. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, 
+# and distribute this software and its documentation, without fee and without a signed 
+# licensing agreement, is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice, this 
+# paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies, modifications, and 
+# distributions.
+#
+# IN NO EVENT SHALL RODRIGO BOTAFOGO BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, 
+# INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF 
+# THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF RODRIGO BOTAFOGO HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE 
+# POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+# RODRIGO BOTAFOGO SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, 
+# THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE 
+# SOFTWARE AND ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTATION, IF ANY, PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS PROVIDED "AS IS". 
+# RODRIGO BOTAFOGO HAS NO OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, 
+# OR MODIFICATIONS.
+##########################################################################################
+
+require 'galaaz'
+require 'ggplot'
+
+diamonds = ~:diamonds
+
+R.awt
+
+print diamonds.ggplot(E.aes(:cut, :color)) +
+      R.geom_jitter(E.aes(color: :cut), size: 0.5)
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+# a = gets.chomp
+
+# removes the window
+R.dev__off

data/examples/sthda_ggplot/two_variables_error/geom_crossbar.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+##########################################################################################
+# @author Rodrigo Botafogo
+#
+# Copyright © 2018 Rodrigo Botafogo. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, 
+# and distribute this software and its documentation, without fee and without a signed 
+# licensing agreement, is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice, this 
+# paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies, modifications, and 
+# distributions.
+#
+# IN NO EVENT SHALL RODRIGO BOTAFOGO BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, 
+# INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF 
+# THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF RODRIGO BOTAFOGO HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE 
+# POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+# RODRIGO BOTAFOGO SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, 
+# THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE 
+# SOFTWARE AND ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTATION, IF ANY, PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS PROVIDED "AS IS". 
+# RODRIGO BOTAFOGO HAS NO OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, 
+# OR MODIFICATIONS.
+##########################################################################################
+
+require 'galaaz'
+require 'ggplot'
+
+df = ~:ToothGrowth
+df.dose = df.dose.as__factor
+puts df.head
+
+df2 = R.data__frame(
+  R.aggregate(df.len, by: R.list(df.dose), FUN: :mean),
+  R.aggregate(df.len, by: R.list(df.dose), FUN: :sd)[2]
+)
+
+df2.names = R.c("dose", "len", "sd")
+puts df2.head
+
+f = df2.ggplot(E.aes(x: :dose, y: :len, 
+                     ymin: :len - :sd,
+                     ymax: :len + :sd))
+
+df3 = R.data__frame(
+  R.aggregate(df.len, by: R.list(df.dose, df.supp), FUN: :mean),
+  R.aggregate(df.len, by: R.list(df.dose, df.supp), FUN: :sd)[3]
+)
+
+df3.names = R.c("dose", "supp", "len", "sd")
+puts df3.head
+
+R.awt
+
+# Default plot
+print f + R.geom_crossbar
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+# color by groups
+print f + R.geom_crossbar(E.aes(color: :dose))
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+# Change color manually
+print f + R.geom_crossbar(E.aes(color: :dose)) + 
+      R.scale_color_manual(values: R.c("#999999", "#E69F00", "#56B4E9")) +
+      R.theme_minimal
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+# fill by groups and change color manually
+print f + R.geom_crossbar(E.aes(fill: :dose)) + 
+      R.scale_fill_manual(values: R.c("#999999", "#E69F00", "#56B4E9")) +
+      R.theme_minimal
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+f = df3.ggplot(E.aes(x: :dose, y: :len, 
+                     ymin: :len - :sd, ymax: :len + :sd))
+
+# Default plot
+print f + R.geom_crossbar(E.aes(color: :supp))
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+# Use position_dodge() to avoid overlap
+print f + R.geom_crossbar(E.aes(color: :supp), 
+                          position: R.position_dodge(1))
+
+sleep(2)
+R.grid__newpage
+
+f = df.ggplot(E.aes(x: :dose, y: :len, color: :supp)) 
+
+# Use geom_crossbar()
+print f + R.stat_summary(fun__data: "mean_sdl", fun__args: R.list(mult: 1), 
+                         geom: "crossbar", width: 0.6, 
+                         position: R.position_dodge(0.8))
+
+# a = gets.chomp
+
+# removes the window
+sleep(2)
+R.dev__off

data/examples/subsetting.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+require 'galaaz'
+
+# This examples were extracted from "Advanced R", by Hadley Wickham, available on the
+# web at: http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Subsetting.html#applications
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Lookup tables (character subsetting)
+# Character matching provides a powerful way to make lookup tables.
+# Say you want to convert abbreviations:
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+x = R.c("m", "f", "u", "f", "f", "m", "m")
+lookup = R.c(m: "Male", f: "Female", u: R::NA)
+lookup[x].pp
+print("\n")
+
+#       m        f        u        f        f        m        m 
+#  "Male" "Female"       NA "Female" "Female"   "Male"   "Male" 
+
+R.unname(lookup[x]).pp
+print("\n")
+
+# [1] "Male"   "Female" NA  "Female" "Female" "Male"   "Male"  
+
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Matching and merging by hand (integer subsetting)
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# You may have a more complicated lookup table which has multiple columns of information.
+# Suppose we have a vector of grades, and a table that describes their properties:
+# In R a vector c(1, 2, 3) is a double vector, when using polyglot R.c(1, 2, 3) is an
+# integer vector, the equivalent of doing c(1L, 2L, 3L) in R.  Function 'match' does not
+# work correctly with integer vector, it has to be a double.  
+grades = R.c(1.0, 2.0, 2.0, 3.0, 1.0)
+
+info = R.data__frame(
+  grade: (3..1),
+  desc: R.c("Excellent", "Good", "Poor"),
+  fail: R.c(false, false, true)
+)
+
+# We want to duplicate the info table so that we have a row for each value in grades.
+# We can do this in two ways, either using match() and integer subsetting,
+# or rownames() and character subsetting:
+
+# Using match
+id = R.match(grades, info.grade)
+info[id, :all].pp
+print("\n")
+
+#    grade      desc  fail
+# 3       1      Poor  TRUE
+# 2       2      Good FALSE
+# 2.1     2      Good FALSE
+# 1       3 Excellent FALSE
+# 3.1     1      Poor  TRUE
+
+# Using rownames
+info.rownames = info.grade
+info[grades.as__character, :all].pp
+print("\n")
+
+#     grade      desc  fail
+# 1       3 Excellent FALSE
+# 2       2      Good FALSE
+# 2.1     2      Good FALSE
+# 3       1      Poor  TRUE
+# 1.1     3 Excellent FALSE
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Random samples/bootstrap (integer subsetting)
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# You can use integer indices to perform random sampling or bootstrapping
+# of a vector or data frame. sample() generates a vector of indices, then
+# subsetting to access the values:
+df = R.data__frame(x: R.rep((1..3), each: 2), y: (6..1), z: R.letters[(1..6)])
+
+# Set seed for reproducibility
+R.set__seed(10)
+
+# Randomly reorder
+df[R.sample(df.nrow), :all].pp
+print("\n")
+
+#   x y z
+# 4 2 3 d
+# 2 1 5 b
+# 5 3 2 e
+# 3 2 4 c
+# 1 1 6 a
+# 6 3 1 f
+
+# Select 3 random rows
+df[R.sample(df.nrow, 3), :all].pp
+print("\n")
+
+#   x y z
+# 2 1 5 b
+# 6 3 1 f
+# 3 2 4 c
+
+# Select 6 bootstrap replicates
+df[R.sample(df.nrow, 6, rep: true), :all].pp
+print("\n")
+
+#     x y z
+# 3   2 4 c
+# 4   2 3 d
+# 4.1 2 3 d
+# 1   1 6 a
+# 4.2 2 3 d
+# 3.1 2 4 c
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Ordering (integer subsetting)
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+x = R.c("b", "c", "a")
+x.order.pp
+print("\n")
+
+# [1] 3 1 2
+
+x[x.order].pp
+print("\n")
+
+# [1] "a" "b" "c"
+
+# Randomly reorder df
+df2 = df[R.sample(df.nrow), (3..1)]
+df2.pp
+print("\n")
+
+#   z y x
+# 3 c 4 2
+# 1 a 6 1
+# 2 b 5 1
+# 4 d 3 2
+# 6 f 1 3
+# 5 e 2 3
+
+df2[df2.x.order, :all].pp
+print("\n")
+
+#   z y x
+# 1 a 6 1
+# 2 b 5 1
+# 3 c 4 2
+# 4 d 3 2
+# 6 f 1 3
+# 5 e 2 3
+
+df2[:all, df2.names.order].pp
+print("\n")
+
+#   x y z
+# 3 2 4 c
+# 1 1 6 a
+# 2 1 5 b
+# 4 2 3 d
+# 6 3 1 f
+# 5 3 2 e
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Expanding aggregated counts (integer subsetting)
+# 
+# Sometimes you get a data frame where identical rows have been collapsed into one and a
+# count column has been added. rep() and integer subsetting make it easy to uncollapse
+# the data by subsetting with a repeated row index:
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+df = R.data__frame(x: R.c(2, 4, 1), y: R.c(9, 11, 6), n: R.c(3, 5, 1))
+R.rep((1..df.nrow), df.n).pp
+print("\n")
+
+# [1] 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3
+
+df[R.rep((1..df.nrow), df.n), :all].pp
+print("\n")
+
+#     x  y n
+# 1   2  9 3
+# 1.1 2  9 3
+# 1.2 2  9 3
+# 2   4 11 5
+# 2.1 4 11 5
+# 2.2 4 11 5
+# 2.3 4 11 5
+# 2.4 4 11 5
+# 3   1  6 1
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Removing columns from data frames (character subsetting)
+#
+# There are two ways to remove columns from a data frame. You can set individual columns
+# to nil:
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+df = R.data__frame(x: (1..3), y: (3..1), z: R.letters[(1..3)])
+# Not implemented yet
+# df.z = nil
+df.pp
+print("\n")
+
+df = R.data__frame(x: (1..3), y: (3..1), z: R.letters[(1..3)])
+df[R.c("x", "y")].pp
+print("\n")
+
+#   x y
+# 1 1 3
+# 2 2 2
+# 3 3 1
+
+df[df.names.setdiff("z")].pp
+print("\n")
+
+#   x y
+# 1 1 3
+# 2 2 2
+# 3 3 1
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Selecting rows based on a condition (logical subsetting)
+#
+# Because it allows you to easily combine conditions from multiple columns, logical
+# subsetting is probably the most commonly used technique for extracting rows out of
+# a data frame.
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+R.mtcars[R.mtcars.gear == 5, :all].pp
+print("\n")
+
+#                 mpg cyl  disp  hp drat    wt qsec vs am gear carb
+# Porsche 914-2  26.0   4 120.3  91 4.43 2.140 16.7  0  1    5    2
+# Lotus Europa   30.4   4  95.1 113 3.77 1.513 16.9  1  1    5    2
+# Ford Pantera L 15.8   8 351.0 264 4.22 3.170 14.5  0  1    5    4
+# Ferrari Dino   19.7   6 145.0 175 3.62 2.770 15.5  0  1    5    6
+# Maserati Bora  15.0   8 301.0 335 3.54 3.570 14.6  0  1    5    8
+
+R.mtcars[(R.mtcars.gear == 5) & (R.mtcars.cyl == 4), :all].pp
+print("\n")
+
+#                mpg cyl  disp  hp drat    wt qsec vs am gear carb
+# Porsche 914-2 26.0   4 120.3  91 4.43 2.140 16.7  0  1    5    2
+# Lotus Europa  30.4   4  95.1 113 3.77 1.513 16.9  1  1    5    2
+
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Boolean algebra vs. sets (logical & integer subsetting)
+# 
+# It’s useful to be aware of the natural equivalence between set operations (integer
+# subsetting) and boolean algebra (logical subsetting)
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+x = R.sample(10) < 4
+x.which.pp
+print("\n")
+
+# [1]  3  7 10
+
+#===
+x1 = R.c((1..10)) % 2 == 0
+x1.pp
+print("\n")
+
+# [1] FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE
+
+#===
+x2 = x1.which
+x2.pp
+print("\n")
+
+# [1]  2  4  6  8 10
+
+#===
+y1 = R.c((1..10)) % 5 == 0
+y1.pp
+print("\n")
+
+# [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE
+
+#===
+y2 = y1.which
+y2.pp
+print("\n")
+
+# [1]  5 10
+
+#===
+# X & Y <-> intersect(x, y)
+(x1 & y1).pp
+print("\n")
+
+# [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE
+
+#===
+# This example shows the problem with having R objects returning either
+# vector or scalar.  We don't know the type of the result of applying
+# intersect.  If this is a vector, then we need to print it with pp
+# but if this is a scalar, we need to print it with regular Ruby 'p' or
+# 'print'
+p R.intersect(x2, y2)
+print("\n")
+
+# 10
+
+p x2.intersect y2
+
+# 10
+
+#===
+# X | Y <-> union(x, y)
+(x1 | y1).pp
+print("\n")
+
+# [1] FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE
+
+#===
+R.union(x2, y2).pp
+print("\n")
+
+# [1]  2  4  6  8 10  5
+
+(x2.union y2).pp
+
+# [1]  2  4  6  8 10  5
+
+#===
+# X & !Y <-> setdiff(x, y)
+(x1 & !y1).pp
+print("\n")
+
+# [1] FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE FALSE
+
+#===
+R.setdiff(x2, y2).pp
+print("\n")
+
+# [1] 2 4 6 8
+
+(x2.setdiff y2).pp
+
+# [1] 2 4 6 8
+
+
+#===
+# xor(X, Y) <-> setdiff(union(x, y), intersect(x, y))
+R.xor(x1, y1).pp
+print("\n")
+
+#  [1] FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE FALSE
+
+# Writing the same as the last example in a Ruby style
+(x1.xor y1).pp
+
+#  [1] FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE FALSE
+
+#===
+R.setdiff(R.union(x2, y2), R.intersect(x2, y2)).pp
+print("\n")
+
+# [1] 2 4 6 8 5
+
+# Writing the same as the last example in a Ruby style
+((x2.union y2).setdiff (x2.intersect y2)).pp
+print("\n")
+
+# [1] 2 4 6 8 5