format_parser 2.2.1 → 2.4.3

data/lib/parsers/iso_base_media_file_format/decoder.rb

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-# This class provides generic methods for parsing file formats based on QuickTime-style "atoms", such as those seen in
+# This class provides generic methods for parsing file formats based on QuickTime-style "boxes", such as those seen in
 # the ISO base media file format (ISO/IEC 14496-12), a.k.a MPEG-4, and those that extend it (MP4, CR3, HEIF, etc.).
 #
-# For more information on atoms, see https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/QuickTime/QTFF/QTFFChap1/qtff1.html
+# For more information on boxes, see https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/QuickTime/QTFF/QTFFChap1/qtff1.html
 # or https://b.goeswhere.com/ISO_IEC_14496-12_2015.pdf.
 #
 # TODO: The vast majority of the methods have been commented out here. This decision was taken to expedite the release
@@ -9,66 +9,38 @@
 #   entirety. We should migrate existing formats that are based on the ISO base media file format and reintroduce these
 #   methods with tests down-the-line.
 
+require 'matrix'
+require 'parsers/iso_base_media_file_format/box'
+
 module FormatParser
   module ISOBaseMediaFileFormat
     class Decoder
       include FormatParser::IOUtils
 
-      class Atom < Struct.new(:type, :position, :size, :fields, :children)
-        def initialize(type, position, size, fields = nil, children = nil)
-          super
-          self.fields ||= {}
-          self.children ||= []
-        end
-
-        # Find and return the first descendent (using depth-first search) of a given type.
-        #
-        # @param [Array<String>] types
-        # @return [Atom, nil]
-        def find_first_descendent(types)
-          children.each do |child|
-            return child if types.include?(child.type)
-            if (descendent = child.find_first_descendent(types))
-              return descendent
-            end
-          end
-          nil
-        end
-
-        # Find and return all descendents of a given type.
-        #
-        # @param [Array<String>] types
-        # @return [Array<Atom>]
-        def select_descendents(types)
-          children.map do |child|
-            descendents = child.select_descendents(types)
-            types.include?(child.type) ? [child] + descendents : descendents
-          end.flatten
-        end
-      end
-
+      # Attempt to build the ISOBMFF box tree represented in the given IO object.
+      #
       # @param [Integer] max_read
-      # @param [IO, FormatParser::IOConstraint] io
-      # @return [Array<Atom>]
-      def build_atom_tree(max_read, io = nil)
+      # @param [IO, StringIO, FormatParser::IOConstraint] io
+      # @return [Array<Box>]
+      def build_box_tree(max_read, io = nil)
         @buf = FormatParser::IOConstraint.new(io) if io
         raise ArgumentError, "IO missing - supply a valid IO object" unless @buf
-        atoms = []
+        boxes = []
         max_pos = @buf.pos + max_read
         loop do
           break if @buf.pos >= max_pos
-          atom = parse_atom
-          break unless atom
-          atoms << atom
+          box = parse_box
+          break unless box
+          boxes << box
         end
-        atoms
+        boxes
       end
 
       protected
 
-      # A mapping of atom types to their respective parser methods. Each method must take a single Integer parameter, size,
-      # and return the atom's fields and children where appropriate as a Hash and Array of Atoms respectively.
-      ATOM_PARSERS = {
+      # A mapping of box types to their respective parser methods. Each method must take a single Integer parameter, size,
+      # and return the box's fields and children where appropriate as a Hash and Array of Boxes respectively.
+      BOX_PARSERS = {
         # 'bxml' => :bxml,
         # 'co64' => :co64,
         # 'cprt' => :cprt,
@@ -81,9 +53,9 @@ module FormatParser
         # 'fiin' => :fiin,
         # 'fire' => :fire,
         # 'fpar' => :fpar,
-        # 'ftyp' => :typ,
+        'ftyp' => :typ,
         # 'gitn' => :gitn,
-        # 'hdlr' => :hdlr,
+        'hdlr' => :hdlr,
         # 'hmhd' => :hmhd,
         # 'iinf' => :iinf,
         # 'iloc' => :iloc,
@@ -91,7 +63,7 @@ module FormatParser
         # 'ipro' => :ipro,
         # 'iref' => :iref,
         # 'leva' => :leva,
-        # 'mdhd' => :mdhd,
+        'mdhd' => :mdhd,
         'mdia' => :container,
         'meco' => :container,
         # 'mehd' => :mehd,
@@ -104,7 +76,7 @@ module FormatParser
         'moof' => :container,
         'moov' => :container,
         'mvex' => :container,
-        # 'mvhd' => :mvhd,
+        'mvhd' => :mvhd,
         'nmhd' => :empty,
         # 'padb' => :padb,
         'paen' => :container,
@@ -131,16 +103,16 @@ module FormatParser
         # 'stri' => :stri,
         'strk' => :container,
         # 'stsc' => :stsc,
-        # 'stsd' => :stsd,
+        'stsd' => :stsd,
         # 'stsh' => :stsh,
         # 'stss' => :stss,
         # 'stsz' => :stsz,
-        # 'stts' => :stts,
+        'stts' => :stts,
         # 'styp' => :typ,
         # 'stz2' => :stz2,
         # 'subs' => :subs,
         # 'tfra' => :tfra,
-        # 'tkhd' => :tkhd,
+        'tkhd' => :tkhd,
         'trak' => :container,
         # 'trex' => :trex,
         # 'tsel' => :tsel,
@@ -152,69 +124,69 @@ module FormatParser
         # 'xml ' => :xml,
       }
 
-      # Parse the atom at the IO's current position.
+      # Parse the box at the IO's current position.
       #
-      # @return [Atom, nil]
-      def parse_atom
+      # @return [Box, nil]
+      def parse_box
         position = @buf.pos
 
-        size = read_int_32
+        size = read_int
         type = read_string(4)
-        size = read_int_64 if size == 1
+        size = read_int(n: 8) if size == 1
         body_size = size - (@buf.pos - position)
-        next_atom_position = position + size
-
-        if self.class::ATOM_PARSERS.include?(type)
-          fields, children = method(self.class::ATOM_PARSERS[type]).call(body_size)
-          if @buf.pos != next_atom_position
-            # We should never end up in this state. If we do, it likely indicates a bug in the atom's parser method.
-            warn("Unexpected IO position after parsing #{type} atom at position #{position}. Atom size: #{size}. Expected position: #{next_atom_position}. Actual position: #{@buf.pos}.")
-            @buf.seek(next_atom_position)
+        next_box_position = position + size
+
+        if self.class::BOX_PARSERS.include?(type)
+          fields, children = method(self.class::BOX_PARSERS[type]).call(body_size)
+          if @buf.pos != next_box_position
+            # We should never end up in this state. If we do, it likely indicates a bug in the box's parser method.
+            warn("Unexpected IO position after parsing #{type} box at position #{position}. Box size: #{size}. Expected position: #{next_box_position}. Actual position: #{@buf.pos}.")
+            @buf.seek(next_box_position)
           end
-          Atom.new(type, position, size, fields, children)
+          Box.new(type, position, size, fields, children)
         else
           skip_bytes(body_size)
-          Atom.new(type, position, size)
+          Box.new(type, position, size)
         end
       rescue FormatParser::IOUtils::InvalidRead
         nil
       end
 
-      # Parse any atom that serves as a container, with only children and no fields of its own.
+      # Parse any box that serves as a container, with only children and no fields of its own.
       def container(size)
-        [nil, build_atom_tree(size)]
+        [nil, build_box_tree(size)]
       end
 
-      # Parse only an atom's version and flags, skipping the remainder of the atom's body.
+      # Parse only an box's version and flags, skipping the remainder of the box's body.
       def empty(size)
         fields = read_version_and_flags
         skip_bytes(size - 4)
         [fields, nil]
       end
 
-      # Parse a binary XML atom.
+      # Parse a binary XML box.
       # def bxml(size)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
-      #     data: (size - 4).times.map { read_int_8 }
+      #     data: (size - 4).times.map { read_int(n: 1) }
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a chunk large offset atom.
+      # Parse a chunk large offset box.
       # def co64(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   entry_count = read_int_32
+      #   entry_count = read_int
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     entry_count: entry_count,
-      #     entries: entry_count.times.map { { chunk_offset: read_int_64 } }
+      #     entries: entry_count.times.map { { chunk_offset: read_int(n: 8) } }
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a copyright atom.
+      # Parse a copyright box.
       # def cprt(size)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   tmp = read_int_16
+      #   tmp = read_int(n: 2)
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     language: [(tmp >> 10) & 0x1F, (tmp >> 5) & 0x1F, tmp & 0x1F],
       #     notice: read_string(size - 6)
@@ -222,45 +194,45 @@ module FormatParser
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a composition to decode atom.
+      # Parse a composition to decode box.
       # def cslg(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
       #   version = fields[:version]
       #   fields.merge!({
-      #     composition_to_dts_shift: version == 1 ? read_int_64 : read_int_32,
-      #     least_decode_to_display_delta: version == 1 ? read_int_64 : read_int_32,
-      #     greatest_decode_to_display_delta: version == 1 ? read_int_64 : read_int_32,
-      #     composition_start_time: version == 1 ? read_int_64 : read_int_32,
-      #     composition_end_time: version == 1 ? read_int_64 : read_int_32,
+      #     composition_to_dts_shift: version == 1 ? read_int(n: 8) : read_int,
+      #     least_decode_to_display_delta: version == 1 ? read_int(n: 8) : read_int,
+      #     greatest_decode_to_display_delta: version == 1 ? read_int(n: 8) : read_int,
+      #     composition_start_time: version == 1 ? read_int(n: 8) : read_int,
+      #     composition_end_time: version == 1 ? read_int(n: 8) : read_int,
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a composition time to sample atom.
+      # Parse a composition time to sample box.
       # def ctts(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   entry_count = read_int_32
+      #   entry_count = read_int
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     entry_count: entry_count,
       #     entries: entry_count.times.map do
       #       {
-      #         sample_count: read_int_32,
-      #         sample_offset: read_int_32
+      #         sample_count: read_int,
+      #         sample_offset: read_int
       #       }
       #     end
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a data reference atom.
+      # Parse a data reference box.
       # def dref(size)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
-      #     entry_count: read_int_32
+      #     entry_count: read_int
       #   })
-      #   [fields, build_atom_tree(size - 8)]
+      #   [fields, build_box_tree(size - 8)]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a data reference URL entry atom.
+      # Parse a data reference URL entry box.
       # def dref_url(size)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
       #     location: read_string(size - 4)
@@ -268,7 +240,7 @@ module FormatParser
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a data reference URN entry atom.
+      # Parse a data reference URN entry box.
       # def dref_urn(size)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
       #   name, location = read_bytes(size - 4).unpack('Z2')
@@ -279,58 +251,58 @@ module FormatParser
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse an FEC reservoir atom.
+      # Parse an FEC reservoir box.
       # def fecr(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
       #   version = fields[:version]
-      #   entry_count = version == 0 ? read_int_16 : read_int_32
+      #   entry_count = version == 0 ? read_int(n: 2) : read_int
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     entry_count: entry_count,
       #     entries: entry_count.times.map do
       #       {
-      #         item_id: version == 0 ? read_int_16 : read_int_32,
-      #         symbol_count: read_int_8
+      #         item_id: version == 0 ? read_int(n: 2) : read_int,
+      #         symbol_count: read_int(n: 1)
       #       }
       #     end
       #   })
       # end
 
-      # Parse an FD item information atom.
+      # Parse an FD item information box.
       # def fiin(size)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
-      #     entry_count: read_int_16
+      #     entry_count: read_int(n: 2)
       #   })
-      #   [fields, build_atom_tree(size - 6)]
+      #   [fields, build_box_tree(size - 6)]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a file reservoir atom.
+      # Parse a file reservoir box.
       # def fire(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   entry_count = version == 0 ? read_int_16 : read_int_32
+      #   entry_count = version == 0 ? read_int(n: 2) : read_int
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     entry_count: entry_count,
       #     entries: entry_count.times.map do
       #       {
-      #         item_id: version == 0 ? read_int_16 : read_int_32,
-      #         symbol_count: read_int_32
+      #         item_id: version == 0 ? read_int(n: 2) : read_int,
+      #         symbol_count: read_int
       #       }
       #     end
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a file partition atom.
+      # Parse a file partition box.
       # def fpar(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
       #   version = fields[:version]
       #   fields.merge!({
-      #     item_id: version == 0 ? read_int_16 : read_int_32,
-      #     packet_payload_size: read_int_16,
-      #     fec_encoding_id: skip_bytes(1) { read_int_8 },
-      #     fec_instance_id: read_int_16,
-      #     max_source_block_length: read_int_16,
-      #     encoding_symbol_length: read_int_16,
-      #     max_number_of_encoding_symbols: read_int_16,
+      #     item_id: version == 0 ? read_int(n: 2) : read_int,
+      #     packet_payload_size: read_int(n: 2),
+      #     fec_encoding_id: skip_bytes(1) { read_int(n: 1) },
+      #     fec_instance_id: read_int(n: 2),
+      #     max_source_block_length: read_int(n: 2),
+      #     encoding_symbol_length: read_int(n: 2),
+      #     max_number_of_encoding_symbols: read_int(n: 2),
       #   })
       #   # TODO: Parse scheme_specific_info, entry_count and entries { block_count, block_size }.
       #   skip_bytes(size - 20)
@@ -338,10 +310,10 @@ module FormatParser
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a group ID to name atom.
+      # Parse a group ID to name box.
       # def gitn(size)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   entry_count = read_int_16
+      #   entry_count = read_int(n: 2)
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     entry_count: entry_count
       #   })
@@ -350,43 +322,43 @@ module FormatParser
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a handler atom.
-      # def hdlr(size)
-      #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
-      #     handler_type: skip_bytes(4) { read_int_32 },
-      #     name: skip_bytes(12) { read_string(size - 24) }
-      #   })
-      #   [fields, nil]
-      # end
+      # Parse a handler box.
+      def hdlr(size)
+        fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
+          handler_type: skip_bytes(4) { read_string(4) },
+          name: skip_bytes(12) { read_string(size - 24) }
+        })
+        [fields, nil]
+      end
 
-      # Parse a hint media header atom.
+      # Parse a hint media header box.
       # def hmhd(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
-      #     max_pdu_size: read_int_16,
-      #     avg_pdu_size: read_int_16,
-      #     max_bitrate: read_int_32,
-      #     avg_bitrate: read_int_32
+      #     max_pdu_size: read_int(n: 2),
+      #     avg_pdu_size: read_int(n: 2),
+      #     max_bitrate: read_int,
+      #     avg_bitrate: read_int
       #   })
       #   skip_bytes(4)
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse an item info atom.
+      # Parse an item info box.
       # def iinf(size)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
-      #     entry_count: version == 0 ? read_int_16 : read_int_32
+      #     entry_count: version == 0 ? read_int(n: 2) : read_int
       #   })
-      #   [fields, build_atom_tree(size - 8)]
+      #   [fields, build_box_tree(size - 8)]
       # end
 
-      # Parse an item location atom.
+      # Parse an item location box.
       # def iloc(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   tmp = read_int_16
+      #   tmp = read_int(n: 2)
       #   item_count = if version < 2
-      #     read_int_16
+      #     read_int(n: 2)
       #   elsif version == 2
-      #     read_int_32
+      #     read_int
       #   end
       #   offset_size = (tmp >> 12) & 0x7
       #   length_size = (tmp >> 8) & 0x7
@@ -400,15 +372,15 @@ module FormatParser
       #     items: item_count.times.map do
       #       item = {
       #         item_id: if version < 2
-      #           read_int_16
+      #           read_int(n: 2)
       #         elsif version == 2
-      #           read_int_32
+      #           read_int
       #         end
       #       }
-      #       item[:construction_method] = read_int_16 & 0x7 if version == 1 || version == 2
-      #       item[:data_reference_index] = read_int_16
+      #       item[:construction_method] = read_int(n: 2) & 0x7 if version == 1 || version == 2
+      #       item[:data_reference_index] = read_int(n: 2)
       #       skip_bytes(base_offset_size) # TODO: Dynamically parse base_offset based on base_offset_size
-      #       extent_count = read_int_16
+      #       extent_count = read_int(n: 2)
       #       item[:extent_count] = extent_count
       #       # TODO: Dynamically parse extent_index, extent_offset and extent_length based on their respective sizes.
       #       skip_bytes(extent_count * (offset_size + length_size))
@@ -417,34 +389,34 @@ module FormatParser
       #   })
       # end
 
-      # Parse an item info entry atom.
+      # Parse an item info entry box.
       # def infe(size)
-      #   # TODO: This atom is super-complicated with optional and/or version-dependent fields and children.
+      #   # TODO: This box is super-complicated with optional and/or version-dependent fields and children.
       #   empty(size)
       # end
 
-      # Parse an item protection atom.
+      # Parse an item protection box.
       # def ipro(size)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
-      #     protection_count: read_int_16
+      #     protection_count: read_int(n: 2)
       #   })
-      #   [fields, build_atom_tree(size - 6)]
+      #   [fields, build_box_tree(size - 6)]
       # end
 
-      # Parse an item reference atom.
+      # Parse an item reference box.
       # def iref(_)
-      #   [read_version_and_flags, build_atom_tree(size - 4)]
+      #   [read_version_and_flags, build_box_tree(size - 4)]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a level assignment atom.
+      # Parse a level assignment box.
       # def leva(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   level_count = read_int_8
+      #   level_count = read_int(n: 1)
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     level_count: level_count,
       #     levels: level_count.times.map do
-      #       track_id = read_int_32
-      #       tmp = read_int_8
+      #       track_id = read_int
+      #       tmp = read_int(n: 1)
       #       assignment_type = tmp & 0x7F
       #       level = {
       #         track_id: track_id,
@@ -452,14 +424,14 @@ module FormatParser
       #         assignment_type: assignment_type
       #       }
       #       if assignment_type == 0
-      #         level[:grouping_type] = read_int_32
+      #         level[:grouping_type] = read_int
       #       elsif assignment_type == 1
       #         level.merge!({
-      #           grouping_type: read_int_32,
-      #           grouping_type_parameter: read_int_32
+      #           grouping_type: read_int,
+      #           grouping_type_parameter: read_int
       #         })
       #       elsif assignment_type == 4
-      #         level[:sub_track_id] = read_int_32
+      #         level[:sub_track_id] = read_int
       #       end
       #       level
       #     end
@@ -467,87 +439,87 @@ module FormatParser
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a media header atom.
-      # def mdhd(_)
-      #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   version = fields[:version]
-      #   fields.merge!({
-      #     creation_time: version == 1 ? read_int_64 : read_int_32,
-      #     modification_time: version == 1 ? read_int_64 : read_int_32,
-      #     timescale: read_int_32,
-      #     duration: version == 1 ? read_int_64 : read_int_32,
-      #   })
-      #   tmp = read_int_16
-      #   fields[:language] = [(tmp >> 10) & 0x1F, (tmp >> 5) & 0x1F, tmp & 0x1F]
-      #   skip_bytes(2)
-      #   [fields, nil]
-      # end
+      # Parse a media header box.
+      def mdhd(_)
+        fields = read_version_and_flags
+        version = fields[:version]
+        fields.merge!({
+          creation_time: version == 1 ? read_int(n: 8) : read_int,
+          modification_time: version == 1 ? read_int(n: 8) : read_int,
+          timescale: read_int,
+          duration: version == 1 ? read_int(n: 8) : read_int,
+        })
+        tmp = read_int(n: 2)
+        fields[:language] = [(tmp >> 10) & 0x1F, (tmp >> 5) & 0x1F, tmp & 0x1F]
+        skip_bytes(2)
+        [fields, nil]
+      end
 
-      # Parse a movie extends header atom.
+      # Parse a movie extends header box.
       # def mehd(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
       #   version = fields[:version]
-      #   fields[:fragment_duration] = version == 1 ? read_int_64 : read_int_32
+      #   fields[:fragment_duration] = version == 1 ? read_int(n: 8) : read_int
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse an metabox relation atom.
+      # Parse an metabox relation box.
       # def mere(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
-      #     first_metabox_handler_type: read_int_32,
-      #     second_metabox_handler_type: read_int_32,
-      #     metabox_relation: read_int_8
+      #     first_metabox_handler_type: read_int,
+      #     second_metabox_handler_type: read_int,
+      #     metabox_relation: read_int(n: 1)
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a meta atom.
+      # Parse a meta box.
       # def meta(size)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   [fields, build_atom_tree(size - 4)]
+      #   [fields, build_box_tree(size - 4)]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a movie fragment header atom.
+      # Parse a movie fragment header box.
       # def mfhd(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
-      #     sequence_number: read_int_32
+      #     sequence_number: read_int
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a movie fragment random access offset atom.
+      # Parse a movie fragment random access offset box.
       # def mfro(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
-      #     size: read_int_32
+      #     size: read_int
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a movie header atom.
-      # def mvhd(_)
-      #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   version = fields[:version]
-      #   fields.merge!({
-      #     creation_time: version == 1 ? read_int_64 : read_int_32,
-      #     modification_time: version == 1 ? read_int_64 : read_int_32,
-      #     timescale: read_int_32,
-      #     duration: version == 1 ? read_int_64 : read_int_32,
-      #     rate: read_fixed_point_32,
-      #     volume: read_fixed_point_16,
-      #     matrix: skip_bytes(10) { read_matrix },
-      #     next_trak_id: skip_bytes(24) { read_int_32 },
-      #   })
-      #   [fields, nil]
-      # end
+      # Parse a movie header box.
+      def mvhd(_)
+        fields = read_version_and_flags
+        version = fields[:version]
+        fields.merge!({
+          creation_time: version == 1 ? read_int(n: 8) : read_int,
+          modification_time: version == 1 ? read_int(n: 8) : read_int,
+          timescale: read_int,
+          duration: version == 1 ? read_int(n: 8) : read_int,
+          rate: read_fixed_point(n: 4),
+          volume: read_fixed_point(n: 2, signed: true),
+          matrix: skip_bytes(10) { read_matrix },
+          next_trak_id: skip_bytes(24) { read_int },
+        })
+        [fields, nil]
+      end
 
-      # Parse a padding bits atom.
+      # Parse a padding bits box.
       # def padb(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   sample_count = read_int_32
+      #   sample_count = read_int
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     sample_count: sample_count,
       #     padding: ((sample_count + 1) / 2).times.map do
-      #       tmp = read_int_8
+      #       tmp = read_int(n: 1)
       #       {
       #         padding_1: tmp >> 4,
       #         padding_2: tmp & 0x07
@@ -557,170 +529,170 @@ module FormatParser
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a progressive download information atom.
+      # Parse a progressive download information box.
       # def pdin(size)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
       #     entries: ((size - 4) / 8).times.map do
       #       {
-      #         rate: read_int_32,
-      #         initial_delay: read_int_32
+      #         rate: read_int,
+      #         initial_delay: read_int
       #       }
       #     end
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a primary item atom.
+      # Parse a primary item box.
       # def pitm(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
-      #     item_id: version == 0 ? read_int_16 : read_int_32
+      #     item_id: version == 0 ? read_int(n: 2) : read_int
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a producer reference time atom.
+      # Parse a producer reference time box.
       # def prft(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
       #   version = fields[:version]
       #   fields.merge!({
-      #     reference_track_id: read_int_32,
-      #     ntp_timestamp: read_int_64,
-      #     media_time: version == 0 ? read_int_32 : read_int_64
+      #     reference_track_id: read_int,
+      #     ntp_timestamp: read_int(n: 8),
+      #     media_time: version == 0 ? read_int : read_int(n: 8)
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a sample auxiliary information offsets atom.
+      # Parse a sample auxiliary information offsets box.
       # def saio(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
       #   version = field[:version]
       #   flags = fields[:flags]
       #   fields.merge!({
-      #     aux_info_type: read_int_32,
-      #     aux_info_type_parameter: read_int_32
+      #     aux_info_type: read_int,
+      #     aux_info_type_parameter: read_int
       #   }) if flags & 0x1
-      #   entry_count = read_int_32
+      #   entry_count = read_int
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     entry_count: entry_count,
-      #     offsets: entry_count.times.map { version == 0 ? read_int_32 : read_int_64 }
+      #     offsets: entry_count.times.map { version == 0 ? read_int : read_int(n: 8) }
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a sample auxiliary information sizes atom.
+      # Parse a sample auxiliary information sizes box.
       # def saiz(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
       #   flags = fields[:flags]
       #   fields.merge!({
-      #     aux_info_type: read_int_32,
-      #     aux_info_type_parameter: read_int_32
+      #     aux_info_type: read_int,
+      #     aux_info_type_parameter: read_int
       #   }) if flags & 0x1
-      #   default_sample_info_size = read_int_8
-      #   sample_count = read_int_32
+      #   default_sample_info_size = read_int(n: 1)
+      #   sample_count = read_int
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     default_sample_info_size: default_sample_info_size,
       #     sample_count: sample_count
       #   })
-      #   fields[:sample_info_sizes] = sample_count.times.map { read_int_8 } if default_sample_info_size == 0
+      #   fields[:sample_info_sizes] = sample_count.times.map { read_int(n: 1) } if default_sample_info_size == 0
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a sample to group atom.
+      # Parse a sample to group box.
       # def sbgp(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   fields[:grouping_type] = read_int_32
-      #   fields[:grouping_type_parameter] = read_int_32 if fields[:version] == 1
-      #   entry_count = read_int_32
+      #   fields[:grouping_type] = read_int
+      #   fields[:grouping_type_parameter] = read_int if fields[:version] == 1
+      #   entry_count = read_int
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     entry_count: entry_count,
       #     entries: entry_count.times.map do
       #       {
-      #         sample_count: read_int_32,
-      #         group_description_index: read_int_32
+      #         sample_count: read_int,
+      #         group_description_index: read_int
       #       }
       #     end
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a scheme type atom.
+      # Parse a scheme type box.
       # def schm(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
       #     scheme_type: read_string(4),
-      #     scheme_version: read_int_32,
+      #     scheme_version: read_int,
       #   })
-      #   fields[:scheme_uri] = (size - 12).times.map { read_int_8 } if flags & 0x1 != 0
+      #   fields[:scheme_uri] = (size - 12).times.map { read_int(n: 1) } if flags & 0x1 != 0
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse an independent and disposable samples atom.
+      # Parse an independent and disposable samples box.
       # def sdtp(size)
-      #   # TODO: Parsing this atom needs the sample_count from the sample size atom (`stsz`).
+      #   # TODO: Parsing this box needs the sample_count from the sample size box (`stsz`).
       #   empty(size)
       # end
 
-      # Parse an FD session group atom.
+      # Parse an FD session group box.
       # def segr(_)
-      #   num_session_groups = read_int_16
+      #   num_session_groups = read_int(n: 2)
       #   fields = {
       #     num_session_groups: num_session_groups,
       #     session_groups: num_session_groups.times.map do
-      #       entry_count = read_int_8
+      #       entry_count = read_int(n: 1)
       #       session_group = {
       #         entry_count: entry_count,
-      #         entries: entry_count.times.map { { group_id: read_int_32 } }
+      #         entries: entry_count.times.map { { group_id: read_int } }
       #       }
-      #       num_channels_in_session_group = read_int_16
+      #       num_channels_in_session_group = read_int(n: 2)
       #       session_group.merge({
       #         num_channels_in_session_group: num_channels_in_session_group,
-      #         channels: num_channels_in_session_group.times.map { { hint_track_id: read_int_32 } }
+      #         channels: num_channels_in_session_group.times.map { { hint_track_id: read_int } }
       #       })
       #     end
       #   }
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a sample group description atom.
+      # Parse a sample group description box.
       # def sgpd(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
       #   version = fields[:version]
-      #   fields[:grouping_type] = read_int_32
-      #   fields[:default_length] = read_int_32 if version == 1
-      #   fields[:default_sample_description_index] = read_int_32 if version >= 2
-      #   entry_count = read_int_32
+      #   fields[:grouping_type] = read_int
+      #   fields[:default_length] = read_int if version == 1
+      #   fields[:default_sample_description_index] = read_int if version >= 2
+      #   entry_count = read_int
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     entry_count: entry_count,
       #     entries: entry_count.times.map do
       #       entry = {}
-      #       entry[:description_length] = read_int_32 if version == 1 && fields[:default_length] == 0
-      #       entry[:atom] = parse_atom
+      #       entry[:description_length] = read_int if version == 1 && fields[:default_length] == 0
+      #       entry[:box] = parse_box
       #     end
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a segment index atom.
+      # Parse a segment index box.
       # def sidx(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
-      #     reference_id: read_int_32,
-      #     timescale: read_int_32
+      #     reference_id: read_int,
+      #     timescale: read_int
       #   })
       #   version = fields[:version]
       #   fields.merge!({
-      #     earliest_presentation_time: version == 0 ? read_int_32 : read_int_64,
-      #     first_offset: version == 0 ? read_int_32 : read_int_64,
+      #     earliest_presentation_time: version == 0 ? read_int : read_int(n: 8),
+      #     first_offset: version == 0 ? read_int : read_int(n: 8),
       #   })
-      #   reference_count = skip_bytes(2) { read_int_16 }
+      #   reference_count = skip_bytes(2) { read_int(n: 2) }
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     reference_count: reference_count,
       #     references: reference_count.times.map do
-      #       tmp = read_int_32
+      #       tmp = read_int
       #       reference = {
       #         reference_type: tmp >> 31,
       #         referenced_size: tmp & 0x7FFFFFFF,
-      #         subsegment_duration: read_int_32
+      #         subsegment_duration: read_int
       #       }
-      #       tmp = read_int_32
+      #       tmp = read_int
       #       reference.merge({
       #         starts_with_sap: tmp >> 31,
       #         sap_type: (tmp >> 28) & 0x7,
@@ -731,27 +703,27 @@ module FormatParser
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a sound media header atom.
+      # Parse a sound media header box.
       # def smhd(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
-      #     balance: read_fixed_point_16,
+      #     balance: read_fixed_point(n: 2, signed: true),
       #   })
       #   skip_bytes(2)
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a subsegment index atom.
+      # Parse a subsegment index box.
       # def ssix(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   subsegment_count = read_int_32
+      #   subsegment_count = read_int
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     subsegment_count: subsegment_count,
       #     subsegments: subsegment_count.times.map do
-      #       range_count = read_int_32
+      #       range_count = read_int
       #       {
       #         range_count: range_count,
       #         ranges: range_count.times.map do
-      #           tmp = read_int_32
+      #           tmp = read_int
       #           {
       #             level: tmp >> 24,
       #             range_size: tmp & 0x00FFFFFF
@@ -763,142 +735,142 @@ module FormatParser
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a chunk offset atom.
+      # Parse a chunk offset box.
       # def stco(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   entry_count = read_int_32
+      #   entry_count = read_int
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     entry_count: entry_count,
-      #     entries: entry_count.times.map { { chunk_offset: read_int_32 } }
+      #     entries: entry_count.times.map { { chunk_offset: read_int } }
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a degradation priority atom.
+      # Parse a degradation priority box.
       # def stdp(size)
-      #   # TODO: Parsing this atom needs the sample_count from the sample size atom (`stsz`).
+      #   # TODO: Parsing this box needs the sample_count from the sample size box (`stsz`).
       #   empty(size)
       # end
 
-      # Parse a sub track information atom.
+      # Parse a sub track information box.
       # def stri(size)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
-      #     switch_group: read_int_16,
-      #     alternate_group: read_int_16,
-      #     sub_track_id: read_int_32,
-      #     attribute_list: ((size - 12) / 4).times.map { read_int_32 }
+      #     switch_group: read_int(n: 2),
+      #     alternate_group: read_int(n: 2),
+      #     sub_track_id: read_int,
+      #     attribute_list: ((size - 12) / 4).times.map { read_int }
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a sample to chunk atom.
+      # Parse a sample to chunk box.
       # def stsc(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   entry_count = read_int_32
+      #   entry_count = read_int
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     entry_count: entry_count,
       #     entries: entry_count.times.map do
       #       {
-      #         first_chunk: read_int_32,
-      #         samples_per_chunk: read_int_32,
-      #         sample_description_index: read_int_32
+      #         first_chunk: read_int,
+      #         samples_per_chunk: read_int,
+      #         sample_description_index: read_int
       #       }
       #     end
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a sample descriptions atom.
-      # def stsd(size)
-      #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
-      #     entry_count: read_int_32
-      #   })
-      #   [fields, build_atom_tree(size - 8)]
-      # end
+      # Parse a sample descriptions box.
+      def stsd(size)
+        fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
+          entry_count: read_int
+        })
+        [fields, build_box_tree(size - 8)]
+      end
 
-      # Parse a shadow sync sample atom.
+      # Parse a shadow sync sample box.
       # def stsh(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   entry_count = read_int_32
+      #   entry_count = read_int
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     entry_count: entry_count,
       #     entries: entry_count.times.map {
       #       {
-      #         shadowed_sample_number: read_int_32,
-      #         sync_sample_number: read_int_32
+      #         shadowed_sample_number: read_int,
+      #         sync_sample_number: read_int
       #       }
       #     }
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a sync sample atom.
+      # Parse a sync sample box.
       # def stss(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   entry_count = read_int_32
+      #   entry_count = read_int
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     entry_count: entry_count,
-      #     entries: entry_count.times.map { { sample_number: read_int_32 } }
+      #     entries: entry_count.times.map { { sample_number: read_int } }
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a sample size atom.
+      # Parse a sample size box.
       # def stsz(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   sample_size = read_int_32
-      #   sample_count = read_int_32
+      #   sample_size = read_int
+      #   sample_count = read_int
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     sample_size: sample_size,
       #     sample_count: sample_count,
       #   })
-      #   fields[:entries] = sample_count.times.map { { entry_size: read_int_32 } } if sample_size == 0
+      #   fields[:entries] = sample_count.times.map { { entry_size: read_int } } if sample_size == 0
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a decoding time to sample atom.
-      # def stts(_)
-      #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   entry_count = read_int_32
-      #   fields.merge!({
-      #     entry_count: entry_count,
-      #     entries: entry_count.times.map do
-      #       {
-      #         sample_count: read_int_32,
-      #         sample_delta: read_int_32
-      #       }
-      #     end
-      #   })
-      #   [fields, nil]
-      # end
+      # Parse a decoding time to sample box.
+      def stts(_)
+        fields = read_version_and_flags
+        entry_count = read_int
+        fields.merge!({
+          entry_count: entry_count,
+          entries: entry_count.times.map do
+            {
+              sample_count: read_int,
+              sample_delta: read_int
+            }
+          end
+        })
+        [fields, nil]
+      end
 
-      # Parse a compact sample size atom.
+      # Parse a compact sample size box.
       # def stz2(size)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
-      #     field_size: skip_bytes(3) { read_int_8 },
-      #     sample_count: read_int_32
+      #     field_size: skip_bytes(3) { read_int(n: 1) },
+      #     sample_count: read_int
       #   })
       #   # TODO: Handling for parsing entry sizes dynamically based on field size.
       #   skip_bytes(size - 12)
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a sub-sample information atom.
+      # Parse a sub-sample information box.
       # def subs(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   entry_count = read_int_32
+      #   entry_count = read_int
       #   fields[:entries] = entry_count.times.map do
-      #     sample_delta = read_int_32
-      #     subsample_count = read_int_16
+      #     sample_delta = read_int
+      #     subsample_count = read_int(n: 2)
       #     {
       #       sample_delta: sample_delta,
       #       subsample_count: subsample_count,
       #       subsample_information: subsample_count.times.map do
       #         {
-      #           subsample_size: version == 1 ? read_int_32 : read_int_16,
-      #           subsample_priority: read_int_8,
-      #           discardable: read_int_8,
-      #           codec_specific_parameters: read_int_32
+      #           subsample_size: version == 1 ? read_int : read_int(n: 2),
+      #           subsample_priority: read_int(n: 1),
+      #           discardable: read_int(n: 1),
+      #           codec_specific_parameters: read_int
       #         }
       #       end
       #     }
@@ -906,17 +878,17 @@ module FormatParser
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a track fragment random access atom.
+      # Parse a track fragment random access box.
       # def tfra(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags
       #   version = fields[:version]
-      #   fields[:track_id] = read_int_32
+      #   fields[:track_id] = read_int
       #   skip_bytes(3)
-      #   tmp = read_int_8
+      #   tmp = read_int(n: 1)
       #   size_of_traf_number = (tmp >> 4) & 0x3
       #   size_of_trun_number = (tmp >> 2) & 0x3
       #   size_of_sample_number = tmp & 0x3
-      #   entry_count = read_int_32
+      #   entry_count = read_int
       #   fields.merge!({
       #     size_of_traf_number: size_of_traf_number,
       #     size_of_trun_number: size_of_trun_number,
@@ -924,8 +896,8 @@ module FormatParser
       #     entry_count: entry_count,
       #     entries: entry_count.times.map do
       #       entry = {
-      #         time: version == 1 ? read_int_64 : read_int_32,
-      #         moof_offset: version == 1 ? read_int_64 : read_int_32
+      #         time: version == 1 ? read_int(n: 8) : read_int,
+      #         moof_offset: version == 1 ? read_int(n: 8) : read_int
       #       }
       #       # TODO: Handling for parsing traf_number, trun_number and sample_number dynamically based on their sizes.
       #       skip_bytes(size_of_traf_number + size_of_trun_number + size_of_sample_number + 3)
@@ -935,74 +907,74 @@ module FormatParser
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a track header atom.
-      # def tkhd(_)
-      #   fields = read_version_and_flags
-      #   version = fields[:version]
-      #   fields.merge!({
-      #     creation_time: version == 1 ? read_int_64 : read_int_32,
-      #     modification_time: version == 1 ? read_int_64 : read_int_32,
-      #     track_id: read_int_32,
-      #     duration: skip_bytes(4) { version == 1 ? read_int_64 : read_int_32 },
-      #     layer: skip_bytes(8) { read_int_16 },
-      #     alternate_group: read_int_16,
-      #     volume: read_fixed_point_16,
-      #     matrix: skip_bytes(2) { read_matrix },
-      #     width: read_fixed_point_32,
-      #     height: read_fixed_point_32
-      #   })
-      #   [fields, nil]
-      # end
+      # Parse a track header box.
+      def tkhd(_)
+        fields = read_version_and_flags
+        version = fields[:version]
+        fields.merge!({
+          creation_time: version == 1 ? read_int(n: 8) : read_int,
+          modification_time: version == 1 ? read_int(n: 8) : read_int,
+          track_id: read_int,
+          duration: skip_bytes(4) { version == 1 ? read_int(n: 8) : read_int },
+          layer: skip_bytes(8) { read_int(n: 2) },
+          alternate_group: read_int(n: 2),
+          volume: read_fixed_point(n: 2, signed: true),
+          matrix: skip_bytes(2) { read_matrix },
+          width: read_fixed_point(n: 4),
+          height: read_fixed_point(n: 4)
+        })
+        [fields, nil]
+      end
 
-      # Parse a track extends atom.
+      # Parse a track extends box.
       # def trex(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
-      #     track_id: read_int_32,
-      #     default_sample_description_index: read_int_32,
-      #     default_sample_duration: read_int_32,
-      #     default_sample_size: read_int_32,
-      #     default_sample_flags: read_int_32
+      #     track_id: read_int,
+      #     default_sample_description_index: read_int,
+      #     default_sample_duration: read_int,
+      #     default_sample_size: read_int,
+      #     default_sample_flags: read_int
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a track selection atom.
+      # Parse a track selection box.
       # def tsel(size)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
-      #     switch_group: read_int_32,
-      #     attribute_list: ((size - 8) / 4).times.map { read_int_32 }
+      #     switch_group: read_int,
+      #     attribute_list: ((size - 8) / 4).times.map { read_int }
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse a file/segment type compatibility atom.
-      # def typ(size)
-      #   compatible_brands_count = (size - 8) / 4
-      #   fields = {
-      #     major_brand: read_string(4),
-      #     minor_version: read_int_32,
-      #     compatible_brands: compatible_brands_count.times.map { read_string(4) }
-      #   }
-      #   [fields, nil]
-      # end
+      # Parse a file/segment type compatibility box.
+      def typ(size)
+        compatible_brands_count = (size - 8) / 4
+        fields = {
+          major_brand: read_string(4),
+          minor_version: read_int,
+          compatible_brands: compatible_brands_count.times.map { read_string(4) }
+        }
+        [fields, nil]
+      end
 
-      # Parse a UUID atom.
+      # Parse a UUID box.
       def uuid(size)
         fields = { usertype: read_bytes(16).unpack('H*').first }
         skip_bytes(size - 16)
         [fields, nil]
       end
 
-      # Parse a video media header atom.
+      # Parse a video media header box.
       # def vmhd(_)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
-      #     graphics_mode: read_int_16,
-      #     op_color: (1..3).map { read_int_16 }
+      #     graphics_mode: read_int(n: 2),
+      #     op_color: (1..3).map { read_int(n: 2) }
       #   })
       #   [fields, nil]
       # end
 
-      # Parse an XML atom.
+      # Parse an XML box.
       # def xml(size)
       #   fields = read_version_and_flags.merge({
       #     xml: read_string(size - 4)
@@ -1017,22 +989,16 @@ module FormatParser
       #
       # See https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/QuickTime/QTFF/QTFFChap4/qtff4.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40000939-CH206-18737.
       def read_matrix
-        9.times.map do |i|
-          if i % 3 == 2
-            read_fixed_point_32_2_30
-          else
-            read_fixed_point_32
-          end
-        end
+        Matrix.build(3) { |_, c| read_fixed_point(fractional_digits: c % 3 == 2 ? 30 : 16, signed: true) }
       end
 
-      # Parse an atom's version and flags.
+      # Parse an box's version and flags.
       #
-      # It's common for atoms to begin with a single byte representing the version followed by three bytes representing any
+      # It's common for boxes to begin with a single byte representing the version followed by three bytes representing any
       # associated flags. Both of these are often 0.
       def read_version_and_flags
         {
-          version: read_int_8,
+          version: read_int(n: 1),
           flags: read_bytes(3)
         }
       end