fluentd 0.12.43 → 0.14.0

data/lib/fluent/plugin/out_forward.rb

@@ -39,16 +39,21 @@ module Fluent
   class ForwardOutput < ObjectBufferedOutput
     Plugin.register_output('forward', self)
 
+    LISTEN_PORT = 24224
+
     def initialize
       super
       require 'fluent/plugin/socket_util'
       @nodes = []  #=> [Node]
+      @loop = nil
+      @thread = nil
+      @finished = false
     end
 
     desc 'The timeout time when sending event logs.'
     config_param :send_timeout, :time, default: 60
     desc 'The transport protocol to use for heartbeats.(udp,tcp,none)'
-    config_param :heartbeat_type, default: :udp do |val|
+    config_param :heartbeat_type, default: :tcp do |val|
       case val.downcase
       when 'tcp'
         :tcp
@@ -86,8 +91,9 @@ module Fluent
 
     attr_reader :nodes
 
-    config_param :port, :integer, default: DEFAULT_LISTEN_PORT, deprecated: "User <server> host xxx </server> instead."
-    config_param :host, :string, default: nil, deprecated: "Use <server> port xxx </server> instead."
+    # backward compatibility
+    config_param :port, :integer, default: LISTEN_PORT
+    config_param :host, :string, default: nil
 
     attr_accessor :extend_internal_protocol
 
@@ -96,11 +102,12 @@ module Fluent
 
       # backward compatibility
       if host = conf['host']
+        log.warn "'host' option in forward output is obsoleted. Use '<server> host xxx </server>' instead."
         port = conf['port']
-        port = port ? port.to_i : DEFAULT_LISTEN_PORT
-        e = conf.add_element('server')
-        e['host'] = host
-        e['port'] = port.to_s
+        port = port ? port.to_i : LISTEN_PORT
+        element = conf.add_element('server')
+        element['host'] = host
+        element['port'] = port.to_s
       end
 
       recover_sample_size = @recover_wait / @heartbeat_interval
@@ -123,7 +130,7 @@ module Fluent
 
         host = e['host']
         port = e['port']
-        port = port ? port.to_i : DEFAULT_LISTEN_PORT
+        port = port ? port.to_i : LISTEN_PORT
 
         weight = e['weight']
         weight = weight ? weight.to_i : 60
@@ -186,6 +193,8 @@ module Fluent
       end
       @thread.join if @thread
       @usock.close if @usock
+
+      super
     end
 
     def run
@@ -291,6 +300,7 @@ module Fluent
         #sock.write FORWARD_TCP_HEARTBEAT_DATA
         node.heartbeat(true)
       ensure
+        sock.close_write
         sock.close
       end
     end
@@ -369,6 +379,7 @@ module Fluent
         node.heartbeat(false)
         return res  # for test
       ensure
+        sock.close_write
         sock.close
       end
     end
@@ -394,23 +405,19 @@ module Fluent
     def on_timer
       return if @finished
       @nodes.each {|n|
+        if n.tick
+          rebuild_weight_array
+        end
         begin
           #log.trace "sending heartbeat #{n.host}:#{n.port} on #{@heartbeat_type}"
           if @heartbeat_type == :tcp
-            if send_heartbeat_tcp(n)
-              rebuild_weight_array
-            end
+            send_heartbeat_tcp(n)
           else
             @usock.send "\0", 0, Socket.pack_sockaddr_in(n.port, n.resolved_host)
           end
-        rescue Errno::EAGAIN, Errno::EWOULDBLOCK, Errno::EINTR, Errno::ECONNREFUSED => e
+        rescue Errno::EAGAIN, Errno::EWOULDBLOCK, Errno::EINTR, Errno::ECONNREFUSED
           # TODO log
-          log.debug "failed to send heartbeat packet to #{n.host}:#{n.port}", error: e.to_s
-        rescue => e
-          log.debug "unexpected error happen during heartbeat to #{n.host}:#{n.port}", error: e.to_s
-        end
-        if n.tick
-          rebuild_weight_array
+          log.debug "failed to send heartbeat packet to #{n.host}:#{n.port}", error: $!.to_s
         end
       }
     end
@@ -438,7 +445,6 @@ module Fluent
     end
 
     def on_heartbeat(sockaddr, msg)
-      port, host = Socket.unpack_sockaddr_in(sockaddr)
       if node = @nodes.find {|n| n.sockaddr == sockaddr }
         #log.trace "heartbeat from '#{node.name}'", :host=>node.host, :port=>node.port
         if node.heartbeat

data/lib/fluent/plugin/out_null.rb

@@ -20,20 +20,6 @@ module Fluent
   class NullOutput < Output
     Plugin.register_output('null', self)
 
-    def initialize
-      super
-    end
-
-    def configure(conf)
-      super
-    end
-
-    def start
-    end
-
-    def shutdown
-    end
-
     def emit(tag, es, chain)
       chain.next
     end

data/lib/fluent/plugin/out_roundrobin.rb

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ module Fluent
       conf.elements.select {|e|
         e.name == 'store'
       }.each {|e|
-        type = e['@type'] || e['type']
+        type = e['@type']
         unless type
           raise ConfigError, "Missing 'type' parameter on <store> directive"
         end
@@ -57,17 +57,21 @@ module Fluent
     end
 
     def start
+      super
+
       rebuild_weight_array
 
-      @outputs.each {|o|
-        o.start
-      }
+      @outputs.each do |o|
+        o.start unless o.started?
+      end
     end
 
     def shutdown
-      @outputs.each {|o|
-        o.shutdown
-      }
+      @outputs.each do |o|
+        o.shutdown unless o.shutdown?
+      end
+
+      super
     end
 
     def emit(tag, es, chain)

data/lib/fluent/plugin/out_stdout.rb

@@ -14,28 +14,26 @@
 #    limitations under the License.
 #
 
-require 'fluent/output'
+require 'fluent/plugin/output'
 
-module Fluent
+module Fluent::Plugin
   class StdoutOutput < Output
-    Plugin.register_output('stdout', self)
+    Fluent::Plugin.register_output('stdout', self)
 
     desc 'Output format.(json,hash)'
     config_param :output_type, default: 'json'
 
     def configure(conf)
       super
-      @formatter = Plugin.new_formatter(@output_type)
+      @formatter = Fluent::Plugin.new_formatter(@output_type, parent: self)
       @formatter.configure(conf)
     end
 
-    def emit(tag, es, chain)
+    def process(tag, es)
       es.each {|time,record|
         $log.write "#{Time.at(time).localtime} #{tag}: #{@formatter.format(tag, time, record).chomp}\n"
       }
       $log.flush
-
-      chain.next
     end
   end
 end

data/lib/fluent/plugin/out_stream.rb

@@ -85,13 +85,15 @@ module Fluent
   class TcpOutput < StreamOutput
     Plugin.register_output('tcp', self)
 
+    LISTEN_PORT = 24224
+
     def initialize
       super
       $log.warn "'tcp' output is obsoleted and will be removed. Use 'forward' instead."
       $log.warn "see 'forward' section in http://docs.fluentd.org/ for the high-availability configuration."
     end
 
-    config_param :port, :integer, default: DEFAULT_LISTEN_PORT
+    config_param :port, :integer, default: LISTEN_PORT
     config_param :host, :string
 
     def configure(conf)

data/lib/fluent/plugin/output.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,979 @@
+#
+# Fluentd
+#
+#    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#    limitations under the License.
+#
+
+require 'fluent/plugin/base'
+require 'fluent/log'
+require 'fluent/plugin_id'
+require 'fluent/plugin_helper'
+require 'fluent/timezone'
+require 'fluent/unique_id'
+
+require 'time'
+require 'monitor'
+
+module Fluent
+  module Plugin
+    class Output < Base
+      include PluginId
+      include PluginLoggerMixin
+      include PluginHelper::Mixin
+      include UniqueId::Mixin
+
+      helpers :thread, :retry_state
+
+      CHUNK_KEY_PATTERN = /^[-_.@a-zA-Z0-9]+$/
+      CHUNK_KEY_PLACEHOLDER_PATTERN = /\$\{[-_.@a-zA-Z0-9]+\}/
+
+      config_param :time_as_integer, :bool, default: false
+
+      # `<buffer>` and `<secondary>` sections are available only when '#format' and '#write' are implemented
+      config_section :buffer, param_name: :buffer_config, init: true, required: false, multi: false, final: true do
+        config_argument :chunk_keys, :array, value_type: :string, default: []
+        config_param :@type, :string, default: 'memory', alias: :type
+
+        config_param :timekey, :time, default: nil # range size to be used: `time.to_i / @timekey`
+        config_param :timekey_wait, :time, default: 600
+        # These are for #extract_placeholders
+        config_param :timekey_use_utc, :bool, default: false # default is localtime
+        config_param :timekey_zone, :string, default: Time.now.strftime('%z') # e.g., "-0700" or "Asia/Tokyo"
+
+        desc 'If true, plugin will try to flush buffer just before shutdown.'
+        config_param :flush_at_shutdown, :bool, default: nil # change default by buffer_plugin.persistent?
+
+        desc 'How to enqueue chunks to be flushed. "interval" flushes per flush_interval, "immediate" flushes just after event arrival.'
+        config_param :flush_mode, :enum, list: [:default, :lazy, :interval, :immediate], default: :default
+        config_param :flush_interval, :time, default: 60, desc: 'The interval between buffer chunk flushes.'
+
+        config_param :flush_thread_count, :integer, default: 1, desc: 'The number of threads to flush the buffer.'
+
+        config_param :flush_thread_interval, :float, default: 1.0, desc: 'Seconds to sleep between checks for buffer flushes in flush threads.'
+        config_param :flush_thread_burst_interval, :float, default: 1.0, desc: 'Seconds to sleep between flushes when many buffer chunks are queued.'
+
+        config_param :delayed_commit_timeout, :time, default: 60, desc: 'Seconds of timeout for buffer chunks to be committed by plugins later.'
+
+        config_param :overflow_action, :enum, list: [:throw_exception, :block, :drop_oldest_chunk], default: :throw_exception, desc: 'The action when the size of buffer exceeds the limit.'
+
+        config_param :retry_forever, :bool, default: false, desc: 'If true, plugin will ignore retry_timeout and retry_max_times options and retry flushing forever.'
+        config_param :retry_timeout, :time, default: 72 * 60 * 60, desc: 'The maximum seconds to retry to flush while failing, until plugin discards buffer chunks.'
+        # 72hours == 17 times with exponential backoff (not to change default behavior)
+        config_param :retry_max_times, :integer, default: nil, desc: 'The maximum number of times to retry to flush while failing.'
+
+        config_param :retry_secondary_threshold, :float, default: 0.8, desc: 'ratio of retry_timeout to switch to use secondary while failing.'
+        # expornential backoff sequence will be initialized at the time of this threshold
+
+        desc 'How to wait next retry to flush buffer.'
+        config_param :retry_type, :enum, list: [:exponential_backoff, :periodic], default: :exponential_backoff
+        ### Periodic -> fixed :retry_wait
+        ### Exponencial backoff: k is number of retry times
+        # c: constant factor, @retry_wait
+        # b: base factor, @retry_exponential_backoff_base
+        # k: times
+        # total retry time: c + c * b^1 + (...) + c*b^k = c*b^(k+1) - 1
+        config_param :retry_wait, :time, default: 1, desc: 'Seconds to wait before next retry to flush, or constant factor of exponential backoff.'
+        config_param :retry_exponential_backoff_base, :float, default: 2, desc: 'The base number of exponencial backoff for retries.'
+        config_param :retry_max_interval, :time, default: nil, desc: 'The maximum interval seconds for exponencial backoff between retries while failing.'
+
+        config_param :retry_randomize, :bool, default: true, desc: 'If true, output plugin will retry after randomized interval not to do burst retries.'
+      end
+
+      config_section :secondary, param_name: :secondary_config, required: false, multi: false, final: true do
+        config_param :@type, :string, default: nil, alias: :type
+        config_section :buffer, required: false, multi: false do
+          # dummy to detect invalid specification for here
+        end
+        config_section :secondary, required: false, multi: false do
+          # dummy to detect invalid specification for here
+        end
+      end
+
+      def process(tag, es)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "BUG: output plugins MUST implement this method"
+      end
+
+      def write(chunk)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "BUG: output plugins MUST implement this method"
+      end
+
+      def try_write(chunk)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "BUG: output plugins MUST implement this method"
+      end
+
+      def format(tag, time, record)
+        # standard msgpack_event_stream chunk will be used if this method is not implemented in plugin subclass
+        raise NotImplementedError, "BUG: output plugins MUST implement this method"
+      end
+
+      def prefer_buffered_processing
+        # override this method to return false only when all of these are true:
+        #  * plugin has both implementation for buffered and non-buffered methods
+        #  * plugin is expected to work as non-buffered plugin if no `<buffer>` sections specified
+        true
+      end
+
+      def prefer_delayed_commit
+        # override this method to decide which is used of `write` or `try_write` if both are implemented
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Internal states
+      FlushThreadState = Struct.new(:thread, :next_time)
+      DequeuedChunkInfo = Struct.new(:chunk_id, :time, :timeout) do
+        def expired?
+          time + timeout < Time.now
+        end
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :as_secondary, :delayed_commit, :delayed_commit_timeout
+      attr_reader :num_errors, :emit_count, :emit_records, :write_count, :rollback_count
+
+      # for tests
+      attr_reader :buffer, :retry, :secondary, :chunk_keys, :chunk_key_time, :chunk_key_tag
+      attr_accessor :output_enqueue_thread_waiting, :in_tests
+
+      # output_enqueue_thread_waiting: for test of output.rb itself
+      # in_tests: for tests of plugins with test drivers
+
+      def initialize
+        super
+        @counters_monitor = Monitor.new
+        @buffering = false
+        @delayed_commit = false
+        @as_secondary = false
+        @in_tests = false
+        @primary_instance = nil
+
+        # TODO: well organized counters
+        @num_errors = 0
+        @emit_count = 0
+        @emit_records = 0
+        @write_count = 0
+        @rollback_count = 0
+
+        # How to process events is decided here at once, but it will be decided in delayed way on #configure & #start
+        if implement?(:synchronous)
+          if implement?(:buffered) || implement?(:delayed_commit)
+            @buffering = nil # do #configure or #start to determine this for full-featured plugins
+          else
+            @buffering = false
+          end
+        else
+          @buffering = true
+        end
+        @custom_format = implement?(:custom_format)
+
+        @buffer = nil
+        @secondary = nil
+        @retry = nil
+        @dequeued_chunks = nil
+        @output_flush_threads = nil
+
+        @simple_chunking = nil
+        @chunk_keys = @chunk_key_time = @chunk_key_tag = nil
+        @flush_mode = nil
+      end
+
+      def acts_as_secondary(primary)
+        @as_secondary = true
+        @primary_instance = primary
+        (class << self; self; end).module_eval do
+          define_method(:extract_placeholders){ |str, metadata| @primary_instance.extract_placeholders(str, metadata) }
+          define_method(:commit_write){ |chunk_id| @primary_instance.commit_write(chunk_id, delayed: delayed_commit, secondary: true) }
+          define_method(:rollback_write){ |chunk_id| @primary_instance.rollback_write(chunk_id) }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def configure(conf)
+        unless implement?(:synchronous) || implement?(:buffered) || implement?(:delayed_commit)
+          raise "BUG: output plugin must implement some methods. see developer documents."
+        end
+
+        has_buffer_section = (conf.elements(name: 'buffer').size > 0)
+
+        super
+
+        if has_buffer_section
+          unless implement?(:buffered) || implement?(:delayed_commit)
+            raise Fluent::ConfigError, "<buffer> section is configured, but plugin '#{self.class}' doesn't support buffering"
+          end
+          @buffering = true
+        else # no buffer sections
+          if implement?(:synchronous)
+            if !implement?(:buffered) && !implement?(:delayed_commit)
+              if @as_secondary
+                raise Fluent::ConfigError, "secondary plugin '#{self.class}' must support buffering, but doesn't."
+              end
+              @buffering = false
+            else
+              if @as_secondary
+                # secondary plugin always works as buffered plugin without buffer instance
+                @buffering = true
+              else
+                # @buffering.nil? shows that enabling buffering or not will be decided in lazy way in #start
+                @buffering = nil
+              end
+            end
+          else # buffered or delayed_commit is supported by `unless` of first line in this method
+            @buffering = true
+          end
+        end
+
+        if @as_secondary
+          if !@buffering && !@buffering.nil?
+            raise Fluent::ConfigError, "secondary plugin '#{self.class}' must support buffering, but doesn't"
+          end
+        end
+
+        if (@buffering || @buffering.nil?) && !@as_secondary
+          # When @buffering.nil?, @buffer_config was initialized with default value for all parameters.
+          # If so, this configuration MUST success.
+          @chunk_keys = @buffer_config.chunk_keys.dup
+          @chunk_key_time = !!@chunk_keys.delete('time')
+          @chunk_key_tag = !!@chunk_keys.delete('tag')
+          if @chunk_keys.any?{ |key| key !~ CHUNK_KEY_PATTERN }
+            raise Fluent::ConfigError, "chunk_keys specification includes invalid char"
+          end
+
+          if @chunk_key_time
+            raise Fluent::ConfigError, "<buffer ...> argument includes 'time', but timekey is not configured" unless @buffer_config.timekey
+            Fluent::Timezone.validate!(@buffer_config.timekey_zone)
+            @buffer_config.timekey_zone = '+0000' if @buffer_config.timekey_use_utc
+            @output_time_formatter_cache = {}
+          end
+
+          # no chunk keys or only tags (chunking can be done without iterating event stream)
+          @simple_chunking = !@chunk_key_time && @chunk_keys.empty?
+
+          @flush_mode = @buffer_config.flush_mode
+          if @flush_mode == :default
+            @flush_mode = (@chunk_key_time ? :lazy : :interval)
+          end
+
+          buffer_type = @buffer_config[:@type]
+          buffer_conf = conf.elements(name: 'buffer').first || Fluent::Config::Element.new('buffer', '', {}, [])
+          @buffer = Plugin.new_buffer(buffer_type, parent: self)
+          @buffer.configure(buffer_conf)
+
+          @flush_at_shutdown = @buffer_config.flush_at_shutdown
+          if @flush_at_shutdown.nil?
+            @flush_at_shutdown = if @buffer.persistent?
+                                   false
+                                 else
+                                   true # flush_at_shutdown is true in default for on-memory buffer
+                                 end
+          elsif !@flush_at_shutdown && !@buffer.persistent?
+            buf_type = Plugin.lookup_type_from_class(@buffer.class)
+            log.warn "'flush_at_shutdown' is false, and buffer plugin '#{buf_type}' is not persistent buffer."
+            log.warn "your configuration will lose buffered data at shutdown. please confirm your configuration again."
+          end
+        end
+
+        if @secondary_config
+          raise Fluent::ConfigError, "Invalid <secondary> section for non-buffered plugin" unless @buffering
+          raise Fluent::ConfigError, "<secondary> section cannot have <buffer> section" if @secondary_config.buffer
+          raise Fluent::ConfigError, "<secondary> section cannot have <secondary> section" if @secondary_config.secondary
+          raise Fluent::ConfigError, "<secondary> section and 'retry_forever' are exclusive" if @buffer_config.retry_forever
+
+          secondary_type = @secondary_config[:@type]
+          secondary_conf = conf.elements(name: 'secondary').first
+          @secondary = Plugin.new_output(secondary_type)
+          @secondary.acts_as_secondary(self)
+          @secondary.configure(secondary_conf)
+          @secondary.router = router if @secondary.has_router?
+          if self.class != @secondary.class
+            log.warn "secondary type should be same with primary one", primary: self.class.to_s, secondary: @secondary.class.to_s
+          end
+        else
+          @secondary = nil
+        end
+
+        self
+      end
+
+      def start
+        super
+
+        if @buffering.nil?
+          @buffering = prefer_buffered_processing
+          if !@buffering && @buffer
+            @buffer.terminate # it's not started, so terminate will be enough
+          end
+        end
+
+        if @buffering
+          m = method(:emit_buffered)
+          (class << self; self; end).module_eval do
+            define_method(:emit_events, m)
+          end
+
+          @custom_format = implement?(:custom_format)
+          @delayed_commit = if implement?(:buffered) && implement?(:delayed_commit)
+                              prefer_delayed_commit
+                            else
+                              implement?(:delayed_commit)
+                            end
+          @delayed_commit_timeout = @buffer_config.delayed_commit_timeout
+        else # !@buffering
+          m = method(:emit_sync)
+          (class << self; self; end).module_eval do
+            define_method(:emit_events, m)
+          end
+        end
+
+        if @buffering && !@as_secondary
+          @retry = nil
+          @retry_mutex = Mutex.new
+
+          @buffer.start
+
+          @output_flush_threads = []
+          @output_flush_threads_mutex = Mutex.new
+          @output_flush_threads_running = true
+
+          # mainly for test: detect enqueue works as code below:
+          #   @output.interrupt_flushes
+          #   # emits
+          #   @output.enqueue_thread_wait
+          @output_flush_interrupted = false
+          @output_enqueue_thread_mutex = Mutex.new
+          @output_enqueue_thread_waiting = false
+
+          @dequeued_chunks = []
+          @dequeued_chunks_mutex = Mutex.new
+
+          @buffer_config.flush_thread_count.times do |i|
+            thread_title = "flush_thread_#{i}".to_sym
+            thread_state = FlushThreadState.new(nil, nil)
+            thread = thread_create(thread_title) do
+              flush_thread_run(thread_state)
+            end
+            thread_state.thread = thread
+            @output_flush_threads_mutex.synchronize do
+              @output_flush_threads << thread_state
+            end
+          end
+          @output_flush_thread_current_position = 0
+
+          unless @in_tests
+            if @flush_mode == :interval || @chunk_key_time
+              thread_create(:enqueue_thread, &method(:enqueue_thread_run))
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        @secondary.start if @secondary
+      end
+
+      def stop
+        @secondary.stop if @secondary
+        @buffer.stop if @buffering && @buffer
+
+        super
+      end
+
+      def before_shutdown
+        @secondary.before_shutdown if @secondary
+
+        if @buffering && @buffer
+          if @flush_at_shutdown
+            force_flush
+          end
+          @buffer.before_shutdown
+        end
+
+        super
+      end
+
+      def shutdown
+        @secondary.shutdown if @secondary
+        @buffer.shutdown if @buffering && @buffer
+
+        super
+      end
+
+      def after_shutdown
+        try_rollback_all if @buffering && !@as_secondary # rollback regardless with @delayed_commit, because secondary may do it
+        @secondary.after_shutdown if @secondary
+
+        if @buffering && @buffer
+          @buffer.after_shutdown
+
+          @output_flush_threads_running = false
+          if @output_flush_threads && !@output_flush_threads.empty?
+            @output_flush_threads.each do |state|
+              state.thread.run if state.thread.alive? # to wakeup thread and make it to stop by itself
+            end
+            @output_flush_threads.each do |state|
+              state.thread.join
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        super
+      end
+
+      def close
+        @buffer.close if @buffering && @buffer
+        @secondary.close if @secondary
+
+        super
+      end
+
+      def terminate
+        @buffer.terminate if @buffering && @buffer
+        @secondary.terminate if @secondary
+
+        super
+      end
+
+      def support_in_v12_style?(feature)
+        # for plugins written in v0.12 styles
+        case feature
+        when :synchronous    then false
+        when :buffered       then false
+        when :delayed_commit then false
+        when :custom_format  then false
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "unknown feature: #{feature}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def implement?(feature)
+        methods_of_plugin = self.class.instance_methods(false)
+        case feature
+        when :synchronous    then methods_of_plugin.include?(:process) || support_in_v12_style?(:synchronous)
+        when :buffered       then methods_of_plugin.include?(:write) || support_in_v12_style?(:buffered)
+        when :delayed_commit then methods_of_plugin.include?(:try_write)
+        when :custom_format  then methods_of_plugin.include?(:format) || support_in_v12_style?(:custom_format)
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "Unknown feature for output plugin: #{feature}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # TODO: optimize this code
+      def extract_placeholders(str, metadata)
+        if metadata.timekey.nil? && metadata.tag.nil? && metadata.variables.nil?
+          str
+        else
+          rvalue = str
+          # strftime formatting
+          if @chunk_key_time # this section MUST be earlier than rest to use raw 'str'
+            @output_time_formatter_cache[str] ||= Fluent::Timezone.formatter(@buffer_config.timekey_zone, str)
+            rvalue = @output_time_formatter_cache[str].call(metadata.timekey)
+          end
+          # ${tag}, ${tag[0]}, ${tag[1]}, ...
+          if @chunk_key_tag
+            if str =~ /\$\{tag\[\d+\]\}/
+              hash = {'${tag}' => metadata.tag}
+              metadata.tag.split('.').each_with_index do |part, i|
+                hash["${tag[#{i}]}"] = part
+              end
+              rvalue = rvalue.gsub(/\$\{tag(\[\d+\])?\}/, hash)
+            elsif str.include?('${tag}')
+              rvalue = rvalue.gsub('${tag}', metadata.tag)
+            end
+          end
+          # ${a_chunk_key}, ...
+          if !@chunk_keys.empty? && metadata.variables
+            hash = {'${tag}' => '${tag}'} # not to erase this wrongly
+            @chunk_keys.each do |key|
+              hash["${#{key}}"] = metadata.variables[key.to_sym]
+            end
+            rvalue = rvalue.gsub(CHUNK_KEY_PLACEHOLDER_PATTERN, hash)
+          end
+          rvalue
+        end
+      end
+
+      def emit_events(tag, es)
+        # actually this method will be overwritten by #configure
+        if @buffering
+          emit_buffered(tag, es)
+        else
+          emit_sync(tag, es)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def emit_sync(tag, es)
+        @counters_monitor.synchronize{ @emit_count += 1 }
+        begin
+          process(tag, es)
+          @counters_monitor.synchronize{ @emit_records += es.size }
+        rescue
+          @counters_monitor.synchronize{ @num_errors += 1 }
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+
+      def emit_buffered(tag, es)
+        @counters_monitor.synchronize{ @emit_count += 1 }
+        begin
+          execute_chunking(tag, es, enqueue: (@flush_mode == :immediate))
+          if !@retry && @buffer.queued?
+            submit_flush_once
+          end
+        rescue
+          # TODO: separate number of errors into emit errors and write/flush errors
+          @counters_monitor.synchronize{ @num_errors += 1 }
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+
+      # TODO: optimize this code
+      def metadata(tag, time, record)
+        # this arguments are ordered in output plugin's rule
+        # Metadata 's argument order is different from this one (timekey, tag, variables)
+
+        raise ArgumentError, "tag must be a String: #{tag.class}" unless tag.nil? || tag.is_a?(String)
+        raise ArgumentError, "time must be a Fluent::EventTime (or Integer): #{time.class}" unless time.nil? || time.is_a?(Fluent::EventTime) || time.is_a?(Integer)
+        raise ArgumentError, "record must be a Hash: #{record.class}" unless record.nil? || record.is_a?(Hash)
+
+        if @chunk_keys.nil? && @chunk_key_time.nil? && @chunk_key_tag.nil?
+          # for tests
+          return Struct.new(:timekey, :tag, :variables).new
+        end
+
+        # timekey is int from epoch, and `timekey - timekey % 60` is assumed to mach with 0s of each minutes.
+        # it's wrong if timezone is configured as one which supports leap second, but it's very rare and
+        # we can ignore it (especially in production systems).
+        if @chunk_keys.empty?
+          if !@chunk_key_time && !@chunk_key_tag
+            @buffer.metadata()
+          elsif @chunk_key_time && @chunk_key_tag
+            time_int = time.to_i
+            timekey = (time_int - (time_int % @buffer_config.timekey)).to_i
+            @buffer.metadata(timekey: timekey, tag: tag)
+          elsif @chunk_key_time
+            time_int = time.to_i
+            timekey = (time_int - (time_int % @buffer_config.timekey)).to_i
+            @buffer.metadata(timekey: timekey)
+          else
+            @buffer.metadata(tag: tag)
+          end
+        else
+          timekey = if @chunk_key_time
+                      time_int = time.to_i
+                      (time_int - (time_int % @buffer_config.timekey)).to_i
+                    else
+                      nil
+                    end
+          pairs = Hash[@chunk_keys.map{|k| [k.to_sym, record[k]]}]
+          @buffer.metadata(timekey: timekey, tag: (@chunk_key_tag ? tag : nil), variables: pairs)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def execute_chunking(tag, es, enqueue: false)
+        if @simple_chunking
+          handle_stream_simple(tag, es, enqueue: enqueue)
+        elsif @custom_format
+          handle_stream_with_custom_format(tag, es, enqueue: enqueue)
+        else
+          handle_stream_with_standard_format(tag, es, enqueue: enqueue)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def write_guard(&block)
+        begin
+          block.call
+        rescue Fluent::Plugin::Buffer::BufferOverflowError
+          log.warn "failed to write data into buffer by buffer overflow"
+          case @buffer_config.overflow_action
+          when :throw_exception
+            raise
+          when :block
+            log.debug "buffer.write is now blocking"
+            until @buffer.storable?
+              sleep 1
+            end
+            log.debug "retrying buffer.write after blocked operation"
+            retry
+          when :drop_oldest_chunk
+            begin
+              oldest = @buffer.dequeue_chunk
+              if oldest
+                log.warn "dropping oldest chunk to make space after buffer overflow", chunk_id: oldest.unique_id
+                @buffer.purge_chunk(oldest.unique_id)
+              else
+                log.error "no queued chunks to be dropped for drop_oldest_chunk"
+              end
+            rescue
+              # ignore any errors
+            end
+            raise unless @buffer.storable?
+            retry
+          else
+            raise "BUG: unknown overflow_action '#{@buffer_config.overflow_action}'"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def handle_stream_with_custom_format(tag, es, enqueue: false)
+        meta_and_data = {}
+        records = 0
+        es.each do |time, record|
+          meta = metadata(tag, time, record)
+          meta_and_data[meta] ||= []
+          meta_and_data[meta] << format(tag, time, record)
+          records += 1
+        end
+        write_guard do
+          @buffer.write(meta_and_data, bulk: false, enqueue: enqueue)
+        end
+        @counters_monitor.synchronize{ @emit_records += records }
+        true
+      end
+
+      def handle_stream_with_standard_format(tag, es, enqueue: false)
+        meta_and_data = {}
+        records = 0
+        es.each do |time, record|
+          meta = metadata(tag, time, record)
+          meta_and_data[meta] ||= MultiEventStream.new
+          meta_and_data[meta].add(time, record)
+          records += 1
+        end
+        meta_and_data_bulk = {}
+        meta_and_data.each_pair do |meta, m_es|
+          meta_and_data_bulk[meta] = [m_es.to_msgpack_stream(time_int: @time_as_integer), m_es.size]
+        end
+        write_guard do
+          @buffer.write(meta_and_data_bulk, bulk: true, enqueue: enqueue)
+        end
+        @counters_monitor.synchronize{ @emit_records += records }
+        true
+      end
+
+      def handle_stream_simple(tag, es, enqueue: false)
+        meta = metadata((@chunk_key_tag ? tag : nil), nil, nil)
+        records = es.size
+        if @custom_format
+          records = 0
+          es_size = 0
+          es_bulk = ''
+          es.each do |time,record|
+            es_bulk << format(tag, time, record)
+            es_size += 1
+            records += 1
+          end
+        else
+          es_size = es.size
+          es_bulk = es.to_msgpack_stream(time_int: @time_as_integer)
+        end
+        write_guard do
+          @buffer.write({meta => [es_bulk, es_size]}, bulk: true, enqueue: enqueue)
+        end
+        @counters_monitor.synchronize{ @emit_records += records }
+        true
+      end
+
+      def commit_write(chunk_id, delayed: @delayed_commit, secondary: false)
+        if delayed
+          @dequeued_chunks_mutex.synchronize do
+            @dequeued_chunks.delete_if{ |info| info.chunk_id == chunk_id }
+          end
+        end
+        @buffer.purge_chunk(chunk_id)
+
+        @retry_mutex.synchronize do
+          if @retry # success to flush chunks in retries
+            if secondary
+              log.warn "retry succeeded by secondary.", plugin_id: plugin_id, chunk_id: dump_unique_id_hex(chunk_id)
+            else
+              log.warn "retry succeeded.", plugin_id: plugin_id, chunk_id: dump_unique_id_hex(chunk_id)
+            end
+            @retry = nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def rollback_write(chunk_id)
+        # This API is to rollback chunks explicitly from plugins.
+        # 3rd party plugins can depend it on automatic rollback of #try_rollback_write
+        @dequeued_chunks_mutex.synchronize do
+          @dequeued_chunks.delete_if{ |info| info.chunk_id == chunk_id }
+        end
+        # returns true if chunk was rollbacked as expected
+        #         false if chunk was already flushed and couldn't be rollbacked unexpectedly
+        # in many cases, false can be just ignored
+        if @buffer.takeback_chunk(chunk_id)
+          @counters_monitor.synchronize{ @rollback_count += 1 }
+          true
+        else
+          false
+        end
+      end
+
+      def try_rollback_write
+        @dequeued_chunks_mutex.synchronize do
+          while @dequeued_chunks.first && @dequeued_chunks.first.expired?
+            info = @dequeued_chunks.shift
+            if @buffer.takeback_chunk(info.chunk_id)
+              @counters_monitor.synchronize{ @rollback_count += 1 }
+              log.warn "failed to flush the buffer chunk, timeout to commit.", plugin_id: plugin_id, chunk_id: dump_unique_id_hex(info.chunk_id), flushed_at: info.time
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def try_rollback_all
+        return unless @dequeued_chunks
+        @dequeued_chunks_mutex.synchronize do
+          until @dequeued_chunks.empty?
+            info = @dequeued_chunks.shift
+            if @buffer.takeback_chunk(info.chunk_id)
+              @counters_monitor.synchronize{ @rollback_count += 1 }
+              log.info "delayed commit for buffer chunks was cancelled in shutdown", plugin_id: plugin_id, chunk_id: dump_unique_id_hex(info.chunk_id)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def next_flush_time
+        if @buffer.queued?
+          @retry_mutex.synchronize do
+            @retry ? @retry.next_time : Time.now + @buffer_config.flush_thread_burst_interval
+          end
+        else
+          Time.now + @buffer_config.flush_thread_interval
+        end
+      end
+
+      def try_flush
+        chunk = @buffer.dequeue_chunk
+        return unless chunk
+
+        output = self
+        using_secondary = false
+        if @retry_mutex.synchronize{ @retry && @retry.secondary? }
+          output = @secondary
+          using_secondary = true
+        end
+
+        unless @custom_format
+          chunk.extend ChunkMessagePackEventStreamer
+        end
+
+        begin
+          if output.delayed_commit
+            @counters_monitor.synchronize{ @write_count += 1 }
+            output.try_write(chunk)
+            @dequeued_chunks_mutex.synchronize do
+              # delayed_commit_timeout for secondary is configured in <buffer> of primary (<secondary> don't get <buffer>)
+              @dequeued_chunks << DequeuedChunkInfo.new(chunk.unique_id, Time.now, self.delayed_commit_timeout)
+            end
+          else # output plugin without delayed purge
+            chunk_id = chunk.unique_id
+            @counters_monitor.synchronize{ @write_count += 1 }
+            output.write(chunk)
+            commit_write(chunk_id, secondary: using_secondary)
+          end
+        rescue => e
+          log.debug "taking back chunk for errors.", plugin_id: plugin_id, chunk: dump_unique_id_hex(chunk.unique_id)
+          @buffer.takeback_chunk(chunk.unique_id)
+
+          @retry_mutex.synchronize do
+            if @retry
+              @counters_monitor.synchronize{ @num_errors += 1 }
+              if @retry.limit?
+                records = @buffer.queued_records
+                log.error "failed to flush the buffer, and hit limit for retries. dropping all chunks in the buffer queue.", plugin_id: plugin_id, retry_times: @retry.steps, records: records, error: e
+                log.error_backtrace e.backtrace
+                @buffer.clear_queue!
+                log.debug "buffer queue cleared", plugin_id: plugin_id
+                @retry = nil
+              else
+                @retry.step
+                msg = if using_secondary
+                        "failed to flush the buffer with secondary output."
+                      else
+                        "failed to flush the buffer."
+                      end
+                log.warn msg, plugin_id: plugin_id, retry_time: @retry.steps, next_retry: @retry.next_time, chunk: dump_unique_id_hex(chunk.unique_id), error: e
+                log.warn_backtrace e.backtrace
+              end
+            else
+              @retry = retry_state(@buffer_config.retry_randomize)
+              @counters_monitor.synchronize{ @num_errors += 1 }
+              log.warn "failed to flush the buffer.", plugin_id: plugin_id, retry_time: @retry.steps, next_retry: @retry.next_time, chunk: dump_unique_id_hex(chunk.unique_id), error: e
+              log.warn_backtrace e.backtrace
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def retry_state(randomize)
+        if @secondary
+          retry_state_create(
+            :output_retries, @buffer_config.retry_type, @buffer_config.retry_wait, @buffer_config.retry_timeout,
+            forever: @buffer_config.retry_forever, max_steps: @buffer_config.retry_max_times, backoff_base: @buffer_config.retry_exponential_backoff_base,
+            max_interval: @buffer_config.retry_max_interval,
+            secondary: true, secondary_threshold: @buffer_config.retry_secondary_threshold,
+            randomize: randomize
+          )
+        else
+          retry_state_create(
+            :output_retries, @buffer_config.retry_type, @buffer_config.retry_wait, @buffer_config.retry_timeout,
+            forever: @buffer_config.retry_forever, max_steps: @buffer_config.retry_max_times, backoff_base: @buffer_config.retry_exponential_backoff_base,
+            max_interval: @buffer_config.retry_max_interval,
+            randomize: randomize
+          )
+        end
+      end
+
+      def submit_flush_once
+        # Without locks: it is rough but enough to select "next" writer selection
+        @output_flush_thread_current_position = (@output_flush_thread_current_position + 1) % @buffer_config.flush_thread_count
+        state = @output_flush_threads[@output_flush_thread_current_position]
+        state.next_time = 0
+        state.thread.run
+      end
+
+      def force_flush
+        if @buffering
+          @buffer.enqueue_all
+          submit_flush_all
+        end
+      end
+
+      def submit_flush_all
+        while !@retry && @buffer.queued?
+          submit_flush_once
+          sleep @buffer_config.flush_thread_burst_interval
+        end
+      end
+
+      # only for tests of output plugin
+      def interrupt_flushes
+        @output_flush_interrupted = true
+      end
+
+      # only for tests of output plugin
+      def enqueue_thread_wait
+        @output_enqueue_thread_mutex.synchronize do
+          @output_flush_interrupted = false
+          @output_enqueue_thread_waiting = true
+        end
+        require 'timeout'
+        Timeout.timeout(10) do
+          Thread.pass while @output_enqueue_thread_waiting
+        end
+      end
+
+      # only for tests of output plugin
+      def flush_thread_wakeup
+        @output_flush_threads.each do |state|
+          state.next_time = 0
+          state.thread.run
+        end
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_thread_run
+        value_for_interval = nil
+        if @flush_mode == :interval
+          value_for_interval = @buffer_config.flush_interval
+        end
+        if @chunk_key_time
+          if !value_for_interval || @buffer_config.timekey < value_for_interval
+            value_for_interval = @buffer_config.timekey
+          end
+        end
+        unless value_for_interval
+          raise "BUG: both of flush_interval and timekey are disabled"
+        end
+        interval = value_for_interval / 11.0
+        if interval < @buffer_config.flush_thread_interval
+          interval = @buffer_config.flush_thread_interval
+        end
+
+        begin
+          while @output_flush_threads_running
+            now_int = Time.now.to_i
+            if @output_flush_interrupted
+              sleep interval
+              next
+            end
+
+            @output_enqueue_thread_mutex.lock
+            begin
+              if @flush_mode == :interval
+                flush_interval = @buffer_config.flush_interval.to_i
+                # This block should be done by integer values.
+                # If both of flush_interval & flush_thread_interval are 1s, expected actual flush timing is 1.5s.
+                # If we use integered values for this comparison, expected actual flush timing is 1.0s.
+                @buffer.enqueue_all{ |metadata, chunk| chunk.created_at.to_i + flush_interval <= now_int }
+              end
+
+              if @chunk_key_time
+                timekey_unit = @buffer_config.timekey
+                timekey_wait = @buffer_config.timekey_wait
+                current_timekey = now_int - now_int % timekey_unit
+                @buffer.enqueue_all{ |metadata, chunk| metadata.timekey < current_timekey && metadata.timekey + timekey_unit + timekey_wait <= now_int }
+              end
+            rescue => e
+              log.error "unexpected error while checking flushed chunks. ignored.", plugin_id: plugin_id, error_class: e.class, error: e
+              log.error_backtrace
+            end
+            @output_enqueue_thread_waiting = false
+            @output_enqueue_thread_mutex.unlock
+            sleep interval
+          end
+        rescue => e
+          # normal errors are rescued by inner begin-rescue clause.
+          log.error "error on enqueue thread", plugin_id: plugin_id, error_class: e.class, error: e
+          log.error_backtrace
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+
+      def flush_thread_run(state)
+        flush_thread_interval = @buffer_config.flush_thread_interval
+
+        # If the given clock_id is not supported, Errno::EINVAL is raised.
+        clock_id = Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC rescue Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW
+        state.next_time = Process.clock_gettime(clock_id) + flush_thread_interval
+
+        begin
+          # This thread don't use `thread_current_running?` because this thread should run in `before_shutdown` phase
+          while @output_flush_threads_running
+            time = Process.clock_gettime(clock_id)
+            interval = state.next_time - time
+
+            if state.next_time <= time
+              try_flush
+              # next_flush_interval uses flush_thread_interval or flush_thread_burst_interval (or retrying)
+              interval = next_flush_time.to_f - Time.now.to_f
+              # TODO: if secondary && delayed-commit, next_flush_time will be much longer than expected (because @retry still exists)
+              #   @retry should be cleard if delayed commit is enabled? Or any other solution?
+              state.next_time = Process.clock_gettime(clock_id) + interval
+            end
+
+            if @dequeued_chunks_mutex.synchronize{ !@dequeued_chunks.empty? && @dequeued_chunks.first.expired? }
+              unless @output_flush_interrupted
+                try_rollback_write
+              end
+            end
+
+            sleep interval if interval > 0
+          end
+        rescue => e
+          # normal errors are rescued by output plugins in #try_flush
+          # so this rescue section is for critical & unrecoverable errors
+          log.error "error on output thread", plugin_id: plugin_id, error_class: e.class, error: e
+          log.error_backtrace
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end