faster_path 0.3.10 → 0.5.0

data/src/pathname.rs

@@ -1,325 +1,405 @@
-use helpers::*;
-use basename;
-use chop_basename;
-use cleanpath_aggressive;
-use cleanpath_conservative;
-use dirname;
-use extname;
-use plus;
-use relative_path_from;
-use debug;
-use helpers::{TryFrom, to_str};
-use path_parsing::{SEP, find_last_non_sep_pos};
-
-use ruru;
-use ruru::{
-  RString,
-  Boolean,
-  Array,
-  AnyObject,
-  NilClass,
-  Object,
-  Class,
-  VerifiedObject,
-  Exception as Exc,
-  AnyException as Exception,
-};
-use ruru::types::{Value, ValueType};
 use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::path::{MAIN_SEPARATOR, Path};
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::fs;
+use std::io;
+
+use rutie::{AnyException, AnyObject, Array, Boolean, Class, Integer, NilClass, Object, RString, Symbol};
+
+use crate::basename;
+use crate::chop_basename::{self, is_relative};
+use crate::cleanpath_aggressive;
+use crate::cleanpath_conservative::{self, add_trailing_separator, del_trailing_separator, has_trailing_separator};
+use crate::dirname;
+use crate::extname;
+use crate::path_parsing::Rules;
+use crate::plus;
+use crate::relative_path_from::{self, RelativePathError};
+use crate::ruby::{
+  argument_error, check_max_arguments, error, inspect, new_pathname, path_like_to_string, pathname_class,
+  truthy_argument, EncodingId, EncodingOf, PathArgument, PathString, RubyResult,
+};
 
-type MaybeArray = Result<ruru::Array, ruru::result::Error>;
-type MaybeString = Result<ruru::RString, ruru::result::Error>;
-type MaybeBoolean = Result<ruru::Boolean, ruru::result::Error>;
-
-pub struct Pathname {
-  value: Value
-}
-
-impl Pathname {
-  pub fn new(path: &str) -> Pathname {
-    let mut instance = Class::from_existing("Pathname").allocate();
-    instance.instance_variable_set("@path", RString::new(path).to_any_object());
+// Ruby's path rules on this platform
+const RULES: Rules = Rules::NATIVE;
 
-    Pathname { value: instance.value() }
+pub fn pn_add_trailing_separator(arguments: &[AnyObject]) -> RubyResult {
+  check_max_arguments(arguments, 1)?;
+  let argument = PathArgument::new(arguments, 0)?;
+  if argument.is_missing() {
+    return Err(implicit_conversion_error(arguments.first()));
   }
-
-  pub fn to_any_object(&self) -> AnyObject {
-    AnyObject::from(self.value())
+  let path = argument.path()?;
+  match (add_trailing_separator(RULES, Cow::Borrowed(path.bytes())), argument.string()) {
+    (Cow::Borrowed(_), Some(string)) => Ok(string.to_any_object()),
+    (result, _) => Ok(path.to_ruby(&result).into()),
   }
 }
 
-impl From<Value> for Pathname {
-  fn from(value: Value) -> Self {
-    Pathname { value }
-  }
+pub fn pn_is_absolute(arguments: &[AnyObject]) -> RubyResult {
+  check_max_arguments(arguments, 1)?;
+  let argument = PathArgument::new(arguments, 0)?;
+  let path = argument.path()?;
+  Ok(Boolean::new(!is_relative(RULES, path.bytes())).into())
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<AnyObject> for Pathname {
-  type Error = debug::RubyDebugInfo;
-  fn try_from(obj: AnyObject) -> Result<Pathname, Self::Error> {
-    if Class::from_existing("String").case_equals(&obj) {
-      Ok(Pathname::new(&RString::from(obj.value()).to_str()))
-    } else if Class::from_existing("Pathname").case_equals(&obj) {
-      Ok(Pathname::from(obj.value()))
-    } else if obj.respond_to("to_path") {
-      Ok(Pathname::new(&RString::from(obj.send("to_path", None).value()).to_str()))
-    } else {
-      Err(Self::Error::from(obj))
+pub fn pn_basename(arguments: &[AnyObject]) -> RubyResult {
+  check_max_arguments(arguments, 2)?;
+  let argument = PathArgument::new(arguments, 0)?;
+  let path = argument.path()?;
+  let ext_argument = PathArgument::new(arguments, 1)?;
+  let ext = ext_argument.path()?;
+  let (component, base_len) = basename::last_component(RULES, path.bytes());
+  let result = match base_len {
+    // Like Ruby, ignore an extension in an incompatible encoding, and only
+    // remove one that starts a character.
+    Some(base_len) if !ext.bytes().is_empty() &&
+        (path.encoding == ext.encoding || EncodingOf::new(&path).merge(&ext).is_ok()) => {
+      let end = basename::ext_end(RULES, component, base_len, ext.bytes());
+      if end == component.len() || path.is_char_boundary(component, end) { &component[..end] } else { component }
     }
-  }
+    _ => component,
+  };
+  Ok(path.to_ruby(result).into())
 }
 
-impl Object for Pathname {
-  #[inline]
-  fn value(&self) -> Value {
-    self.value
-  }
+pub fn pn_children(arguments: &[AnyObject]) -> RubyResult {
+  check_max_arguments(arguments, 2)?;
+  let argument = PathArgument::new(arguments, 0)?;
+  let path = argument.path_or(b".")?;
+  let with_directory = truthy_argument(arguments, 1, true) && path.bytes() != b".";
+  let error_path = error_path(&argument, ".");
+  children(&path, with_directory, &error_path, |entry| Ok(entry.into()))
 }
 
-impl VerifiedObject for Pathname {
-  fn is_correct_type<T: Object>(object: &T) -> bool {
-    object.value().ty() == ValueType::Class &&
-      Class::from_existing("Pathname").case_equals(object)
-  }
+pub fn pn_children_compat(arguments: &[AnyObject]) -> RubyResult {
+  check_max_arguments(arguments, 2)?;
+  let argument = PathArgument::new(arguments, 0)?;
+  let path = argument.path()?;
+  let with_directory = truthy_argument(arguments, 1, true) && path.bytes() != b".";
+  let error_path = error_path(&argument, "");
+  let pathname = pathname_class()?;
+  children(&path, with_directory, &error_path, |entry| new_pathname(&pathname, entry))
+}
 
-  fn error_message() -> &'static str {
-    "Error converting to Pathname"
+fn children<F>(path: &PathString, with_directory: bool, error_path: &AnyObject, mut wrap: F) -> RubyResult
+  where F: FnMut(RString) -> RubyResult {
+  let entries = read_dir(path, error_path)?;
+  let filesystem = EncodingId::filesystem();
+  let mut array = Array::with_capacity(entries.size_hint().0);
+  for entry in entries {
+    let entry = entry.map_err(|e| system_call_error(&e, error_path, "dir_read"))?;
+    let os_name = entry.file_name();
+    let (name, name_encoding) = file_name(&os_name, filesystem);
+    let string = if with_directory {
+      // `File.join(path, name)`, encoded like that, or as the file name if they don't mix.
+      let encoding = EncodingOf::new(path).merge_with(EncodingOf::of_bytes(&name, name_encoding)).
+        map_or(name_encoding, |encoding| encoding.encoding);
+      encoding.new_string(&RULES.join(path.bytes(), &name))
+    } else {
+      name_encoding.new_string(&name)
+    };
+    array.push(wrap(string)?);
   }
+  Ok(array.into())
 }
 
-pub fn pn_add_trailing_separator(pth: MaybeString) -> RString {
-  let p = pth.unwrap();
-  let x = format!("{}{}", p.to_str(), "a");
-  match x.rsplit_terminator(MAIN_SEPARATOR).next() {
-    Some("a") => p,
-    _ => RString::new(format!("{}{}", p.to_str(), MAIN_SEPARATOR).as_str())
+pub fn pn_chop_basename(arguments: &[AnyObject]) -> RubyResult {
+  check_max_arguments(arguments, 1)?;
+  let argument = PathArgument::new(arguments, 0)?;
+  let path = argument.path()?;
+  match chop_basename::chop_basename(RULES, path.bytes()) {
+    Some((dirname, basename)) => {
+      let mut array = Array::with_capacity(2);
+      array.push(path.to_ruby(dirname));
+      array.push(path.to_ruby(basename));
+      Ok(array.into())
+    },
+    None => Ok(NilClass::new().into()),
   }
 }
 
-pub fn pn_is_absolute(pth: MaybeString) -> Boolean {
-  Boolean::new(to_str(&pth).as_bytes().get(0) == Some(&SEP))
+pub fn pn_cleanpath_aggressive(arguments: &[AnyObject]) -> RubyResult {
+  check_max_arguments(arguments, 1)?;
+  let argument = PathArgument::new(arguments, 0)?;
+  let path = argument.path()?;
+  Ok(path.to_ruby(&cleanpath_aggressive::cleanpath_aggressive(RULES, path.bytes())).into())
 }
 
-// pub fn pn_ascend(){}
-
-pub fn pn_basename(pth: MaybeString, ext: MaybeString) -> RString {
-  RString::new(basename::basename(to_str(&pth), to_str(&ext)))
+pub fn pn_cleanpath_conservative(arguments: &[AnyObject]) -> RubyResult {
+  check_max_arguments(arguments, 1)?;
+  let argument = PathArgument::new(arguments, 0)?;
+  let path = argument.path()?;
+  Ok(path.to_ruby(&cleanpath_conservative::cleanpath_conservative(RULES, path.bytes())).into())
 }
 
-pub fn pn_children(pth: MaybeString, with_dir: MaybeBoolean) -> Result<AnyObject, Exception> {
-  let path = pth.unwrap_or(RString::new("."));
-  let path = path.to_str();
-
-  if let Ok(entries) = fs::read_dir(path) {
-    let mut with_directory = with_dir.unwrap_or(Boolean::new(true)).to_bool();
-    if path == "." {
-      with_directory = false;
-    }
-
-    let mut arr = Array::with_capacity(entries.size_hint().1.unwrap_or(0));
-    for entry in entries {
-      if with_directory {
-        match entry {
-          Ok(v) => { arr.push(RString::new(v.path().to_str().unwrap())); },
-          _ => {}
-        };
-      } else {
-        match entry {
-          Ok(v) => { arr.push(RString::new(v.file_name().to_str().unwrap())); },
-          _ => {}
-        };
-      }
-    }
-
-    Ok(arr.to_any_object())
-  } else {
-    let msg = format!("No such file or directory @ dir_initialize - {}", path);
-    Err(Exception::new("Errno::NOENT", Some(&msg)))
+pub fn pn_del_trailing_separator(arguments: &[AnyObject]) -> RubyResult {
+  check_max_arguments(arguments, 1)?;
+  let argument = PathArgument::new(arguments, 0)?;
+  let path = argument.path()?;
+  match (del_trailing_separator(RULES, path.bytes()), argument.string()) {
+    (Cow::Borrowed(result), Some(string)) if result.len() == path.bytes().len() => Ok(string.to_any_object()),
+    (result, _) => Ok(path.to_ruby(&result).into()),
   }
 }
 
-pub fn pn_children_compat(pth: MaybeString, with_dir: MaybeBoolean) -> Result<AnyObject, Exception> {
-  let path = to_str(&pth);
-
-  if let Ok(entries) = fs::read_dir(path) {
-    let mut with_directory = with_dir.unwrap_or(Boolean::new(true)).to_bool();
-    if path == "." {
-      with_directory = false;
-    }
+pub fn pn_is_directory(arguments: &[AnyObject]) -> RubyResult {
+  check_max_arguments(arguments, 1)?;
+  let argument = PathArgument::new(arguments, 0)?;
+  let path = argument.path()?;
+  // Windows takes "dir\\..." for "dir"; Ruby doesn't.
+  let is_directory = !RULES.has_dots_name(path.bytes()) &&
+    path.os_path().map_or(false, |os_path| os_path.is_dir());
+  Ok(Boolean::new(is_directory).into())
+}
 
-    let mut arr = Array::with_capacity(entries.size_hint().1.unwrap_or(0));
-    for entry in entries {
-      if with_directory {
-        if let Ok(v) = entry {
-          arr.push(Pathname::new(v.path().to_str().unwrap()));
-        };
-      } else {
-        if let Ok(v) = entry {
-          arr.push(Pathname::new(v.file_name().to_str().unwrap()));
-        };
-      }
+// `File.dirname(path, level = 1)`: `level` is the number of trailing
+// components to remove (Ruby 3.1+).
+pub fn pn_dirname(arguments: &[AnyObject]) -> RubyResult {
+  check_max_arguments(arguments, 2)?;
+  let argument = PathArgument::new(arguments, 0)?;
+  let path = argument.path()?;
+  let level = match arguments.get(1) {
+    Some(level) => level_argument(level)?,
+    None => 1,
+  };
+  let mut result: Cow<[u8]> = Cow::Borrowed(path.bytes());
+  for _ in 0..level {
+    let parent = dirname::dirname(RULES, &result);
+    if *parent == *result {
+      // The root ("/", "." or "C:/"), which is its own dirname
+      break;
     }
-
-    Ok(arr.to_any_object())
-  } else {
-    let msg = format!("No such file or directory @ dir_initialize - {}", path);
-    Err(Exception::new("Errno::NOENT", Some(&msg)))
+    result = Cow::Owned(parent.into_owned());
+  }
+  if result.is_empty() {
+    // `File.dirname("", 0)` is "." like `File.dirname("")`
+    result = Cow::Borrowed(b".");
   }
+  Ok(path.to_ruby(&result).into())
 }
 
-pub fn pn_chop_basename(pth: MaybeString) -> AnyObject {
-  match chop_basename::chop_basename(to_str(&pth)) {
-    Some((dirname, basename)) => {
-      let mut arr = Array::with_capacity(2);
-      arr.push(RString::new(&dirname));
-      arr.push(RString::new(&basename));
-      arr.to_any_object()
-    },
-    None => NilClass::new().to_any_object()
+// The `level` argument of `File.dirname`, converted like Ruby's `NUM2INT`.
+fn level_argument(object: &AnyObject) -> Result<usize, AnyException> {
+  let integer = match object.try_convert_to::<Integer>() {
+    Ok(integer) => integer,
+    Err(_) => {
+      let responds = object.protect_send("respond_to?", &[Symbol::new("to_int").into()])?;
+      if !responds.value().is_true() {
+        let class_name = object.protect_send("class", &[]).ok().and_then(|class| inspect(&class).ok()).unwrap_or_default();
+        return Err(error(&Class::type_error(), &format!("no implicit conversion of {} into Integer", class_name)));
+      }
+      let converted = object.protect_send("to_int", &[])?;
+      converted.try_convert_to::<Integer>()?
+    }
+  };
+  let level = integer.to_i64();
+  if level < 0 {
+    return Err(argument_error(&format!("negative level: {}", level)));
   }
+  Ok(level as usize)
 }
 
-// pub fn pn_cleanpath(pth: MaybeString){}
-
-pub fn pn_cleanpath_aggressive(pth: MaybeString) -> RString {
-  RString::new(&cleanpath_aggressive::cleanpath_aggressive(to_str(&pth)))
+// Returns an array of `String`s
+pub fn pn_entries(arguments: &[AnyObject]) -> RubyResult {
+  check_max_arguments(arguments, 1)?;
+  let argument = PathArgument::new(arguments, 0)?;
+  let path = argument.path()?;
+  let error_path = error_path(&argument, "");
+  entries(&path, &error_path, |entry| Ok(entry.into()))
 }
 
-pub fn pn_cleanpath_conservative(pth: MaybeString) -> RString {
-  RString::new(&cleanpath_conservative::cleanpath_conservative(to_str(&pth)))
+// Returns an array of `Pathname`s
+pub fn pn_entries_compat(arguments: &[AnyObject]) -> RubyResult {
+  check_max_arguments(arguments, 1)?;
+  let argument = PathArgument::new(arguments, 0)?;
+  let path = argument.path()?;
+  let error_path = error_path(&argument, "");
+  let pathname = pathname_class()?;
+  entries(&path, &error_path, |entry| new_pathname(&pathname, entry))
 }
 
-pub fn pn_del_trailing_separator(pth: MaybeString) -> RString {
-  {
-    let path = to_str(&pth);
-    if path.is_empty() {
-      return RString::new("/");
-    }
-    let pos = match find_last_non_sep_pos(path.as_bytes()) {
-      Some(pos) => pos,
-      None => return RString::new("/"),
-    };
-    if pos != path.len() - 1 {
-      return RString::new(&path[..pos + 1]);
-    }
+fn entries<F>(path: &PathString, error_path: &AnyObject, mut wrap: F) -> RubyResult
+  where F: FnMut(RString) -> RubyResult {
+  let files = read_dir(path, error_path)?;
+  let filesystem = EncodingId::filesystem();
+  let mut array = Array::with_capacity(files.size_hint().0 + 2);
+  array.push(wrap(filesystem.new_string(b"."))?);
+  array.push(wrap(filesystem.new_string(b".."))?);
+  for file in files {
+    let file = file.map_err(|e| system_call_error(&e, error_path, "dir_read"))?;
+    let os_name = file.file_name();
+    let (name, encoding) = file_name(&os_name, filesystem);
+    array.push(wrap(encoding.new_string(&name))?);
   }
-  pth.unwrap()
+  Ok(array.into())
 }
 
-// pub fn pn_descend(){}
-
-pub fn pn_is_directory(pth: MaybeString) -> Boolean {
-  Boolean::new(Path::new(to_str(&pth)).is_dir())
+pub fn pn_extname(arguments: &[AnyObject]) -> RubyResult {
+  check_max_arguments(arguments, 1)?;
+  let argument = PathArgument::new(arguments, 0)?;
+  let path = argument.path()?;
+  Ok(path.to_ruby(extname::extname(RULES, path.bytes())).into())
 }
 
-pub fn pn_dirname(pth: MaybeString) -> RString {
-  RString::new(dirname::dirname(to_str(&pth)))
+pub fn pn_has_trailing_separator(arguments: &[AnyObject]) -> RubyResult {
+  check_max_arguments(arguments, 1)?;
+  let argument = PathArgument::new(arguments, 0)?;
+  let path = argument.path()?;
+  Ok(Boolean::new(has_trailing_separator(RULES, path.bytes())).into())
 }
 
-// pub fn pn_each_child(){}
-
-// pub fn pn_each_filename(pth: MaybeString) -> NilClass {
-//   NilClass::new()
-// }
-
-pub fn pn_entries(pth: MaybeString) -> Result<AnyObject, Exception> {
-  let path = to_str(&pth);
-  if let Ok(files) = fs::read_dir(path) {
-    let mut arr = Array::with_capacity(files.size_hint().1.unwrap_or(0) + 2);
-
-    arr.push(RString::new("."));
-    arr.push(RString::new(".."));
+pub fn pn_join(arguments: &[AnyObject]) -> RubyResult {
+  if arguments.is_empty() {
+    return Err(argument_error("wrong number of arguments (given 0, expected 1+)"));
+  }
+  let pathname = pathname_class()?;
+
+  // Copy every path out of Ruby before calling more Ruby code: the strings
+  // returned by `to_path` or `to_s` aren't referenced from anywhere the
+  // garbage collector looks once we only hold their bytes.
+  let mut paths: Vec<Vec<u8>> = Vec::with_capacity(arguments.len());
+  let mut encoding: Option<EncodingOf> = None;
+  for argument in arguments {
+    let string = path_like_to_string(argument, &pathname)?;
+    let path = PathString::new(&string)?;
+    encoding = Some(match encoding {
+      None => EncodingOf::new(&path),
+      Some(previous) => previous.merge(&path)?,
+    });
+    paths.push(path.bytes().to_vec());
+  }
 
-    for file in files {
-      arr.push(RString::new(file.unwrap().file_name().to_str().unwrap()));
+  let mut parts = paths.iter().rev();
+  let mut result: Cow<[u8]> = match parts.next() {
+    Some(last) => Cow::Borrowed(last),
+    None => Cow::Borrowed(b""),
+  };
+  for part in parts {
+    if !is_relative(RULES, &result) {
+      break;
     }
-
-    Ok(arr.to_any_object())
-  } else {
-    let msg = format!("No such file or directory @ dir_initialize - {}", path);
-    Err(Exception::new("Errno::NOENT", Some(&msg)))
+    result = Cow::Owned(plus::plus_paths(RULES, part, &result).into_owned());
   }
+  let encoding = match encoding {
+    Some(encoding) => encoding.encoding,
+    None => EncodingId::us_ascii(),
+  };
+  new_pathname(&pathname, encoding.new_string(&result))
 }
 
-pub fn pn_entries_compat(pth: MaybeString) -> Result<AnyObject, Exception> {
-  let path = to_str(&pth);
-  if let Ok(files) = fs::read_dir(path) {
-    let mut arr = Array::with_capacity(files.size_hint().1.unwrap_or(0) + 2);
+pub fn pn_plus(arguments: &[AnyObject]) -> RubyResult {
+  check_max_arguments(arguments, 2)?;
+  let argument1 = PathArgument::new(arguments, 0)?;
+  let path1 = argument1.path()?;
+  let argument2 = PathArgument::new(arguments, 1)?;
+  let path2 = argument2.path()?;
+  let encoding = EncodingOf::new(&path1).merge(&path2)?.encoding;
+  Ok(encoding.new_string(&plus::plus_paths(RULES, path1.bytes(), path2.bytes())).into())
+}
 
-    arr.push(Pathname::new("."));
-    arr.push(Pathname::new(".."));
+pub fn pn_is_relative(arguments: &[AnyObject]) -> RubyResult {
+  check_max_arguments(arguments, 1)?;
+  let argument = PathArgument::new(arguments, 0)?;
+  if argument.is_missing() {
+    return Ok(Boolean::new(false).into());
+  }
+  let path = argument.path()?;
+  Ok(Boolean::new(is_relative(RULES, path.bytes())).into())
+}
 
-    for file in files {
-      arr.push(Pathname::new(file.unwrap().file_name().to_str().unwrap()));
+pub fn pn_relative_path_from(arguments: &[AnyObject]) -> RubyResult {
+  check_max_arguments(arguments, 2)?;
+  let pathname = pathname_class()?;
+  let argument = PathArgument::new(arguments, 0)?;
+  let dest = argument.path()?;
+  let base = match arguments.get(1) {
+    Some(base_directory) => {
+      let base_string = path_like_to_string(base_directory, &pathname)?;
+      // Copied right away, see `pn_join`.
+      PathString::new(&base_string)?.into_owned()
     }
-
-    Ok(arr.to_any_object())
-  } else {
-    let msg = format!("No such file or directory @ dir_initialize - {}", path);
-    Err(Exception::new("Errno::NOENT", Some(&msg)))
+    None => PathString::empty(),
+  };
+  let encoding = EncodingOf::new(&dest).merge(&base)?.encoding;
+  let inspect = |bytes: &[u8]| crate::ruby::inspect(&encoding.new_string(bytes));
+
+  match relative_path_from::relative_path_from(RULES, dest.bytes(), base.bytes()) {
+    Ok(path) => new_pathname(&pathname, encoding.new_string(&path)),
+    Err(RelativePathError::DifferentPrefix(dest_prefix, base_directory)) => {
+      let message = format!("different prefix: {} and {}", inspect(&dest_prefix)?, inspect(&base_directory)?);
+      Err(argument_error(&message))
+    },
+    Err(RelativePathError::BaseDirectoryHasDotDot(base_directory)) => {
+      Err(argument_error(&format!("base_directory has ..: {}", inspect(&base_directory)?)))
+    },
   }
 }
 
-pub fn pn_extname(pth: MaybeString) -> RString {
-  RString::new(extname::extname(to_str(&pth)))
+// The path to name in a `SystemCallError`
+fn error_path(argument: &PathArgument, default: &str) -> AnyObject {
+  match argument.string() {
+    Some(string) => string.to_any_object(),
+    None => RString::new_utf8(default).into(),
+  }
 }
 
-// pub fn pn_find(pth: MaybeString, ignore_error: Boolean){}
-
-pub fn pn_has_trailing_separator(pth: MaybeString) -> Boolean {
-  let v = to_str(&pth);
-  match chop_basename::chop_basename(v) {
-    Some((a,b)) => Boolean::new(a.len() + b.len() < v.len()),
-    _ => Boolean::new(false)
-  }
+fn read_dir(path: &PathString, error_path: &AnyObject) -> Result<fs::ReadDir, AnyException> {
+  let os_path = path.os_path().map_err(|e| system_call_error(&e, error_path, "dir_initialize"))?;
+  fs::read_dir(&*os_path).map_err(|e| system_call_error(&e, error_path, "dir_initialize"))
 }
 
-pub fn pn_join(args: MaybeArray) -> AnyObject {
-  let paths = args.unwrap().into_iter().map(|arg| anyobject_to_string(arg).unwrap()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-  let mut paths_iter = paths.iter().rev();
-  let mut result = Cow::Borrowed(paths_iter.next().unwrap().as_str());
-  for part in paths_iter {
-    result = plus::plus_paths(&part, result.as_ref());
-    if result.as_bytes().first() == Some(&SEP) {
-      break;
+// `SystemCallError.new(path, errno, func)` gives the same `Errno::*` error
+// and message as Ruby's `Dir` methods, e.g.
+// "No such file or directory @ dir_initialize - path".
+fn system_call_error(err: &io::Error, path: &AnyObject, func: &str) -> AnyException {
+  #[cfg(unix)]
+  {
+    if let Some(errno) = err.raw_os_error() {
+      let arguments = [path.clone(), Integer::new(errno.into()).into(), RString::new_utf8(func).into()];
+      if let Ok(exception) = Class::system_call_error().protect_send("new", &arguments) {
+        if let Ok(exception) = exception.try_convert_to::<AnyException>() {
+          return exception;
+        }
+      }
     }
   }
-  Pathname::new(&result).to_any_object()
+  #[cfg(not(unix))]
+  let _ = func;
+  let path = crate::ruby::inspect(path).unwrap_or_default();
+  AnyException::from_io_error(err, &path)
 }
 
-// pub fn pn_mkpath(pth: MaybeString) -> NilClass {
-//   NilClass::new()
-// }
-
-// pub fn pn_is_mountpoint(pth: MaybeString){}
-
-// pub fn pn_parent(pth: MaybeString){}
-
-pub fn pn_plus(pth1: MaybeString, pth2: MaybeString) -> RString {
-  RString::new(&plus::plus_paths(to_str(&pth1), to_str(&pth2)))
+// A file name from the OS as Ruby's `Dir` methods return it, in the
+// filesystem encoding: its bytes, and their encoding.
+#[cfg(unix)]
+fn file_name(name: &OsStr, filesystem: EncodingId) -> (Cow<'_, [u8]>, EncodingId) {
+  use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
+  (Cow::Borrowed(name.as_bytes()), filesystem)
 }
 
-// pub fn pn_prepend_prefix(prefix: MaybeString, relpath: MaybeString){}
-
-pub fn pn_is_relative(pth: MaybeString) -> Boolean {
-  let path = match &pth {
-    &Ok(ref ruru_string) => ruru_string.to_str(),
-    &Err(_) => return Boolean::new(false),
+#[cfg(not(unix))]
+fn file_name(name: &OsStr, filesystem: EncodingId) -> (Cow<'_, [u8]>, EncodingId) {
+  let utf8 = match name.to_string_lossy() {
+    Cow::Borrowed(name) => Cow::Borrowed(name.as_bytes()),
+    Cow::Owned(name) => Cow::Owned(name.into_bytes()),
   };
-  Boolean::new(path.as_bytes().get(0) != Some(&SEP))
+  if utf8.is_ascii() || filesystem == EncodingId::utf8() {
+    return (utf8, filesystem);
+  }
+  match EncodingId::utf8().transcode(&utf8, filesystem) {
+    Some(encoded) => (Cow::Owned(encoded), filesystem),
+    None => (utf8, EncodingId::utf8()),
+  }
 }
 
-// pub fn pn_root(pth: MaybeString){}
-
-// pub fn pn_split_names(pth: MaybeString){}
-
-pub fn pn_relative_path_from(itself: MaybeString, base_directory: MaybeString) -> Result<Pathname, Exception> {
-  relative_path_from::relative_path_from(itself, base_directory)
+fn implicit_conversion_error(argument: Option<&AnyObject>) -> AnyException {
+  let name = match argument {
+    None => "nil".to_string(),
+    Some(argument) if argument.is_nil() => "nil".to_string(),
+    Some(argument) if argument.value().is_true() => "true".to_string(),
+    Some(argument) if argument.value().is_false() => "false".to_string(),
+    Some(argument) => argument.protect_send("class", &[]).ok().
+      and_then(|class| crate::ruby::inspect(&class).ok()).unwrap_or_default(),
+  };
+  error(&Class::type_error(), &format!("no implicit conversion of {} into String", name))
 }
-
-// pub fn pn_rmtree(pth: MaybeString) -> NilClass {
-//   NilClass::new()
-// }
-//