faraday 1.0.0 → 2.10.0

data/spec/faraday/request_spec.rb

@@ -2,24 +2,25 @@
 
 RSpec.describe Faraday::Request do
   let(:conn) do
-    Faraday.new(url: 'http://sushi.com/api',
+    Faraday.new(url: 'http://httpbingo.org/api',
                 headers: { 'Mime-Version' => '1.0' },
                 request: { oauth: { consumer_key: 'anonymous' } })
   end
-  let(:method) { :get }
+  let(:http_method) { :get }
   let(:block) { nil }
 
-  subject { conn.build_request(method, &block) }
+  subject { conn.build_request(http_method, &block) }
 
   context 'when nothing particular is configured' do
-    it { expect(subject.method).to eq(:get) }
+    it { expect(subject.http_method).to eq(:get) }
     it { expect(subject.to_env(conn).ssl.verify).to be_falsey }
+    it { expect(subject.to_env(conn).ssl.verify_hostname).to be_falsey }
   end
 
-  context 'when method is post' do
-    let(:method) { :post }
+  context 'when HTTP method is post' do
+    let(:http_method) { :post }
 
-    it { expect(subject.method).to eq(:post) }
+    it { expect(subject.http_method).to eq(:post) }
   end
 
   context 'when setting the url on setup with a URI' do
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Request do
 
     it { expect(subject.path).to eq(URI.parse('foo.json')) }
     it { expect(subject.params).to eq('a' => '1') }
-    it { expect(subject.to_env(conn).url.to_s).to eq('http://sushi.com/api/foo.json?a=1') }
+    it { expect(subject.to_env(conn).url.to_s).to eq('http://httpbingo.org/api/foo.json?a=1') }
   end
 
   context 'when setting the url on setup with a string path and params' do
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Request do
 
     it { expect(subject.path).to eq('foo.json') }
     it { expect(subject.params).to eq('a' => 1) }
-    it { expect(subject.to_env(conn).url.to_s).to eq('http://sushi.com/api/foo.json?a=1') }
+    it { expect(subject.to_env(conn).url.to_s).to eq('http://httpbingo.org/api/foo.json?a=1') }
   end
 
   context 'when setting the url on setup with a path including params' do
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Request do
 
     it { expect(subject.path).to eq('foo.json') }
     it { expect(subject.params).to eq('a' => '1', 'b' => '2') }
-    it { expect(subject.to_env(conn).url.to_s).to eq('http://sushi.com/api/foo.json?a=1&b=2') }
+    it { expect(subject.to_env(conn).url.to_s).to eq('http://httpbingo.org/api/foo.json?a=1&b=2') }
   end
 
   context 'when setting a header on setup with []= syntax' do

data/spec/faraday/response/json_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Faraday::Response::Json, type: :response do
+  let(:options) { {} }
+  let(:headers) { {} }
+  let(:middleware) do
+    described_class.new(lambda { |env|
+      Faraday::Response.new(env)
+    }, **options)
+  end
+
+  def process(body, content_type = 'application/json', options = {})
+    env = {
+      body: body, request: options,
+      request_headers: Faraday::Utils::Headers.new,
+      response_headers: Faraday::Utils::Headers.new(headers)
+    }
+    env[:response_headers]['content-type'] = content_type if content_type
+    yield(env) if block_given?
+    middleware.call(Faraday::Env.from(env))
+  end
+
+  context 'no type matching' do
+    it "doesn't change nil body" do
+      expect(process(nil).body).to be_nil
+    end
+
+    it 'nullifies empty body' do
+      expect(process('').body).to be_nil
+    end
+
+    it 'parses json body' do
+      response = process('{"a":1}')
+      expect(response.body).to eq('a' => 1)
+      expect(response.env[:raw_body]).to be_nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'with preserving raw' do
+    let(:options) { { preserve_raw: true } }
+
+    it 'parses json body' do
+      response = process('{"a":1}')
+      expect(response.body).to eq('a' => 1)
+      expect(response.env[:raw_body]).to eq('{"a":1}')
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'with default regexp type matching' do
+    it 'parses json body of correct type' do
+      response = process('{"a":1}', 'application/x-json')
+      expect(response.body).to eq('a' => 1)
+    end
+
+    it 'ignores json body of incorrect type' do
+      response = process('{"a":1}', 'text/json-xml')
+      expect(response.body).to eq('{"a":1}')
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'with array type matching' do
+    let(:options) { { content_type: %w[a/b c/d] } }
+
+    it 'parses json body of correct type' do
+      expect(process('{"a":1}', 'a/b').body).to be_a(Hash)
+      expect(process('{"a":1}', 'c/d').body).to be_a(Hash)
+    end
+
+    it 'ignores json body of incorrect type' do
+      expect(process('{"a":1}', 'a/d').body).not_to be_a(Hash)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it 'chokes on invalid json' do
+    expect { process('{!') }.to raise_error(Faraday::ParsingError)
+  end
+
+  it 'includes the response on the ParsingError instance' do
+    process('{') { |env| env[:response] = Faraday::Response.new }
+    raise 'Parsing should have failed.'
+  rescue Faraday::ParsingError => e
+    expect(e.response).to be_a(Faraday::Response)
+  end
+
+  context 'HEAD responses' do
+    it "nullifies the body if it's only one space" do
+      response = process(' ')
+      expect(response.body).to be_nil
+    end
+
+    it "nullifies the body if it's two spaces" do
+      response = process(' ')
+      expect(response.body).to be_nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'JSON options' do
+    let(:body) { '{"a": 1}' }
+    let(:result) { { a: 1 } }
+    let(:options) do
+      {
+        parser_options: {
+          symbolize_names: true
+        }
+      }
+    end
+
+    it 'passes relevant options to JSON parse' do
+      expect(::JSON).to receive(:parse)
+        .with(body, options[:parser_options])
+        .and_return(result)
+
+      response = process(body)
+      expect(response.body).to eq(result)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'with decoder' do
+    let(:decoder) do
+      double('Decoder').tap do |e|
+        allow(e).to receive(:load) { |s, opts| JSON.parse(s, opts) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    let(:body) { '{"a": 1}' }
+    let(:result) { { a: 1 } }
+
+    context 'when decoder is passed as object' do
+      let(:options) do
+        {
+          parser_options: {
+            decoder: decoder,
+            option: :option_value,
+            symbolize_names: true
+          }
+        }
+      end
+
+      it 'passes relevant options to specified decoder\'s load method' do
+        expect(decoder).to receive(:load)
+          .with(body, { option: :option_value, symbolize_names: true })
+          .and_return(result)
+
+        response = process(body)
+        expect(response.body).to eq(result)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when decoder is passed as an object-method pair' do
+      let(:options) do
+        {
+          parser_options: {
+            decoder: [decoder, :load],
+            option: :option_value,
+            symbolize_names: true
+          }
+        }
+      end
+
+      it 'passes relevant options to specified decoder\'s method' do
+        expect(decoder).to receive(:load)
+          .with(body, { option: :option_value, symbolize_names: true })
+          .and_return(result)
+
+        response = process(body)
+        expect(response.body).to eq(result)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when decoder is not passed' do
+      let(:options) do
+        {
+          parser_options: {
+            symbolize_names: true
+          }
+        }
+      end
+
+      it 'passes relevant options to JSON parse' do
+        expect(JSON).to receive(:parse)
+          .with(body, { symbolize_names: true })
+          .and_return(result)
+
+        response = process(body)
+        expect(response.body).to eq(result)
+      end
+
+      it 'passes relevant options to JSON parse even when nil responds to :load' do
+        original_allow_message_expectations_on_nil = RSpec::Mocks.configuration.allow_message_expectations_on_nil
+        RSpec::Mocks.configuration.allow_message_expectations_on_nil = true
+        allow(nil).to receive(:respond_to?)
+          .with(:load)
+          .and_return(true)
+
+        expect(JSON).to receive(:parse)
+          .with(body, { symbolize_names: true })
+          .and_return(result)
+
+        response = process(body)
+        expect(response.body).to eq(result)
+      ensure
+        RSpec::Mocks.configuration.allow_message_expectations_on_nil = original_allow_message_expectations_on_nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/spec/faraday/response/logger_spec.rb

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Response::Logger do
         stubs.get('/filtered_headers') { [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html' }, 'headers response'] }
         stubs.get('/filtered_params') { [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html' }, 'params response'] }
         stubs.get('/filtered_url') { [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html' }, 'url response'] }
+        stubs.get('/connection_failed') { raise Faraday::ConnectionFailed, 'Failed to open TCP connection' }
       end
     end
   end
@@ -64,6 +65,15 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Response::Logger do
       expect(formatter).to receive(:response).with(an_instance_of(Faraday::Env))
       conn.get '/hello'
     end
+
+    context 'when no route' do
+      it 'delegates logging to the formatter' do
+        expect(formatter).to receive(:request).with(an_instance_of(Faraday::Env))
+        expect(formatter).to receive(:exception).with(an_instance_of(Faraday::Adapter::Test::Stubs::NotFound))
+
+        expect { conn.get '/noroute' }.to raise_error(Faraday::Adapter::Test::Stubs::NotFound)
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   context 'with custom formatter' do
@@ -94,6 +104,16 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Response::Logger do
     expect(string_io.string).to match('GET http:/hello')
   end
 
+  it 'logs status' do
+    conn.get '/hello', nil, accept: 'text/html'
+    expect(string_io.string).to match('Status 200')
+  end
+
+  it 'does not log error message by default' do
+    expect { conn.get '/noroute' }.to raise_error(Faraday::Adapter::Test::Stubs::NotFound)
+    expect(string_io.string).not_to match(%(no stubbed request for get http:/noroute))
+  end
+
   it 'logs request headers by default' do
     conn.get '/hello', nil, accept: 'text/html'
     expect(string_io.string).to match(%(Accept: "text/html))
@@ -188,6 +208,24 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Response::Logger do
     end
   end
 
+  context 'when logging errors' do
+    let(:logger_options) { { errors: true } }
+
+    it 'logs error message' do
+      expect { conn.get '/noroute' }.to raise_error(Faraday::Adapter::Test::Stubs::NotFound)
+      expect(string_io.string).to match(%(no stubbed request for get http:/noroute))
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'when logging headers and errors' do
+    let(:logger_options) { { headers: true, errors: true } }
+
+    it 'logs error message' do
+      expect { conn.get '/connection_failed' }.to raise_error(Faraday::ConnectionFailed)
+      expect(string_io.string).to match(%(Failed to open TCP connection))
+    end
+  end
+
   context 'when using log_level' do
     let(:logger_options) { { bodies: true, log_level: :debug } }
 

data/spec/faraday/response/raise_error_spec.rb

@@ -11,8 +11,10 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Response::RaiseError do
         stub.get('forbidden') { [403, { 'X-Reason' => 'because' }, 'keep looking'] }
         stub.get('not-found') { [404, { 'X-Reason' => 'because' }, 'keep looking'] }
         stub.get('proxy-error') { [407, { 'X-Reason' => 'because' }, 'keep looking'] }
+        stub.get('request-timeout') { [408, { 'X-Reason' => 'because' }, 'keep looking'] }
         stub.get('conflict') { [409, { 'X-Reason' => 'because' }, 'keep looking'] }
         stub.get('unprocessable-entity') { [422, { 'X-Reason' => 'because' }, 'keep looking'] }
+        stub.get('too-many-requests') { [429, { 'X-Reason' => 'because' }, 'keep looking'] }
         stub.get('4xx') { [499, { 'X-Reason' => 'because' }, 'keep looking'] }
         stub.get('nil-status') { [nil, { 'X-Reason' => 'nil' }, 'fail'] }
         stub.get('server-error') { [500, { 'X-Error' => 'bailout' }, 'fail'] }
@@ -29,6 +31,9 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Response::RaiseError do
       expect(ex.message).to eq('the server responded with status 400')
       expect(ex.response[:headers]['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
       expect(ex.response[:status]).to eq(400)
+      expect(ex.response_status).to eq(400)
+      expect(ex.response_body).to eq('keep looking')
+      expect(ex.response_headers['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
     end
   end
 
@@ -37,6 +42,9 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Response::RaiseError do
       expect(ex.message).to eq('the server responded with status 401')
       expect(ex.response[:headers]['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
       expect(ex.response[:status]).to eq(401)
+      expect(ex.response_status).to eq(401)
+      expect(ex.response_body).to eq('keep looking')
+      expect(ex.response_headers['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
     end
   end
 
@@ -45,6 +53,9 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Response::RaiseError do
       expect(ex.message).to eq('the server responded with status 403')
       expect(ex.response[:headers]['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
       expect(ex.response[:status]).to eq(403)
+      expect(ex.response_status).to eq(403)
+      expect(ex.response_body).to eq('keep looking')
+      expect(ex.response_headers['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
     end
   end
 
@@ -53,6 +64,9 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Response::RaiseError do
       expect(ex.message).to eq('the server responded with status 404')
       expect(ex.response[:headers]['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
       expect(ex.response[:status]).to eq(404)
+      expect(ex.response_status).to eq(404)
+      expect(ex.response_body).to eq('keep looking')
+      expect(ex.response_headers['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
     end
   end
 
@@ -61,6 +75,20 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Response::RaiseError do
       expect(ex.message).to eq('407 "Proxy Authentication Required"')
       expect(ex.response[:headers]['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
       expect(ex.response[:status]).to eq(407)
+      expect(ex.response_status).to eq(407)
+      expect(ex.response_body).to eq('keep looking')
+      expect(ex.response_headers['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
+    end
+  end
+
+  it 'raises Faraday::RequestTimeoutError for 408 responses' do
+    expect { conn.get('request-timeout') }.to raise_error(Faraday::RequestTimeoutError) do |ex|
+      expect(ex.message).to eq('the server responded with status 408')
+      expect(ex.response[:headers]['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
+      expect(ex.response[:status]).to eq(408)
+      expect(ex.response_status).to eq(408)
+      expect(ex.response_body).to eq('keep looking')
+      expect(ex.response_headers['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
     end
   end
 
@@ -69,6 +97,9 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Response::RaiseError do
       expect(ex.message).to eq('the server responded with status 409')
       expect(ex.response[:headers]['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
       expect(ex.response[:status]).to eq(409)
+      expect(ex.response_status).to eq(409)
+      expect(ex.response_body).to eq('keep looking')
+      expect(ex.response_headers['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
     end
   end
 
@@ -77,6 +108,20 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Response::RaiseError do
       expect(ex.message).to eq('the server responded with status 422')
       expect(ex.response[:headers]['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
       expect(ex.response[:status]).to eq(422)
+      expect(ex.response_status).to eq(422)
+      expect(ex.response_body).to eq('keep looking')
+      expect(ex.response_headers['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
+    end
+  end
+
+  it 'raises Faraday::TooManyRequestsError for 429 responses' do
+    expect { conn.get('too-many-requests') }.to raise_error(Faraday::TooManyRequestsError) do |ex|
+      expect(ex.message).to eq('the server responded with status 429')
+      expect(ex.response[:headers]['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
+      expect(ex.response[:status]).to eq(429)
+      expect(ex.response_status).to eq(429)
+      expect(ex.response_body).to eq('keep looking')
+      expect(ex.response_headers['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
     end
   end
 
@@ -85,6 +130,9 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Response::RaiseError do
       expect(ex.message).to eq('http status could not be derived from the server response')
       expect(ex.response[:headers]['X-Reason']).to eq('nil')
       expect(ex.response[:status]).to be_nil
+      expect(ex.response_status).to be_nil
+      expect(ex.response_body).to eq('fail')
+      expect(ex.response_headers['X-Reason']).to eq('nil')
     end
   end
 
@@ -93,6 +141,9 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Response::RaiseError do
       expect(ex.message).to eq('the server responded with status 499')
       expect(ex.response[:headers]['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
       expect(ex.response[:status]).to eq(499)
+      expect(ex.response_status).to eq(499)
+      expect(ex.response_body).to eq('keep looking')
+      expect(ex.response_headers['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
     end
   end
 
@@ -101,6 +152,104 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Response::RaiseError do
       expect(ex.message).to eq('the server responded with status 500')
       expect(ex.response[:headers]['X-Error']).to eq('bailout')
       expect(ex.response[:status]).to eq(500)
+      expect(ex.response_status).to eq(500)
+      expect(ex.response_body).to eq('fail')
+      expect(ex.response_headers['X-Error']).to eq('bailout')
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe 'request info' do
+    let(:conn) do
+      Faraday.new do |b|
+        b.response :raise_error, **middleware_options
+        b.adapter :test do |stub|
+          stub.post(url, request_body, request_headers) do
+            [400, { 'X-Reason' => 'because' }, 'keep looking']
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    let(:middleware_options) { {} }
+    let(:request_body) { JSON.generate({ 'item' => 'sth' }) }
+    let(:request_headers) { { 'Authorization' => 'Basic 123' } }
+    let(:url_path) { 'request' }
+    let(:query_params) { 'full=true' }
+    let(:url) { "#{url_path}?#{query_params}" }
+
+    subject(:perform_request) do
+      conn.post url do |req|
+        req.headers['Authorization'] = 'Basic 123'
+        req.body = request_body
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'returns the request info in the exception' do
+      expect { perform_request }.to raise_error(Faraday::BadRequestError) do |ex|
+        expect(ex.response[:request][:method]).to eq(:post)
+        expect(ex.response[:request][:url]).to eq(URI("http:/#{url}"))
+        expect(ex.response[:request][:url_path]).to eq("/#{url_path}")
+        expect(ex.response[:request][:params]).to eq({ 'full' => 'true' })
+        expect(ex.response[:request][:headers]).to match(a_hash_including(request_headers))
+        expect(ex.response[:request][:body]).to eq(request_body)
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe 'DEFAULT_OPTION: include_request' do
+      before(:each) do
+        Faraday::Response::RaiseError.instance_variable_set(:@default_options, nil)
+        Faraday::Middleware.instance_variable_set(:@default_options, nil)
+      end
+
+      after(:all) do
+        Faraday::Response::RaiseError.instance_variable_set(:@default_options, nil)
+        Faraday::Middleware.instance_variable_set(:@default_options, nil)
+      end
+
+      context 'when RaiseError DEFAULT_OPTION (include_request: true) is used' do
+        it 'includes request info in the exception' do
+          expect { perform_request }.to raise_error(Faraday::BadRequestError) do |ex|
+            expect(ex.response.keys).to contain_exactly(
+              :status,
+              :headers,
+              :body,
+              :request
+            )
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'when application sets default_options `include_request: false`' do
+        before(:each) do
+          Faraday::Response::RaiseError.default_options = { include_request: false }
+        end
+
+        context 'and when include_request option is omitted' do
+          it 'does not include request info in the exception' do
+            expect { perform_request }.to raise_error(Faraday::BadRequestError) do |ex|
+              expect(ex.response.keys).to contain_exactly(
+                :status,
+                :headers,
+                :body
+              )
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'and when include_request option is explicitly set for instance' do
+          let(:middleware_options) { { include_request: true } }
+
+          it 'includes request info in the exception' do
+            expect { perform_request }.to raise_error(Faraday::BadRequestError) do |ex|
+              expect(ex.response.keys).to contain_exactly(
+                :status,
+                :headers,
+                :body,
+                :request
+              )
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end

data/spec/faraday/response_spec.rb

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Response do
   subject { Faraday::Response.new(env) }
 
   let(:env) do
-    Faraday::Env.from(status: 404, body: 'yikes',
+    Faraday::Env.from(status: 404, body: 'yikes', url: Faraday::Utils.URI('https://lostisland.github.io/faraday'),
                       response_headers: { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' })
   end
 
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Response do
     it { expect(hash[:status]).to eq(subject.status) }
     it { expect(hash[:response_headers]).to eq(subject.headers) }
     it { expect(hash[:body]).to eq(subject.body) }
+    it { expect(hash[:url]).to eq(subject.env.url) }
   end
 
   describe 'marshal serialization support' do
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Response do
     it { expect(loaded.env[:body]).to eq(env[:body]) }
     it { expect(loaded.env[:response_headers]).to eq(env[:response_headers]) }
     it { expect(loaded.env[:status]).to eq(env[:status]) }
+    it { expect(loaded.env[:url]).to eq(env[:url]) }
   end
 
   describe '#on_complete' do

data/spec/faraday/utils/headers_spec.rb

@@ -56,27 +56,54 @@ RSpec.describe Faraday::Utils::Headers do
     it { expect(subject.delete('content-type')).to be_nil }
   end
 
-  describe '#parse' do
-    before { subject.parse(headers) }
+  describe '#dig' do
+    before { subject['Content-Type'] = 'application/json' }
+
+    it { expect(subject&.dig('Content-Type')).to eq('application/json') }
+    it { expect(subject&.dig('CONTENT-TYPE')).to eq('application/json') }
+    it { expect(subject&.dig(:content_type)).to eq('application/json') }
+    it { expect(subject&.dig('invalid')).to be_nil }
+  end
 
+  describe '#parse' do
     context 'when response headers leave http status line out' do
       let(:headers) { "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: text/html\r\n\r\n" }
 
+      before { subject.parse(headers) }
+
       it { expect(subject.keys).to eq(%w[Content-Type]) }
       it { expect(subject['Content-Type']).to eq('text/html') }
       it { expect(subject['content-type']).to eq('text/html') }
     end
 
     context 'when response headers values include a colon' do
-      let(:headers) { "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: text/html\r\nLocation: http://sushi.com/\r\n\r\n" }
+      let(:headers) { "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: text/html\r\nLocation: http://httpbingo.org/\r\n\r\n" }
 
-      it { expect(subject['location']).to eq('http://sushi.com/') }
+      before { subject.parse(headers) }
+
+      it { expect(subject['location']).to eq('http://httpbingo.org/') }
     end
 
     context 'when response headers include a blank line' do
       let(:headers) { "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\r\nContent-Type: text/html\r\n\r\n" }
 
+      before { subject.parse(headers) }
+
       it { expect(subject['content-type']).to eq('text/html') }
     end
+
+    context 'when response headers include already stored keys' do
+      let(:headers) { "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nX-Numbers: 123\r\n\r\n" }
+
+      before do
+        h = subject
+        h[:x_numbers] = 8
+        h.parse(headers)
+      end
+
+      it do
+        expect(subject[:x_numbers]).to eq('8, 123')
+      end
+    end
   end
 end