faiss 0.1.3 → 0.2.0

data/ext/faiss/index.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+#include <faiss/Index.h>
+#include <faiss/IndexFlat.h>
+#include <faiss/IndexHNSW.h>
+#include <faiss/IndexIVFFlat.h>
+#include <faiss/IndexLSH.h>
+#include <faiss/IndexScalarQuantizer.h>
+#include <faiss/IndexPQ.h>
+#include <faiss/IndexIVFPQ.h>
+#include <faiss/IndexIVFPQR.h>
+#include <faiss/index_io.h>
+#include <faiss/AutoTune.h>
+
+#include "utils.h"
+
+namespace Rice::detail {
+  template<>
+  struct Type<faiss::MetricType>
+  {
+    static bool verify()
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class From_Ruby<faiss::MetricType>
+  {
+  public:
+    From_Ruby() = default;
+
+    From_Ruby(Arg* arg) : arg_(arg)
+    {
+    }
+
+    faiss::MetricType convert(VALUE x)
+    {
+      if (x == Qnil && this->arg_ && this->arg_->hasDefaultValue()) {
+        return this->arg_->defaultValue<faiss::MetricType>();
+      }
+
+      auto s = Object(x).to_s().str();
+      if (s == "inner_product") {
+        return faiss::METRIC_INNER_PRODUCT;
+      } else if (s == "l2") {
+        return faiss::METRIC_L2;
+      } else {
+        throw Rice::Exception(rb_eArgError, "Invalid metric: %s", s.c_str());
+      }
+    }
+
+  private:
+    Arg* arg_;
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  struct Type<faiss::ScalarQuantizer::QuantizerType>
+  {
+    static bool verify()
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class From_Ruby<faiss::ScalarQuantizer::QuantizerType>
+  {
+  public:
+    faiss::ScalarQuantizer::QuantizerType convert(VALUE x)
+    {
+      auto s = Object(x).to_s().str();
+      if (s == "qt_8bit") {
+        return faiss::ScalarQuantizer::QT_8bit;
+      } else if (s == "qt_4bit") {
+        return faiss::ScalarQuantizer::QT_4bit;
+      } else if (s == "qt_8bit_uniform") {
+        return faiss::ScalarQuantizer::QT_8bit_uniform;
+      } else if (s == "qt_4bit_uniform") {
+        return faiss::ScalarQuantizer::QT_4bit_uniform;
+      } else if (s == "qt_fp16") {
+        return faiss::ScalarQuantizer::QT_fp16;
+      } else if (s == "qt_8bit_direct") {
+        return faiss::ScalarQuantizer::QT_8bit_direct;
+      } else if (s == "qt_6bit") {
+        return faiss::ScalarQuantizer::QT_6bit;
+      } else {
+        throw Rice::Exception(rb_eArgError, "Invalid quantizer type: %s", s.c_str());
+      }
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+void init_index(Rice::Module& m) {
+  Rice::define_class_under<faiss::Index>(m, "Index")
+    .define_method(
+      "d",
+      [](faiss::Index &self) {
+        return self.d;
+      })
+    .define_method(
+      "trained?",
+      [](faiss::Index &self) {
+        return self.is_trained;
+      })
+    .define_method(
+      "ntotal",
+      [](faiss::Index &self) {
+        return self.ntotal;
+      })
+    .define_method(
+      "train",
+      [](faiss::Index &self, numo::SFloat objects) {
+        auto n = check_shape(objects, self.d);
+        self.train(n, objects.read_ptr());
+      })
+    .define_method(
+      "add",
+      [](faiss::Index &self, numo::SFloat objects) {
+        auto n = check_shape(objects, self.d);
+        self.add(n, objects.read_ptr());
+      })
+    .define_method(
+      "search",
+      [](faiss::Index &self, numo::SFloat objects, size_t k) {
+        auto n = check_shape(objects, self.d);
+
+        auto distances = numo::SFloat({n, k});
+        auto labels = numo::Int64({n, k});
+
+        self.search(n, objects.read_ptr(), k, distances.write_ptr(), labels.write_ptr());
+
+        Rice::Array ret;
+        ret.push(distances);
+        ret.push(labels);
+        return ret;
+      })
+    .define_method(
+      "nprobe=",
+      [](faiss::Index &self, double val) {
+        faiss::ParameterSpace().set_index_parameter(&self, "nprobe", val);
+      })
+    .define_method(
+      "save",
+      [](faiss::Index &self, const char *fname) {
+        faiss::write_index(&self, fname);
+      })
+    .define_singleton_function(
+      "load",
+      [](const char *fname) {
+        return faiss::read_index(fname);
+      });
+
+  Rice::define_class_under<faiss::IndexFlatL2, faiss::Index>(m, "IndexFlatL2")
+    .define_constructor(Rice::Constructor<faiss::IndexFlatL2, int64_t>());
+
+  Rice::define_class_under<faiss::IndexFlatIP, faiss::Index>(m, "IndexFlatIP")
+    .define_constructor(Rice::Constructor<faiss::IndexFlatIP, int64_t>());
+
+  Rice::define_class_under<faiss::IndexHNSWFlat, faiss::Index>(m, "IndexHNSWFlat")
+    .define_constructor(Rice::Constructor<faiss::IndexHNSWFlat, int, int, faiss::MetricType>(), Rice::Arg("d"), Rice::Arg("M"), Rice::Arg("metric") = faiss::METRIC_L2);
+
+  Rice::define_class_under<faiss::IndexIVFFlat, faiss::Index>(m, "IndexIVFFlat")
+    .define_constructor(Rice::Constructor<faiss::IndexIVFFlat, faiss::Index*, size_t, size_t, faiss::MetricType>(), Rice::Arg("quantizer"), Rice::Arg("d"), Rice::Arg("nlist"), Rice::Arg("metric") = faiss::METRIC_L2);
+
+  Rice::define_class_under<faiss::IndexLSH, faiss::Index>(m, "IndexLSH")
+    .define_constructor(Rice::Constructor<faiss::IndexLSH, int64_t, int>());
+
+  Rice::define_class_under<faiss::IndexScalarQuantizer, faiss::Index>(m, "IndexScalarQuantizer")
+    .define_constructor(Rice::Constructor<faiss::IndexScalarQuantizer, int, faiss::ScalarQuantizer::QuantizerType>());
+
+  Rice::define_class_under<faiss::IndexPQ, faiss::Index>(m, "IndexPQ")
+    .define_constructor(Rice::Constructor<faiss::IndexPQ, int, size_t, size_t>());
+
+  Rice::define_class_under<faiss::IndexIVFScalarQuantizer, faiss::Index>(m, "IndexIVFScalarQuantizer")
+    .define_constructor(Rice::Constructor<faiss::IndexIVFScalarQuantizer, faiss::Index*, size_t, size_t, faiss::ScalarQuantizer::QuantizerType>());
+
+  Rice::define_class_under<faiss::IndexIVFPQ, faiss::Index>(m, "IndexIVFPQ")
+    .define_constructor(Rice::Constructor<faiss::IndexIVFPQ, faiss::Index*, size_t, size_t, size_t, size_t, faiss::MetricType>(), Rice::Arg("quantizer"), Rice::Arg("d"), Rice::Arg("nlist"), Rice::Arg("M"), Rice::Arg("nbits_per_idx"), Rice::Arg("metric") = faiss::METRIC_L2);
+
+  Rice::define_class_under<faiss::IndexIVFPQR, faiss::Index>(m, "IndexIVFPQR")
+    .define_constructor(Rice::Constructor<faiss::IndexIVFPQR, faiss::Index*, size_t, size_t, size_t, size_t, size_t, size_t>());
+
+  Rice::define_class_under<faiss::ParameterSpace>(m, "ParameterSpace")
+    .define_constructor(Rice::Constructor<faiss::ParameterSpace>())
+    .define_method(
+      "set_index_parameter",
+      [](faiss::ParameterSpace& self, faiss::Index* index, const std::string& name, double val) {
+        self.set_index_parameter(index, name, val);
+      });
+}

data/ext/faiss/index_binary.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+#include <faiss/IndexBinary.h>
+#include <faiss/IndexBinaryFlat.h>
+#include <faiss/IndexBinaryIVF.h>
+#include <faiss/index_factory.h>
+#include <faiss/index_io.h>
+
+#include "utils.h"
+
+void init_index_binary(Rice::Module& m) {
+  Rice::define_class_under<faiss::IndexBinary>(m, "IndexBinary")
+    .define_method(
+      "d",
+      [](faiss::IndexBinary &self) {
+        return self.d;
+      })
+    .define_method(
+      "trained?",
+      [](faiss::IndexBinary &self) {
+        return self.is_trained;
+      })
+    .define_method(
+      "ntotal",
+      [](faiss::IndexBinary &self) {
+        return self.ntotal;
+      })
+    .define_method(
+      "train",
+      [](faiss::IndexBinary &self, numo::UInt8 objects) {
+        auto n = check_shape(objects, self.d / 8);
+        self.train(n, objects.read_ptr());
+      })
+    .define_method(
+      "add",
+      [](faiss::IndexBinary &self, numo::UInt8 objects) {
+        auto n = check_shape(objects, self.d / 8);
+        self.add(n, objects.read_ptr());
+      })
+    .define_method(
+      "search",
+      [](faiss::IndexBinary &self, numo::UInt8 objects, size_t k) {
+        auto n = check_shape(objects, self.d / 8);
+
+        auto distances = numo::Int32({n, k});
+        auto labels = numo::Int64({n, k});
+
+        self.search(n, objects.read_ptr(), k, distances.write_ptr(), labels.write_ptr());
+
+        Rice::Array ret;
+        ret.push(distances);
+        ret.push(labels);
+        return ret;
+      })
+    .define_method(
+      "save",
+      [](faiss::IndexBinary &self, const char *fname) {
+        faiss::write_index_binary(&self, fname);
+      })
+    .define_singleton_function(
+      "load",
+      [](const char *fname) {
+        return faiss::read_index_binary(fname);
+      });
+
+  Rice::define_class_under<faiss::IndexBinaryFlat, faiss::IndexBinary>(m, "IndexBinaryFlat")
+    .define_constructor(Rice::Constructor<faiss::IndexBinaryFlat, int64_t>());
+
+  Rice::define_class_under<faiss::IndexBinaryIVF, faiss::IndexBinary>(m, "IndexBinaryIVF")
+    .define_constructor(Rice::Constructor<faiss::IndexBinaryIVF, faiss::IndexBinary*, size_t, size_t>());
+
+  m.define_singleton_function(
+    "index_binary_factory",
+    [](int d, const char *description) {
+      return faiss::index_binary_factory(d, description);
+    });
+}

data/ext/faiss/kmeans.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#include <faiss/Clustering.h>
+#include <faiss/IndexFlat.h>
+
+#include "utils.h"
+
+void init_kmeans(Rice::Module& m) {
+  Rice::define_class_under<faiss::Clustering>(m, "Kmeans")
+    .define_constructor(Rice::Constructor<faiss::Clustering, int, int>())
+    .define_method(
+      "index",
+      [](Rice::Object self) {
+        return self.attr_get("@index");
+      })
+    .define_method(
+      "d",
+      [](faiss::Clustering &self) {
+        return self.d;
+      })
+    .define_method(
+      "k",
+      [](faiss::Clustering &self) {
+        return self.k;
+      })
+    .define_method(
+      "centroids",
+      [](faiss::Clustering &self) {
+        auto centroids = numo::SFloat({self.k, self.d});
+        memcpy(centroids.write_ptr(), self.centroids.data(), self.centroids.size() * sizeof(float));
+        return centroids;
+      })
+    .define_method(
+      "train",
+      [](Rice::Object self, numo::SFloat objects) {
+        auto self_ptr = Rice::detail::From_Ruby<faiss::Clustering*>().convert(self.value());
+        auto n = check_shape(objects, self_ptr->d);
+        auto index = faiss::IndexFlatL2(self_ptr->d);
+        self.iv_set("@index", Rice::Object(Rice::detail::To_Ruby<faiss::IndexFlatL2>().convert(index)));
+        self_ptr->train(n, objects.read_ptr(), index);
+      });
+}

data/ext/faiss/numo.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,867 @@
+/*!
+ * Numo.hpp v0.1.0
+ * https://github.com/ankane/numo.hpp
+ * BSD-2-Clause License
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <rice/rice.hpp>
+#include <numo/narray.h>
+
+namespace numo {
+  class NArray {
+  public:
+    NArray(VALUE v) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), v);
+    }
+
+    NArray(Rice::Object o) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), o.value());
+    }
+
+    VALUE value() const {
+      return this->_value;
+    }
+
+    size_t ndim() {
+      return RNARRAY_NDIM(this->_value);
+    }
+
+    size_t* shape() {
+      return RNARRAY_SHAPE(this->_value);
+    }
+
+    size_t size() {
+      return RNARRAY_SIZE(this->_value);
+    }
+
+    bool is_contiguous() {
+      return nary_check_contiguous(this->_value) == Qtrue;
+    }
+
+    operator Rice::Object() const {
+      return Rice::Object(this->_value);
+    }
+
+    const void* read_ptr() {
+      if (!is_contiguous()) {
+        this->_value = nary_dup(this->_value);
+      }
+      return nary_get_pointer_for_read(this->_value) + nary_get_offset(this->_value);
+    }
+
+    void* write_ptr() {
+      return nary_get_pointer_for_write(this->_value);
+    }
+
+  protected:
+    NArray() { }
+
+    void construct_value(VALUE dtype, VALUE v) {
+      this->_value = rb_funcall(dtype, rb_intern("cast"), 1, v);
+    }
+
+    void construct_shape(VALUE dtype, std::initializer_list<size_t> shape) {
+      // rb_narray_new doesn't modify shape, but not marked as const
+      this->_value = rb_narray_new(dtype, shape.size(), const_cast<size_t*>(shape.begin()));
+    }
+
+    VALUE _value;
+
+  private:
+    VALUE dtype() {
+      return numo_cNArray;
+    }
+  };
+
+  class SFloat: public NArray {
+  public:
+    SFloat(VALUE v) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), v);
+    }
+
+    SFloat(Rice::Object o) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), o.value());
+    }
+
+    SFloat(std::initializer_list<size_t> shape) {
+      construct_shape(this->dtype(), shape);
+    }
+
+    const float* read_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<const float*>(NArray::read_ptr());
+    }
+
+    float* write_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<float*>(NArray::write_ptr());
+    }
+
+  private:
+    VALUE dtype() {
+      return numo_cSFloat;
+    }
+  };
+
+  class DFloat: public NArray {
+  public:
+    DFloat(VALUE v) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), v);
+    }
+
+    DFloat(Rice::Object o) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), o.value());
+    }
+
+    DFloat(std::initializer_list<size_t> shape) {
+      construct_shape(this->dtype(), shape);
+    }
+
+    const double* read_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<const double*>(NArray::read_ptr());
+    }
+
+    double* write_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<double*>(NArray::write_ptr());
+    }
+
+  private:
+    VALUE dtype() {
+      return numo_cDFloat;
+    }
+  };
+
+  class Int8: public NArray {
+  public:
+    Int8(VALUE v) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), v);
+    }
+
+    Int8(Rice::Object o) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), o.value());
+    }
+
+    Int8(std::initializer_list<size_t> shape) {
+      construct_shape(this->dtype(), shape);
+    }
+
+    const int8_t* read_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<const int8_t*>(NArray::read_ptr());
+    }
+
+    int8_t* write_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<int8_t*>(NArray::write_ptr());
+    }
+
+  private:
+    VALUE dtype() {
+      return numo_cInt8;
+    }
+  };
+
+  class Int16: public NArray {
+  public:
+    Int16(VALUE v) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), v);
+    }
+
+    Int16(Rice::Object o) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), o.value());
+    }
+
+    Int16(std::initializer_list<size_t> shape) {
+      construct_shape(this->dtype(), shape);
+    }
+
+    const int16_t* read_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<const int16_t*>(NArray::read_ptr());
+    }
+
+    int16_t* write_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<int16_t*>(NArray::write_ptr());
+    }
+
+  private:
+    VALUE dtype() {
+      return numo_cInt16;
+    }
+  };
+
+  class Int32: public NArray {
+  public:
+    Int32(VALUE v) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), v);
+    }
+
+    Int32(Rice::Object o) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), o.value());
+    }
+
+    Int32(std::initializer_list<size_t> shape) {
+      construct_shape(this->dtype(), shape);
+    }
+
+    const int32_t* read_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<const int32_t*>(NArray::read_ptr());
+    }
+
+    int32_t* write_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<int32_t*>(NArray::write_ptr());
+    }
+
+  private:
+    VALUE dtype() {
+      return numo_cInt32;
+    }
+  };
+
+  class Int64: public NArray {
+  public:
+    Int64(VALUE v) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), v);
+    }
+
+    Int64(Rice::Object o) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), o.value());
+    }
+
+    Int64(std::initializer_list<size_t> shape) {
+      construct_shape(this->dtype(), shape);
+    }
+
+    const int64_t* read_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<const int64_t*>(NArray::read_ptr());
+    }
+
+    int64_t* write_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<int64_t*>(NArray::write_ptr());
+    }
+
+  private:
+    VALUE dtype() {
+      return numo_cInt64;
+    }
+  };
+
+  class UInt8: public NArray {
+  public:
+    UInt8(VALUE v) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), v);
+    }
+
+    UInt8(Rice::Object o) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), o.value());
+    }
+
+    UInt8(std::initializer_list<size_t> shape) {
+      construct_shape(this->dtype(), shape);
+    }
+
+    const uint8_t* read_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(NArray::read_ptr());
+    }
+
+    uint8_t* write_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(NArray::write_ptr());
+    }
+
+  private:
+    VALUE dtype() {
+      return numo_cUInt8;
+    }
+  };
+
+  class UInt16: public NArray {
+  public:
+    UInt16(VALUE v) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), v);
+    }
+
+    UInt16(Rice::Object o) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), o.value());
+    }
+
+    UInt16(std::initializer_list<size_t> shape) {
+      construct_shape(this->dtype(), shape);
+    }
+
+    const uint16_t* read_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(NArray::read_ptr());
+    }
+
+    uint16_t* write_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(NArray::write_ptr());
+    }
+
+  private:
+    VALUE dtype() {
+      return numo_cUInt16;
+    }
+  };
+
+  class UInt32: public NArray {
+  public:
+    UInt32(VALUE v) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), v);
+    }
+
+    UInt32(Rice::Object o) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), o.value());
+    }
+
+    UInt32(std::initializer_list<size_t> shape) {
+      construct_shape(this->dtype(), shape);
+    }
+
+    const uint32_t* read_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(NArray::read_ptr());
+    }
+
+    uint32_t* write_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(NArray::write_ptr());
+    }
+
+  private:
+    VALUE dtype() {
+      return numo_cUInt32;
+    }
+  };
+
+  class UInt64: public NArray {
+  public:
+    UInt64(VALUE v) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), v);
+    }
+
+    UInt64(Rice::Object o) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), o.value());
+    }
+
+    UInt64(std::initializer_list<size_t> shape) {
+      construct_shape(this->dtype(), shape);
+    }
+
+    const uint64_t* read_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t*>(NArray::read_ptr());
+    }
+
+    uint64_t* write_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(NArray::write_ptr());
+    }
+
+  private:
+    VALUE dtype() {
+      return numo_cUInt64;
+    }
+  };
+
+  class SComplex: public NArray {
+  public:
+    SComplex(VALUE v) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), v);
+    }
+
+    SComplex(Rice::Object o) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), o.value());
+    }
+
+    SComplex(std::initializer_list<size_t> shape) {
+      construct_shape(this->dtype(), shape);
+    }
+
+  private:
+    VALUE dtype() {
+      return numo_cSComplex;
+    }
+  };
+
+  class DComplex: public NArray {
+  public:
+    DComplex(VALUE v) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), v);
+    }
+
+    DComplex(Rice::Object o) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), o.value());
+    }
+
+    DComplex(std::initializer_list<size_t> shape) {
+      construct_shape(this->dtype(), shape);
+    }
+
+  private:
+    VALUE dtype() {
+      return numo_cDComplex;
+    }
+  };
+
+  class Bit: public NArray {
+  public:
+    Bit(VALUE v) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), v);
+    }
+
+    Bit(Rice::Object o) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), o.value());
+    }
+
+    Bit(std::initializer_list<size_t> shape) {
+      construct_shape(this->dtype(), shape);
+    }
+
+  private:
+    VALUE dtype() {
+      return numo_cBit;
+    }
+  };
+
+  class RObject: public NArray {
+  public:
+    RObject(VALUE v) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), v);
+    }
+
+    RObject(Rice::Object o) {
+      construct_value(this->dtype(), o.value());
+    }
+
+    RObject(std::initializer_list<size_t> shape) {
+      construct_shape(this->dtype(), shape);
+    }
+
+    const VALUE* read_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<const VALUE*>(NArray::read_ptr());
+    }
+
+    VALUE* write_ptr() {
+      return reinterpret_cast<VALUE*>(NArray::write_ptr());
+    }
+
+  private:
+    VALUE dtype() {
+      return numo_cRObject;
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+namespace Rice::detail {
+  template<>
+  struct Type<numo::NArray>
+  {
+    static bool verify()
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class From_Ruby<numo::NArray>
+  {
+  public:
+    numo::NArray convert(VALUE x)
+    {
+      return numo::NArray(x);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class To_Ruby<numo::NArray>
+  {
+  public:
+    VALUE convert(const numo::NArray& x) {
+      return x.value();
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  struct Type<numo::SFloat>
+  {
+    static bool verify()
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class From_Ruby<numo::SFloat>
+  {
+  public:
+    numo::SFloat convert(VALUE x)
+    {
+      return numo::SFloat(x);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class To_Ruby<numo::SFloat>
+  {
+  public:
+    VALUE convert(const numo::SFloat& x) {
+      return x.value();
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  struct Type<numo::DFloat>
+  {
+    static bool verify()
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class From_Ruby<numo::DFloat>
+  {
+  public:
+    numo::DFloat convert(VALUE x)
+    {
+      return numo::DFloat(x);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class To_Ruby<numo::DFloat>
+  {
+  public:
+    VALUE convert(const numo::DFloat& x) {
+      return x.value();
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  struct Type<numo::Int8>
+  {
+    static bool verify()
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class From_Ruby<numo::Int8>
+  {
+  public:
+    numo::Int8 convert(VALUE x)
+    {
+      return numo::Int8(x);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class To_Ruby<numo::Int8>
+  {
+  public:
+    VALUE convert(const numo::Int8& x) {
+      return x.value();
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  struct Type<numo::Int16>
+  {
+    static bool verify()
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class From_Ruby<numo::Int16>
+  {
+  public:
+    numo::Int16 convert(VALUE x)
+    {
+      return numo::Int16(x);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class To_Ruby<numo::Int16>
+  {
+  public:
+    VALUE convert(const numo::Int16& x) {
+      return x.value();
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  struct Type<numo::Int32>
+  {
+    static bool verify()
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class From_Ruby<numo::Int32>
+  {
+  public:
+    numo::Int32 convert(VALUE x)
+    {
+      return numo::Int32(x);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class To_Ruby<numo::Int32>
+  {
+  public:
+    VALUE convert(const numo::Int32& x) {
+      return x.value();
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  struct Type<numo::Int64>
+  {
+    static bool verify()
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class From_Ruby<numo::Int64>
+  {
+  public:
+    numo::Int64 convert(VALUE x)
+    {
+      return numo::Int64(x);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class To_Ruby<numo::Int64>
+  {
+  public:
+    VALUE convert(const numo::Int64& x) {
+      return x.value();
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  struct Type<numo::UInt8>
+  {
+    static bool verify()
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class From_Ruby<numo::UInt8>
+  {
+  public:
+    numo::UInt8 convert(VALUE x)
+    {
+      return numo::UInt8(x);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class To_Ruby<numo::UInt8>
+  {
+  public:
+    VALUE convert(const numo::UInt8& x) {
+      return x.value();
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  struct Type<numo::UInt16>
+  {
+    static bool verify()
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class From_Ruby<numo::UInt16>
+  {
+  public:
+    numo::UInt16 convert(VALUE x)
+    {
+      return numo::UInt16(x);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class To_Ruby<numo::UInt16>
+  {
+  public:
+    VALUE convert(const numo::UInt16& x) {
+      return x.value();
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  struct Type<numo::UInt32>
+  {
+    static bool verify()
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class From_Ruby<numo::UInt32>
+  {
+  public:
+    numo::UInt32 convert(VALUE x)
+    {
+      return numo::UInt32(x);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class To_Ruby<numo::UInt32>
+  {
+  public:
+    VALUE convert(const numo::UInt32& x) {
+      return x.value();
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  struct Type<numo::UInt64>
+  {
+    static bool verify()
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class From_Ruby<numo::UInt64>
+  {
+  public:
+    numo::UInt64 convert(VALUE x)
+    {
+      return numo::UInt64(x);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class To_Ruby<numo::UInt64>
+  {
+  public:
+    VALUE convert(const numo::UInt64& x) {
+      return x.value();
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  struct Type<numo::SComplex>
+  {
+    static bool verify()
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class From_Ruby<numo::SComplex>
+  {
+  public:
+    numo::SComplex convert(VALUE x)
+    {
+      return numo::SComplex(x);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class To_Ruby<numo::SComplex>
+  {
+  public:
+    VALUE convert(const numo::SComplex& x) {
+      return x.value();
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  struct Type<numo::DComplex>
+  {
+    static bool verify()
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class From_Ruby<numo::DComplex>
+  {
+  public:
+    numo::DComplex convert(VALUE x)
+    {
+      return numo::DComplex(x);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class To_Ruby<numo::DComplex>
+  {
+  public:
+    VALUE convert(const numo::DComplex& x) {
+      return x.value();
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  struct Type<numo::Bit>
+  {
+    static bool verify()
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class From_Ruby<numo::Bit>
+  {
+  public:
+    numo::Bit convert(VALUE x)
+    {
+      return numo::Bit(x);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class To_Ruby<numo::Bit>
+  {
+  public:
+    VALUE convert(const numo::Bit& x) {
+      return x.value();
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  struct Type<numo::RObject>
+  {
+    static bool verify()
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class From_Ruby<numo::RObject>
+  {
+  public:
+    numo::RObject convert(VALUE x)
+    {
+      return numo::RObject(x);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<>
+  class To_Ruby<numo::RObject>
+  {
+  public:
+    VALUE convert(const numo::RObject& x) {
+      return x.value();
+    }
+  };
+}