facts_by_date 1.0.0 → 1.1.0

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Files changed (160) hide show
  1. checksums.yaml +4 -4
  2. data/.rspec +2 -0
  3. data/.travis.yml +2 -0
  4. data/CHANGELOG.md +4 -1
  5. data/README.md +5 -2
  6. data/Rakefile +5 -0
  7. data/data/10/1.json +39 -0
  8. data/data/10/10.json +25 -0
  9. data/data/10/11.json +28 -0
  10. data/data/10/12.json +27 -0
  11. data/data/10/13.json +28 -0
  12. data/data/10/14.json +29 -0
  13. data/data/10/15.json +32 -0
  14. data/data/10/16.json +25 -0
  15. data/data/10/17.json +24 -0
  16. data/data/10/18.json +24 -0
  17. data/data/10/19.json +29 -0
  18. data/data/10/2.json +23 -0
  19. data/data/10/20.json +26 -0
  20. data/data/10/21.json +28 -0
  21. data/data/10/22.json +27 -0
  22. data/data/10/23.json +25 -0
  23. data/data/10/24.json +31 -0
  24. data/data/10/25.json +24 -0
  25. data/data/10/26.json +25 -0
  26. data/data/10/27.json +30 -0
  27. data/data/10/28.json +30 -0
  28. data/data/10/29.json +27 -0
  29. data/data/10/3.json +28 -0
  30. data/data/10/30.json +28 -0
  31. data/data/10/31.json +19 -0
  32. data/data/10/4.json +27 -0
  33. data/data/10/5.json +32 -0
  34. data/data/10/6.json +24 -0
  35. data/data/10/7.json +21 -0
  36. data/data/10/8.json +31 -0
  37. data/data/10/9.json +23 -0
  38. data/data/6/10.json +29 -0
  39. data/data/6/11.json +24 -0
  40. data/data/6/12.json +24 -0
  41. data/data/6/13.json +19 -0
  42. data/data/6/14.json +32 -0
  43. data/data/6/15.json +34 -0
  44. data/data/6/16.json +21 -0
  45. data/data/6/17.json +34 -0
  46. data/data/6/18.json +26 -0
  47. data/data/6/19.json +32 -0
  48. data/data/6/20.json +25 -0
  49. data/data/6/21.json +27 -0
  50. data/data/6/22.json +29 -0
  51. data/data/6/23.json +23 -0
  52. data/data/6/24.json +30 -0
  53. data/data/6/25.json +26 -0
  54. data/data/6/26.json +30 -0
  55. data/data/6/27.json +24 -0
  56. data/data/6/28.json +34 -0
  57. data/data/6/29.json +26 -0
  58. data/data/6/30.json +15 -0
  59. data/data/6/6.json +22 -0
  60. data/data/6/7.json +21 -0
  61. data/data/6/8.json +23 -0
  62. data/data/6/9.json +20 -0
  63. data/data/7/1.json +25 -0
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  65. data/data/7/11.json +18 -0
  66. data/data/7/12.json +15 -0
  67. data/data/7/13.json +23 -0
  68. data/data/7/14.json +21 -0
  69. data/data/7/15.json +19 -0
  70. data/data/7/16.json +17 -0
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  72. data/data/7/18.json +17 -0
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  76. data/data/7/21.json +23 -0
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  86. data/data/7/30.json +21 -0
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  94. data/data/8/1.json +39 -0
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  107. data/data/8/21.json +32 -0
  108. data/data/8/22.json +33 -0
  109. data/data/8/23.json +37 -0
  110. data/data/8/24.json +32 -0
  111. data/data/8/25.json +31 -0
  112. data/data/8/26.json +20 -0
  113. data/data/8/27.json +30 -0
  114. data/data/8/28.json +26 -0
  115. data/data/8/29.json +32 -0
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  117. data/data/8/30.json +24 -0
  118. data/data/8/31.json +32 -0
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  124. data/data/8/9.json +31 -0
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  137. data/data/9/20.json +30 -0
  138. data/data/9/21.json +29 -0
  139. data/data/9/22.json +28 -0
  140. data/data/9/23.json +30 -0
  141. data/data/9/24.json +27 -0
  142. data/data/9/25.json +27 -0
  143. data/data/9/26.json +32 -0
  144. data/data/9/27.json +26 -0
  145. data/data/9/28.json +28 -0
  146. data/data/9/29.json +30 -0
  147. data/data/9/3.json +30 -0
  148. data/data/9/30.json +35 -0
  149. data/data/9/4.json +30 -0
  150. data/data/9/5.json +30 -0
  151. data/data/9/6.json +31 -0
  152. data/data/9/7.json +31 -0
  153. data/data/9/8.json +32 -0
  154. data/data/9/9.json +35 -0
  155. data/facts_by_date.gemspec +4 -1
  156. data/lib/facts_by_date/version.rb +1 -1
  157. data/lib/facts_by_date.rb +6 -6
  158. data/spec/lib/facts_by_date_spec.rb +33 -0
  159. data/spec/spec_helper.rb +81 -0
  160. metadata +174 -6
data/data/6/28.json ADDED
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+ [
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+ {
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+ "facts":[
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1635", "text": "The French colony of Guadeloupe is established in the Caribbean." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1675", "text": "Frederick William of Brandenburg crushes the Swedes." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1709", "text": "Russians defeat the Swedes and Cossacks at the Battle of Poltava." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1776", "text": "Colonists repulse a British sea attack on Charleston, South Carolina." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1778", "text": "Mary \"Molly Pitcher\" Hays McCauley, wife of an American artilleryman, carries water to the soldiers during the Battle of Monmouth." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1839", "text": "Cinque and other Africans are kidnapped and sold into slavery in Cuba." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1862", "text": "Fighting continues between Union and Confederate forces during the Seven Days’ campaign." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1863", "text": "General Meade replaces General Hooker three days before the Battle of Gettysburg." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1874", "text": "The Freedmen’s Bank, created to assist former slaves in the United States, closes. Customers of the bank lose $3 million." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1884", "text": "Congress declares Labor Day a legal holiday." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1902", "text": "Congress passes the Spooner bill, authorizing a canal to be built across the isthmus of Panama." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1911", "text": "Samuel J. Battle becomes the first African-American policeman in New York City." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1914", "text": "Austria’s Archduke Francis Ferdinand is assassinated at Sarajevo, Serbia." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1919", "text": "Germany signs the Treaty of Versailles under protest." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1921", "text": "A coal strike in Britain is settled after three months." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1930", "text": "More than 1,000 communists are routed during an assault on the British consulate in London." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1938", "text": "Congress creates the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to insure construction loans." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1942", "text": "German troops launch an offensive to seize Soviet oil fields in the Caucasus and the city of Stalingrad." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1945", "text": "General Douglas MacArthur announces the end of Japanese resistance in the Philippines." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1949", "text": "The last U.S. combat troops are called home from Korea, leaving only 500 advisers." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1950", "text": "General Douglas MacArthur arrives in South Korea as Seoul falls to the North." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1954", "text": "French troops begin to pull out of Vietnam’s Tonkin province." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1964", "text": "Malcolm X founds the Organization for Afro-American Unity to seek independence for blacks in the Western Hemisphere." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1967", "text": "14 people are shot during race riots in Buffalo, New York." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1970", "text": "Muhammed Ali [Cassius Clay] stands before the Supreme Court regarding his refusal of induction into the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1971", "text": "The Supreme Court overturns the draft evasion conviction of Muhammad Ali." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1972", "text": "Nixon announces that no new draftees will be sent to Vietnam." },
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+ { "day":"28", "month":"6", "year":"1976", "text": "The first women enter the U.S. Air Force Academy." }
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+ ]
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+ }
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+ ]
data/data/6/29.json ADDED
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+ [
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+ {
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+ "facts":[
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1236", "text": "Ferdinand III of Castile and Leon take Cordoba in Spain." },
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1652", "text": "Massachusetts declares itself an independent commonwealth." },
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1767", "text": "The British parliament passes the Townshend Revenue Act, levying taxes on America." },
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1862", "text": "Union forces, falling back from Richmond, fight at the Battle of Savage’s Station." },
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1880", "text": "France annexes Tahiti." },
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1888", "text": "Professor Frederick Treves performs the first appendectomy in England." },
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1903", "text": "The British government officially protests Belgian atrocities in the Congo." },
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1905", "text": "Russian troops intervene as riots erupt in ports all over the country, leaving many ships looted." },
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1917", "text": "The Ukraine proclaims independence from Russia." },
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1925", "text": "An earthquake ravages Santa Barbara, California." },
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1926", "text": "Fascists in Rome add an hour to the work day in an economic efficiency measure." },
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1932", "text": "Siam’s army seizes Bangkok and announces an end to the absolute monarchy." },
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1938", "text": "Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, and Olympic National Park, Washington, are founded." },
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1950", "text": "President Harry S. Truman authorizes a sea blockade of Korea." },
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1951", "text": "The United States invites the Soviet Union to the Korean peace talks on a ship in Wonson Harbor." },
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1955", "text": "The Soviet Union sends tanks to Pozan, Poland, to put down anti-Communist demonstrations." },
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1966", "text": "The U.S. Air Force bombs fuel storage facilities near Hanoi, North Vietnam." },
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1967", "text": "Israel removes barricades, re-unifying Jerusalem." },
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1970", "text": "U.S. troops pull out of Cambodia." },
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+ { "day":"29", "month":"6", "year":"1982", "text": "Israel invades Lebanon." }
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+ ]
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+ }
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+ ]
data/data/6/30.json ADDED
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+ [
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+ {
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+ "facts":[
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+ { "day":"30", "month":"6", "year":"1520", "text": "Montezuma II is murdered as Spanish conquistadors flee the Aztec capital of Tenochtilan during the night." },
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+ { "day":"30", "month":"6", "year":"1857", "text": "Charles Dickens reads from A Christmas Carol at St. Martin’s Hall in London–his first public reading." },
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+ { "day":"30", "month":"6", "year":"1859", "text": "Jean Francois Gravelet aka Emile Blondin, a French daredevil, becomes the first man to walk across Niagra Falls on a tightrope." },
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+ { "day":"30", "month":"6", "year":"1908", "text": "A mysterious explosion, possibly the result of a meteorite, levels thousands of trees in the Tunguska region of Siberia with a force approaching twenty megatons." },
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+ { "day":"30", "month":"6", "year":"1934", "text": "Adolf Hitler orders the purge of his own party in the \"Night of the Long Knives.\"" },
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+ { "day":"30", "month":"6", "year":"1936", "text": "Margaret Mitchell’s novel, Gone With the Wind, is published." },
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+ { "day":"30", "month":"6", "year":"1948", "text": "John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley demonstrate their invention, the transistor, for the first time." },
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+ { "day":"30", "month":"6", "year":"1960", "text": "Alfred Hitchcock’s film, Psycho, opens." },
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+ { "day":"30", "month":"6", "year":"1971", "text": "Three Soviet cosmonauts die when their spacecreaft depressurizes during reentry." }
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+ ]
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+ }
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+ ]
data/data/6/6.json ADDED
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+ [
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+ {
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+ "facts":[
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+ { "day":"6", "month":"6", "year":"1523", "text": "Gustav Vasa becomes king of Sweden." },
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+ { "day":"6", "month":"6", "year":"1641", "text": "Spain loses Portugal." },
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+ { "day":"6", "month":"6", "year":"1674", "text": "Sivaji crowns himself King of India." },
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+ { "day":"6", "month":"6", "year":"1813", "text": "The United States invasion of Canada is halted at Stony Creek, Ontario." },
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+ { "day":"6", "month":"6", "year":"1862", "text": "The city of Memphis surrenders to the Union navy after an intense naval engagement on the Mississippi River." },
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+ { "day":"6", "month":"6", "year":"1865", "text": "Confederate raider Wiliam Quantrill dies from a wound received while escaping a Union patrol near Taylorsville, Kentucky." },
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+ { "day":"6", "month":"6", "year":"1918", "text": "U.S. Marines enter combat at the Battle of Belleau Wood." },
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+ { "day":"6", "month":"6", "year":"1924", "text": "The German Reichstag accepts the Dawes Plan, an American plan to help Germany pay off its war debts." },
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+ { "day":"6", "month":"6", "year":"1930", "text": "Frozen foods are sold commercially for the first time." },
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+ { "day":"6", "month":"6", "year":"1934", "text": "President Franklin Roosevelt signs the Securities Exchange Act, establishing the Securities and Exchange Commission." },
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+ { "day":"6", "month":"6", "year":"1941", "text": "The U.S. government authorizes the seizure of foreign ships in U.S. ports." },
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+ { "day":"6", "month":"6", "year":"1944", "text": "D-Day: Operation Overlord lands 400,000 Allied American, British, and Canadian troops on the beaches of Normandy in German-occupied France." },
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+ { "day":"6", "month":"6", "year":"1961", "text": "Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, one of the founders of modern psychiatry, dies." },
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+ { "day":"6", "month":"6", "year":"1966", "text": "African American James Meridith is shot and wounded while on a solo march in Mississippi to promote voter registration among blacks." },
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+ { "day":"6", "month":"6", "year":"1982", "text": "Israel invades southern Lebanon." },
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+ { "day":"6", "month":"6", "year":"1985", "text": "The body of Nazi war criminal Dr. Josef Mengele is located and exhumed near Sao Paolo, Brazil." }
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+ ]
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+ }
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+ ]
data/data/6/7.json ADDED
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+ [
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+ {
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+ "facts":[
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+ { "day":"7", "month":"6", "year":"1498", "text": "Christopher Columbus leaves on his third voyage of exploration." },
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+ { "day":"7", "month":"6", "year":"1546", "text": "The Peace of Ardes ends the war between France and England." },
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+ { "day":"7", "month":"6", "year":"1654", "text": "Louis XIV is crowned king of France." },
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+ { "day":"7", "month":"6", "year":"1712", "text": "The Pennsylvania Assembly bans the importation of slaves." },
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+ { "day":"7", "month":"6", "year":"1767", "text": "Daniel Boone sights present-day Kentucky." },
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+ { "day":"7", "month":"6", "year":"1775", "text": "The United Colonies change their name to the United States." },
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+ { "day":"7", "month":"6", "year":"1863", "text": "Mexico City is captured by French troops." },
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+ { "day":"7", "month":"6", "year":"1900", "text": "The Boxer rebels cut the rail links between Peking and Tientsin in China." },
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+ { "day":"7", "month":"6", "year":"1903", "text": "Professor Pierre Curie reveals the discovery of Polonium." },
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+ { "day":"7", "month":"6", "year":"1914", "text": "The first vessel passes through the Panama Canal." },
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+ { "day":"7", "month":"6", "year":"1932", "text": "Over 7,000 war veterans march on Washington, D.C., demanding their bonus pay for service in World War I." },
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+ { "day":"7", "month":"6", "year":"1942", "text": "The Japanese invade Attu and Kiska in the Aleutian Islands." },
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+ { "day":"7", "month":"6", "year":"1968", "text": "In Operation Swift Saber, U.S. Marines sweep an area 10 miles northwest of Danang in South Vietnam." },
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+ { "day":"7", "month":"6", "year":"1981", "text": "Israeli F-16 fighter-bombers destroy Iraq’s only nuclear reactor." },
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+ { "day":"7", "month":"6", "year":"1994", "text": "The Organization of African Unity formally admits South Africa as its fifty-third member." }
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+ ]
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+ }
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+ ]
data/data/6/8.json ADDED
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+ [
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+ {
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+ "facts":[
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+ { "day":"8", "month":"6", "year":"452", "text": "Attila the Hun invades Italy." },
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+ { "day":"8", "month":"6", "year":"632", "text": "Mohammed, the founder of Islam and unifier of Arabia, dies." },
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+ { "day":"8", "month":"6", "year":"793", "text": "The Vikings raid the Northumbrian coast of England." },
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+ { "day":"8", "month":"6", "year":"1861", "text": "Tennessee votes to secede from the Union and join the Confederacy." },
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+ { "day":"8", "month":"6", "year":"1862", "text": "The Army of the Potomac defeats Confederate forces at Battle of Cross Keys, Virginia." },
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+ { "day":"8", "month":"6", "year":"1863", "text": "Residents of Vicksburg flee into caves as General Ulysses S. Grant’s army begins shelling the town." },
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+ { "day":"8", "month":"6", "year":"1866", "text": "Prussia annexes the region of Holstein." },
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+ { "day":"8", "month":"6", "year":"1904", "text": "U.S. Marines land in Tangiers, Morocco, to protect U.S. citizen." },
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+ { "day":"8", "month":"6", "year":"1908", "text": "King Edward VII of England visits Czar Nicholas II of Russia in an effort to improve relations between the two countries." },
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+ { "day":"8", "month":"6", "year":"1915", "text": "William Jennings Bryan quits as Secretary of State under President Wilson." },
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+ { "day":"8", "month":"6", "year":"1953", "text": "The Supreme Court forbids segregated lunch counters in Washington, D.C." },
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+ { "day":"8", "month":"6", "year":"1965", "text": "President Johnson authorizes commanders in Vietnam to commit U.S. ground forces to combat." },
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+ { "day":"8", "month":"6", "year":"1966", "text": "Gemini astronaut Gene Cernan attempts to become the first man to orbit the Earth untethered to a space capsule, but is unable to when he exhausts himself fitting into his rocket pack." },
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+ { "day":"8", "month":"6", "year":"1967", "text": "Israel airplanes attack the USS Liberty, a surveillance ship, in the Mediterranean, killing 34 Navy crewmen." },
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+ { "day":"8", "month":"6", "year":"1968", "text": "James Earl Ray, the alleged assassin of Martin Luther King, Jr., is captured at the London Airport." },
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+ { "day":"8", "month":"6", "year":"1969", "text": "President Richard Nixon meets with President Thieu of South Vietnam to tell him 25,000 U.S. troops will pull out by August." },
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+ { "day":"8", "month":"6", "year":"1995", "text": "U.S. Air Force pilot Captain Scott O’Grady is rescued by U.S. Marines in Bosnia." }
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+ ]
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+ }
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+ ]
data/data/6/9.json ADDED
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+ [
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+ {
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+ "facts":[
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+ { "day":"9", "month":"6", "year":"1064", "text": "Coimbra, Portugal falls to Ferdinand, king of Castile." },
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+ { "day":"9", "month":"6", "year":"1534", "text": "Jacques Cartier sails into the mouth of the St. Lawrence River in Canada." },
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+ { "day":"9", "month":"6", "year":"1790", "text": "Civil war breaks out in Martinique." },
7
+ { "day":"9", "month":"6", "year":"1861", "text": "Mary Ann \"Mother\" Bickerdyke begins working in Union hospitals." },
8
+ { "day":"9", "month":"6", "year":"1863", "text": "At the Battle of Brandy Station in Virginia, Union and Confederate cavalries clash in the largest cavalry battle of the Civil War." },
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+ { "day":"9", "month":"6", "year":"1923", "text": "Bulgaria’s government is overthrown by the military." },
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+ { "day":"9", "month":"6", "year":"1931", "text": "Robert H. Goddard patents a rocket-fueled aircraft design." },
11
+ { "day":"9", "month":"6", "year":"1942", "text": "The Japanese high command announces that \"The Midway Occupation operations have been temporarily postponed.\"" },
12
+ { "day":"9", "month":"6", "year":"1945", "text": "Japanese Premier Kantaro Suzuki declares that Japan will fight to the last rather than accept unconditional surrender." },
13
+ { "day":"9", "month":"6", "year":"1951", "text": "After several unsuccessful attacks on French colonial troops, North Vietnam’s General Vo Nguyen Giap orders Viet Minh to withdraw from the Red River Delta." },
14
+ { "day":"9", "month":"6", "year":"1954", "text": "At the Army-McCarthy hearings, attorney Joseph Welch asks Senator Joseph McCarthy \"Have you no sense of decency?\"" },
15
+ { "day":"9", "month":"6", "year":"1959", "text": "The first ballistic missile-carrying submarine, the USS George Washington, is launched." },
16
+ { "day":"9", "month":"6", "year":"1972", "text": "American advisor John Paul Vann is killed in a helicopter accident in Vietnam." },
17
+ { "day":"9", "month":"6", "year":"1986", "text": "NASA publishes a report on the Challenger accident." }
18
+ ]
19
+ }
20
+ ]
data/data/7/1.json ADDED
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+ { "day":"1", "month":"7", "year":"69", "text": "Vespasian, a Roman army leader, is hailed as a Roman emperor by the Egyptian legions." },
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+ { "day":"1", "month":"7", "year":"1543", "text": "England and Scotland sign the Peace of Greenwich." },
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+ { "day":"1", "month":"7", "year":"1596", "text": "An English fleet under the Earl of Essex, Lord Howard of Effingham and Francis Vere capture and sack Cadiz, Spain." },
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+ { "day":"1", "month":"7", "year":"1690", "text": "Led by Marshall Luxembourg, the French defeat the forces of the Grand Alliance at Fleurus in the Netherlands." },
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+ { "day":"1", "month":"7", "year":"1777", "text": "British troops depart from their base at the Bouquet river to head toward Ticonderoga, New York." },
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+ { "day":"1", "month":"7", "year":"1798", "text": "Napoleon Bonaparte takes Alexandria, Egypt." },
10
+ { "day":"1", "month":"7", "year":"1838", "text": "Charles Darwin presents a paper on his theory of evolution to the Linnean Society in London." },
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+ { "day":"1", "month":"7", "year":"1862", "text": "Union artillery stops a Confederate attack at Malvern Hill, Virginia." },
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+ { "day":"1", "month":"7", "year":"1863", "text": "In the first day’s fighting at Gettysburg, Federal forces retreat through the town and dig in at Cemetery Ridge and Cemetery Hill." },
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+ { "day":"1", "month":"7", "year":"1867", "text": "Canada, by the terms of the British North America Act, becomes an independent dominion." },
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+ { "day":"1", "month":"7", "year":"1876", "text": "Montenegro declares war on the Turks." },
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+ { "day":"1", "month":"7", "year":"1898", "text": "American troops take San Juan Hill and El Caney, Cuba, from the Spaniards." },
16
+ { "day":"1", "month":"7", "year":"1916", "text": "The Battle of the Somme begins. Approximately 30,000 men are killed on the first day, two-thirds of them British." },
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+ { "day":"1", "month":"7", "year":"1942", "text": "Axis troops capture Sevastapol, Crimea, in the Soviet Union." },
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+ { "day":"1", "month":"7", "year":"1945", "text": "The New York State Commission Against Discrimination is established–the first such agency in the United States." },
19
+ { "day":"1", "month":"7", "year":"1950", "text": "American ground troops arrive in South Korea to halt the advancing North Korean army." },
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+ { "day":"1", "month":"7", "year":"1961", "text": "British troops land in Kuwait to aid against Iraqi threats." },
21
+ { "day":"1", "month":"7", "year":"1963", "text": "The U.S. postmaster introduces the ZIP code." },
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+ { "day":"1", "month":"7", "year":"1966", "text": "The U.S. Marines launch Operation Holt in an attempt to finish off a Vietcong battalion in Thua Thien Province in Vietnam." }
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+ ]
24
+ }
25
+ ]
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1520", "text": "The Spanish explorer Cortes is driven from Tenochtitlan and retreats to Tlaxcala." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1609", "text": "The Catholic states in Germany set up a league under the leadership of Maximillian of Bavaria." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1679", "text": "The British crown claims New Hampshire as a royal colony." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1747", "text": "Persian ruler Nadir Shah is assassinated at Fathabad." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1776", "text": "The statue of King George III is pulled down in New York City." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1778", "text": "In support of the American Revolution, Louis XVI declares war on England." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1850", "text": "Millard Fillmore is sworn in as the 13th president of the United States following the death of Zachary Taylor." },
11
+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1890", "text": "Wyoming becomes the 44th state." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1893", "text": "Dr. Daniel Hale Williams performs the first successful open-heart surgery, without anesthesia." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1925", "text": "The trial of Tennessee teacher John T. Scopes opens, with Clarence Darrow appearing for the defense and William Jennings Bryan for the prosecution." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1940", "text": "Germany begins the bombing of England." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1942", "text": "General Carl Spaatz becomes the head of the U.S. Air Force in Europe." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1943", "text": "American and British forces complete their amphibious landing of Sicily." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1945", "text": "U.S. carrier-based aircraft begin airstrikes against Japan in preparation for invasion." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1951", "text": "Armistice talks between the United Nations and North Korea begin at Kaesong." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1960", "text": "Belgium sends troops to the Congo to protect whites as the Congolese Bloodbath begins, just 10 days after the former colony became independent of Belgian rule." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1962", "text": "The satellite Telstar is launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, beaming live television from Europe to the United States." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1965", "text": "“(I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction” becomes the Rolling Stones’ first No. 1 single in the USA." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1967", "text": "Singer Bobbie Gentry records “Ode to Billie Joe,” which will become a country music classic and win 4 Grammys." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1976", "text": "In Seveso, near Milan, Italy, an explosion in a chemical factory covers the surrounding area with toxic dioxin. Time magazine has ranked the Seveso incident No. 8 on its list of 10 worst environmental disasters." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1985", "text": "Coca-Cola Co. announces it will resume selling “old formula Coke,” following public outcry and falling sales of its “new Coke.”" },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1991", "text": "Boris Yeltsin is sworn in as the first elected president of the Russian Federation, following the breakup of the USSR." },
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+ { "day":"10", "month":"7", "year":"1993", "text": "Kenyan runner Yobes Ondieki becomes the first man to run 10,000 meters in less than 27 minutes." }
27
+ ]
28
+ }
29
+ ]
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+ { "day":"11", "month":"7", "year":"1302", "text": "An army of French knights, led by the Count of Artois, is routed by Flemish pikemen." },
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+ { "day":"11", "month":"7", "year":"1346", "text": "Charles IV of Luxembourg is elected Holy Roman Emperor in Germany." },
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+ { "day":"11", "month":"7", "year":"1533", "text": "Henry VIII is excommunicated from the Catholic Church by Pope Clement VII." },
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+ { "day":"11", "month":"7", "year":"1708", "text": "The French are defeated at Oudenarde, Malplaquet, in the Netherlands by the Duke of Marlborough and Eugene of Savoy." },
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+ { "day":"11", "month":"7", "year":"1786", "text": "Morocco agrees to stop attacking American ships in the Mediterranean for a payment of $10,000." },
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+ { "day":"11", "month":"7", "year":"1799", "text": "An Anglo-Turkish armada bombards Napoleon Bonaparte’s troops in Alexandria to no avail." },
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+ { "day":"11", "month":"7", "year":"1804", "text": "Alexander Hamilton is mortally wounded by Aaron Burr in a duel." },
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+ { "day":"11", "month":"7", "year":"1862", "text": "President Abraham Lincoln appoints General Henry Halleck as general in chief of the Federal army." },
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+ { "day":"11", "month":"7", "year":"1942", "text": "In the RAF’s longest bombing raid of World War II, 44 British Lancaster bombers attack the Polish port of Danzig." },
13
+ { "day":"11", "month":"7", "year":"1972", "text": "American forces break the 95-day siege at An Loc in Vietnam." },
14
+ { "day":"11", "month":"7", "year":"1975", "text": "Archaeologists unearth an army of 8,000 life-size clay figures created more than 2,000 years ago for the Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi." },
15
+ { "day":"11", "month":"7", "year":"1995", "text": "Full diplomatic relations are established between the United States and Vietnam." }
16
+ ]
17
+ }
18
+ ]
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+ { "day":"12", "month":"7", "year":"1096", "text": "Crusaders under Peter the Hermit reach Sofia in Hungary." },
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+ { "day":"12", "month":"7", "year":"1691", "text": "William III defeats the allied Irish and French armies at the Battle of Aughrim, Ireland." },
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+ { "day":"12", "month":"7", "year":"1794", "text": "British Admiral Lord Nelson loses his right eye at the siege of Calvi, in Corsica." },
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+ { "day":"12", "month":"7", "year":"1806", "text": "The Confederation of the Rhine is established in Germany." },
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+ { "day":"12", "month":"7", "year":"1941", "text": "Moscow is bombed by the German Luftwaffe for the first time." },
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+ { "day":"12", "month":"7", "year":"1954", "text": "President Dwight D. Eisenhower proposes a highway modernization program, with costs to be shared by federal and state governments." },
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+ { "day":"12", "month":"7", "year":"1957", "text": "The U.S. surgeon general, Leroy E. Burney, reports that there is a direct link between smoking and lung cancer." },
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+ { "day":"12", "month":"7", "year":"1974", "text": "G. Gordon Liddy, John Ehrlichman and two others are convicted of conspiracy and perjury in connection with the Watergate scandal." },
12
+ { "day":"12", "month":"7", "year":"1984", "text": "Democratic presidential candidate Walter Mondale chooses Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate." }
13
+ ]
14
+ }
15
+ ]
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+ { "day":"13", "month":"7", "year":"1099", "text": "The Crusaders launch their final assault on Jerusalem." },
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+ { "day":"13", "month":"7", "year":"1534", "text": "Ottoman armies capture Tabriz in northwestern Persia." },
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+ { "day":"13", "month":"7", "year":"1558", "text": "Led by the court of Egmont, the Spanish army defeats the French at Gravelines, France." },
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+ { "day":"13", "month":"7", "year":"1585", "text": "A group of 108 English colonists, led by Sir Richard Grenville, reaches Roanoke Island, North Carolina." },
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+ { "day":"13", "month":"7", "year":"1643", "text": "In England, the Roundheads, led by Sir William Waller, are defeated by Royalist troops under Lord Wilmot in the Battle of Roundway Down." },
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+ { "day":"13", "month":"7", "year":"1754", "text": "George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to the French, leaving them in control of the Ohio Valley." },
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+ { "day":"13", "month":"7", "year":"1787", "text": "Congress, under the Articles of Confederation, enacts the Northwest Ordinance, establishing rules for governing the Northwest Territory, for admitting new states to the Union and limiting the expansion of slavery." },
11
+ { "day":"13", "month":"7", "year":"1798", "text": "English poet William Wordsworth visits the ruins of Tintern Abbey." },
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+ { "day":"13", "month":"7", "year":"1832", "text": "Henry Schoolcraft discovers the source of the Mississippi River in Minnesota." },
13
+ { "day":"13", "month":"7", "year":"1862", "text": "Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest defeats a Union army at Murfreesboro, Tennessee." },
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+ { "day":"13", "month":"7", "year":"1863", "text": "Opponents of the draft begin three days of rioting in New York City." },
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+ { "day":"13", "month":"7", "year":"1866", "text": "The Great Eastern begins a two week voyage to complete a 12-year effort to lay telegraph cable across the Atlantic between Britain and the United States." },
16
+ { "day":"13", "month":"7", "year":"1878", "text": "The Congress of Berlin divides the Balkans among European powers." },
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+ { "day":"13", "month":"7", "year":"1939", "text": "Frank Sinatra records his first song, \"From the Bottom of my Heart,\" with the Harry James Band." },
18
+ { "day":"13", "month":"7", "year":"1941", "text": "Britain and the Soviet Union sign a mutual aid pact, providing the means for Britain to send war materiel to the Soviet Union." },
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+ { "day":"13", "month":"7", "year":"1954", "text": "In Geneva, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, the People’s Republic of China and France reach an accord on Indochina, dividing Vietnam into two countries, North and South, along the 17th parallel." },
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+ { "day":"13", "month":"7", "year":"1971", "text": "The Army of Morrocco executes 10 leaders accused of leading a revolt." }
21
+ ]
22
+ }
23
+ ]
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+ { "day":"14", "month":"7", "year":"1223", "text": "In France, Louis VIII succeeds his father, Philip Augustus." },
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+ { "day":"14", "month":"7", "year":"1430", "text": "Joan of Arc, taken prisoner by the Burgundians in May, is handed over to Pierre Cauchon, the bishop of Beauvais." },
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+ { "day":"14", "month":"7", "year":"1456", "text": "Hungarians defeat the Ottomans at the Battle of Belgrade, in present-day Yugoslavia." },
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+ { "day":"14", "month":"7", "year":"1536", "text": "France and Portugal sign the Treaty of Lyons, aligning themselves against Spain." },
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+ { "day":"14", "month":"7", "year":"1789", "text": "The Bastille, a fortress in Paris used to hold political prisoners, is stormed by a mob." },
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+ { "day":"14", "month":"7", "year":"1798", "text": "The Sedition Act is passed by the U.S. Congress." },
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+ { "day":"14", "month":"7", "year":"1864", "text": "At Harrisburg, Mississippi, Federal troops under General Andrew Jackson Smith repulse an attack by General Nathan Bedford Forrest." },
11
+ { "day":"14", "month":"7", "year":"1900", "text": "European Allies retake Tientsin, China, from the rebelling Boxers." },
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+ { "day":"14", "month":"7", "year":"1933", "text": "Nazi Germany promulgates the Law for the Protection of Hereditary Health–the begining of the Euthanasia program." },
13
+ { "day":"14", "month":"7", "year":"1938", "text": "Howard Huges and crew set a new world record for an around-the-world flight." },
14
+ { "day":"14", "month":"7", "year":"1940", "text": "A force of German bombers attacks Suez, Egypt, from bases in Crete." },
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+ { "day":"14", "month":"7", "year":"1941", "text": "Vichy French Foreign Legionaries sign an armistice in Damascus, allowing them to join the Free French Foreign Legion." },
16
+ { "day":"14", "month":"7", "year":"1945", "text": "American battleships and cruisers bombard the Japanese home islands for the first time." },
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+ { "day":"14", "month":"7", "year":"1951", "text": "The George Washington Carver National Monument in Joplin, Missouri becomes the first national park honoring an African American." },
18
+ { "day":"14", "month":"7", "year":"1964", "text": "The United States sends 600 more troops to Vietnam." }
19
+ ]
20
+ }
21
+ ]
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+ { "day":"15", "month":"7", "year":"1099", "text": "Jerusalem falls to the Crusaders." },
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+ { "day":"15", "month":"7", "year":"1410", "text": "Poles and Lithuanians defeat the Teutonic knights at Tannenburg, Prussia." },
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+ { "day":"15", "month":"7", "year":"1685", "text": "The Duke of Monmouth is executed in Tower Hill in England." },
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+ { "day":"15", "month":"7", "year":"1789", "text": "The electors of Paris set up a “Commune” to live without the authority of the government." },
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+ { "day":"15", "month":"7", "year":"1806", "text": "Lieutenant Zebulon Pike begins his western expedition from Fort Belle Fountaine." },
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+ { "day":"15", "month":"7", "year":"1813", "text": "Napoleon Bonaparte’s representatives meet with the Allies in Prague to discuss peace terms." },
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+ { "day":"15", "month":"7", "year":"1834", "text": "Lord Napier of England arrives at Macao, China, as the first chief superintendent of trade." },
11
+ { "day":"15", "month":"7", "year":"1863", "text": "Confederate raider Bill Anderson and his Bushwackers attack Huntsville, Missouri, stealing $45,000 from the local bank." },
12
+ { "day":"15", "month":"7", "year":"1895", "text": "Ex-prime minister of Bulgaria, Stephen Stambulov, is murdered by Macedonian rebels." },
13
+ { "day":"15", "month":"7", "year":"1901", "text": "Over 74,000 Pittsburgh steel workers go on strike." },
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+ { "day":"15", "month":"7", "year":"1942", "text": "The first supply flight from India to China over the ‘Hump’ is flown." },
15
+ { "day":"15", "month":"7", "year":"1958", "text": "President Dwight Eisenhower sends 5,000 Marines to Lebanon to keep the peace." },
16
+ { "day":"15", "month":"7", "year":"1960", "text": "John F. Kennedy accepts the Democratic nomination for president." }
17
+ ]
18
+ }
19
+ ]
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+ { "day":"16", "month":"7", "year":"1765", "text": "English Prime Minister Lord Greenville resigns and is replaced by Lord Rockingham." },
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+ { "day":"16", "month":"7", "year":"1774", "text": "Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainardji, ending their six-year war." },
6
+ { "day":"16", "month":"7", "year":"1779", "text": "American troops under General Anthony Wayne capture Stony Point, N.Y." },
7
+ { "day":"16", "month":"7", "year":"1875", "text": "The new French constitution is finalized." },
8
+ { "day":"16", "month":"7", "year":"1882", "text": "Mary Todd Lincoln, the widow of Abraham Lincoln, dies of a stroke." },
9
+ { "day":"16", "month":"7", "year":"1918", "text": "Czar Nicholas and his family are murdered by Bolsheviks at Ekaterinburg, Russia." },
10
+ { "day":"16", "month":"7", "year":"1940", "text": "Adolf Hitler orders preparations for the invasion of England." },
11
+ { "day":"16", "month":"7", "year":"1944", "text": "Soviet troops occupy Vilna, Lithuania, in their drive towards Germany." },
12
+ { "day":"16", "month":"7", "year":"1945", "text": "The United States detonates the first atomic bomb in a test at Alamogordo, N. M." },
13
+ { "day":"16", "month":"7", "year":"1969", "text": "Apollo 11 blasts off from Cape Kennedy, Florida, heading for a landing on the moon." },
14
+ { "day":"16", "month":"7", "year":"1999", "text": "A private plane piloted by John F. Kennedy Jr. is lost over the waters off Martha’s Vinyard, Mass." }
15
+ ]
16
+ }
17
+ ]
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+ { "day":"17", "month":"7", "year":"1453", "text": "France defeats England at Castillon, France, ending the Hundred Years’ War." },
5
+ { "day":"17", "month":"7", "year":"1762", "text": "Peter III of Russia is murdered and his wife, Catherine II, takes the throne." },
6
+ { "day":"17", "month":"7", "year":"1785", "text": "France limits the importation of goods from Britain." },
7
+ { "day":"17", "month":"7", "year":"1791", "text": "National Guard troops open fire on a crowd of demonstrators in Paris." },
8
+ { "day":"17", "month":"7", "year":"1799", "text": "Ottoman forces, supported by the British, capture Aboukir, Egypt from the French." },
9
+ { "day":"17", "month":"7", "year":"1801", "text": "The U.S. fleet arrives in Tripoli." },
10
+ { "day":"17", "month":"7", "year":"1815", "text": "Napoleon Bonaparte surrenders to the British at Rochefort, France." },
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+ { "day":"17", "month":"7", "year":"1821", "text": "Andrew Jackson becomes the governor of Florida." },
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+ { "day":"17", "month":"7", "year":"1864", "text": "Confederate President Jefferson Davis replaces General Joseph E. Johnston with General John Bell Hood in hopes of defeating Union General William T. Sherman outside Atlanta." },
13
+ { "day":"17", "month":"7", "year":"1898", "text": "U.S. troops under General William R. Shafter take Santiago de Cuba during the Spanish-American War." },
14
+ { "day":"17", "month":"7", "year":"1944", "text": "Field Marshall Erwin Rommel is wounded when an Allied fighter strafes his staff car in France." },
15
+ { "day":"17", "month":"7", "year":"1946", "text": "Chinese communists attack the Nationalist army on the Yangtze River." },
16
+ { "day":"17", "month":"7", "year":"1960", "text": "American pilot Francis Gary Powers pleads guilty to spying charges in a Moscow court." },
17
+ { "day":"17", "month":"7", "year":"1966", "text": "Ho Chi Minh orders a partial mobilization of North Vietnam to defend against American airstrikes." },
18
+ { "day":"17", "month":"7", "year":"1987", "text": "Lt. Col. Oliver North and Rear Adm. John Poindexter begin testifying to Congress regarding the Iran-Contra scandal." }
19
+ ]
20
+ }
21
+ ]
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+ { "day":"18", "month":"7", "year":"1789", "text": "Robespierre, a deputy from Arras, France, decides to back the French Revolution." },
5
+ { "day":"18", "month":"7", "year":"1812", "text": "Great Britain signs the Treaty of Orebro, making peace with Russia and Sweden." },
6
+ { "day":"18", "month":"7", "year":"1830", "text": "Uruguay adopts a liberal constitution." },
7
+ { "day":"18", "month":"7", "year":"1861", "text": "Union and Confederate troops skirmish at Blackburn’s Ford, Virginia, in a prelude to the Battle of Bull Run." },
8
+ { "day":"18", "month":"7", "year":"1877", "text": "Inventor Thomas Edison records the human voice for the first time." },
9
+ { "day":"18", "month":"7", "year":"1872", "text": "The Ballot Act is passed in Great Britain, providing for secret election ballots." },
10
+ { "day":"18", "month":"7", "year":"1935", "text": "Ethiopian King Haile Selassie urges his countrymen to fight to the last man against the invading Italian army." },
11
+ { "day":"18", "month":"7", "year":"1936", "text": "General Francisco Franco of Spain revolts against the Republican government, starting the Spanish Civil War." },
12
+ { "day":"18", "month":"7", "year":"1942", "text": "The German Me-262, the first jet-propelled aircraft to fly in combat, makes its first flight." },
13
+ { "day":"18", "month":"7", "year":"1971", "text": "New Zealand and Austrailia announce they will pull their troops out of Vietnam." },
14
+ { "day":"18", "month":"7", "year":"1994", "text": "In Buenos Aires, a massive car bomb kills 96 people." }
15
+ ]
16
+ }
17
+ ]
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+ { "day":"19", "month":"7", "year":"1525", "text": "The Catholic princes of Germany form the Dessau League to fight against the Reformation." },
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+ { "day":"19", "month":"7", "year":"1545", "text": "King Henry VIII of England watches his flagship, Mary Rose, capsize as it leaves to battle the French." },
6
+ { "day":"19", "month":"7", "year":"1788", "text": "Prices plunge on the Paris stock market." },
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+ { "day":"19", "month":"7", "year":"1799", "text": "The Rosetta Stone, a tablet with hieroglyphic translations into Greek, is found in Egypt." },
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+ { "day":"19", "month":"7", "year":"1848", "text": "The first Women’s Rights Convention convenes in Seneca Falls, N.Y, organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton." },
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+ { "day":"19", "month":"7", "year":"1870", "text": "France declares war on Prussia." },
10
+ { "day":"19", "month":"7", "year":"1942", "text": "German U-boats are withdrawn from positions off the U.S. Atlantic coast due to American anti-submarine countermeasures." },
11
+ { "day":"19", "month":"7", "year":"1943", "text": "More than 150 B-17 and 112 B-24 bombers attack Rome for the first time." },
12
+ { "day":"19", "month":"7", "year":"1975", "text": "Apollo and Soyuz spacecrafts dock in orbit." }
13
+ ]
14
+ }
15
+ ]
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+ { "day":"2", "month":"7", "year":"1298", "text": "An army under Albert of Austria defeats forces led by Adolf of Nassau." },
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+ { "day":"2", "month":"7", "year":"1625", "text": "The Spanish army takes Breda, Spain, after nearly a year of siege." },
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+ { "day":"2", "month":"7", "year":"1644", "text": "Oliver Cromwell crushes the Royalists at the Battle of Marston Moor." },
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+ { "day":"2", "month":"7", "year":"1747", "text": "Marshall Saxe leads the French forces to victory over an Anglo-Dutch force under the Duke of Cumberland at the Battle of Lauffeld." },
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+ { "day":"2", "month":"7", "year":"1776", "text": "The Continental Congress resolves with the Declaration of Independence that the American colonies “are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States.”" },
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+ { "day":"2", "month":"7", "year":"1822", "text": "Denmark Vesey is executed in Charleston, South Carolina, for planning a massive slave revolt." },
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+ { "day":"2", "month":"7", "year":"1858", "text": "Czar Alexander II frees the serfs working on imperial lands." },
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+ { "day":"2", "month":"7", "year":"1863", "text": "The Union left flank holds at Little Round Top during the Battle of Gettysburg." },
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+ { "day":"2", "month":"7", "year":"1881", "text": "Charles J. Guiteau fatally wounds President James A. Garfield in Washington, D.C." },
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+ { "day":"2", "month":"7", "year":"1926", "text": "Congress establishes the Army Air Corps." },
14
+ { "day":"2", "month":"7", "year":"1937", "text": "American aviation pioneer Amelia Earhart disappears in the Central Pacific during an attempt to fly around the world." },
15
+ { "day":"2", "month":"7", "year":"1961", "text": "Novelist Ernest Hemingway commits suicide at his home in Ketchum, Idaho." },
16
+ { "day":"2", "month":"7", "year":"1964", "text": "President Lyndon Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act into law." },
17
+ { "day":"2", "month":"7", "year":"1967", "text": "The U.S. launches Operation Buffalo in Vietnam." },
18
+ { "day":"2", "month":"7", "year":"1976", "text": "North and South Vietnam are officially reunified." },
19
+ { "day":"2", "month":"7", "year":"1980", "text": "President Jimmy Carter reinstates draft registration for males 18 years of age." }
20
+ ]
21
+ }
22
+ ]
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+ { "day":"20", "month":"7", "year":"1402", "text": "Tamerlane’s Mongols defeat Ottoman Turks at Angora." },
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+ { "day":"20", "month":"7", "year":"1588", "text": "The Spanish Armada sets sail from Corunna." },
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+ { "day":"20", "month":"7", "year":"1715", "text": "The Riot Act goes into effect in England." },
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+ { "day":"20", "month":"7", "year":"1864", "text": "Confederate General John Bell Hood attacks Union forces under General William T. Sherman outside Atlanta." },
8
+ { "day":"20", "month":"7", "year":"1867", "text": "Imperial troops in Guizhou, China, kill 20,000 Miao rebels." },
9
+ { "day":"20", "month":"7", "year":"1881", "text": "Sioux chief Sitting Bull surrenders to the U.S. Army." },
10
+ { "day":"20", "month":"7", "year":"1917", "text": "Alexander Kerensky becomes the premier of Russia." },
11
+ { "day":"20", "month":"7", "year":"1942", "text": "The U.S. Army Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) begins its first training class at Fort Des Moines, Iowa." },
12
+ { "day":"20", "month":"7", "year":"1944", "text": "Adolf Hitler is wounded in an assassination attempt by German Army officers at Rastenburg." },
13
+ { "day":"20", "month":"7", "year":"1950", "text": "The U.S. Army’s Task Force Smith is pushed back by superior North Korean forces." },
14
+ { "day":"20", "month":"7", "year":"1951", "text": "King Abdullah of Jordan is assassinated." },
15
+ { "day":"20", "month":"7", "year":"1969", "text": "Neil Armstrong and Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin become the first men to walk on the moon." },
16
+ { "day":"20", "month":"7", "year":"1976", "text": "The Viking spacecraft lands on Mars and begins taking soil samples." }
17
+ ]
18
+ }
19
+ ]
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+ { "day":"21", "month":"7", "year":"1403", "text": "Henry IV defeats the Percys in the Battle of Shrewsbury in England." },
5
+ { "day":"21", "month":"7", "year":"1667", "text": "The Peace of Breda ends the Second Anglo-Dutch War and cedes Dutch New Amsterdam to the English." },
6
+ { "day":"21", "month":"7", "year":"1711", "text": "Russia and Turkey sign the Treaty of Pruth, ending the year-long Russo-Turkish War." },
7
+ { "day":"21", "month":"7", "year":"1718", "text": "The Treaty of Passarowitz is signed by Austria, Venice and the Ottoman Empire." },
8
+ { "day":"21", "month":"7", "year":"1773", "text": "Pope Clement XIV abolishes the Jesuit order." },
9
+ { "day":"21", "month":"7", "year":"1798", "text": "Napoleon Bonaparte defeats the Arab Mameluke warriors at the Battle of the Pyramids." },
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+ { "day":"21", "month":"7", "year":"1861", "text": "In the first major battle of the Civil War, Confederate forces defeat the Union Army along Bull Run near Manassas Junction, Virginia. The battle becomes known as Manassas by the Confederates, while the Union calls it Bull Run." },
11
+ { "day":"21", "month":"7", "year":"1865", "text": "Wild Bill Hickok kills gunman Dave Tutt in Springfield, Missouri, in what is regarded as the first formal quick-draw duel." },
12
+ { "day":"21", "month":"7", "year":"1873", "text": "The James Gang robs a train in Adair, Iowa." },
13
+ { "day":"21", "month":"7", "year":"1896", "text": "Mary Church Terrell founds the National Association of Colored Women in Washington, D.C." },
14
+ { "day":"21", "month":"7", "year":"1906", "text": "French Captain Alfred Dreyfus is vindicated of his earlier court-martial for spying for Germany." },
15
+ { "day":"21", "month":"7", "year":"1919", "text": "The British House of Lords ratifies the Versailles Treaty." },
16
+ { "day":"21", "month":"7", "year":"1925", "text": "John Scopes is found guilty for teaching evolution in Dayton, Tenn., and is fined $100." },
17
+ { "day":"21", "month":"7", "year":"1941", "text": "France accepts Japan’s demand for military control of Indochina." },
18
+ { "day":"21", "month":"7", "year":"1944", "text": "U.S. Army and Marine forces land on Guam in the Marianas." },
19
+ { "day":"21", "month":"7", "year":"1954", "text": "The French sign an armistice with the Viet Minh that ends the war but divides Vietnam into two countries." },
20
+ { "day":"21", "month":"7", "year":"1960", "text": "Sirimavo Bandaranaike becomes the first woman prime minister of Ceylon." }
21
+ ]
22
+ }
23
+ ]
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+ { "day":"22", "month":"7", "year":"1298", "text": "King Edward I defeats Scots under William Wallace at Falkirk." },
5
+ { "day":"22", "month":"7", "year":"1515", "text": "Emperor Maximillian and Vladislav of Bohemia forge an alliance between the Hapsburg and Jagiello dynasties in Vienna." },
6
+ { "day":"22", "month":"7", "year":"1652", "text": "Prince Conde’s rebels narrowly defeat Chief Minister Mazarin’s loyalist forces at St. Martin, near Paris." },
7
+ { "day":"22", "month":"7", "year":"1789", "text": "Thomas Jefferson becomes the first head of the U.S. Department of Foreign Affairs." },
8
+ { "day":"22", "month":"7", "year":"1812", "text": "A British army under the Duke of Wellington defeats the French at Salamanca, Spain." },
9
+ { "day":"22", "month":"7", "year":"1814", "text": "Five Indian tribes in Ohio make peace with the United States and declare war on Britain." },
10
+ { "day":"22", "month":"7", "year":"1881", "text": "The first volume of The War of the Rebellion: A compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, is published." },
11
+ { "day":"22", "month":"7", "year":"1894", "text": "The first automobile race takes place between Paris and Rouen, France." },
12
+ { "day":"22", "month":"7", "year":"1934", "text": "American gangster John Dillinger is shot dead by FBI officers outside a Chicago cinema." },
13
+ { "day":"22", "month":"7", "year":"1938", "text": "The Third Reich issues special identity cards for Jewish Germans." },
14
+ { "day":"22", "month":"7", "year":"1943", "text": "Palermo, Sicily surrenders to General George S. Patton’s Seventh Army." },
15
+ { "day":"22", "month":"7", "year":"1966", "text": "B-52 bombers hit the Demilitarized Zone between North and South Vietnam for the first time." }
16
+ ]
17
+ }
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+ ]