facets 1.1.0 → 1.2.0

data/lib/facets/more/units.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,938 @@
+#--
+# Units
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2005 Peter Vanbroekhoven & Thomas Sawyer
+#
+# Ruby License
+#
+# This module is free software. You may use, modify, and/or redistribute this
+# software under the same terms as Ruby.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+#
+# ==========================================================================
+# Revision History ::
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#  2005.10.01  peter   Finished
+#  2005.08.01  trans   Started
+# ==========================================================================
+#
+#++
+
+# :title: Units
+#
+# This is a very extensive SI units system.
+#
+# == Usage
+#
+# Here are some examples of usage.
+#
+#   1.bit/s + 8.bytes/s
+#   (1.bit/s).to(byte/s)
+#   1.mile.to(feet)
+#   1.acre.to(yd**2)
+#   1.acre.to(sq_yd)
+#   1.gallon.to(self.L)
+#   1.lb.to(kg)
+#   1.m.s.to(m.s)
+#   1.sq_mi.to(km**2)
+#   1.mile.to(km)
+#   1.usd.to(twd)
+#
+# == Author(s)
+#
+# * Peter Vanbroekhoven
+# * Thomas Sawyer
+#
+
+require 'rbconfig'
+require 'soap/wsdlDriver'
+require 'yaml'
+
+# this is needed until RubyGems provides fix to access data path
+require 'facet/gem/self/gempath'
+
+# The namespace for all unit related classes. Mixing this in has the additional effect
+# of making Units.with_unit_converter available without the <code>Units.</code> prefix,
+# as well as the shortcuts for creating Units (see Units#method_missing).
+
+module Units
+
+  def method_missing(m, *args, &blk)
+    if args.length == 1
+      args[0] = Units::Converter.converter(args[0]) if not args[0].is_a? Units::Converter
+      return Units::Unit.new({m => 1}, args[0]) if args[0].registered?(m)
+    elsif Units::Converter.current.registered?(m)
+      raise ArgumentError, "Wrong number of arguments" if args.length != 0
+      return Units::Unit.new({m => 1}, Units::Converter.current)
+    end
+    super
+  end
+
+  # Executes the block with the current Converter changed to
+  # the given Converter. This allows to temporarily change the
+  # Converter used by default.
+  #
+  # Example:
+  #
+  #   with_unit_converter(:uk) {
+  #     puts 1.cwt.to(lb) # => 112.0 lb
+  #   }
+  #
+  #   with_unit_converter(:us) {
+  #     puts 1.cwt.to(lb) # => 100.0 lb
+  #   }
+  #
+  # See also Converter.current.
+  def with_unit_converter(name, &blk) # :yields:
+    Units::Converter.with_converter(name, &blk)
+  end
+
+  module_function :with_unit_converter
+
+  # This class represents a Unit. A Unit uses a given Converter with
+  # a number of registered Units in which it can be expressed.
+  # A Unit is the product of the powers of other Units. In principle, these
+  # need not be integer powers, but this may cause problems with rounding.
+  # The following code for example returns +false+:
+  #   Unit.new(:m => 0.1) * Unit.new(:m => 0.2) == Unit.new(:m => 0.3)
+  #
+  # Units can be multiplied and divided, or raised to a given power.
+  # This can only be done when both units use the same Converter.
+  # As an extra, 1 can be divided by a Unit.
+  #
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #   Unit.new(:mi => 1, :s => -1) ** 2 # => mi**2/s**2
+  #   Unit.new(:mi => 1, :s => -1) * Unit.new(:s => 1, :usd => -1) # => mi/usd
+  #   Unit.new(:mi => 1, :s => -1, Converter.converter(:uk)) *
+  #     Unit.new(:s => 1, :usd => -1, Converter.converter(:us)) # => TypeError
+  #   1 / Unit.new(:mi => 1, :s => -1) # => s/mi
+  class Unit
+
+    attr_reader :units, :converter
+
+    # Creates a new (composite) Unit.
+    # It is passed a hash of the form <code>{:unit => exponent}</code>, and the
+    # Converter to use.
+    #
+    # Examples:
+    #
+    #   Unit.new(:m => 1, :s => -1, Converter.converter(:uk)) # => m/s
+    #   Unit.new(:mi => 1, :s => -2) # => mi/s**2
+    #
+    # See also Converter, Converter.converter
+    def initialize(units = {}, converter = Units::Converter.current)
+      @units, @converter = {}, converter
+      units.each_pair { |k, v| @units[k.to_sym] = v }
+      check_units
+    end
+
+    # Raises to the given power.
+    def **(p)
+      result = {}
+      @units.each_pair do |u, e|
+        result[u] = e * p
+      end
+      Units::Unit.new(result, @converter)
+    end
+
+    # Multiplies with the given Unit.
+    def *(other)
+      do_op(:*, :+, other)
+    end
+
+    # Divides by the given Unit.
+    def /(other)
+      do_op(:/, :-, other)
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+ iff this Unit has all exponents equal to 0.
+    def unitless?
+      @units.empty?
+    end
+
+    def coerce(other) # :nodoc:
+      return [self, Units::Unit.new({}, converter)] if other == 1
+      raise TypeError, "incompatible converters" if converter != other.converter
+      converter.coerce_units(self, other)
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+ iff the two Units are equals, <i>i.e.,</i> iff they have
+    # the same exponent for all units, and they both use the same Converter.
+    def ==(other)
+      other.is_a?(Units::Unit) && other.units == units && other.converter == converter
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+ iff this Unit is compatible with the given
+    # Unit. This is less strict than equality because for example hours are
+    # compatible with seconds ("we can add them"), but hours are not seconds.
+    def compatible_with?(other)
+      return false if converter != other.converter
+      conv1, conv2 = converter.coerce_units(self, other)
+      conv1.units == conv2.units
+    end
+
+    # Returns a human readable string representation.
+    def to_s
+      numerator = ""
+      denominator = ""
+      @units.each_pair do |u, e|
+        (e > 0 ? numerator : denominator) << " #{u.to_s}#{"**#{e.abs}" if e.abs != 1}"
+      end
+      "#{numerator.lstrip}#{"/" + denominator.lstrip if not denominator.empty?}"
+    end
+
+    alias inspect to_s
+
+    def method_missing(m, *args, &blk)
+      if converter.registered?(m)
+        raise ArgumentError, "Wrong number of arguments" if args.length != 0
+        return Units::Unit.new({m => 1}, converter) * self
+      end
+      super
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def check_units
+      @units.keys.each do |unit|
+        raise ArgumentError, "unit #{unit.to_s.dump} not registered" if not @converter.registered? unit
+        @units.delete(unit) if @units[unit] == 0
+      end
+    end
+
+    def do_op(op, dual_op, other)
+      raise TypeError, "incompatible converters for #{op}" if converter != other.converter
+      result = @units.dup
+      other.units.each_pair do |u, e|
+        result[u] = 0 if not result[u]
+        result[u] = result[u].send(dual_op, e)
+      end
+      Units::Unit.new(result, @converter)
+    end
+
+  end
+
+  # This class represents a Value with a numeric value and a Unit.
+  # The numeric value can be any Numeric, though it is not recommended
+  # to use Values.
+  #
+  # A Value can be added to, subtracted from and multiplied with another value,
+  # though only when both Values are using the same Converter. While multiplication
+  # is always possible, adding or subtracting values with incompatible Units
+  # results in a TypeError. When two Units are compatible but not the same,
+  # the Value with the larger of the Units is converted to the smaller of the Units.
+  # For example adding 100 seconds and 1 minute, the latter is converted to 60 seconds
+  # because a second is smaller than a minute. The result is 160 seconds.
+  class Value < Numeric
+
+    # The numeric value of this Value.
+    attr_reader :value
+    # The Unit of this value.
+    attr_reader :unit
+
+    # Creates a new Value with the given numeric value and the given unit.
+    # Simply returns the given value if the given unit is valueless,
+    # <i>i.e.,</i> when <code>unit.unitless?</code> is true.
+    def self.new(value, unit)
+      return value if unit.unitless?
+      super
+    end
+
+    def initialize(value, unit) # :nodoc:
+      @value, @unit = value, unit
+    end
+
+    # Returns the Converter used by this Value's Unit.
+    # Equivalent to <code>unit.converter</code>.
+    def converter
+      unit.converter
+    end
+
+    def *(other) # :nodoc:
+      do_multiplicative_op(:*, other)
+    end
+
+    def /(other) # :nodoc:
+      do_multiplicative_op(:/, other)
+    end
+
+    def +(other) # :nodoc:
+      do_additive_op(:+, other)
+    end
+
+    def -(other) # :nodoc:
+      do_additive_op(:-, other)
+    end
+
+    def ==(other) # :nodoc:
+      (self - other).value == 0.0
+    end
+
+    # Converts this Value to the given Unit.
+    # This only works if the Converters used by this Value's Unit
+    # and the given Unit are the same. It obviously fails if the
+    # Units are not compatible (can't add apples and oranges).
+    def to(to_unit)
+      conv1, conv2 = unit.coerce(to_unit)
+      raise TypeError, "incompatible units for operation" if conv1.units != conv2.units
+      mult = conv1.multiplier / conv2.multiplier
+      Value.new(value * mult, to_unit)
+    end
+
+    def coerce(other) # :nodoc:
+      [self, Value.new(other, Units::Unit.new({}, @unit.converter))]
+    end
+
+    # Returns a human readable string representation.
+    def to_s
+      "#{@value} #{@unit}"
+    end
+
+    alias inspect to_s
+
+    def method_missing(m, *args, &blk)
+      if self.converter.registered?(m)
+        raise ArgumentError, "Wrong number of arguments" if args.length != 0
+        return self * Value.new(1, Units::Unit.new({m => 1}, self.converter))
+      end
+      super
+    end
+
+  private
+
+    def do_additive_op(op, other)
+      if other.is_a? Value
+        conv1, conv2 = unit.coerce(other.unit)
+        raise TypeError, "incompatible units for #{op}" if conv1.units != conv2.units
+        mult = conv2.multiplier / conv1.multiplier
+        if mult > 1
+          Value.new(value.send(op, other.value * mult), unit)
+        else
+          Value.new(other.value.send(op, value * mult), other.unit)
+        end
+      else
+        raise TypeError, "incompatible operands for #{op}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def do_multiplicative_op(op, other)
+      if other.is_a? Value
+        Value.new(value.send(op, other.value), unit.send(op, other.unit))
+      elsif other.is_a? Units::Unit
+        Value.new(value, unit.send(op, other))
+      else
+        Value.new(value.send(op, other), unit)
+      end
+    end
+
+  end
+
+  # This class handles all conversions between Units.
+  #
+  # There are two kinds of Units; those that are not expressed as a function
+  # of other Units --called base units-- and those that are expressed
+  # as a function of other Units --called derived units. The former kind is
+  # registered without specifying how it depends on other Units, while the latter
+  # kind is registered with doing so.
+  #
+  # This class also registers a list of Converters that are generally useable.
+  # The default Converter which is used when none is specified, can be retrieved
+  # with Converter.current. Converters can be registered with Converter.register.
+  #
+  # Converters can be loaded from YAML. This allows Converters to be specified in
+  # configuration files.
+  class Converter
+
+    # Encapsulates a service for retrieving exchange rates.
+    # This is used by Converter.register_currency.
+    # An instance of this class behaves like a Numeric when used
+    # in calculations. This class is used to look up exchange rates
+    # lazily.
+    #
+    # This class is not supposed to be instantiated by itself. Instead a
+    # subclass should be created that defines the method +get_rate+.
+    # The only subclass provided is currently XMethods.
+    #
+    # To be found automatically from YAML files, exchange services should
+    # be located under Units::Converter::ExchangeRate.
+    class ExchangeRate
+
+      def self.create_conversion(curr, converter) # :nodoc:
+        {:unit => Units::Unit.new({%s{--base-currency--} => 1}, converter), :multiplier => self.new(curr)}
+      end
+
+      def initialize(curr) # :nodoc:
+        @curr = curr
+      end
+
+      # This method should be overridden in subclasses to return the
+      # exchange rate represented by this object. The unit in question
+      # is available as a String in the instance variable <code>@curr</code>.
+      # The rate should be calculated against an arbitrary but fixed base currency.
+      # The rate should be such that the following would be true
+      #   1 * curr = rate * base_curr
+      # This function should return +nil+ if the currency is not supported by this
+      # retrieval service. It should <em>not</em> raise an exception.
+      def get_rate
+        raise NoMethodError, "undefined method `get_rate' for #{to_s}:#{self.class}"
+      end
+
+      def value # :nodoc:
+        @value ||= get_rate or raise TypeError, "currency not supported by current service: #{@curr.to_s.dump}"
+      end
+
+      def coerce(other) # :nodoc:
+        [value, other]
+      end
+
+      def *(other) # :nodoc:
+        value * other
+      end
+
+      def /(other) # :nodoc:
+        value / other
+      end
+
+      def +(other) # :nodoc:
+        value + other
+      end
+
+      def -(other) # :nodoc:
+        value - other
+      end
+
+      def **(other) # :nodoc:
+        value ** other
+      end
+
+      # Exchange rate retrieval service that uses a service from http://www.xmethods.com.
+      # See http://rubyurl.com/7uq.
+      class XMethods < ExchangeRate
+
+        # This is the only method that a subclass of ExchangeRate
+        # needs to implement. This is a good example to follow.
+        def get_rate
+          driver.getRate(country_mapping[@curr], country_mapping[base])
+        rescue
+          nil
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def data
+          @@data ||= YAML.load_file(File.join(Units::Config::DATADIR, 'xmethods', 'mapping.yaml'))
+        end
+
+        def country_mapping
+          @@country_mapping ||= data[:mapping]
+        end
+
+        def base
+          @@base ||= data[:base]
+        end
+
+        def driver
+          @@driver ||= SOAP::WSDLDriverFactory.new("http://www.xmethods.net/sd/2001/CurrencyExchangeService.wsdl").create_rpc_driver #.createDriver
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      # Cached values for the XMethods exchange rate service.
+      class CachedXMethods < ExchangeRate
+
+        # This is the only method that a subclass of ExchangeRate
+        # needs to implement. This is a good example to follow.
+        def get_rate
+          data[@curr]
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def data
+          @@data ||= YAML.load_file(File.join(Units::Config::DATADIR, 'xmethods', 'cached.yaml'))
+        end
+
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    Conversion = Struct.new(:units, :multiplier) # :nodoc:
+
+    class Conversion # :nodoc:
+
+      def **(p)
+        Conversion.new(units ** p, multiplier ** p)
+      end
+
+      def *(m)
+        Conversion.new(units * m.units, multiplier * m.multiplier)
+      end
+
+      def /(m)
+        Conversion.new(units / m.units, multiplier / m.multiplier)
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    # The prefixes used for SI units. See also Converter#register_si_unit.
+    SI_PREFIXES = {
+      'yotta' => {:abbrev => 'Y',  :multiplier => 1e24},
+      'zetta' => {:abbrev => 'Z',  :multiplier => 1e21},
+      'exa'   => {:abbrev => 'E',  :multiplier => 1e18},
+      'peta'  => {:abbrev => 'P',  :multiplier => 1e14},
+      'tera'  => {:abbrev => 'T',  :multiplier => 1e12},
+      'giga'  => {:abbrev => 'G',  :multiplier => 1e9},
+      'mega'  => {:abbrev => 'M',  :multiplier => 1e6},
+      'kilo'  => {:abbrev => 'k',  :multiplier => 1e3},
+      'hecto' => {:abbrev => 'h',  :multiplier => 1e2},
+      'deca'  => {:abbrev => 'da', :multiplier => 1e1},
+      'deci'  => {:abbrev => 'd',  :multiplier => 1e-1},
+      'centi' => {:abbrev => 'c',  :multiplier => 1e-2},
+      'milli' => {:abbrev => 'm',  :multiplier => 1e-3},
+      'micro' => {:abbrev => 'u',  :multiplier => 1e-6},
+      'nano'  => {:abbrev => 'n',  :multiplier => 1e-9},
+      'pico'  => {:abbrev => 'p',  :multiplier => 1e-12},
+      'femto' => {:abbrev => 'f',  :multiplier => 1e-15},
+      'atto'  => {:abbrev => 'a',  :multiplier => 1e-18},
+      'zepto' => {:abbrev => 'z',  :multiplier => 1e-21},
+      'yocto' => {:abbrev => 'y',  :multiplier => 1e-24}
+    }
+
+    # The prefixes used for binary units. See also Converter#register_binary_unit.
+    BINARY_PREFIXES = {
+      'yotta' => {:abbrev => 'Y', :multiplier => 1024.0 ** 8},
+      'zetta' => {:abbrev => 'Z', :multiplier => 1024.0 ** 7},
+      'exa'   => {:abbrev => 'E', :multiplier => 1024.0 ** 6},
+      'peta'  => {:abbrev => 'P', :multiplier => 1024.0 ** 5},
+      'tera'  => {:abbrev => 'T', :multiplier => 1024.0 ** 4},
+      'giga'  => {:abbrev => 'G', :multiplier => 1024.0 ** 3},
+      'mega'  => {:abbrev => 'M', :multiplier => 1024.0 ** 2},
+      'kilo'  => {:abbrev => 'k', :multiplier => 1024.0},
+    }
+
+    # The prefixes used for length units. See also Converter#register_length_unit.
+    LENGTH_PREFIXES = {
+      'square_' => {:abbrev => 'sq_', :power => 2},
+      'cubic_' => {:abbrev => 'cu_', :power => 3}
+    }
+
+    # Creates a new Converter, where the data is loaded from the
+    # file with the given file name.
+    def self.from_yaml(file)
+      Units::Converter.new {
+        load_yaml(file)
+      }
+    end
+
+    # Creates a new Converter. If a block is given,
+    # it is executed in the newly created Converter's context.
+    def initialize(&blk)
+      @loaded_yaml = []
+      @conversions = {}
+      instance_eval(&blk) if blk
+    end
+
+    # Checks whether the unit with the given name is registered.
+    # The name can be a symbol or a string.
+    def registered?(unit)
+      unit = unit.to_sym
+      conversions(unit) != nil
+    end
+
+    # Returns the list of registered unit names as symbols.
+    def registered_units
+      @conversions.keys
+    end
+
+    # Registers a new Unit with the given name. The +data+ parameter
+    # is a Hash with some extra parameters (can be Strings or Symbols):
+    # +alias+:: Specifies possible aliases for the Unit.
+    # +abbrev+:: Specifies possible abbreviations or symbols for the Unit.
+    #            The differences with aliases is that prefixes work differently;
+    #            see +register_si_unit+ and +register_binary_unit+.
+    # +equals+:: If present, specifies how the Unit depends on other Units.
+    #            The value for this key can either be a Hash with +unit+ mapping to
+    #            a Unit and +multiplier+ mapping to a numeric multiplier, or
+    #            a String containing the multiplier, followed by a space, followed by
+    #            a representation of the Unit as returned by Unit#to_s.
+    #
+    # Examples:
+    #
+    #   converter.register_unit(:pint, :alias => :pints, :abbrev => [:pt, :pts]))
+    #   converter.register_unit(:quart, 'alias' => :quarts, :abbrev => ['qt', :qts], :equals => '2.0 pt'))
+    #   converter.register_unit(:gallon, :alias => :gallons, :abbrev => :gal, 'equals' => {:unit => Unit.new('qt' => 1, converter), 'multiplier' => 4.0))
+    #
+    # Note that Symbols and Strings are generally exchangeable within this
+    # library (internally they are converted to Symbols). The number one reason
+    # for this is that String look better in YAML.
+    #
+    # See also +register_si_unit+, +register_binary_unit+, +register_length_unit+
+    # and +register_currency+.
+    def register_unit(name, data = {})
+      unit, aliases, abbrevs = extract_data(name, data, :to_sym)
+      conversion = data[:equals]
+      conversion = decode_conversion(conversion) if conversion
+      conversion = convert_conversion(conversion[:unit].units, conversion[:multiplier]) if conversion
+      register_unit_internal(unit, conversion)
+      conversion = convert_conversion({unit => 1}, 1) if not conversion
+      (aliases + abbrevs).each do |u|
+        register_unit_internal(u, conversion)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Registers a new SI unit. The Unit and its aliases are registered with
+    # all available SI prefixes (see SI_PREFIXES) as well, while the
+    # abbreviations are registered with the abbreviated version of the
+    # prefixes.
+    #
+    # For the syntax of the options, see +register_unit+.
+    def register_si_unit(unit, data = {})
+      register_prefixed_unit(unit, SI_PREFIXES, data)
+    end
+
+    # Registers a new binary unit. The Unit and its aliases are registered with
+    # all available binary prefixes (see BINARY_PREFIXES) as well, while the
+    # abbreviations are registered with the abbreviated version of the
+    # prefixes.
+    #
+    # For the syntax of the options, see +register_unit+.
+    def register_binary_unit(unit, data = {})
+      register_prefixed_unit(unit, BINARY_PREFIXES, data)
+    end
+
+    # Registers a new length unit. The Unit and its aliases are registered with
+    # all available length prefixes (see LENGTH_PREFIXES) as well, while the
+    # abbreviations are registered with the abbreviated version of the
+    # prefixes.
+    #
+    # For the syntax of the options, see +register_unit+.
+    def register_length_unit(unit, data = {})
+      register_prefixed_unit(unit, LENGTH_PREFIXES, data)
+    end
+
+    # Registers a given currency, with a given servive to find the exchange
+    # rate between the given currency and a given base currency. The service
+    # should be a subclass of ExchangeRate. This is not strictly necessary,
+    # but ExchangeRate handles all of the magic.
+    def register_currency(curr, service = nil)
+      service ||= Units::Config::DEFAULT_CURRENCY_SERVICE
+      register_unit(curr, :equals => service.create_conversion(curr, self))
+    end
+
+    def coerce_units(unit1, unit2) # :nodoc:
+      [convert_conversion(unit1.units), convert_conversion(unit2.units)]
+    end
+
+    def method_missing(m, *args, &blk)
+      if registered?(m)
+        raise ArgumentError, "Wrong number of arguments" if args.length != 0
+        return Units::Unit.new({m => 1}, self)
+      end
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Loads data from the YAML file with the given name.
+    # Returns +self+.
+    def load_yaml(file)
+      return if @loaded_yaml.include? file
+      data = YAML.load_file(file)
+      @loaded_yaml << file
+      old_service = Thread.current['current_currency_exchange_service']
+      data.each do |r|
+        rule = {}
+        r.each_pair do |k, v|
+          rule[k.to_sym] = v
+        end
+        case rule[:type]
+        when 'import'
+          load_yaml(File.join(Units::Config::DATADIR, rule[:file] + '.yaml'))
+        when 'si'
+          register_si_unit(rule[:name], rule)
+        when 'unit'
+          register_unit(rule[:name], rule)
+        when 'length'
+          register_length_unit(rule[:name], rule)
+        when 'binary'
+          register_binary_unit(rule[:name], rule)
+        when 'currency'
+          register_currency(rule[:name], Thread.current['current_currency_exchange_service'])
+        when 'service'
+          begin
+            Thread.current['current_currency_exchange_service'] = Units::Converter::ExchangeRate.const_get(rule[:name])
+          rescue NameError
+            raise NameError, "Exchange service not found: #{rule[:name].to_s.dump}"
+          end
+        else
+          raise "unknown rule type #{rule[:type].to_s.dump}"
+        end
+      end
+      Thread.current['current_currency_exchange_service'] = old_service
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Returns the current Converter in the current Thread.
+    # The default converter is the one returned by <code>converter(:default)</code>.
+    # See also Units#with_converter and Converter.converter.
+    def self.current
+      Thread.current["current_unit_converter"] ||= converter(:default)
+    end
+
+    def self.with_converter(conv) # :nodoc:
+      old_conv = Thread.current["current_unit_converter"]
+      if conv.is_a? Units::Converter
+        Thread.current["current_unit_converter"] = conv
+      else
+        Thread.current["current_unit_converter"] = converter(conv)
+      end
+      yield
+    ensure
+      Thread.current["current_unit_converter"] = old_conv
+    end
+
+    # Returns the converter with the given name.
+    # This name can be a Symbol or a String.
+    def self.converter(name)
+      converters[name.to_sym] or raise ArgumentError, "No converter #{name.to_s.dump} found"
+    end
+
+    # Registers the given Converter under the given name.
+    # This name can be a Symbol or a String.
+    def self.register(name, converter)
+      converters[name.to_sym] = converter
+    end
+
+    # Returns the list of names of registered converters.
+    def self.registered_converters
+      converters.keys
+    end
+
+  private
+
+    def clean_eval(some_name_noone_uses)
+      eval some_name_noone_uses, binding, __FILE__, __LINE__
+    end
+
+    def register_unit_internal(unit, conversion)
+      raise "unit #{unit.to_s.dump} already registered with #{self}" if registered? unit
+      @conversions[unit] = conversion || :none
+    end
+
+    def register_prefixed_unit(unit, prefixes, data = {})
+      unit, aliases, abbrevs = extract_data(unit, data, :to_s)
+      register_unit(unit, :equals => data[:equals], :alias => aliases, :abbrev => abbrevs)
+      unit_sym = unit.to_sym
+      prefixes.each_pair do |pre,info|
+        abbrev = info[:abbrev]
+        multiplier = info[:multiplier] || 1
+        power = info[:power] || 1
+        register_unit(pre + unit, :equals => {:unit => Units::Unit.new({unit_sym => power}, self), :multiplier => multiplier})
+        aliases.each do |a|
+          register_unit(pre + a, :equals => {:unit => Units::Unit.new({unit_sym => power}, self), :multiplier => multiplier})
+        end
+        abbrevs.each do |a|
+          register_unit(abbrev + a, :equals => {:unit => Units::Unit.new({unit_sym => power}, self), :multiplier => multiplier})
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def extract_data(unit, data, conv)
+      sarray = proc do |k|
+        list = data[k] || []
+        list = [list] if not list.is_a? Array
+        list.map { |a| a.send(conv) }
+      end
+      unit = unit.send(conv)
+      return unit, sarray[:alias], sarray[:abbrev].select { |a| a != unit }
+    end
+
+    def decode_conversion(data)
+      if not data.is_a? String
+        return {:unit => data[:unit] || data['unit'],
+                :multiplier => data[:multiplier] || data['multiplier']}
+      end
+      data.rstrip!
+      if m = /^(\d+(\.\d+(?:[eE][-+]?\d+)?)?(?:\s+|$))?(.+)?$/.match(data)
+        unit = m[3] ? clean_eval(m[3].gsub(/\b([A-Z]\w*|in)\b/, 'self.\1')) : Units::Unit.new({}, self)
+        if m[1]
+          multiplier = m[2] ? Float(m[1]) : Integer(m[1])
+          {:unit => unit, :multiplier => multiplier}
+        else
+          {:unit => unit}
+        end
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "Wrong unit string"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def convert_conversion(units, multiplier = nil)
+      multiplier ||= 1
+      base_units = {}
+      other_units = {}
+      units.each_pair do |u, e|
+        (conversions(u) != :none ? other_units : base_units)[u] = e
+      end
+      result = Conversion.new(Units::Unit.new(base_units, self), multiplier)
+      other_units.each_pair do |u, e|
+        result *= (conversions(u) ** e)
+      end
+      result
+    end
+
+    def conversions(unit)
+      @conversions[unit] || (unit == %s{--base-currency--} ? :none : nil)
+    end
+
+    def self.converters
+      @converters ||= {}
+    end
+
+  end
+
+  # Contains some configuration related constants
+  module Config
+
+    # The directory in which the data files are searched for
+    begin
+      if ::Gem.active?('calibre')
+        DATADIR = File.join( ::Gem.gempath('calibre'), 'data', 'calibre', 'units' )
+      else
+        DATADIR = File.join( ::Config::CONFIG['datadir'], 'calibre', 'units' )
+      end
+    rescue
+      DATADIR = File.join( ::Config::CONFIG['datadir'], 'calibre', 'units' )
+    end
+
+    # The standard service used for looking up currency exchange rates
+    DEFAULT_CURRENCY_SERVICE = Units::Converter::ExchangeRate::XMethods
+
+  end
+
+  #-- Initialization after everything is set up
+  class Converter
+    standard_converters = YAML.load_file(File.join(Units::Config::DATADIR, 'standard.yaml'))
+    standard_converters.each do |name|
+       register(name, Units::Converter.from_yaml(File.join(Units::Config::DATADIR, name + ".yaml")))
+    end
+  end
+
+end
+
+class Numeric
+
+  def method_missing(m, *args, &blk)
+    if args.length == 1
+      args[0] = Units::Converter.converter(args[0]) if not args[0].is_a? Units::Converter
+      return Value.new(self, Units::Unit.new({m => 1}, args[0])) if args[0].registered?(m)
+    elsif Units::Converter.current.registered?(m)
+      raise ArgumentError, "Wrong number of arguments" if args.length != 0
+      return Units::Value.new(self, Units::Unit.new({m => 1}, Units::Converter.current))
+    end
+    super
+  end
+
+end
+
+
+
+#  _____         _
+# |_   _|__  ___| |_
+#   | |/ _ \/ __| __|
+#   | |  __/\__ \ |_
+#   |_|\___||___/\__|
+#
+
+=begin testing
+
+  require 'test/unit'
+
+  include Units
+
+  class TC01 < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+    def test_01_001
+      assert_equal( "65.0 bit/s", (1.bit/s + 8.bytes/s).to_s )
+    end
+
+    def test_01_002
+      assert_equal( "0.125 byte/s", ((1.bit/s).to(byte/s)).to_s )
+    end
+
+    def test_01_003
+      assert_equal( "5280.0 feet", (1.mile.to(feet)).to_s )
+    end
+
+    def test_01_004
+      assert_equal( "4840.0 yd**2", (1.acre.to(yd**2)).to_s )
+    end
+
+    def test_01_005
+      assert_equal( "4840.0 sq_yd", (1.acre.to(sq_yd)).to_s )
+    end
+
+    def test_01_006
+      assert_equal( "3.785411784 L", (1.gallon.to(self.L)).to_s )
+    end
+
+    def test_01_007
+      assert_equal( "0.45359237 kg", (1.lb.to(kg)).to_s )
+    end
+
+    def test_01_008
+      assert_equal( "1 s m", (1.m.s.to(m.s)).to_s )
+    end
+
+    def test_01_009
+      assert_equal( "2.589988110336 km**2", (1.sq_mi.to(km**2)).to_s )
+    end
+
+    def test_01_010
+      assert_equal( "1.609344 km", (1.mile.to(km)).to_s )
+    end
+
+    # currency rates change frequently, temp commented
+    #def test_01_011
+    #  assert_equal( "33.2750003803837 twd", (1.usd.to(twd)).to_s )
+    #end
+
+    def test_01_012
+      with_unit_converter(:uk) {
+        assert_equal( "112.0 lb",  1.cwt.to(lb).to_s )
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_01_013
+      with_unit_converter(:us) {
+        assert_equal( "100.0 lb", 1.cwt.to(lb).to_s )
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_01_014
+      assert_equal( "112.0 lb", (1.cwt(:uk).to(lb(:uk))).to_s )
+      assert_equal( "100.0 lb", (1.cwt(:us).to(lb(:us))).to_s )
+    end
+
+    def test_01_015
+      assert_equal( "lb", (Converter.current.lb).to_s )
+    end
+
+    def test_01_016
+      assert_equal( [:us, :cex, :default, :uk], Converter.registered_converters )
+    end
+
+    def test_01_017
+      assert_raises(TypeError) {
+        1.try.to(usd)
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_01_016
+      assert_equal( "33.2190007563597 twd", (1.usd(:cex).to(twd(:cex))).to_s )
+    end
+
+  end
+
+=end