facets 0.7.2 → 0.9.0

data/lib/facet/io-redirect.rb

@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-#:title: IO::Redirect
-#--
-# IO::Redirect
-# v 1.0
-# 
-# Copyright (C) 2002 Paul Brannan <paul@atdesk.com>
-# (Ported from Ruby Treasures)
-#
-# Ruby License
-#
-# This module is free software. You may use, modify, and/or redistribute this
-# software under the same terms as Ruby.
-# 
-# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
-# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
-# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
-#
-#
-# $id: io-redirect.rb,v 1.0 2004/10/27 10:00:01 transami Exp $
-#
-# ==========================================================================
-# Revision History ::
-# YYYY.MM.DD  Ver. Dev.      Description
-# --------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# 2005.04.28  1.0  Trans     * Minor modifications to documentation.
-# ==========================================================================
-#++
-
-# = Description 
-# 
-# A class to redirect $stdout, or other IO object, to a StringIO object,
-# or any other object with a write() method.
-#     
-# == Synopsis
-#  
-#   require 'raspberry/new/io-redirect'
-#     
-#   s = StringIO.new
-#   r = Redirector.redirect($stdout, s) do
-#     $stdout.puts "this is a test"
-#   end
-#  
-# == Author(s)
-#
-# * Paul Brannan
-#
-
-class IO::Redirect
-  VERSION = '1.0.0'
-
-  # Start redirection from one IO object to any other object with a
-  # write() method. +from+ is the IO object to redirect from,
-  # and +to+ is the object to redirect to.
-  def initialize(from, to)
-    @from = from
-    @to = to
-    start()
-  end
-
-  # Start redirection, if it has not already been started.
-  def start
-    raise "Redirection already in progress" if @t
-    tmp = @from.dup        
-    r, w = IO.pipe
-    @from.reopen(w)
-    @t = Thread.new do
-      begin
-        loop do
-          s = r.read(1) # TODO: can I make this buffered?
-          @to.write(s)
-        end
-      ensure
-        @from.reopen(tmp)
-        @t = nil
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Stop redirection, if it is occurring
-  def stop
-    raise "Redirection already stopped" if not @t
-    @t.kill
-  end
-
-  # An exception-safe class method for redirection
-  def self.redirect(from, to)
-    s = self.new(from, to)
-    begin
-      yield
-    ensure
-      s.stop
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-
-# --- test ---
-
-if __FILE__ == $0 then
-  
-  class SimpleStringIO
-    attr_reader :str
-    def initialize; @str = ''; end
-    def write(str); @str << str; end
-  end
-
-  Thread.abort_on_exception = true
-  s = SimpleStringIO.new
-  r = Redirector.redirect($stdout, s) do
-    $stdout.puts "this is a test"
-    $stdout.puts "of the StringIO redirection system"
-  end
-  puts "Done redirecting."
-  puts "Result:\n#{s.str}"
-
-end
-

data/lib/facet/lisp-format.rb

@@ -1,1835 +0,0 @@
-#:title: Lisp Format
-#--
-# Lisp Format
-# v 0.3
-# 
-# Copyright (C) 2003 Nikolai Weibull <source@pcppopper.org>.
-# 
-# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
-# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
-# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
-# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
-# 
-# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
-# Lesser General Public License for more details.
-# 
-# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
-# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
-# Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
-#
-#
-# $id: lisp-format.rb,v 0.3 2004/10/27 10:00:01 transami Exp $
-#
-# ==========================================================================
-# Revision History ::
-# YYYY.MM.DD  Ver. Dev.  Description
-# --------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# 2004-11-16  0.3  TO    * Ported en-masse as a "sub-space" of Lisp.
-# 2003-12-08  0.2  NW    * Releasing version 0.2.
-# ==========================================================================
-# To Do ::
-# * the floating point functions are rather horendous
-# ==========================================================================
-#++
-
-# = Description 
-# 
-# "So what is *ruby-lisp*?", you ask.  Well, it is a module for implementing nice
-# Lisp features for use in Ruby.  Currently the only sub-module that exists is
-# Lisp::Format, which implements Lisp's (format) function and its formatting
-# language.  For people not familiar with this language, it is a very expressive
-# string formatting language, much like sprintf()'s, but much more powerful.  It
-# allows for iteration, case conversion, conditionals, and much more.  If you
-# have ever felt stupid while creating a string iteratively, to print an array or
-# some such, this is definitely for you!
-# 
-# This module contains various Lisp facilities that are of general usefulness.
-# Lisp's rich string formatting language is implemented in the Format module.
-# More modules may be added later.
-# 
-# This has been (very simply) integrated into the namespace of Lsip from lisp.rb.
-# 
-# == Author(s)
-# 
-# * Nikolai Weibull <source@pcppopper.org>
-# 
-# == More Information
-# 
-# The project website for ruby-lisp is currently located at
-# http://ned.rubyforge.org/.
-# 
-
-#--
-# This module contains various Lisp facilities that are of general usefulness.
-# Lisp's rich string formatting language is implemented in the Format module.
-# More modules may be added later.
-#
-# TODO: the floating point functions are rather horendous
-#++
-module Lisp
-  # This module implements the Common Lisp (format) function and it's language.
-  module Format
-    # An error, positioned somewhere in the input format.  This is used to be
-    # able to show the user exactly where something failed in the input format
-    # string.
-    module Positioned
-      # Create at a given position.
-      def initialize(pos = -1)
-        @pos = pos
-      end
-
-      # The position at which the error occured.
-      attr :pos, true
-    end
-
-    # An argument was of the wrong type, or there aren't enough arguments. 
-    class ArgumentError < ArgumentError; include Positioned; end
-
-    # An index was not valid.  Used for argument jumping errors.
-    class IndexError < IndexError; include Positioned; end
-
-    # A parameter was wrong in some sense.
-    class ParameterError < ArgumentError; include Positioned; end
-
-    # The format string contained a syntax error.
-    class SyntaxError < SyntaxError; include Positioned; end
-
-    # The format string was ended before a parameter could be read.
-    class MissingParameterError < SyntaxError; end
-
-    # The format string was ended before a parameter could be completed.
-    class IncompleteParameterError < SyntaxError; end
-
-    # The format string was malformed somehow.
-    class MalformedError < SyntaxError; end
-
-    # A modifier was wrongly given, or there were too many of the same.
-    class ModifierError < SyntaxError; end
-
-    # Represents output for a State object.
-    class Output
-      # Create a new Output object.
-      def initialize(str = '', col = 0)
-        @output, @col = str, col
-      end
-
-      # Add +str+ to the output.
-      def <<(str)
-        if str.is_a? Fixnum
-          @output << str.chr
-          # How should tabs be handled here?  They should perhaps be
-          # interpreted as eight (8) characters wide?  This of course depends
-          # on where @col is already at (8 - @col % 8).
-          @col = str == ?\n ? 0 : @col + 1
-        else
-          @output << str
-          @col += str.length - (str.rindex(?\n) or 0)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Convert this object to its string representation, which is the output
-      # gathered so far.
-      # TODO: this is rather silly
-      def to_s
-        @output
-      end
-
-      # The current output column.
-      attr :col, true
-    end
-
-    # This class represents the state of a given Formatter.  It keeps track of
-    # output gathered and arguments left to be processed.
-    class State
-      # Create a state from arguments and a destination output
-      def initialize(args, output)
-        @args = args
-        @arg_pos = 0
-        @outputs = [output]
-        @case_conv = nil
-      end
-
-      # Push a new Output buffer to collect output in.
-      def push_output
-        @outputs << Output.new('', @outputs.last.col)
-      end
-
-      # Pop and return the latest output buffer.
-      def pop_output
-        @outputs.pop
-      end
-
-      # Delegates output to the top-most output buffer.
-      def output(str)
-        @outputs.last << str
-      end
-
-      # Retrieve the current output column.
-      def col
-        @outputs.last.col
-      end
-
-      # Retrieve the latest output buffer.
-      def latest_output
-        @outputs.last
-      end
-
-      # Move +n+ steps forward or backward depending on sign amongst the
-      # arguments.  Movement is relative or absolute depending on the boolean
-      # value of +relative+.
-      def args_move(n = 1, relative = true)
-        @arg_pos = relative ? @arg_pos + n : n
-        raise IndexError.new,
-          'too few arguments' if @arg_pos > @args.size
-        raise IndexError.new,
-          'cannot move past first argument' if @arg_pos < 0
-      end
-      
-      # Get the current argument and move forward one argument.
-      def next_arg
-        args_move(1, true)
-        @args[@arg_pos - 1]
-      end
-
-      # Get the previously returned argument, without moving.
-      def previous_arg
-        args_move(-1, relative)
-        next_arg
-      end
-
-      # Push back the previously returned argument.
-      def push_back_arg
-        args_move(-1, true)
-      end
-
-      # Get the number of arguments left to process
-      def args_left
-        @args.size - @arg_pos
-      end
-
-      attr :case_conv, true
-    end
-
-    # Given a format string, this class lexes it and returns directives it
-    # finds.  This includes gathering parameters and modifiers for the coming
-    # directives.  The necessary information to create a directive is gathered
-    # and then passed to Directives::Factory#build.  Error checking
-    # is performed, so that incomplete parameters are caught and malformed
-    # modifiers are supressed.
-    class Lexer
-      @@errorstates = {
-        :START => [MissingParameterError,
-          'format string ended before parameter was found'],
-        :CHAR => [IncompleteParameterError,
-          'format string ended before character parameter could be read'],
-        :INTEGER => [IncompleteParameterError,
-          'format string ended before integer parameter could be read'],
-      }
-
-      # Create a new Lexer using the given format string +format+.
-      def initialize(format)
-        @format = format
-        @pos = 0
-      end
-
-      # Read the next token, given the previous one in +previous+, and return
-      # it.  This may either be a 'real' directive created by
-      # Directives::Factory#build, or a Literal created in-line.  If no more
-      # tokens remain, +nil+ is returned.
-      def next_token(previous)
-        if have_more_input
-          ch = next_char
-          if ch == ?~
-            return Directives::Factory.build(params, modifiers, directive,
-                                            previous, @pos)
-          else
-            literal = Directives::Literal.new(ch.chr)
-            while have_more_input and (ch = peek_char) != ?~
-              literal << next_char.chr
-            end
-            literal << ch.chr if not have_more_input and ch == ?~
-            return [literal, 0]
-          end
-        else
-          return nil
-        end
-      end
-
-    private
-
-      # Returns +true+ if more input exists.
-      def have_more_input
-        @pos < @format.length
-      end
-
-      # Reads next character in input.
-      def next_char
-        @pos += 1
-        @format[@pos - 1]
-      end
-
-      # View the next character in input.
-      def peek_char
-        @format[@pos]
-      end
-
-      # Unread previously read character in input.
-      def unget_char
-        @pos -= 1
-      end
-
-      # Read parameters to the coming directive.  Raises various errors
-      # sub-classed from PositionedError when given incomplete
-      # parameters, e.g. when it runs out of input.
-      def params
-        params = []
-        sign = 1
-        value = 0
-        state = :START
-        while have_more_input
-          ch = next_char
-          case state
-          when :START
-            case ch
-            when ?'
-              state = :CHAR
-            when ?V, ?v
-              params << Parameters::Argument.new(@pos)
-              state = :DONE
-            when ?#
-              params << Parameters::ArgumentCount.new(@pos)
-              state = :DONE
-            when ?,
-              params << Parameters::Default.new(@pos)
-              state = :START
-            when ?+, ?-, ?0, ?1, ?2, ?3, ?4, ?5, ?6, ?7, ?8, ?9
-              sign = (ch == ?-) ? -1 : 1
-              value = (ch == ?+ or ch == ?-) ? 0 : (ch - ?0)
-              state = :INTEGER
-            else
-                unget_char
-                state = :DONE
-            end
-          when :INTEGER
-            if (?0..?9).to_a.include? ch
-              value = value * 10 + (ch - ?0)
-            else
-              unget_char
-              value *= sign
-              params << Parameters::Integer.new(@pos, value)
-              state = :DONE
-            end
-          when :CHAR
-            params << Parameters::Character.new(@pos, ch)
-            state = :DONE
-          when :DONE
-            if ch == ?,
-              state = :START
-            else
-              unget_char
-              break
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        unless state == :DONE
-          raise @@errorstates[state][0].new(@pos), @@errorstates[state][1]
-        end
-        return params
-      end
-
-      # Read modifiers to the coming directive.  Raises ModifierError if
-      # a specific modifier is given more than once.
-      def modifiers
-        modifiers = []
-        while have_more_input
-          ch = next_char
-          if ch == ?: or ch == ?@
-            unless modifiers.include? ch
-              modifiers << ch
-            else
-              raise ModifierError.new(@pos), "duplicate #{ch.chr} modifier"
-            end
-          else
-            unget_char
-            break
-          end
-        end
-        return modifiers
-      end
-
-      # Reads the directive.  Raises MalformedFormatError if no input
-      # remains to read the directive from.
-      def directive
-        unless have_more_input
-          raise MalformedFormatError.new(@pos),
-            'format string ended before directive was found'
-        end
-        next_char
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Given a lexer, parses the tokens it constructs.
-    # It works, quite simply, by maintaining a stack of nesting levels and
-    # directives/tokens are added to the current stack level.  When a directive
-    # removes a level of nesting the previous level's last directive gets
-    # connected, using Directive#connect.
-    class Parser
-      # Create a Parser, given a Lexer, +lexer+.
-      def initialize(lexer)
-        @lexer = lexer
-      end
-
-      # Do the actual parsing of the tokens.  Returns a list of the
-      # top-level tokens to run.
-      def parse
-        stacks = [[]]
-        level = 0
-        until (token = @lexer.next_token(stacks[level>0?level-1:0].last)).nil?
-          directive = token[0]
-          nesting = token[1]
-          ntop = stacks[level].last.nil? ?
-            directive : stacks[level].last.join(directive)
-          stacks[level] << directive
-          if nesting > 0
-            stacks.push []
-            level += 1
-          elsif nesting < 0
-            directives = stacks.pop
-            level -= 1
-            stacks[level].last.connect directives
-          end
-        end
-        if stacks.size > 1
-          raise SyntaxError.new(stacks[-2].last.pos), 'unterminated directive'
-        end
-        return stacks[0]
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Engine for the format Lexer and Parser.  Given an input format string and
-    # an initial State, it lets the Parser create the directives and then
-    # simply iterates over them, Directive#execute:ing them each.
-    class Formatter
-      # Create a Formatter from a String +format+ and a State +state+.
-      def initialize(format, state)
-        @parser, @state = Parser.new(Lexer.new(format)), state
-      end
-
-      # Parse and run the result.
-      def run
-        Format.execute_directives(@state, @parser.parse)
-        return @state.latest_output.to_s
-      end
-    end
-
-    # This module includes format parameter representation classes.  These are
-    # passed to directives when they are created.
-    module Parameters
-      # Base class from which the sub-classes get their behavior.  Every
-      # parameter should sub-class from this class.
-      class Parameter
-        # Create a parameter, found at +pos+ in the input format, and with
-        # +value+ as its value - if it has one.
-        def initialize(pos, value = nil)
-          @pos, @value = pos, value
-        end
-
-        # Retrieve this parameters value in the given State, using +default+ if
-        # it is not defined.
-        def value(state, default)
-          @value or default
-        end
-
-        # Position in the input format that this parameter was found.
-        attr :pos
-      end
-
-      # Represents the +V+ and +v+ parameters, which retrieve their value from
-      # the current argument.
-      class Argument < Parameter
-        # Retrieve this parameters value by getting the value of the current
-        # arguments integral value.
-        def value(state, default)
-          begin
-            arg = state.next_arg
-          rescue => e
-            e.pos = @pos if e.respond_to?(:pos) and e.pos == -1
-            raise
-          end
-          if arg.nil?
-            default
-          elsif arg.respond_to? :to_i
-            arg.to_i
-          else
-            raise ArgumentError.new(@pos),
-              'argument not a number or a number string'
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the <tt>#</tt> parameter, which retrieves the number of
-      # arguments left to process.
-      class ArgumentCount < Parameter
-        # Retrieve this parameters value by getting the number of arguments
-        # left to process.
-        def value(state, default)
-          state.args_left
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Parameter used when the parameter was not specified, so use its default
-      # value.
-      class Default < Parameter; end
-
-      # Represents integral parameters, specified directly in the input format.
-      class Integer < Parameter; end
-
-      # Represents character parameters, specified directly in the input
-      # format.
-      class Character < Parameter; end
-    end
-
-    # This module contains all the formatting directives that are defined in
-    # the Lisp formatting embedded language.  The base class for all directives
-    # is aptly named Directive, and all directive classes should sub-class from
-    # it.
-    module Directives
-      # An unknown directive was found in the format string.
-      class UnknownDirectiveError < SyntaxError; end
-
-      # Represents a string literal in the input format.  This is used for
-      # combining running lengths of characters with a single pseudo-directive.
-      class Literal < String
-        # Outputs the string literal this instance represents to the output
-        # stream.
-        def execute(state)
-          state.output self
-        end
-
-        # If the following directive is also a Literal, its contents is simply
-        # added to this ones, and returns self.  Otherwise the other directive
-        # is returned.
-        def join(other)
-          other.is_a?(Literal) ? self << other : other
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Base class for formatting directives.  This class makes it easy for
-      # sub-classes to access the parameters and modifiers that were given to
-      # it when created.
-      class Directive
-        # Given a set of parameters, modifiers, an owning directive if
-        # available, and a position in the output string, create a new
-        # Directive.
-        def initialize(params, modifiers, top, pos)
-          @params, @modifiers, @pos = params, modifiers, pos
-        end
-
-        # This method should be overridden in sub-classes.  It gets called when
-        # the directive is to be executed.  It does nothing by default.
-        def execute(state); end
-
-        # Join this directive with the following one, given in +other+.  The
-        # default is to simply return +other+.  The only known use for this is
-        # in SkipWhitespace, where some processing of other is done if it is a
-        # Literal.
-        def join(other)
-          other
-        end
-
-        # The position at which this directive occurs in the input string.
-        attr :pos
-
-      protected
-
-        # Read the +param+:th parameter in the Lisp::Format::State +state+,
-        # using +default+ as a default value if the parameter was not given.
-        def param(param, state, default)
-          param < @params.size ? @params[param].value(state, default) : default
-        end
-
-        # Check if the colon (<tt>:</tt>) modifier was given.
-        def colon_mod?
-          modifier? ?:
-        end
-
-        # Check if the at (<tt>@</tt>) modifier was given.
-        def at_mod?
-          modifier? ?@
-        end
-
-        # Check if the given +modifier+ was given.  This method should not
-        # generally be called, as #colon_mod? and #at_mod? are easier and
-        # better to use.
-        def modifier?(modifier)
-          @modifiers.include? modifier
-        end
-
-        def arg_error(message)
-          raise ArgumentError.new(@pos), message
-        end
-
-        def param_error(pnum, message)
-          raise ParameterError.new(@params[pnum].pos), message
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Super-class for 'printing' directives, namely ~A (Ascii) and ~S
-      # (SExpression).  These directives print, in some sense, their argument
-      # in a Ruby friendly manner.  This means that their argument is either
-      # converted to a string using Object#to_s or Object#inspect.
-      class Print < Directive
-        # All parameters except +inspect+ are simply passed on to
-        # Directive#initialize.  If +inspect+ is true, string arguments are
-        # inspected as well as all other objects.
-        def initialize(params, modifiers, top, pos, inspect = false)
-          super params, modifiers, top, pos
-          @inspect = inspect
-        end
-
-        # Output the given argument as it generally prints in Ruby.  The full
-        # form is:
-        #   ~mincol,colinc,minpad,padchar:@[AS]
-        # with the following interpretations
-        # [+mincol+ (0)]
-        #   minimum number of columns to output, 
-        # [+colinc+ (1)]
-        #   number of columns to increase by, until +mincol+ is reached,
-        # [+minpad+ (0)]
-        #   minimum amount of padding to add (added before +mincol+ is
-        #   checked),
-        # [+padchar+ (?\s)]
-        #   character to pad with,
-        # [:]
-        #   +nil+ is output as +nil+ (In Lisp, this outputs +nil+ as
-        #   <tt>()</tt>, which isn't generally useful in Ruby.  TODO: come up
-        #   with better use for this modifier),
-        # [@]
-        #   padding is done on the right.
-        def execute(state)
-          padmethod = at_mod? ? :rjust : :ljust
-          mincol = param(0, state, 0)
-          colinc = param(1, state, 1)
-          minpad = param(2, state, 0)
-          padchar = param(3, state, ?\s).chr
-          arg = state.next_arg
-          # XXX: this needs checking use .to_s here?
-          str = (arg.is_a? String and not @inspect) ? arg.to_s : arg.inspect
-          str = str.send(padmethod, str.length + minpad, padchar)
-          k = ((mincol - str.length) / colinc.to_f).ceil
-          if k > 0
-            str = str.send(padmethod, str.length + colinc * k, padchar)
-          end
-          state.output str
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~A (Ascii) directive.
-      class Ascii < Print; end
-
-      # Represents the ~S (S-Expression) directive.
-      class SExpression < Print
-        # Sets +inspect+ to +true+ in the argument list.
-        def initialize(*args)
-          super(*args << true)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Super-class for number printing directives, namely ~D (Decimal, ~B
-      # (Binary), ~O (Octal), and ~X (Hexadecimal).  The only difference
-      # between these directives is the output radix, which defaults to ten
-      # (10), which is decimal.
-      class Number < Directive
-        # Create a Number directive, using the given output radix +radix+.
-        def initialize(params, modifiers, top, pos, radix = 10)
-          super params, modifiers, top, pos
-          @radix = radix
-        end
-
-        # Output the given argument using its integral representation.  The
-        # argument must respond to the :to_int message, or else it isn't
-        # considered an integer.  This is the normal way in which Ruby
-        # operates.  The full form is 
-        #   ~mincol,padchar,commachar,commainterval:@[DBOX]
-        # with the following interpretations
-        # [+mincol+ (0)]
-        #   minimum number of columns to output,
-        # [+padchar+ (?\s)]
-        #   character to pad with,
-        # [+commachar+ (,)]
-        #   character to use for number grouping (see : below),
-        # [+commainterval+ (3)]
-        #   how often to output +commachar+ above,
-        # [:]
-        #   the number is output, with numbers grouped into +commainterval+
-        #   sized groups of numbers, using +commachar+ as separator,
-        # [@]
-        #   numbers are always output with sign prepended.
-        #
-        # An ArgumentError is raised if the argument does not respond to the
-        # #to_int message.
-        def execute(state)
-          mincol = param(0, state, 0)
-          padchar = param(1, state, ?\s).chr
-          commachar = param(2, state, ?,).chr
-          interval = param(3, state, 3)
-          arg = state.next_arg
-          if arg.respond_to? :to_int
-            num = arg.to_int
-            str = num.to_s(@radix)
-            if colon_mod?
-              str.gsub!(/(\d)(?=(\d{#{interval}})+(?!\d))/, "\\1#{commachar}")
-            end
-            str = '+' + str if at_mod? and num >= 0
-#             puts(str.rjust(mincol, '-'))
-            state.output str.rjust(mincol, padchar)
-          else
-            arg_error 'argument is not an integer'
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~D (Decimal) directive.
-      class Decimal < Number; end
-
-      # Represents the ~B (Binary) directive.
-      class Binary < Number
-        # Set +radix+ to 2.
-        def initialize(args)
-          super(*args << 2)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~O (Octal) directive.
-      class Octal < Number
-        # Set +radix+ to 8.
-        def initialize(args)
-          super(*args << 8)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~X (Hexadecimal) directive.
-      class Hexadecimal < Number
-        # Set +radix+ to 16.
-        def initialize(args)
-          super(*args << 16)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~R (Radix) directive.  This outputs numbers in a given
-      # radix, or using alternative forms, such as Roman numerals or
-      # cardinal/ordinal English numbers.
-      class Radix < Directive
-        @@names = {
-          1 => 'one',	     2 => 'two',	 3 => 'three',
-          4 => 'four',	     5 => 'five',	 6 => 'six',
-          7 => 'seven',     8 => 'eight',	 9 => 'nine',
-          10 => 'ten',	    11 => 'eleven',	12 => 'twelve',
-          13 => 'thirteen', 14 => 'fourteen',	15 => 'fifteen',
-          16 => 'sixteen',  17 => 'seventeen',	18 => 'eighteen',
-          19 => 'nineteen', 20 => 'twenty',	30 => 'thirty',
-          40 => 'forty',    50 => 'fifty',	60 => 'sixty',
-          70 => 'seventy',  80 => 'eighty',	90 => 'ninety'
-        }
-        @@illions = %w[ \ 
-          thousand	million		billion		  trillion
-          quadrillion   quintillion	sextillion	  septillion
-          octillion	nonillion	decillion	  undecillion
-          duodecillion  tredecillion	quattuordecillion quindecillion
-          sexdecillion  septendecillion octodecillion     novemdecillion
-          vigintillion
-        ]
-        @@ordinal_ones = %w[
-          \	    first     second      third	      fourth
-          fifth	    sixth     seventh     eight	      ninth
-          tenth	    eleventh  twelfth     thirteenth  fourteenth
-          fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth  nineteenth
-        ]
-        @@ordinal_tens = %w[
-          \	    \	      twentieth	  thirtieth fortieth
-          fiftieth  sixtieth  seventieth  eightieth ninetieth
-        ]
-        @@romans = [
-          [1000, 'M'], [900, 'CM'], [500, 'D'], [400, 'CD'], [100, 'C'],
-          [90,  'XC'], [50,   'L'], [40, 'XL'], [10,   'X'], [9,  'IX'],
-          [5,    'V'], [4,   'IV'], [1,   'I']
-        ]
-        @@old_romans = [
-          [1000,  'M'],	[900, 'DCCCC'], [500, 'D'], [400, 'CCCC'],
-          [100,	  'C'],	[90,  'LXXXX'], [50,  'L'], [40,  'XXXX'],
-          [10,	  'X'], [9,   'VIIII'], [5,   'V'], [4,   'IIII'],
-          [1,	  'I']
-        ]
-
-        # Output the given argument using one of a variety of methods.  Either
-        # the argument is output using a specific radix, using cardinal or
-        # ordinal English numbers, or Roman numerals.  The full form is
-        #   ~radix,mincol,padchar,commachar,commainterval:@R
-        # with the same interpretation as for ~D (Decimal / Number), but using
-        # the given +radix+ instead.  An ArgumentError is raised if the
-        # argument is not an integer, or, in the case of Roman numerals, if the
-        # argument is not a Fixnum value.
-        #
-        # If none of the parameters are given the output instead depends on the
-        # combination of modifiers:
-        # [<em>no modifiers</em>]
-        #   the number is output as a cardinal English number,
-        # [:]
-        #   the number is output as an ordinal English number,
-        # [@]
-        #   the number is output as a Roman numeral,
-        # [:@]
-        #   the number is output as an old Roman numeral.
-        #
-        # An ArgumentError is raised if the argument is not an integer.
-        def execute(state)
-          if @params.size > 0
-            # XXX: may be ugly to modify these
-            n = @params.shift.value
-            Factory.build(@params, @modifiers, nil, @pos, n).execute(state)
-          else
-            arg = state.next_arg
-            if arg.respond_to? :to_int
-              conversion = :cardinal
-              conversion = :ordinal if colon_mod?
-              conversion = :roman if at_mod?
-              conversion = :old_roman if colon_mod? and at_mod?
-              state.output self.send(conversion, arg.to_int)
-            else
-              arg_error 'argument is not an integer'
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-      private
-
-        # Convert the given number to a cardinal English number string.
-        def cardinal(n)
-          return 'zero' if n.zero?
-          out = []
-          negative = n < 0
-          n = n.abs
-          power = 0
-          while n > 0
-            before, after = n.divmod(1000)
-            if after > 0
-              block = cardinal_100s(after) + (power.zero? ? '' : ' ')
-              if power < @@illions.size
-                block << @@illions[power]
-              else
-                block << 'times ten to the ' + (power * 3).to_s + ' power'
-              end
-              out << block
-            end
-            n = before
-            power += 1
-          end
-          negative and out << 'minus'
-          out.reverse.join(', ')
-        end
-
-        # Deal with hundreds for cardinals.
-        def cardinal_100s(n)
-          out = []
-          q, r = n.divmod(100)
-          out << @@names[q] + ' hundred' if q > 0
-          if r >= 20
-            out << @@names[r / 10 * 10] + (r%10>0 ? '-' + @@names[r % 10] : '')
-          elsif r > 0
-            out << @@names[r]
-          end
-          out.join(' ')
-        end
-
-        # Convert the given number to an ordinal English number string.
-        def ordinal(n)
-          return 'zeroth' if n.zero?
-          out = []
-          if n < 0
-            out << 'minus'
-            n = n.abs
-          end
-          hundreds, tens_ones = n.divmod(100)
-          if hundreds > 0
-            out << cardinal(hundreds * 100) + (tens_ones.zero? ? 'th' : '')
-          end
-          if tens_ones >= 20
-            tens, ones = tens_ones.divmod(10)
-            if ones.zero?
-              out << @@ordinal_tens[tens]
-            else
-              out << @@names[tens * 10] + '-' + @@ordinal_ones[ones]
-            end
-          elsif tens_ones > 0
-            out << @@ordinal_ones[tens_ones]
-          end
-          out.join(' ')
-        end
-
-        # Helper method for roman numerals.
-        def roman_helper(n, table)
-          unless n.is_a? Fixnum
-            arg_error 'only Fixnum values can be converted to roman numerals'
-          end
-          out = []
-          table.each do |decimal, roman|
-            q, r = n.divmod(decimal)
-            if q > 0
-              out << roman * q
-              n = r
-            end
-          end
-          out.join('')
-        end
-
-        # Convert the given number to a Roman numeral.
-        def roman(n)
-          roman_helper(n, @@romans)
-        end
-
-        # Convert the given number to an old Roman numeral.
-        def old_roman(n)
-          roman_helper(n, @@old_romans)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~R (Plural) directive.  It outputs English plural
-      # suffixes depending on the given argument.
-      class Plural < Directive
-        # Outputs the given argument as an English plural suffix depending on
-        # the arguments value.  If arg is not #eql? to 1, a lowercase +s+ is
-        # output, else nothing is output.  The meaning of modifiers are:
-        # [:]
-        #   backs up one argument before checking,
-        # [@]
-        #   outputs +y+ or +ies+ instead of +s+ and _nothing_,
-        # [:@]
-        #   a combination of the two above.
-        def execute(state)
-          arg = colon_mod? ? state.previous_arg : state.next_arg
-          if at_mod?
-            state.output((arg.eql? 1) ? 'y' : 'ies')
-          else
-            state.output(?s) unless arg.eql? 1
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~C (Character) directive.  It outputs a character
-      # argument in one of several different representations depending on given
-      # modifiers.
-      # TODO: UNICODE this shit.
-      class Character < Directive
-        # Outputs the given argument in one of the ways described in the table
-        # below depending on given modifiers:
-        # [<tt>no modifiers</tt>]
-        #   simply output the character as a normal character,
-        # [:]
-        #   spells out control-bits on the input character, such as
-        #   Control-Meta-X,
-        # [@]
-        #   outputs the character in such as way that it can be read in by the
-        #   Ruby interpreter again as input, using the ?_char_ syntax,
-        # [:@]
-        #   has the same effect as : only.  The CLTL2 suggests that this
-        #   outputs unusual shift keys in a manner to make it easy to locate
-        #   them on a keyboard, but since no such standard has arisen, this is
-        #   not done.
-        def execute(state)
-          arg = state.next_arg
-          arg_error 'argument not a Fixnum' unless arg.is_a? Fixnum
-          ch = arg & 0xff
-          if colon_mod?
-            state.output('Control-') if (ch & 0x7f) < 0x1f
-            state.output('Meta-')    if ch >= 0x7f
-            state.output(ch & 0x7f | 0x60)
-          elsif at_mod?
-            state.output('?' + convert_char(ch))
-          else
-            state.output ch
-          end
-        end
-
-      private
-
-        # Convert a character to a escaped character string if possible.
-        # XXX: This should perhaps only use \x or \NNN syntax
-        def convert_char(ch)
-          if [?\\, ?\n, ?\t, ?\r, ?\f, ?\v, ?\a, ?\e, ?\b, ?\s].include? ch
-            ch.chr.inspect[1..-2]
-          else
-            if (ch & 0x7f) < 0x1f
-              "\\C-" + convert_char(ch | 0x60)
-            elsif ch >= 0x7f
-              "\\M-" + convert_char(ch & 0x7f | 0x60)
-            else
-              ch
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~F (Fixed-format floating-point) directive.  This
-      # outputs floating point values with various kinds of padding and such.
-      class FFFP < Directive
-        # Outputs the given argument using a floating-point representation.
-        # The full form is
-        #   ~w,d,k,overflowchar,padchar@F
-        # with the following interpretations
-        # [+w+ (+nil+)]
-        #   if non-+nil+, the output will be exactly +w+ characters long,
-        # [+d+ (+nil+)]
-        #   if non-+nil+, this is the number of digits output after the decimal
-        #   point (<tt>.</tt>),
-        # [+k+ (0)]
-        #   scaling factor - the number is first scaled using this value,
-        # [+overflowchar+ (+nil+)]
-        #   if non-+nil+, this character is used when this directive would
-        #   produce output longer than that specified with the +w+ directive,
-        # [+padchar+ (?\s)]
-        #   character to pad with if +w+ is non-nil and output isn't wide
-        #   enough yet,
-        # [@]
-        #   numbers are always output with sign prepended.
-        #
-        # An ArgumentError is raised if the argument is not a number or a
-        # string that can be converted to a number.
-        def execute(state)
-          width = param(0, state, nil)
-          digits = param(1, state, nil)
-          scale = param(2, state, 0)
-          overflowchar = param(3, state, nil)
-          padchar = param(4, state, ?\s)
-          arg = state.next_arg
-          if arg.respond_to? :to_f
-            num = arg.to_f * (10 ** scale)
-            str = (at_mod? and num >= 0) ? '+' : ''
-            str = sign + (digits.nil? ? num.to_s : sprintf("%.#{digits}f",num))
-            str = sign + sprintf("%.#{$1}f", num) if str =~ /e-([0-9]+)$/
-            unless width.nil?
-              if not digits.nil? and width == digits + 1
-                str.sub!(/^([+-]?)0\./, '\1.')
-              end
-              str = str.rjust(width, padchar.chr) if str.length < width
-              if str.length > width and digits.nil?
-                prec = width - (str.index(/\./) + 1) 
-                str = sign + sprintf("%#.#{prec}f", num)
-              end
-              str.sub!(/\.$/, '') if str.length > width and digits.nil?
-              if str.length > width and not overflowchar.nil?
-                str = overflowchar.chr * width
-              end
-            end
-            state.output str
-          elsif arg.respond_to? :to_int
-            state.push_back_arg
-            parameters = @params[0].nil? ? [] : [@params[0]]
-            Factory.build(parameters, [], ?D, nil, @pos).execute(state)
-          else
-            arg_error 'argument is not a number or a number string'
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~E (Exponential floating-point) directive.  This outputs
-      # floating point values in what is known as exponential or scientific
-      # floating point format, such as 1.0e+3 for 1000.
-      class ExpFP < Directive
-
-        # Outputs the argument using exponential floating-point format.  The
-        # full form is
-        #   ~w,d,e,k,overflowchar,padchar,exponentchar@E
-        # with the following interpretations
-        # [+w+ (+nil+)]
-        #   if non-+nil+, the output will be exactly +w+ characters long,
-        # [+d+ (+nil+)]
-        #   if non-+nil+, this is the number of digits output after the decimal
-        #   point (<tt>.</tt>),
-        # [+e+ (+nil+)]
-        #   if non-+nil+, the exponent part of the output will be exactly +e+
-        #   characters long,
-        # [+k+ (1)]
-        #   scaling factor - the number is first scaled using this value,
-        # [+overflowchar+ (+nil+)]
-        #   if non-+nil+, this character is used when this directive would
-        #   produce output longer than that specified with the +w+ directive,
-        # [+padchar+ (?\s)]
-        #   character to pad with if +w+ is non-nil and output isn't wide
-        #   enough yet,
-        # [+exponentchar+ (?e)]
-        #   character to use for exponent divider,
-        # [@]
-        #   numbers are always output with sign prepended.
-        #
-        # An ArgumentError is raised if the argument is not a number or a
-        # string that can be converted to a number.
-        def execute(state)
-          width = param(0, state, nil)
-          digits = param(1, state, nil)
-          edigits = param(2, state, nil)
-          scale = param(3, state, 1)
-          overflowchar = param(4, state, nil)
-          padchar = param(5, state, ?\s).chr
-          exponentchar = param(6, state, ?e).chr
-          arg = state.next_arg
-          if arg.respond_to? :to_f
-            num = arg.to_f
-            sign = (num >= 0 and at_mod?) ? '+' : ''
-            exp = Math.log10(num.abs).floor - (scale - 1)
-            exp_str = exponentchar + (exp >= 0 ? '+' : '-') +
-              (edigits.nil? ? exp.abs.to_s : exp.abs.to_s.rjust(edigits, '0'))
-            if digits.nil? and width.nil? and edigits.nil?
-              str = sign + (num * (10 ** -exp)).to_s + exp_str
-            else
-              if digits.nil?
-                prec = width - sign.length -
-                  ((num * (10 ** -exp)).to_s.index(/\./) + 1) - exp_str.length
-                str = sign + sprintf("%#.#{prec}f", num) + exp_str
-              else
-                if scale > 0
-                  if scale < digits + 2
-                    prec = digits - scale + 1
-                  else
-                    param_error 3, 'scale must be < digits + 2'
-                  end
-                else
-                  prec = -scale + (digits + scale)
-                end
-                str = sign + sprintf("%#.#{prec}f", num * (10**-exp)) + exp_str
-              end
-              unless width.nil?
-                if scale <= 0 and str.length > width
-                  str.sub!(/^([+-]?)0\./, '\1.')
-                end
-                str = str.rjust(width, padchar) if str.length < width
-              end
-              unless width.nil? and overflowchar.nil?
-                if not edigits.nil? and (exp_str.length - 2) > edigits
-                  str = overflowchar.chr * width
-                end
-              end
-            end
-            state.output str
-          elsif arg.respond_to? :to_int
-            state.push_back_arg
-            parameters = @params[0].nil? ? [] : [@params[0]]
-            Factory.build(parameters, [], ?D, nil, @pos).execute(state)
-          else
-            arg_error 'argument is not a number or a number string'
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~G (General floating-point) directive.  This outputs its
-      # argument using either a format like ~F or ~E depending upon given
-      # parameters and the magnitude of the argument.
-      class GeneralFP < Directive
-        # Outputs the argument using exponential floating-point format.  The
-        # algorithm to decide what format to use looks something like
-        #   let
-        #     10^n-1 <= arg < 10^n, or n = 0 if arg = 0,
-        #     ee = e + 2, or ee = 4 if e undefined,
-        #     ww = w - ee, or ww = nil if w undefined,
-        #     dd = d - n, or dd = max(q, min(n, 7)) where q = number of
-        #	characters necessary to print arg without loss of information
-        #   in
-        #     0 <= dd <= d, and print using
-        #	~ww,dd,,overflowchar,padcharF~ee@T
-        #     or print using
-        #	~w,d,e,k,overflowchar,padchar,exponentcharG
-        # Use of the @ modifier in the directives above depends on if it was
-        # passed to ~G in the first place.
-        #
-        # The full form is
-        #   ~w,d,e,k,overflowchar,padchar,exponentchar@G
-        # with the following interpretations
-        # [+w+ (+nil+)]
-        #   if non-+nil+, the output will be exactly +w+ characters long,
-        # [+d+ (+nil+)]
-        #   if non-+nil+, this is the number of digits output after the decimal
-        #   point (<tt>.</tt>),
-        # [+e+ (+nil+)]
-        #   if non-+nil+, the exponent part of the output will be exactly +e+
-        #   characters long,
-        # [+k+ (1)]
-        #   scaling factor - the number is first scaled using this value,
-        # [+overflowchar+ (+nil+)]
-        #   if non-+nil+, this character is used when this directive would
-        #   produce output longer than that specified with the +w+ directive,
-        # [+padchar+ (?\s)]
-        #   character to pad with if +w+ is non-nil and output isn't wide
-        #   enough yet,
-        # [+exponentchar+ (?e)]
-        #   character to use for exponent divider,
-        # [@]
-        #   numbers are always output with sign prepended.
-        #
-        # An ArgumentError is raised if the argument is not a number or a
-        # string that can be converted to a number.
-        def execute(state)
-          width = param(0, state, nil)
-          digits = param(1, state, nil)
-          edigits = param(2, state, nil)
-          scale = param(3, state, 1)
-          overflowchar = param(4, state, nil)
-          padchar = param(5, state, ?\s)
-          exponentchar = param(6, state, nil)
-          arg = state.next_arg
-          if arg.respond_to? :to_f
-            num = arg.to_f
-            n = num == 0.0 ? 0 : Math.log10(num.abs).floor + 1
-            ee = edigits.nil? ? 4 : edigits + 2
-            ww = w.nil? ? nil : w - ee
-            if d.nil?
-              q = num.to_s.length
-              d = Math.max(q, Math.min(n, 7))
-            end
-            dd = d - n
-            if 0 <= dd and dd <= d
-              state.push_back_arg
-              parameters = [
-                Parameters::Integer.new(@pos, ww),
-                Parameters::Integer.new(@pos, dd),
-                Parameters::Default.new(@pos),
-                overflowchar.nil? ?
-                  Parameters::Default.new(@pos) : 
-                  Parameters::Character.new(@pos, overflowchar),
-                padchar.nil? ?
-                  Parameters::Default.new(@pos) :
-                  Parameters::Character.new(@pos, padchar),
-              ]
-              Factory.build(parameters, @modifiers, ?F, nil,
-                            @pos).execute(state)
-              Factory.build([Parameters::Integere.new(@pos, ee)], @modifiers,
-                            ?T, nil, @pos).execute(state)
-            else
-              state.push_back_arg
-              Factory.build(@params, @modifiers, ?E, nil, @pos).execute(state)
-            end
-          elsif arg.respond_to? :to_int
-            state.push_back_arg
-            parameters = @params[0].nil? ? [] : [@params[0]]
-            Factory.build(parameters, [], ?D, nil, @pos).execute(state)
-          else
-            arg_error 'argument is not a number or a number string'
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~$ (Dollars floating-point) directive.  This directive
-      # outputs a floating point argument 
-      class DollarFP < Directive
-        # Outputs the argument using a floating point format that suits dollar
-        # values.  The full form is
-        #   ~d,n,w,padchar:@$
-        # with the following interpretations
-        # [+d+ (2)]
-        #   number of digits to print after the decimal point (<tt>.</tt>),
-        # [+n+ (1)]
-        #   number of digits to print before the decimal point (<tt>.</tt>),
-        # [+w+ (0)]
-        #   minimum width of the field,
-        # [+padchar+ (?\s)]
-        #   character used to produce right-adjusting padding with,
-        # [:]
-        #   the sign of the value is output before any padding,
-        # [@]
-        #   numbers are always output with sign prepended.
-        def execute(state)
-          digits = param(0, state, 2)
-          idigits = param(1, state, 1)
-          width = param(2, state, 0)
-          padchar = param(3, state, ?\s)
-          arg = state.next_arg
-          if arg.respond_to :to_int
-            sign = (arg >= 0 ? (at_mod? ? '+' : '') : '-')
-            str = sprintf("%0#{idigits + digits + 1}.#{digits}f", arg.abs)
-            if colon_mod?
-              str = sign + str.rjust(width, padchar.chr)
-            else
-              str = (sign + str).rjust(width, padchar.chr)
-            end
-            state.output str
-          elsif arg.respond_to? :to_i
-            state.push_back_arg
-            parameters = @params[2].nil? ? [] : [@params[2]]
-            Factory.build(?D, parameters, [], nil, @pos).execute(state)
-          else
-            arg_error 'argument is not a number or a number string'
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Parent class for character outputting directives, such as ~% (NewLine),
-      # ~| (NewPage), and ~~ (Tilde), which output the same character a given
-      # number of times.
-      class CharacterDirective < Directive
-        # Create and set the character to use to +ch+.
-        def initialize(params, modifiers, top, pos, ch)
-          super params, modifiers, top, pos
-          @ch = ch
-        end
-
-        # Outputs the specific character (depending on the
-        # sub-classing directive) a given number of times.  The full form is
-        #   ~n[%|~]
-        # with the following interpretations
-        # [+n+ (1)]
-        #   number of times to output the specific character.
-        def execute(state)
-          n = param(0, state, 1)
-          state.output(@ch.chr * n)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~% (Newline) directive.  This outputs a new-line (?\n)
-      # character a given number of times.
-      class NewLine < CharacterDirective
-        # Set the output character to a new-line (?\n).
-        def initialize(*args)
-          super(*args << ?\n)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~% (Freshline) directive.  This outputs a new-line (?\n)
-      # character a given number of times, depending on if it is already at the
-      # first output column or not.
-      class FreshLine < Directive
-        # Outputs a new-line character a given number of times depending on if
-        # it is already at the first output column or not.  If it is it outputs
-        # it the given number minus one (1).  The full form is
-        #   ~n&
-        # with the following interpretations
-        # [+n+ (1)]
-        #   number of times to output the specific character (maybe minus one).
-        def execute(state)
-          n = param(0, state, 1)
-          return if n.zero?
-          state.output(?\n) if state._col > 0
-          (n - 1).times do state.output(?\n) end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~| (Newpage) directive.  This outputs a new-page (?\f)
-      # character a given number of times.
-      class NewPage < CharacterDirective
-        # Set the output character to a new-page (?\f).
-        def initialize(*args)
-          super(*args << ?\f)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~~ (Tilde) directive.  This outputs a tilde (~)
-      # character a given number of times.
-      class Tilde < CharacterDirective
-        # Set the output character to a tilde (~).
-        def initialize(*args)
-          super(*args << ?~)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~?\n (Real new-line) directive.  This is used to skip
-      # the new-line and any following white-space characters in the input
-      # format.  This is useful in long format strings, where the string has to
-      # be split into multiple lines without ruining indentation.
-      class SkipWhitespace < Directive
-        # Join this directive with the following.  This removes any new-line
-        # and/or following white-space from the directive that follows, if it
-        # is a string Literal.
-        def join(other)
-          return other if not other.is_a?(FormatLiteral) or colon_mod?
-          other.sub!(/^[\s\t]+/, '')
-          other[0,0] = '\n' if at_mod?
-          other
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~T (Tabulate) directive.  This tabulates to a given
-      # position in the output using white-space.
-      class Tabulate < Directive
-        # The output is spaced over to a given position, depending on where it
-        # already is and parameters given to this directive.
-        #   ~colnum,colinc:@T
-        # with the following interpretations
-        # [+colnum+ (1)]
-        #   column to move to,
-        # [+colinc+ (1)]
-        #   number of columns to space over by if already at or beyond
-        #   +colnum+,
-        # [@]
-        #   performs relative tabulation.  +colnum+ is treated as the column to
-        #   begin from (spacing over to it if necessary), and then moves over
-        #   to a column that is the smallest multiple of +colinc+.
-        #
-        # If output is already at or beyond +colnum+, then output is spaced
-        # over to column <em>colnum + k * colinc</em>, for the smallest _k_
-        # possible.  An example of the @ modifiers effect is for the instance
-        # of the ~T directive ~3,8@T, which moves over three columns, and then
-        # to the first eight-sized tab-stop.
-        def execute(state)
-          colnum = param(0, state, 1)
-          colinc = param(1, state, 1)
-          padchar = ?\s.chr
-          if at_mod?
-            state.output(padchar * colnum)
-            state.output(padchar * (colinc - state.col % colinc))
-          else
-            if state.col < colnum
-              state.output(padchar * (colnum - state.col))
-            elsif colinc > 0
-              k = 1 + (state.col - colnum) / colinc
-              state.output(padchar * ((colnum + k * colinc) - state.col))
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~* (Argument jumping) directive.  This moves arbitrarily
-      # amongst the arguments passed to the formatting engine.
-      class ArgJump < Directive
-        # Moves backwards or forwards, relative or absolute, among the
-        # formatting arguments.  The full form is
-        #   ~n:@*
-        # with the following interpretations
-        # [+n+ (1)]
-        #   the amount of arguments to move or the argument to move to if
-        #   moving to an absolute position, indexed from zero (0),
-        # [:]
-        #   move backwards +n+ arguments
-        # [@]
-        #   move to the +n+:th argument, using zero-based indexing (absolute).
-        def execute(state)
-          n = param(0, state, 1)
-          state.args_move(colon_mod? ? -n : n, !at_mod?)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~? (Indirection) directive.  This takes the two
-      # following arguments and formats them, using the first as the formatting
-      # string, and the second as its arguments and inserts it into the output.
-      class Indirection < Directive
-        # Uses the next argument as a formatting string and then, depending on
-        # modifiers specified, uses one of a set of different arguments as
-        # input to this formatting.  The full form is
-        #   ~@?
-        # with the following interpretations
-        # [@]
-        #   the formatting string is, much like a macro, inserted into the
-        #   formatting stream, so to speak, and consumes arguments and so on
-        #   from the current state, instead, as per default, consuming a second
-        #   argument and reading arguments from it.
-        def execute(state)
-          if at_mod?
-            formatter = Formatter.new(state.next_arg, state)
-          else
-            format = state.next_arg
-            state = State.new(state.next_arg, state.latest_output)
-            formatter = Formatter.new(format, state)
-          end
-          formatter.run
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~( (Begin case-conversion) directive.  Everything
-      # contained within it and its matching pair ~) (End case-conversion)
-      # directive is subject to case conversion, such as upcasing or
-      # capitalization.
-      class BeginCaseConversion < Directive
-        # Outputs the contained output case converted using some method that
-        # depends on the combination of modifiers given to this directive.  The
-        # full form is
-        #   ~:@(
-        # with the following interpretations
-        # [<em>no modifiers</em>]
-        #   output is downcased,
-        # [:]
-        #   every word is capitalized in the output,
-        # [@]
-        #   the first word is capitalized in the output,
-        # [:@]
-        #   output is upcased.
-        def execute(state)
-          conv = :DOWN
-          conv = :CAP if colon_mod?
-          conv = :CAP_FIRST if at_mod?
-          conv = :UP if colon_mod? and at_mod?
-          state.case_conv = conv
-          state.push_output
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~) (End case-conversion) directive.  Everything
-      # contained within it and its matching pair ~( (Begin case-conversion)
-      # directive is subject to case conversion, such as upcasing or
-      # capitalization.
-      class EndCaseConversion < Directive
-        # This does the actual work for the ~( directive, in that it collects
-        # all the output between its matching directive (~() and outputs it
-        # using one of the conversions set up by the ~( (BeginCaseConversion)
-        # directive.
-        def execute(state)
-          output = state.pop_output.to_s
-          state.output(
-                      case state.case_conv
-                      when :DOWN
-                        output.downcase
-                      when :CAP
-                        output.gsub(/\w+/) do |w| w.capitalize end
-                      when :CAP_FIRST
-                        output.capitalize
-                      when :UP
-                        output.upcase
-                      end
-                      )
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~[ (Begin conditional expression) directive.  This is
-      # useful to choose among a set of directives depending on arguments and
-      # numbers.
-      class BeginConditional < Directive
-        # Set up some variables and basically pass on to super.
-        def initialize(*args)
-          super(*args)
-          if (colon_mod? or at_mod?) and @params.size > 0
-            param_error 0, 'no parameters allowed together with' +
-              ': and/or @ modifiers'
-          end
-          @clauses = []
-          @default = -1
-        end
-
-        # Process one of the given clauses, depending on the numeric value of
-        # the given argument, or a specified parameter.  The full form is
-        #   ~n[clause0~;clause1~:;clause2~]
-        # or
-        #   ~:[clause0~;clause1~]
-        # or
-        #   ~@[clause0~]
-        # with the following interpretations
-        # [+n+ (nil)]
-        #   if given, this value will be used to choose a clause instead of
-        #   reading an arguments value.  This is only useful if +n+ is in fact
-        #   the arguments left parameter (<tt>#</tt>).  An error is raised if
-        #   this argument does not #respond_to? :to_int,
-        # [:]
-        #   instead of choosing a clause by number, the argument is tested as a
-        #   boolean value, and if false, then first clause is executed, else
-        #   the second one is,
-        # [@]
-        #   instead of choosing a clause by number, the argument is tested as a
-        #   boolean value, and if true, the single clause is executed.
-        def execute(state)
-          test = state.next_arg if colon_mod? or at_mod?
-          if colon_mod?
-            c = test ? 1 : 0
-          elsif at_mod?
-            if test
-              state.push_back_arg
-              c = 0
-            end
-          else
-            n = param(0, state, nil)
-            if n.nil?
-              arg = state.next_arg
-              if arg.respond_to? :to_int
-                n = arg.to_int
-              else
-                arg_error 'argument is not an integral value'
-              end
-            end
-            if n < @clauses.size
-              c = n
-            elsif @default != -1
-              c = @default
-            end
-          end
-          Format.execute_directives(state, @clauses[c]) unless c.nil?
-        end
-
-        # Connect a set of directives to this conditional directive.
-        # A SyntaxError is raised if multiple clauses have been marked as
-        # 'default', or if too many clauses have been specified for a given
-        # set of modifiers.
-        def connect(directives)
-          @clauses = []
-          clause = []
-          directives.each do |d|
-            if d.is_a? ClauseSeparator
-              @clauses << clause
-              clause = []
-              if d.colon_mod?
-                if @default == -1
-                  @default = @clauses.size
-                else
-                  raise SyntaxError.new(d.pos),
-                    'default clause has already been set'
-                end
-              end
-            elsif d.is_a? EndConditional
-              @clauses << clause
-              break
-            else
-              clause << d
-            end
-          end
-          must = 'two' if colon_mod? and @clauses.size != 2
-          must = 'one' if at_mod? and @clauses.size != 1
-          unless must.nil?
-            raise SyntaxError.new(@pos), "must specify exactly #{must} clauses"
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~; (Clause separator) directive.  It separates clauses
-      # inside conditional and justifying directives (~[...~] and ~<...~>).  It
-      # may not appear anywhere else.
-      class ClauseSeparator < Directive
-        # Check that +top+ is either a BeginConditional or a
-        # BeginJustification.  If not, a SyntaxError is raised.
-        def initialize(params, modifiers, top, pos)
-          super params, modifiers, top, pos
-          unless top.is_a? BeginConditional
-            raise SyntaxError.new(@pos),
-              '~; directive must be contained within a conditional (~[...~])' +
-              ' or a justification (~<...~>)'
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~] (End conditional expression) directive.  It ends a
-      # conditional expression, and is an error if it appears without a
-      # matching opening conditional expression.
-      class EndConditional < Directive
-        def initialize(params, modifiers, top, pos)
-          super params, modifiers, top, pos
-          unless top.is_a? BeginConditional
-            raise SyntaxError.new(@pos), '~) without matching ~('
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~{ (Begin iteration) directive.  A given set of
-      # directives is used iteratively over a set of arguments (depends on the
-      # modifiers specified) a given number of times, or until it runs out of
-      # arguments.
-      class BeginIteration < Directive
-        # Create and set up some private variables
-        def initialize(params, modifiers, top, pos)
-          super params, modifiers, top, pos
-          @directives = []
-        end
-
-        # Iteratively run the contained directives using sets of arguments
-        # depending upon what modifiers where given.  The full form is
-        #   ~n:@{...~}
-        # with the following interpretations
-        # [n]
-        #   maximum number of times the iteration should be performed,
-        # [<em>no modifiers</em>]
-        #   the iteration reads an argument, which must be an Array, and uses
-        #   it as the arguments to the contained directives,
-        # [:]
-        #   the iteration reads an argument, which must be an Array
-        #   containing sub-arrays, and uses the sub-arrays as the arguments to
-        #   the contained directives, moving to the next one on each iteration,
-        # [@]
-        #   the iteration uses the rest of the arguments as arguments to the
-        #   contained directives,
-        # [:@]
-        #   the iteration uses the rest of the arguments, which must be Arrays,
-        #   using each Array as the set of arguments to the contained
-        #   directives.
-        def execute(state)
-          n = param(0, state, nil)
-          return if not n.nil? and n == 0
-          if colon_mod? and at_mod?
-            execute_sets(n, state, false)
-          elsif at_mod?
-            execute_args(n, nil, state, false)
-          elsif colon_mod?
-            execute_sets(n, state, true)
-          else
-            execute_args(n, state.next_arg, state, true)
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Connect a set of directives to this iteration directive.
-        def connect(directives)
-          directives.pop
-          @directives = directives
-        end
-
-      private
-
-        # Execute the iteration using sub-lists either from the following
-        # argument or from the remaining arguments.
-        def execute_sets(n, state, use_next_arg)
-          if use_next_arg
-            sets = state.next_arg
-            arg_error 'argument not an array' unless sets.is_a? Array
-            sets = sets[0...n] unless n.nil?
-          else
-            m = n
-            sets = []
-            while state.args_left > 0 and (m.nil? or m > 0)
-              sets << state.next_arg
-              m -= 1 unless m.nil?
-            end
-          end
-          sets.each do |set|
-            execute_args(nil, set, state, true)
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Execute the iteration while there are arguments left and we haven't
-        # reached our limit of iterations.
-        def execute_args(n, args, state, use_new_state)
-          if use_new_state
-            arg_error 'argument not an array' unless args.is_a? Array
-            state = State.new(args, state.latest_output)
-          end
-          while state.args_left > 0 and (n.nil? or n > 0)
-            Format.execute_directives(state, @directives)
-            n -= 1 unless n.nil?
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Represents the ~} (End iteration) directive.  See BeginIteration for an
-      # explanation of how these directives work together.
-      class EndIteration < Directive
-        # Raise a SyntaxError if +top+ is not a BeginIteration.
-        def initialize(params, modifiers, top, pos)
-          super params, modifiers, top, pos
-          unless top.is_a? BeginIteration
-            raise SynaxError, '~} without matching ~{'
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Factory for directives.  Formatting directives should be created using
-      # singleton methods in this class.
-      class Factory
-        @@directives = {
-          ?A  => [Ascii,		4,  [],		 0],
-          ?S  => [SExpression,		4,  [],		 0],
-          ?D  => [Decimal,		4,  [],		 0],
-          ?B  => [Binary,		4,  [],		 0],
-          ?O  => [Octal,		4,  [],		 0],
-          ?X  => [Hexadecimal,		4,  [],		 0],
-          ?R  => [Radix,		5,  [],		 0],
-          ?P  => [Plural,		0,  [],		 0],
-          ?C  => [Character,		0,  [],		 0],
-          ?F  => [FFFP,			5,  [?:],	 0],
-          ?E  => [ExpFP,		7,  [?:],	 0],
-          ?G  => [GeneralFP,		7,  [?:],	 0],
-          ?$  => [DollarFP,		4,  [],		 0],
-          ?%  => [NewLine,		1,  [?:, ?@],	 0],
-          ?&  => [FreshLine,		1,  [?:, ?@],	 0],
-          ?|  => [NewPage,		1,  [?:, ?@],	 0],
-          ?~  => [Tilde,		0,  [?:, ?@],	 0],
-          ?\n => [SkipWhitespace,	0,  [[?:, ?@]],	 0],
-          ?T  => [Tabulate,		2,  [],		 0],
-          ?*  => [ArgJump,		1,  [[?:, ?@]],	 0],
-          ??  => [Indirection,		0,  [?:],	 0],
-          ?(  => [BeginCaseConversion,	0,  [],		 0],
-          ?)  => [EndCaseConversion,	0,  [?:, ?@],	 0],
-          ?[  => [BeginConditional,	1,  [[?:, ?@]],	 1],
-          ?;  => [ClauseSeparator,	0,  [?@],	 0],
-          ?]  => [EndConditional,	0,  [?@],	-1],
-          ?{  => [BeginIteration,	1,  [],		 1],
-          ?}  => [EndIteration,		0,  [?:, ?@],	-1],
-        }
-
-        # Create a directive given a set of paramaters, modifiers, the
-        # character representing the directive, possible owning directive, and
-        # position in the format string.
-        def self.build(params, modifiers, directive, top, pos)
-          @@directives.include? directive or
-            raise UnknownDirectiveError.new(pos), 'unknown format directive'
-          idx = directive.chr.upcase[0]
-          params.size <= @@directives[idx][1] or
-            raise ParameterError.new(pos),
-              'too many parameters given, expected no more than ' +
-              @@directives[idx][1].to_s
-          @@directives[idx][2].each do |illegal|
-            if illegal.is_a? Array and (modifiers == illegal or
-              modifiers.reverse == illegal)
-              raise ModifierError.new(pos),
-                'cannot specify both : and @ modifiers'
-            elsif modifiers.include? illegal
-              raise ModifierError.new(pos),
-                'cannot specify the ' + mod.chr + 'modifier'
-            end
-          end
-          return [
-            @@directives[idx][0].new(params, modifiers, top, pos),
-            @@directives[idx][3]
-          ]
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-  private
-
-    # Execute a set of directives in a given state.
-    def self.execute_directives(state, directives)
-      directives.each do |directive|
-        begin
-          directive.execute state
-        rescue => e
-          e.pos = d.pos if e.respond_to?(:pos) and e.pos == -1
-          raise
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def Lisp.format(format, *args)
-    begin 
-      state = Format::State.new(args, Format::Output.new)
-      formatter = Format::Formatter.new(format, state)
-      formatter.run
-    rescue => e
-      puts 'Format error: ' + e.message
-      puts format
-      puts ' ' * (e.pos - 1) + '^' if e.respond_to? :pos
-      raise
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-
-=begin
-# --- development testing ---
-
-if $0 == __FILE__
-  
-  require 'test/unit'
-  require 'test/unit/ui/console/testrunner'
-
-  class FormatTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
-    
-    def test_decimal
-      assert(Lisp.format("~D", 1) == "1")
-    end
-
-    def test_decimal_params
-      assert(Lisp.format("~5,'-D~6D", 1, 2) == "----1     2")
-    end
-
-    def test_decimal_modifiers
-      assert(Lisp.format("~5,'-,'.:@D~@D", 1013, 2) == "+1.013+2")
-      assert(Lisp.format("~7,,,2:@D~@D", 1013, 2) == " +10,13+2")
-    end
-
-    # Tests for ~v, ~V, ~#
-  end
-
-  Test::Unit::UI::Console::TestRunner.run(FormatTest)
-
-end
-=end