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+ <p>But there was a major drawback, a new unpublished Army history of the war concludes. Because the Pentagon insisted on maintaining a &#8220;small footprint&#8221; in Afghanistan and because Iraq was drawing away resources, General Barno commanded fewer than 20,000 troops.</p><p>As a result, battalions with 800 soldiers were trying to secure provinces the size of Vermont. &#8220;Coalition forces remained thinly spread across Afghanistan,&#8221; the historians write. &#8220;Much of the country remained vulnerable to enemy force increasingly willing to reassert their power.&#8221; </p><p>That early and undermanned effort to employ counterinsurgency is one of several examples of how American forces, hamstrung by inadequate resources, missed opportunities to stabilize Afghanistan during the early years of the war, according to the history, &#8220;A Different Kind of War.&#8221; </p><p>This year, a resurgent <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/t/taliban/index.html?inline=nyt-org" title="More articles about the Taliban.">Taliban</a> prompted the current American commander, Gen. <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/stanley_a_mcchrystal/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about Stanley A. McChrystal.">Stanley A. McChrystal</a>, to warn that the war would be lost without an infusion of additional troops and a more aggressive approach to counterinsurgency. <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/o/barack_obama/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about Barack Obama.">President Obama</a> agreed, ordering the deployment of 30,000 more troops, which will bring the total American force to 100,000.</p><p>But as early as late 2003, the Army historians assert, &#8220;it should have become clear to officials at Centcom and D.O.D. that the coalition presence in Afghanistan did not provide enough resources&#8221; for proper counterinsurgency, the historians write, referring to the United States Central Command and the Department of Defense. </p><p>&#8220;A Different Kind of War,&#8221; which covers the period from October 2001 until September 2005, represents the first installment of the Army&#8217;s official history of the conflict. Written by a team of seven historians at the Army&#8217;s<a href="http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/CSI/" title="Institute&#8217;s Web site."> Combat Studies Institute</a> at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., and based on open source material, it is scheduled to be published by spring. </p><p>The New York Times obtained a copy of the manuscript, which is still under review by current and former military officials.</p><p>Though other histories, including &#8220;In the Graveyard of Empires&#8221; by <a href="http://explore.georgetown.edu/people/sgj2/" title="Jones&#8217;s bio page at Georgetown.">Seth G. Jones</a> and &#8220;Descent Into Chaos&#8221; by <a href="http://www.ahmedrashid.com/" title="Rashid&#8217;s Web site.">Ahmed Rashid</a>, cover similar territory, the manuscript of &#8220;A Different Kind of War&#8221; offers new details and is notable for carrying the imprimatur of the Army itself, which will use the history to train a new generation of officers. </p><p>The more than 400-page history praises several innovations by the Pentagon, particularly the pairing of small Special Operations Forces teams with Afghan militias, which, backed by laser-guided weapons, drove the Taliban from power. </p><p>But, once the Taliban fell, the Pentagon often seemed ill-prepared and slow-footed in shifting from a purely military mission to a largely peacekeeping and nation-building one, fresh details in the history indicate. </p><p>&#8220;Even after the capture of Kabul and Kandahar,&#8221; the historians write, &#8220;there was no major planning initiated to create long-term political, social and economic stability in Afghanistan. In fact, the message from senior D.O.D officials in Washington was for the U.S. military to avoid such efforts.&#8221; </p><p>In one telling anecdote from 2004, the history describes how soldiers under General Barno had so little experience in counterinsurgency that one lieutenant colonel bought books about the strategy over the Internet and distributed them to his company commanders and platoon leaders.</p><p>In another case, a civil affairs commander in charge of small-scale reconstruction projects told the historians that he had been given $1 million in cash to house and equip his soldiers but that bureaucratic obstacles prevented him from spending a penny on projects. It took months to reduce the red tape, the historians say. </p><p><span class="bold"> </span>The historians also say that such anecdotes underscore the resourcefulness of commanders faced with unclear guidance and inadequate resources. But limited manpower still had an impact on operations, the history indicates.</p><p>When the Taliban was on the run in the spring of 2002, Lt. Gen. Dan K. McNeill, the incoming commander of American forces, traveled to Washington seeking guidance. The message conveyed by the Army&#8217;s vice chief of staff, Gen. Jack Keane, was: &#8220;Don&#8217;t do anything that looks like permanence,&#8221; General McNeill recalled. &#8220;We are in and out of there in a hurry.&#8221; </p><p>Largely as a result of that mandate, General McNeill took only half of his headquarters command from the 18th Airborne Corps. But as the conflict became more complicated, requiring diplomatic and political operations, General McNeill lacked enough planning personnel, the history suggests. He was replaced in 2003 by an even smaller headquarters unit, the history says.<span class="bold"> </span></p><p>The lack of resources was also apparent in the training of Afghan security forces, the history shows. </p><p>Early in the war, the training program was hampered by poor equipment, low pay, high attrition and not enough trainers. Living conditions for the Afghan army were so poor that Maj. Gen. <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/e/karl_w_eikenberry/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about Karl W. Eikenberry.">Karl W. Eikenberry</a> likened them to Valley Forge when he took command of the training operation in October 2002. </p><div id="pageLinks"><ul id="pageNumbers"><li> 1 </li><li> <a onClick="s_code_linktrack('Article-MultiPagePageNum2');" title="Page 2" href="/2009/12/31/world/asia/31history.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1&hp">2</a> </li></ul><a class="next" onClick="s_code_linktrack('Article-MultiPage-Next');"
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+ <li><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/us/politics/30obama.html?bl" title="Click to go to this article">Obama Cites 'Systemic Failure' in U.S. Security</a></li>
653
+
654
+ <li><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/opinion/30dowd.html?bl" title="Click to go to this article">As the Nation's Pulse Races, Obama Can't Seem to Find His</a></li>
655
+ <li><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/29/us/29terror.html?bl" title="Click to go to this article">Security System Failed, Napolitano Acknowledges</a></li>
656
+ <li><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/29/world/middleeast/29iran.html?bl" title="Click to go to this article">Police Are Said to Have Killed 10 in Iran Protests</a></li>
657
+ <li><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/03/magazine/03fob-q4-t.html?bl" title="Click to go to this article">Power of Attorney</a></li>
658
+ <li><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/29/technology/29hack.html?bl" title="Click to go to this article">Code That Protects Most Cellphone Calls Is Divulged</a></li>
659
+ <li><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/28/opinion/28raff.html?bl" title="Click to go to this article">Search, but You May Not Find</a></li>
660
+ <li><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/arts/design/30levine.html?bl" title="Click to go to this article">David Levine, Astringent Illustrator, Dies at 83</a></li>
661
+ </ol>
662
+ <a class="more" href="http://www.nytimes.com/gst/mostblogged.html">Go to Complete List &#x00bb;</a>
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+ </div><!-- #most blogged top10 -->
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678
+ <li><a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/sitesearch_selector.html?query=hors%20d'oeuvres%20new%20years&amp;date_select=full&amp;type=nyt">hors d'oeuvres new years</a></li>
679
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+ <a class="more" href="http://www.nytimes.com/gst/mostsearched.html">Go to Complete List &#x00bb;</a>
681
+ </div><!-- #most searched top10 -->
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+ <script type="text/javascript">new Accordian("mostPopWidget");</script>
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+ <h4>Advertisements</h4>
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+ <div class="mothImage">
875
+ <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/opinion/l30iran.html"><img src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2009/12/30/opinion/30moth_letters/moth.jpg" alt="Letters: Policy on Iran: Words or Warheads?" width="151" height="151" /></a>
876
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877
+ <h6 class="headline"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/opinion/l30iran.html">Letters: Policy on Iran: Words or Warheads?</a></h6>
878
+ </div>
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+ <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/business/30theft.html"><img src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2009/12/30/business/30moth_theft/moth.jpg" alt="Shoplifters? Studies Say Keep an Eye on Workers" width="151" height="151" /></a>
888
+ </div>
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+ <h6 class="headline"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/business/30theft.html">Shoplifters? Studies Say Keep an Eye on Workers</a></h6>
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+ <div class="mothImage">
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901
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+ <h6 class="headline"><a href="http://roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/29/the-baby-market/">Room for Debate: The Baby Market</a></h6>
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+ <h6 class="headline"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/us/30flood.html">Flooding Solution Is a Problem to Some</a></h6>
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925
+ </div>
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+
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+ <h6 class="headline"><a href="http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/phys-ed-how-much-exercise-to-avoid-feeling-gloomy/">Phys Ed: Exercise to Avoid Feeling Gloomy?</a></h6>
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930
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+ <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/pages/world/index.html">World &raquo;</a>
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+ <div class="mothImage">
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+ <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/world/middleeast/30baghdad.html"><span class="img" src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2009/12/30/world/30moth_baghdad/moth.jpg" alt="In Heart of Iraq, a Plan to Revive a Central Artery" width="151" height="151" /></a>
938
+ </div>
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+ <h6 class="headline"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/world/middleeast/30baghdad.html">In Heart of Iraq, a Plan to Revive a Central Artery</a></h6>
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941
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942
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+ </div>
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+ <h6 class="headline"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/dining/30peas.html">Brooklyn&rsquo;s Flavor Route to the South</a></h6>
952
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953
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955
+ <td class="hidden">
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+ <div class="story">
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+ <h6 class="kicker"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/index.html">Opinion &raquo;</a></h6>
958
+ <h3><a href="http://douthat.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/29/the-filibuster-now-more-than-ever/">Douthat Blog: The Filibuster</a></h3>
959
+ <p class="summary">Is the filibuster a threat to America&rsquo;s long-term solvency?</p>
960
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961
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967
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+ <h6 class="headline"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/arts/television/30real.html">Shacking Up, Making Out and Sharing</a></h6>
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975
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976
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980
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982
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+ <h6 class="headline"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/12/30/opinion/20091230-schott.html">Ben Schott: The Year in Questions</a></h6>
985
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