expressir 1.2.10-aarch64-linux → 2.4.29-aarch64-linux

data/lib/expressir/express/checker.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,812 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Expressir
+  module Express
+    # Semantic checks modeled on eeng kernel/check.lisp + check-notes.lisp
+    # (expressir parity-ee stage 07). Each note preserves the eeng note id
+    # so oracle differentials stay cross-referenceable.
+    #
+    # Coverage is a deliberate subset of eeng's check-p11 catalog:
+    #   check-schema-interface-redundant
+    #   check-schema-iface-resource-duplicate
+    #   check-subtype-ref
+    #   check-subtype-cycle
+    #   check-duplicate-declaration
+    #   check-where-name-pattern   (entity, type, rule)
+    #   check-unique-name-pattern
+    #   check-unresolved-ref   (aggregate of eeng type/entity unparsed notes)
+    #   check-select-extended-type
+    #   check-enumeration-extended-type
+    #   check-inverse-entity/-attrib-ref/-inverse/-derive (tranche 3)
+    #   qualified-attrib-group-not-found/-not-ancestor,
+    #   qualified-attrib-attr-not-found (tranche 3)
+    #
+    # Severity: :error stops a clean SHTOLO run; :warning is advisory.
+    class Checker
+      Note = Struct.new(:id, :severity, :schema, :message, :node, keyword_init: true)
+
+      WHERE_LABEL = /\AWR\d+\z/i
+      UNIQUE_LABEL = /\AUR\d+\z/i
+      DECL_COLLECTIONS = %i[types entities functions procedures constants rules
+                            subtype_constraints].freeze
+
+      attr_reader :notes
+
+      def initialize(repository)
+        @repository = repository
+        @notes = []
+        # Case-folded index to LISTS of schemas: EXPRESS schema ids are
+        # case-insensitive, and two schemas differing only in case are
+        # distinct declarations that must not silently overwrite each other.
+        @by_name = {}
+        repository.schemas.compact.each do |schema|
+          next unless schema.id
+
+          (@by_name[schema.id.safe_downcase] ||= []) << schema
+        end
+      end
+
+      def check
+        @notes = []
+        @repository.schemas.compact.each { |schema| check_schema(schema) }
+        self
+      end
+
+      def errors
+        notes.select { |n| n.severity == :error }
+      end
+
+      def warnings
+        notes.select { |n| n.severity == :warning }
+      end
+
+      def valid?
+        errors.empty?
+      end
+
+      def report(io = $stdout)
+        notes.each do |n|
+          io.puts "[#{n.severity}] #{n.id}: #{n.message}"
+        end
+        io.puts "#{errors.size} error(s), #{warnings.size} warning(s)"
+        io
+      end
+
+      BUILTINS = %w[
+        integer real number string binary boolean logical generic
+        generic_entity aggregate array bag list set
+        true false unknown self const_e pi
+        abs acos asin atan cos exp format hibound hiindex length
+        log log2 log10 lobound loindex nvl odd rolesof sin sizeof
+        sqrt tan typeof usedin value value_in value_unique exists
+        blength insert remove
+      ].freeze
+
+      private
+
+      def note!(id, severity, schema, message, node = nil)
+        @notes << Note.new(id: id, severity: severity, schema: schema&.id,
+                           message: message, node: node)
+      end
+
+      def check_schema(schema)
+        check_duplicates(schema)
+        check_interfaces(schema)
+        check_self_schema_reference(schema)
+        schema.entities.each { |e| check_entity(schema, e) }
+        schema.types.each do |t|
+          check_type(schema, t)
+          check_select_items(schema, t)
+          check_where_rules(schema, t, t.where_rules)
+        end
+        schema.rules.each { |r| check_where_rules(schema, r, r.where_rules) }
+        schema.entities.each do |entity|
+          check_aggregate_bounds(schema, entity)
+          check_attrib_name_fun(schema, entity)
+        end
+        check_string_references(schema)
+        check_unresolved_refs(schema)
+      end
+
+      # Self-qualified literals naming the CURRENT schema (#125): local
+      # items must not be prefixed, foreign items must name their true
+      # defining schema (ISO 10303-11 scope rules).
+      def check_self_schema_reference(schema)
+        SelfSchemaReference.matches(schema).each do |match|
+          case match.status
+          when :local
+            note!(:check_self_schema_reference, :warning, schema,
+                  "self-qualified '#{schema.id}.#{match.item}' — " \
+                  "'#{match.item}' is local; drop the prefix", match.literal)
+          when :foreign
+            note!(:check_self_schema_reference, :warning, schema,
+                  "self-qualified '#{schema.id}.#{match.item}' — item is " \
+                  "defined in '#{match.source_schema.id}'", match.literal)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Two declarations in one schema sharing a (case-insensitive) name is
+      # invalid EXPRESS — the second can never be referenced.
+      def check_duplicates(schema)
+        seen = {}
+        DECL_COLLECTIONS.each do |coll|
+          Array(schema.public_send(coll)).each do |decl|
+            next unless decl.respond_to?(:id) && decl.id
+
+            key = decl.id.safe_downcase
+            if seen.key?(key)
+              note!(:check_duplicate_declaration, :error, schema,
+                    "duplicate declaration '#{decl.id}' (also declared in " \
+                    "#{seen[key]})", decl)
+            else
+              seen[key] = coll.to_s
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # eeng: check-schema-interface-redundant +
+      #       check-schema-iface-resource-duplicate.
+      # USE FROM and REFERENCE FROM are different clauses with different
+      # semantics; only interfaces of the SAME kind are compared.
+      def check_interfaces(schema)
+        ifaces = Array(schema.interfaces)
+        ifaces.each_with_index do |iface, i|
+          target = iface_schema_name(iface)
+          next unless target
+
+          later = ifaces[(i + 1)..] || []
+          later.each do |other|
+            next unless iface_schema_name(other)&.safe_downcase == target.safe_downcase
+            next unless other.kind == iface.kind
+
+            a = resource_names(iface)
+            b = resource_names(other)
+            if a.empty? || b.empty? || (b - a).empty?
+              note!(:check_schema_interface_redundant, :warning, schema,
+                    "redundant #{iface.kind} interface to #{target}", other)
+            else
+              dup = a & b
+              next if dup.empty?
+
+              note!(:check_schema_iface_resource_duplicate, :warning, schema,
+                    "duplicate resources #{dup.join(', ')} on #{iface.kind} " \
+                    "interface to #{target}", other)
+            end
+          end
+
+          foreign = resolve_schema(target)
+          unless foreign
+            note!(:check_unresolved_ref, :error, schema,
+                  "interface schema '#{target}' not found", iface)
+            next
+          end
+
+          resource_names(iface).each do |name|
+            next if foreign_decl?(foreign, name)
+
+            note!(:check_unresolved_ref, :error, schema,
+                  "interface resource '#{name}' not in schema '#{target}'", iface)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def iface_schema_name(iface)
+        iface.schema.is_a?(String) ? iface.schema : iface.schema&.id
+      end
+
+      def resource_names(iface)
+        Array(iface.items).filter_map do |item|
+          ref = item.ref.is_a?(String) ? item.ref : item.ref&.id
+          ref || item.id
+        end.map(&:safe_downcase)
+      end
+
+      def foreign_decl?(schema, name)
+        key = name.safe_downcase
+        DECL_COLLECTIONS.any? do |coll|
+          Array(schema.public_send(coll)).any? { |d| d.id&.safe_downcase == key }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def check_entity(schema, entity)
+        Array(entity.subtype_of).each do |ref|
+          id = ref.is_a?(String) ? ref : ref.id
+          next if id.nil? || find_entity(schema, id)
+
+          note!(:check_subtype_ref, :error, schema,
+                "ENTITY #{entity.id}: subtype '#{id}' not found", entity)
+          next unless declared_kind(schema, id) == :type
+
+          # eeng check-subtypeof-invalid: the name exists but is not
+          # an entity, so it cannot be a supertype.
+          note!(:check_subtypeof_invalid, :error, schema,
+                "ENTITY #{entity.id}: subtype '#{id}' is a TYPE, " \
+                "not an entity", entity)
+        end
+        check_supertype_refs(schema, entity)
+        check_subtype_cycles(schema, entity)
+
+        check_where_rules(schema, entity, entity.where_rules)
+        check_inverse_attributes(schema, entity)
+        check_group_references(schema, entity)
+        Array(entity.unique_rules).each do |ur|
+          next if ur.id.nil? || ur.id.match?(UNIQUE_LABEL)
+
+          note!(:check_unique_name_pattern, :warning, schema,
+                "ENTITY #{entity.id}: UNIQUE label '#{ur.id}' is not UR<n>", ur)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Cycle detection over SUBTYPE OF edges: per-path tracking with a
+      # proven-acyclic memo, so convergent (diamond) branches are not
+      # misread as cycles (#411).
+      def check_subtype_cycles(schema, entity)
+        walk_subtype_edges(schema, entity, entity,
+                           [entity.id.safe_downcase], subtype_clean_memo(schema))
+      end
+
+      def subtype_clean_memo(schema)
+        (@subtype_clean ||= {})[schema] ||= {}
+      end
+
+      # Returns true when a cycle is reachable from +node+; +path_keys+ is
+      # the current DFS chain and +clean+ memoizes nodes proven acyclic.
+      def walk_subtype_edges(schema, start, node, path_keys, clean)
+        cyclic = false
+        Array(node.subtype_of).each do |ref|
+          id = ref.is_a?(String) ? ref : ref.id
+          next unless id
+
+          nxt = find_entity(schema, id)
+          next unless nxt
+
+          key = nxt.id.safe_downcase
+          if path_keys.include?(key)
+            note!(:check_subtype_cycle, :error, schema,
+                  "ENTITY #{start.id}: subtype inheritance cycle through " \
+                  "'#{nxt.id}'", start)
+            cyclic = true
+          elsif clean[key]
+            next
+          else
+            cyclic ||= walk_subtype_edges(
+              schema, start, nxt, path_keys + [key], clean
+            )
+          end
+        end
+        clean[node.id.safe_downcase] = true unless cyclic
+        cyclic
+      end
+
+      # eeng check-supertype-ref: every entity named in the SUPERTYPE
+      # expression must resolve to an entity of this schema.
+      def check_supertype_refs(schema, entity)
+        expr = entity.supertype_expression
+        return unless expr
+
+        each_reference(expr) do |ref|
+          id = ref.id
+          next if id.nil? || find_entity(schema, id)
+
+          note!(:check_supertype_ref, :error, schema,
+                "ENTITY #{entity.id}: supertype '#{id}' not found", entity)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # eeng check-inverse-* (ISO 10303-11 9.2.1.4): every INVERSE
+      # attribute must name a real entity and pair with a real
+      # attribute on it — one that is neither DERIVE nor itself an
+      # INVERSE — whose domain includes the owning entity (through
+      # subtype relations and nested aggregates). check-inverse-agg
+      # (only SET/BAG may aggregate an inverse) is structurally
+      # impossible here: the grammar rejects other aggregate kinds.
+      def check_inverse_attributes(schema, entity)
+        entity.attributes.to_a
+          .grep(Model::Declarations::InverseAttribute)
+          .each { |inv| check_inverse_attribute(schema, entity, inv) }
+      end
+
+      def check_inverse_attribute(schema, entity, inv)
+        target = inverse_target(schema, inv)
+        if target.nil?
+          note!(:check_inverse_entity, :error, schema,
+                "ENTITY #{entity.id}: INVERSE '#{inv.id}' target " \
+                "'#{inverse_target_id(inv)}' is not an entity", inv)
+          return
+        end
+
+        attr_id = inverse_paired_attr_id(inv)
+        if attr_id.nil?
+          note!(:check_inverse_attrib_ref, :error, schema,
+                "ENTITY #{entity.id}: INVERSE '#{inv.id}' names no " \
+                "attribute after FOR", inv)
+          return
+        end
+
+        owner = inverse_attr_owner(schema, inv, target)
+        paired = owner && attribute_on_closure(schema, owner, attr_id)
+        if paired.nil?
+          note!(:check_inverse_attrib_ref, :error, schema,
+                "ENTITY #{entity.id}: INVERSE '#{inv.id}': entity " \
+                "'#{owner&.id || target.id}' has no attribute '#{attr_id}'", inv)
+          return
+        end
+
+        if paired.is_a?(Model::Declarations::InverseAttribute)
+          note!(:check_inverse_inverse, :error, schema,
+                "ENTITY #{entity.id}: INVERSE '#{inv.id}' pairs with " \
+                "'#{owner.id}.#{attr_id}', which is itself an INVERSE", inv)
+        elsif paired.kind == Expressir::Model::Declarations::Attribute::DERIVED
+          note!(:check_inverse_derive, :error, schema,
+                "ENTITY #{entity.id}: INVERSE '#{inv.id}' pairs with " \
+                "'#{owner.id}.#{attr_id}', which is a DERIVE", inv)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def inverse_target(schema, inv)
+        type = inv.type
+        type = type.base_type if type.respond_to?(:base_type)
+        return nil unless type.respond_to?(:id)
+
+        find_entity(schema, ref_id(type))
+      end
+
+      def inverse_target_id(inv)
+        type = inv.type
+        type = type.base_type if type.respond_to?(:base_type)
+        ref_id(type)
+      end
+
+      # The entity the FOR-attribute lives on: the qualified
+      # `e.a FOR` form overrides the type's entity.
+      def inverse_attr_owner(schema, inv, target)
+        expr = inv.expression
+        if expr.is_a?(Model::References::AttributeReference) &&
+            expr.ref.respond_to?(:id)
+          find_entity(schema, ref_id(expr.ref)) || target
+        else
+          target
+        end
+      end
+
+      def inverse_paired_attr_id(inv)
+        expr = inv.expression
+        return ref_id(expr) if expr.respond_to?(:id)
+
+        expr.respond_to?(:attribute) ? ref_id(expr.attribute) : nil
+      end
+
+      # Attribute on +entity+ or any of its supertype ancestors.
+      def attribute_on_closure(schema, entity, attr_id)
+        key = attr_id.safe_downcase
+        seen = {}.compare_by_identity
+        queue = [entity]
+        until queue.empty?
+          current = queue.shift
+          next if seen[current]
+
+          seen[current] = true
+          hit = Array(current.attributes).find do |a|
+            a.id&.safe_downcase == key
+          end
+          return hit if hit
+
+          Array(current.subtype_of).each do |ref|
+            id = ref_id(ref)
+            queue << find_entity(schema, id) if id
+          end
+        end
+        nil
+      end
+
+      # eeng qualified-attrib-* (ISO 10303-11 12.7.4). The group must
+      # resolve to an entity and the qualified attribute must exist on
+      # it. The ANCESTRY requirement applies only to redeclared
+      # attributes (SELF\T.attr as an attribute declaration) — eeng
+      # checks exactly those; TYPEOF-guarded sibling views in
+      # expressions (geometry_schema's SELF\subface.parent_face) are
+      # standard corpus usage and are not flagged.
+      def check_group_references(schema, entity)
+        closure = supertype_closure_ids(schema, entity)
+        closure << entity.id if entity.id
+        redeclared = {}.compare_by_identity
+        entity.attributes.to_a.each do |attr|
+          sa = attr.supertype_attribute
+          next unless sa.is_a?(Model::References::AttributeReference) &&
+            sa.ref.is_a?(Model::References::GroupReference)
+
+          redeclared[sa.ref] = true
+          group = sa.ref
+          target = resolve_group(schema, entity, group)
+          next if target.nil?
+          next if closure.include?(ref_id(group.entity)&.safe_downcase)
+
+          note!(:qualified_attrib_group_not_ancestor, :error, schema,
+                "ENTITY #{entity.id}: SELF\\'#{ref_id(group.entity)}' " \
+                "is not a supertype of #{entity.id}", group)
+        end
+
+        each_node(entity) do |node|
+          next unless node.is_a?(Model::References::GroupReference)
+          next if redeclared[node]
+
+          target = resolve_group(schema, entity, node)
+          next if target.nil?
+
+          parent = node.parent
+          attr_id = parent.respond_to?(:attribute) ? ref_id(parent.attribute) : nil
+          next if attr_id.nil?
+          next if Array(target.attributes).any? do |a|
+            a.id&.safe_downcase == attr_id.safe_downcase
+          end
+
+          note!(:qualified_attrib_attr_not_found, :error, schema,
+                "ENTITY #{entity.id}: '#{ref_id(node.entity)}.#{attr_id}': " \
+                "'#{ref_id(node.entity)}' has no attribute '#{attr_id}'", node)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Resolve a group qualifier's entity, noting
+      # qualified-attrib-group-not-found when it does not resolve.
+      def resolve_group(schema, entity, node)
+        group_id = ref_id(node.entity)
+        target = group_id && find_entity(schema, group_id)
+        return target if target
+
+        note!(:qualified_attrib_group_not_found, :error, schema,
+              "ENTITY #{entity.id}: group '#{group_id}' in a qualified " \
+              "attribute does not resolve to an entity", node)
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def supertype_closure_ids(schema, entity)
+        seen = {}.compare_by_identity
+        queue = [entity]
+        ids = []
+        until queue.empty?
+          current = queue.shift
+          next if seen[current]
+
+          seen[current] = true
+          Array(current.subtype_of).each do |ref|
+            id = ref_id(ref)
+            next if id.nil?
+
+            ids << id
+            parent = find_entity(schema, id)
+            queue << parent if parent
+          end
+        end
+        ids
+      end
+
+      def each_reference(node, &block)
+        case node
+        when Model::References::SimpleReference then yield node
+        when Model::ModelElement
+          node.class.attributes.each_key do |attr|
+            next if Model::ModelElement::SKIP_ATTRIBUTES.include?(attr) || attr == :parent
+
+            value = node.public_send(attr)
+            case value
+            when Array then value.each { |item| each_reference(item, &block) }
+            when Model::ModelElement then each_reference(value, &block)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # eeng check-select-named-type: SELECT items must name types.
+      def check_select_items(schema, type)
+        return unless type.underlying_type.is_a?(Model::DataTypes::Select)
+
+        Array(type.underlying_type.items).each do |item|
+          next if item.id.nil?
+          next if select_item_resolves?(schema, item.id)
+
+          note!(:check_select_named_type, :error, schema,
+                "In the SELECT TYPE #{type.id}, '#{item.id}' does not " \
+                "name an existing TYPE or ENTITY", type)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def find_type(schema, id)
+        key = id.safe_downcase
+        schema.types.find { |t| t.id.safe_downcase == key }
+      end
+
+      # ISO 10303-11 rule 258: select_list items are named_types —
+      # entity_ref | type_ref. The item is fine when it names either,
+      # in this schema or any repository schema (interface-visible).
+      def select_item_resolves?(schema, id)
+        return true if find_entity(schema, id)
+        return true if schema.types.to_a.any? { |t| t.id.safe_downcase == id.safe_downcase }
+
+        @by_name.each_value.any? do |group|
+          group.any? do |other|
+            other.types.to_a.any? { |t| t.id.safe_downcase == id.safe_downcase } ||
+              other.entities.to_a.any? { |e| e.id.safe_downcase == id.safe_downcase }
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # eeng declared-kind probe: :type when a TYPE of that name is
+      # visible in the schema (used to separate not-found from
+      # not-an-entity in subtype diagnostics).
+      def declared_kind(schema, id)
+        :type if find_type(schema, id)
+      end
+
+      # eeng check-agg-type: a two-bound aggregate whose lower bound
+      # exceeds its upper bound is invalid.
+      def check_aggregate_bounds(schema, entity)
+        entity.attributes.to_a.each do |attr|
+          type = attr.type
+          next unless type.respond_to?(:bound1) && type.respond_to?(:bound2)
+
+          lower = integer_bound(type.bound1)
+          upper = integer_bound(type.bound2)
+          next if lower.nil? || upper.nil?
+          next if lower <= upper
+
+          note!(:check_agg_type, :error, schema,
+                "ENTITY #{entity.id}: aggregate '#{attr.id}' bounds " \
+                "[#{lower}:#{upper}] are inverted", attr)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def integer_bound(bound)
+        return nil unless bound.is_a?(Model::Literals::Integer)
+
+        bound.value.to_i
+      rescue StandardError
+        nil
+      end
+
+      # eeng check-attrib-name-fun: an attribute sharing its name with
+      # a function of the same schema can never be referenced cleanly.
+      def check_attrib_name_fun(schema, entity)
+        funs = schema.functions.to_a.map { |f| f.id.safe_downcase }
+        entity.attributes.to_a.each do |attr|
+          next unless attr.id && funs.include?(attr.id.safe_downcase)
+
+          note!(:check_attrib_name_fun, :warning, schema,
+                "ENTITY #{entity.id}: attribute '#{attr.id}' shadows a " \
+                "function of the same name", attr)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # eeng check-string-no-entity: string literals of the shape
+      # 'SCHEMA.ITEM' whose SCHEMA is known in the repository but whose
+      # ITEM is not declared in it (the TYPEOF idiom).
+      def check_string_references(schema)
+        known = @by_name
+        each_string(schema) do |literal, value|
+          match = /\A(\w+)\.(\w+)\z/.match(value)
+          next unless match
+
+          schema_id = match[1].safe_downcase
+          item_id = match[2].safe_downcase
+          target = known[schema_id]&.find { |s| s.id.safe_downcase == schema_id }
+          next unless target
+          next if Expressir::Express::SelfSchemaReference.declared?(target, item_id)
+
+          note!(:check_string_no_entity, :warning, schema,
+                "string '#{value}' references '#{item_id}' which is not " \
+                "declared in schema '#{target.id}'", literal)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def each_string(node, &block)
+        case node
+        when Model::Literals::String then yield node, node.value
+        when Model::ModelElement
+          node.class.attributes.each_key do |attr|
+            next if Model::ModelElement::SKIP_ATTRIBUTES.include?(attr) || attr == :parent
+
+            value = node.public_send(attr)
+            case value
+            when Array then value.each { |item| each_string(item, &block) }
+            when Model::ModelElement then each_string(value, &block)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def check_where_rules(schema, owner, rules)
+        Array(rules).each do |wr|
+          next if wr.id.nil? || wr.id.match?(WHERE_LABEL)
+
+          note!(:check_where_name_pattern, :warning, schema,
+                "#{owner.class.name.split('::').last} #{owner.id}: " \
+                "WHERE label '#{wr.id}' is not WR<n>", wr)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def check_type(schema, type)
+        ut = type.underlying_type
+        case ut
+        when Model::DataTypes::Select
+          if ut.based_on && !resolve_type(schema, ut.based_on)
+            note!(:check_select_extended_type, :error, schema,
+                  "TYPE #{type.id}: BASED_ON '#{ref_id(ut.based_on)}' not found", type)
+          end
+        when Model::DataTypes::Enumeration
+          if ut.based_on && !resolve_type(schema, ut.based_on)
+            note!(:check_enumeration_extended_type, :error, schema,
+                  "TYPE #{type.id}: BASED_ON '#{ref_id(ut.based_on)}' not found", type)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Walk SimpleReferences whose base_path was never filled in by the
+      # resolver — the expressir equivalent of eeng's unparsed-type notes.
+      # Locally bound identifiers are not unresolved: QUERY variables,
+      # REPEAT control variables, attribute names visible in the schema,
+      # and the `?` of aggregate bounds (#396).
+      def check_unresolved_refs(schema)
+        aliases = alias_map(schema)
+        bound = bound_identifiers(schema)
+        each_node(schema) do |node|
+          next unless node.is_a?(Model::References::SimpleReference)
+          next if node.base_path
+          next if node.parent.is_a?(Model::Declarations::InterfaceItem)
+          next if node.parent.is_a?(Model::References::AttributeReference)
+          next if node.id.nil? || builtin?(node.id)
+          next if aliases.key?(node.id.safe_downcase)
+          next if bound.include?(node.id.safe_downcase)
+
+          # Skip self-ids of declarations (entity/type names as the decl itself)
+          next if declaration_id?(schema, node)
+
+          note!(:check_unresolved_ref, :error, schema,
+                "unresolved reference '#{node.id}'", node)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Names the schema's own constructs bind: QUERY variables, REPEAT
+      # control variables, attribute names of every entity (including the
+      # inherited ones visible through SUBTYPE OF — an over-approximation on
+      # purpose, so the error-severity walk never flags a legal identifier).
+      def bound_identifiers(schema)
+        @bound_identifiers ||= {}.compare_by_identity
+        @bound_identifiers[schema] ||= begin
+          bound = Set.new(["?"])
+          each_node(schema) do |node|
+            case node
+            when Model::Expressions::QueryExpression, Model::Statements::Repeat
+              bound << node.id.safe_downcase if node.respond_to?(:id) && node.id
+            end
+          end
+          schema.entities.each { |e| collect_attribute_names(e, bound) }
+          visible_entities(schema).each { |e| collect_attribute_names(e, bound) }
+          bound
+        end
+      end
+
+      def collect_attribute_names(entity, bound)
+        Array(entity.attributes).each do |attr|
+          bound << attr.id.safe_downcase if attr.respond_to?(:id) && attr.id
+        end
+      end
+
+      # `USE FROM s (orig AS alias)` makes `alias` the locally visible name;
+      # references written with the alias are resolved, not unresolved.
+      # Maps alias downcase => [foreign schema, original downcase].
+      def alias_map(schema)
+        @alias_maps ||= {}.compare_by_identity
+        @alias_maps[schema] ||= begin
+          map = {}
+          Array(schema.interfaces).each do |iface|
+            foreign = resolve_schema(iface_schema_name(iface))
+            next unless foreign
+
+            Array(iface.items).each do |item|
+              original = item.ref.is_a?(String) ? item.ref : item.ref&.id
+              next unless original && item.id
+
+              map[item.id.safe_downcase] = [foreign, original.safe_downcase]
+            end
+          end
+          map
+        end
+      end
+
+      def declaration_id?(_schema, node)
+        parent = node.parent
+        parent.respond_to?(:id) && parent.id&.safe_downcase == node.id.safe_downcase
+      end
+
+      def builtin?(id)
+        BUILTINS.include?(id.safe_downcase)
+      end
+
+      # Resolve a schema id case-insensitively, preferring the exact-case
+      # match when several folded ids collide (they are distinct schemas).
+      def resolve_schema(name)
+        return nil unless name
+
+        group = @by_name[name.safe_downcase]
+        return nil unless group
+
+        group.find { |s| s.id == name } || group.first
+      end
+
+      def find_entity(schema, id)
+        key = id.safe_downcase
+        own = schema.entities.find { |e| e.id.safe_downcase == key }
+        return own if own
+
+        # interface AS-renames: the alias names a foreign declaration.
+        if (aliased = alias_map(schema)[key])
+          foreign, original = aliased
+          return foreign.entities.find { |e| e.id.safe_downcase == original }
+        end
+
+        visible_entities(schema).find { |e| e.id.safe_downcase == key }
+      end
+
+      def resolve_type(schema, ref)
+        id = ref_id(ref)
+        return false unless id
+
+        key = id.safe_downcase
+        own = schema.types.find { |t| t.id.safe_downcase == key }
+        return true if own
+
+        if (aliased = alias_map(schema)[key])
+          foreign, original = aliased
+          return foreign.types.any? { |t| t.id.safe_downcase == original }
+        end
+
+        visible_types(schema).any? { |t| t.id.safe_downcase == key }
+      end
+
+      def ref_id(ref)
+        ref.is_a?(String) ? ref : ref&.id
+      end
+
+      # Foreign declarations visible through +schema+'s interfaces. With an
+      # item list, the LISTED names are AS-imported: match the originals.
+      def visible_from(schema, collection)
+        Array(schema.interfaces).flat_map do |iface|
+          foreign = resolve_schema(iface_schema_name(iface))
+          next [] unless foreign
+
+          names = resource_names(iface)
+          decls = Array(foreign.public_send(collection))
+          names.empty? ? decls : decls.select { |d| names.include?(d.id.safe_downcase) }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visible_entities(schema)
+        visible_from(schema, :entities)
+      end
+
+      def visible_types(schema)
+        visible_from(schema, :types)
+      end
+
+      def each_node(root)
+        stack = [root]
+        until stack.empty?
+          node = stack.pop
+          yield node
+          next unless node.is_a?(Model::ModelElement)
+
+          node.class.attributes.each_key do |attr|
+            next if Model::ModelElement::SKIP_ATTRIBUTES.include?(attr)
+
+            value = node.public_send(attr)
+            case value
+            when Array then value.each { |item| stack << item if item.is_a?(Model::ModelElement) }
+            when Model::ModelElement then stack << value
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end