exposition 0.0.5.5.pre.alpha → 0.0.5.6.pre.alpha

data/spec/dummy/app/assets/config/manifest.js

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+//= link_tree ../images
+//= link_directory ../javascripts .js
+//= link_directory ../stylesheets .css
+//= link exposition/admin/application.css

data/spec/dummy/bin/rails

@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
-begin
-  load File.expand_path('../spring', __FILE__)
-rescue LoadError => e
-  raise unless e.message.include?('spring')
-end
-APP_PATH = File.expand_path('../../config/application', __FILE__)
+APP_PATH = File.expand_path('../config/application', __dir__)
 require_relative '../config/boot'
 require 'rails/commands'

data/spec/dummy/bin/rake

@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
-begin
-  load File.expand_path('../spring', __FILE__)
-rescue LoadError => e
-  raise unless e.message.include?('spring')
-end
 require_relative '../config/boot'
 require 'rake'
 Rake.application.run

data/spec/dummy/bin/setup

@@ -1,29 +1,38 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
 require 'pathname'
+require 'fileutils'
+include FileUtils
 
 # path to your application root.
-APP_ROOT = Pathname.new File.expand_path('../../',  __FILE__)
+APP_ROOT = Pathname.new File.expand_path('../../', __FILE__)
 
-Dir.chdir APP_ROOT do
+def system!(*args)
+  system(*args) || abort("\n== Command #{args} failed ==")
+end
+
+chdir APP_ROOT do
   # This script is a starting point to setup your application.
-  # Add necessary setup steps to this file:
+  # Add necessary setup steps to this file.
+
+  puts '== Installing dependencies =='
+  system! 'gem install bundler --conservative'
+  system('bundle check') || system!('bundle install')
+
+  # Install JavaScript dependencies if using Yarn
+  # system('bin/yarn')
 
-  puts "== Installing dependencies =="
-  system "gem install bundler --conservative"
-  system "bundle check || bundle install"
 
   # puts "\n== Copying sample files =="
-  # unless File.exist?("config/database.yml")
-  #   system "cp config/database.yml.sample config/database.yml"
+  # unless File.exist?('config/database.yml')
+  #   cp 'config/database.yml.sample', 'config/database.yml'
   # end
 
   puts "\n== Preparing database =="
-  system "bin/rake db:setup"
+  system! 'bin/rails db:setup'
 
   puts "\n== Removing old logs and tempfiles =="
-  system "rm -f log/*"
-  system "rm -rf tmp/cache"
+  system! 'bin/rails log:clear tmp:clear'
 
   puts "\n== Restarting application server =="
-  system "touch tmp/restart.txt"
+  system! 'bin/rails restart'
 end

data/spec/dummy/bin/update

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+require 'pathname'
+require 'fileutils'
+include FileUtils
+
+# path to your application root.
+APP_ROOT = Pathname.new File.expand_path('../../', __FILE__)
+
+def system!(*args)
+  system(*args) || abort("\n== Command #{args} failed ==")
+end
+
+chdir APP_ROOT do
+  # This script is a way to update your development environment automatically.
+  # Add necessary update steps to this file.
+
+  puts '== Installing dependencies =='
+  system! 'gem install bundler --conservative'
+  system('bundle check') || system!('bundle install')
+
+  puts "\n== Updating database =="
+  system! 'bin/rails db:migrate'
+
+  puts "\n== Removing old logs and tempfiles =="
+  system! 'bin/rails log:clear tmp:clear'
+
+  puts "\n== Restarting application server =="
+  system! 'bin/rails restart'
+end

data/spec/dummy/bin/yarn

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+VENDOR_PATH = File.expand_path('..', __dir__)
+Dir.chdir(VENDOR_PATH) do
+  begin
+    exec "yarnpkg #{ARGV.join(" ")}"
+  rescue Errno::ENOENT
+    $stderr.puts "Yarn executable was not detected in the system."
+    $stderr.puts "Download Yarn at https://yarnpkg.com/en/docs/install"
+    exit 1
+  end
+end

data/spec/dummy/config/database.yml

@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ default: &default
 development:
   <<: *default
   database: exposition_development
+  port: 5433
 test:
   <<: *default
   database: exposition_test
+  port: 5433
 

data/spec/dummy/db/schema.rb

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: UTF-8
 # This file is auto-generated from the current state of the database. Instead
 # of editing this file, please use the migrations feature of Active Record to
 # incrementally modify your database, and then regenerate this schema definition.
@@ -17,46 +16,42 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 20160226035733) do
   enable_extension "plpgsql"
 
   create_table "categorical_taggings", force: :cascade do |t|
-    t.integer "taggable_id"
-    t.string  "taggable_type"
+    t.string "taggable_type"
+    t.bigint "taggable_id"
     t.integer "tag_id"
+    t.index ["taggable_type", "taggable_id"], name: "index_categorical_taggings_on_taggable_type_and_taggable_id"
   end
 
-  add_index "categorical_taggings", ["taggable_type", "taggable_id"], name: "index_categorical_taggings_on_taggable_type_and_taggable_id", using: :btree
-
   create_table "categorical_tags", force: :cascade do |t|
-    t.string   "label"
-    t.string   "slug"
+    t.string "label"
+    t.string "slug"
     t.datetime "created_at", null: false
     t.datetime "updated_at", null: false
+    t.index ["label"], name: "index_categorical_tags_on_label", unique: true
+    t.index ["slug"], name: "index_categorical_tags_on_slug", unique: true
   end
 
-  add_index "categorical_tags", ["label"], name: "index_categorical_tags_on_label", unique: true, using: :btree
-  add_index "categorical_tags", ["slug"], name: "index_categorical_tags_on_slug", unique: true, using: :btree
-
   create_table "exposition_posts", force: :cascade do |t|
-    t.string   "title"
-    t.text     "body"
-    t.boolean  "published",    default: false, null: false
+    t.string "title"
+    t.text "body"
+    t.boolean "published", default: false, null: false
     t.datetime "published_at"
-    t.datetime "created_at",                   null: false
-    t.datetime "updated_at",                   null: false
-    t.integer  "author_id"
-    t.string   "slug"
-    t.text     "summary"
+    t.datetime "created_at", null: false
+    t.datetime "updated_at", null: false
+    t.integer "author_id"
+    t.string "slug"
+    t.text "summary"
+    t.index ["slug"], name: "index_exposition_posts_on_slug", unique: true
   end
 
-  add_index "exposition_posts", ["slug"], name: "index_exposition_posts_on_slug", unique: true, using: :btree
-
   create_table "exposition_users", force: :cascade do |t|
-    t.string   "name"
-    t.string   "email"
-    t.string   "password_digest"
-    t.string   "remember_digest"
-    t.datetime "created_at",      null: false
-    t.datetime "updated_at",      null: false
+    t.string "name"
+    t.string "email"
+    t.string "password_digest"
+    t.string "remember_digest"
+    t.datetime "created_at", null: false
+    t.datetime "updated_at", null: false
+    t.index ["email"], name: "index_exposition_users_on_email", unique: true
   end
 
-  add_index "exposition_users", ["email"], name: "index_exposition_users_on_email", unique: true, using: :btree
-
 end

data/spec/dummy/log/development.log

@@ -1,1734 +1,779 @@
-
-
-Started GET "/" for ::1 at 2016-03-09 10:34:58 -0500
-Processing by Exposition::PostsController#index as HTML
-   (4.1ms)  SELECT COUNT(count_column) FROM (SELECT  1 AS count_column FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1 LIMIT 10 OFFSET 0) subquery_for_count  [["published", "t"]]
-  Exposition::Post Load (3.9ms)  SELECT  "exposition_posts".* FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1  ORDER BY "exposition_posts"."published_at" DESC LIMIT 10 OFFSET 0  [["published", "t"]]
-  Categorical::Tag Exists (4.0ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "categorical_tags" INNER JOIN "categorical_taggings" ON "categorical_tags"."id" = "categorical_taggings"."tag_id" WHERE "categorical_taggings"."taggable_id" = $1 AND "categorical_taggings"."taggable_type" = $2 LIMIT 1  [["taggable_id", 1], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"]]
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/_tags.html.haml (19.9ms)
-  Categorical::Tag Exists (0.7ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "categorical_tags" INNER JOIN "categorical_taggings" ON "categorical_tags"."id" = "categorical_taggings"."tag_id" WHERE "categorical_taggings"."taggable_id" = $1 AND "categorical_taggings"."taggable_type" = $2 LIMIT 1  [["taggable_id", 2], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"]]
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-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/_post.html.haml (75.2ms)
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-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/index.html.haml within layouts/exposition/application (140.8ms)
-Completed 200 OK in 2053ms (Views: 1943.1ms | ActiveRecord: 50.1ms)
-
-
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-
-
-Started GET "/" for ::1 at 2016-03-09 10:35:31 -0500
-Processing by Exposition::PostsController#index as HTML
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-
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-
-
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-Completed 200 OK in 212ms (Views: 174.1ms | ActiveRecord: 5.0ms)
-
-
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-Completed 200 OK in 230ms (Views: 229.3ms | ActiveRecord: 0.0ms)
-
-
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-Completed 200 OK in 217ms (Views: 37.1ms | ActiveRecord: 6.4ms)
-
-
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-   (1.6ms)  COMMIT
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-
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-
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-
-
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-  Parameters: {"utf8"=>"✓", "authenticity_token"=>"FEQlNZv06UArFhydLCeKoPVTVHnuwI8K0B8NFNl+gk8ps9sXaR+QE+ZtOEMLbi9vQLjpo837Jsszkl2aJ4mYHg==", "post"=>{"title"=>"Test Title", "summary"=>"## H2\r\n###H3\r\n####H4\r\n#####H5\r\n######H6 \r\n\r\n* Blocks\r\n* Modules\r\n* Difference between including and extending Modules\r\n* Difference between instance and class methods\r\n\r\n## Demonstration\r\n\r\nOne of the most common problems that seem to naturally arise in code is handling objects that share a _role_. This tends to be an issue that is not immediately apparent, but as the application grows it begins to present itself. Let's illustrate this with a concrete example taken from the code used in this blog. A lot of this code will be ActiveRecord syntax, but the underlying concepts can be applied to plain old Ruby objects as well.", "body"=>"## Prerequisites \r\n\r\n* Blocks\r\n* Modules\r\n* Difference between including and extending Modules\r\n* Difference between instance and class methods\r\n\r\n## Demonstration\r\n\r\nOne of the most common problems that seem to naturally arise in code is handling objects that share a _role_. This tends to be an issue that is not immediately apparent, but as the application grows it begins to present itself. Let's illustrate this with a concrete example taken from the code used in this blog. A lot of this code will be ActiveRecord syntax, but the underlying concepts can be applied to plain old Ruby objects as well. When laying out out the code for the blog we have objects for `Posts` and `BookReviews` that look like the following:\r\n\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass Post < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  belongs_to :author, class_name: 'User'\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :title, :body, :author\r\n  validates_length_of :title, maximum: 244\r\n  validates_presence_of :author\r\n  validates_presence_of :slug\r\n  validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n  validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n  before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n  before_save :set_published_at_date\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.published\r\n    where(published: true)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.sorted_by_published_date\r\n    order(published_at: :desc)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def set_published_at_date\r\n    if published_changed?(from: false, to: true)\r\n      self.published_at = Date.today\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass BookReview < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  belongs_to :author, class_name: 'User'\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :book_title, :body, :book_author\r\n  validates_length_of :book_title, :book_author, maximum: 244\r\n  validates_presence_of :author\r\n  validates_presence_of :slug\r\n  validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n  validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n  before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n  before_save :set_published_at_date\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.published\r\n    where(published: true)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.sorted_by_published_date\r\n    order(published_at: :desc)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def set_published_at_date\r\n    if published_changed?(from: false, to: true)\r\n      self.published_at = Date.today\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nLet's go through this code a bit. You'll notice that despite being two different objects, they have quite a bit of behavior in common. To start, they both belong to an Author and validate that an author is present. Additionally they both have slugs for friendly urls, a call to the method `#parameterize_slug` to ensure the slug is URL friendly, and some validations to ensure the URL is present, unique, and it fits in the DB. Finally both of these objects can be marked as published and have scopes for filtering based on whether they're published or not.\r\n\r\nLooking at this code we can see a lot of duplicate code. Both of these objects share similar roles and these roles have the same behavior. You could say they're both _sluggable_, _publishable_, and _authorable_. To refactor this duplicate code we should use Ruby's [module](http://ruby-doc.org/core-2.2.0/Module.html \"Ruby Module\"). Ruby's module will allow us to 'mixin' common code to objects that share roles. Let's start with the code that makes an object play the _authorable_ role. \r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nmodule Authorable\r\n  def self.included(base)\r\n    base.class_eval do\r\n      belongs_to :author, class_name: 'User'\r\n      validates_presence_of :author\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nThis is some dense code if you've never seen this pattern before, so let's step through it. The method `.included` is a built in hook method that gets called when a Ruby module is included in a class. The `base` argument is simply the included class. So by including the `Authorable` module into the `Post` class, the `.included` method will be called with the `Post` class set to `base`. Since `base` is now equal to `Post` we can open up the `Post` class can evaluate code using Ruby's `class_eval` method. The code inside the block will be evaluated as if it were in the `Post` class.\r\n\r\n**Note:** This pattern is so common that the Rails framework actually provides a special module for this type of refactoring that's called a [Concern](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Concern.html \"Rails Concern\"). Feel free to use this module if you like, however I'm using the traditional way so we can use it without ActiveSupport.\r\n\r\nNow that we lumped all the code related to making an object play the _authorable_ role into the `Authorable` module, let's rewrite our `Post` and `BookReview` classes to use our new module.\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass Post < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  include Authorable\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :title, :body, :author\r\n  validates_length_of :title, maximum: 244\r\n  validates_presence_of :slug\r\n  validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n  validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n  before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n  before_save :set_published_at_date\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.published\r\n    where(published: true)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.sorted_by_published_date\r\n    order(published_at: :desc)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def set_published_at_date\r\n    if published_changed?(from: false, to: true)\r\n      self.published_at = Date.today\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass BookReview < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  include Authorable\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :book_title, :body, :book_author\r\n  validates_length_of :book_title, :book_author, maximum: 244\r\n  validates_presence_of :slug\r\n  validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n  validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n  before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n  before_save :set_published_at_date\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.published\r\n    where(published: true)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.sorted_by_published_date\r\n    order(published_at: :desc)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def set_published_at_date\r\n    if published_changed?(from: false, to: true)\r\n      self.published_at = Date.today\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\nIn the end we removed the duplication, but more importantly we learned a pattern that we can apply to the other roles these two objects have in common. Let's next tackle the common code that makes these objects _publishable_. Again, we'll start by creating a new `Publishable` module to put code for our _publishable_ role. \r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nmodule Publishable\r\n  module ClassMethods\r\n    def published\r\n      where(published: true)\r\n    end\r\n\r\n    def sorted_by_published_date\r\n      order(published_at: :desc)\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.included(base)\r\n    base.extend(ClassMethods)\r\n    base.class_eval do\r\n      before_save :set_published_at_date\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def css_classes\r\n    if published?\r\n      return \"published\"\r\n    else\r\n      return \"not-published\"\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def set_published_at_date\r\n    if published_changed?(from: false, to: true)\r\n      self.published_at = Date.today\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nYou'll notice this module has a bit more to it than the `Authorable` module. Let's walk through the new changes. Right away you see that we have a module within the `Publishable` module called `ClassMethods`. We're going to use the `ClassMethods` module as a container for defining methods that we want to add as class methods (as opposed to instance methods) to our _publishable_ objects. In our `.included` hook method that we used before, you'll notice that in addition to evaluating code we also `extend` our base class with the `ClassMethods` module. This adds (or mixes in) the methods in `ClassMethods` with the base or _publishable_ class, but since we're using `extend` they're added as class methods, not instance methods. Lastly, we have the `#css_classes` and `#set_published_at_date` methods. These are instance methods and will automatically be included as instance level methods when the module is included. Once again let's refactor our `Post` and `BookReview` classes.\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass Post < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  include Authorable\r\n  include Publishable\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :title, :body, :author\r\n  validates_length_of :title, maximum: 244\r\n  validates_presence_of :slug\r\n  validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n  validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n  before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass BookReview < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  include Authorable\r\n  include Publishable\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :book_title, :body, :book_author\r\n  validates_length_of :book_title, :book_author, maximum: 244\r\n  validates_presence_of :slug\r\n  validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n  validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n  before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nThings are really starting to get cleaned up and duplicate lines of code are disappearing. Let's use the same pattern one last time for removing the duplication when it comes to the _sluggable_ role. Once again we'll create a `Sluggable` module to correspond to the _sluggable_ role and add the related code to the module. \r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nmodule Sluggable\r\n  def self.included(base)\r\n    base.class_eval do\r\n      validates_presence_of :slug\r\n      validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n      validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n      before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nBy now you are familiar with everything this module is doing. We are evaluating some code in the context of the included _sluggable_ class within `class_eval` block and moving the instance methods relevant to the _sluggable_ role into the module which will be added to the to the _sluggable_ objects that include this module. Let's look at the final version of our `Post` and `BookReview` classes.\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass Post < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  include Authorable\r\n  include Publishable\r\n  include Sluggable\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :title, :body, :author\r\n  validates_length_of :title, maximum: 244\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass BookReview < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  include Authorable\r\n  include Publishable\r\n  include Sluggable\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :book_title, :body, :book_author\r\n  validates_length_of :book_title, :book_author, maximum: 244\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nThose classes are really compact now. We also now have the neat side effect that when we add other models to our blog, adding roles will be trivially easy. For example, if we decide we want to add a Tags model, all we have to do is include the functionality we want. Tags don't need to play the roles of _authorable_ or _publishable_, but perhaps we want each Tag to have its own URL. To do this we can simply include the `Sluggable` module and be done with it (since this is technically a DB backed application we'll need to adjust the DB accordingly as well).\r\n\r\n## Warnings\r\nWhile this pattern is powerful there are trade-offs we have to consider. When including modules, the functionality behind each role is now not as apparent. Someone who isn't familiar with your code might wonder where all the functionality is hidden. This also adds a bit of cognitive load for the programmer as they now have code for one object in 3 additional different places they must consider. When refactoring out into modules, or anytime when using inheritance, you'll want to make sure you're constantly asking yourself, _will other programmers be able to easily navigate the code and find what they need_. \r\n\r\nWe could, for example, create another module called `Broadcastable` that would look something like:\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nmodule Broadcastable\r\n  include Authorable\r\n  include Publishable\r\n  include Sluggable\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nAnd then include this in our `Post` and `BookReview` classes. While this does DRY up the code a bit, I feel that it adds too much complexity and cognitive load. Its not quite as clear as to what `Broadcastable` does and adds another layer in the inheritance tree that programmers must process. \r\n\r\nAnother thing to be careful with is using this pattern simply to remove duplicate code. Its important to consider that the purpose of the duplicate code is the same as opposed to having duplicate code purely because of coincidence. If the purpose is aligned, then its much more likely the future changes will be compatible with all involved objects. If the duplicate code exists between objects coincidentally, then its much more likely that the duplicate code may diverge in the future. Sometimes you might even want to hold off refactoring until further down the line, when the true roles of objects become more clear. \r\n\r\nWith these warnings in mind, factoring out common code that objects share by virtue of having a role into a module is a great way to organize shared behavior. \r\n\r\n## See More:\r\nTo see how to test this pattern, you can view the source code for this blog. It makes use of rspec's Shared Examples. In minitest you would simply use modules!\r\n\r\n* [Source code for this blog](https://github.com/jklina/joshklina.com \"joshklina.com source code\")\r\n* [Eloquent Ruby by Russ Olsen](http://amzn.to/1R2mkFA \"Eloquent Ruby\")\r\n* [Practical Object-Oriented Design in Ruby: An Agile Primer by Sandi Metz](http://amzn.to/1R2muN9 \"Eloquent Ruby\")\r\n* [Rails Concerns](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Concern.html \"Rails Concerns\")\r\n", "author_id"=>"1", "slug"=>"test-title", "tag_ids"=>[""], "published"=>"1"}, "commit"=>"Update Post", "id"=>"test-title"}
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-  Parameters: {"utf8"=>"✓", "authenticity_token"=>"ZVi8R9raWzv7VhkqTUytXFH4rt5yLZD1fz+fQjuH1UVYr0JlKDEiaDYtPfRqBQiT5BMTBFEWOTScss/MxXDPFA==", "post"=>{"title"=>"Test Title", "summary"=>"## H2\r\n###H3\r\n####H4\r\n#####H5\r\n######H6 \r\n\r\n* Blocks\r\n* Modules\r\n* Difference between including and extending Modules\r\n* Difference between instance and class methods\r\n\r\n## Demonstration\r\n\r\nOne of the most common problems that seem to naturally arise in code is handling objects that share a _role_. This tends to be an issue that is not immediately apparent, but as the application grows it begins to present itself. Let's illustrate this with a concrete example taken from the code used in this blog. A lot of this code will be ActiveRecord syntax, but the underlying concepts can be applied to plain old Ruby objects as well.", "body"=>"### Prerequisites \r\n\r\n* Blocks\r\n* Modules\r\n* Difference between including and extending Modules\r\n* Difference between instance and class methods\r\n\r\n### Demonstration\r\n\r\nOne of the most common problems that seem to naturally arise in code is handling objects that share a _role_. This tends to be an issue that is not immediately apparent, but as the application grows it begins to present itself. Let's illustrate this with a concrete example taken from the code used in this blog. A lot of this code will be ActiveRecord syntax, but the underlying concepts can be applied to plain old Ruby objects as well. When laying out out the code for the blog we have objects for `Posts` and `BookReviews` that look like the following:\r\n\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass Post < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  belongs_to :author, class_name: 'User'\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :title, :body, :author\r\n  validates_length_of :title, maximum: 244\r\n  validates_presence_of :author\r\n  validates_presence_of :slug\r\n  validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n  validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n  before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n  before_save :set_published_at_date\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.published\r\n    where(published: true)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.sorted_by_published_date\r\n    order(published_at: :desc)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def set_published_at_date\r\n    if published_changed?(from: false, to: true)\r\n      self.published_at = Date.today\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass BookReview < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  belongs_to :author, class_name: 'User'\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :book_title, :body, :book_author\r\n  validates_length_of :book_title, :book_author, maximum: 244\r\n  validates_presence_of :author\r\n  validates_presence_of :slug\r\n  validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n  validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n  before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n  before_save :set_published_at_date\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.published\r\n    where(published: true)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.sorted_by_published_date\r\n    order(published_at: :desc)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def set_published_at_date\r\n    if published_changed?(from: false, to: true)\r\n      self.published_at = Date.today\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nLet's go through this code a bit. You'll notice that despite being two different objects, they have quite a bit of behavior in common. To start, they both belong to an Author and validate that an author is present. Additionally they both have slugs for friendly urls, a call to the method `#parameterize_slug` to ensure the slug is URL friendly, and some validations to ensure the URL is present, unique, and it fits in the DB. Finally both of these objects can be marked as published and have scopes for filtering based on whether they're published or not.\r\n\r\nLooking at this code we can see a lot of duplicate code. Both of these objects share similar roles and these roles have the same behavior. You could say they're both _sluggable_, _publishable_, and _authorable_. To refactor this duplicate code we should use Ruby's [module](http://ruby-doc.org/core-2.2.0/Module.html \"Ruby Module\"). Ruby's module will allow us to 'mixin' common code to objects that share roles. Let's start with the code that makes an object play the _authorable_ role. \r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nmodule Authorable\r\n  def self.included(base)\r\n    base.class_eval do\r\n      belongs_to :author, class_name: 'User'\r\n      validates_presence_of :author\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nThis is some dense code if you've never seen this pattern before, so let's step through it. The method `.included` is a built in hook method that gets called when a Ruby module is included in a class. The `base` argument is simply the included class. So by including the `Authorable` module into the `Post` class, the `.included` method will be called with the `Post` class set to `base`. Since `base` is now equal to `Post` we can open up the `Post` class can evaluate code using Ruby's `class_eval` method. The code inside the block will be evaluated as if it were in the `Post` class.\r\n\r\n**Note:** This pattern is so common that the Rails framework actually provides a special module for this type of refactoring that's called a [Concern](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Concern.html \"Rails Concern\"). Feel free to use this module if you like, however I'm using the traditional way so we can use it without ActiveSupport.\r\n\r\nNow that we lumped all the code related to making an object play the _authorable_ role into the `Authorable` module, let's rewrite our `Post` and `BookReview` classes to use our new module.\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass Post < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  include Authorable\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :title, :body, :author\r\n  validates_length_of :title, maximum: 244\r\n  validates_presence_of :slug\r\n  validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n  validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n  before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n  before_save :set_published_at_date\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.published\r\n    where(published: true)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.sorted_by_published_date\r\n    order(published_at: :desc)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def set_published_at_date\r\n    if published_changed?(from: false, to: true)\r\n      self.published_at = Date.today\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass BookReview < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  include Authorable\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :book_title, :body, :book_author\r\n  validates_length_of :book_title, :book_author, maximum: 244\r\n  validates_presence_of :slug\r\n  validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n  validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n  before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n  before_save :set_published_at_date\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.published\r\n    where(published: true)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.sorted_by_published_date\r\n    order(published_at: :desc)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def set_published_at_date\r\n    if published_changed?(from: false, to: true)\r\n      self.published_at = Date.today\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\nIn the end we removed the duplication, but more importantly we learned a pattern that we can apply to the other roles these two objects have in common. Let's next tackle the common code that makes these objects _publishable_. Again, we'll start by creating a new `Publishable` module to put code for our _publishable_ role. \r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nmodule Publishable\r\n  module ClassMethods\r\n    def published\r\n      where(published: true)\r\n    end\r\n\r\n    def sorted_by_published_date\r\n      order(published_at: :desc)\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.included(base)\r\n    base.extend(ClassMethods)\r\n    base.class_eval do\r\n      before_save :set_published_at_date\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def css_classes\r\n    if published?\r\n      return \"published\"\r\n    else\r\n      return \"not-published\"\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def set_published_at_date\r\n    if published_changed?(from: false, to: true)\r\n      self.published_at = Date.today\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nYou'll notice this module has a bit more to it than the `Authorable` module. Let's walk through the new changes. Right away you see that we have a module within the `Publishable` module called `ClassMethods`. We're going to use the `ClassMethods` module as a container for defining methods that we want to add as class methods (as opposed to instance methods) to our _publishable_ objects. In our `.included` hook method that we used before, you'll notice that in addition to evaluating code we also `extend` our base class with the `ClassMethods` module. This adds (or mixes in) the methods in `ClassMethods` with the base or _publishable_ class, but since we're using `extend` they're added as class methods, not instance methods. Lastly, we have the `#css_classes` and `#set_published_at_date` methods. These are instance methods and will automatically be included as instance level methods when the module is included. Once again let's refactor our `Post` and `BookReview` classes.\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass Post < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  include Authorable\r\n  include Publishable\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :title, :body, :author\r\n  validates_length_of :title, maximum: 244\r\n  validates_presence_of :slug\r\n  validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n  validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n  before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass BookReview < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  include Authorable\r\n  include Publishable\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :book_title, :body, :book_author\r\n  validates_length_of :book_title, :book_author, maximum: 244\r\n  validates_presence_of :slug\r\n  validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n  validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n  before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nThings are really starting to get cleaned up and duplicate lines of code are disappearing. Let's use the same pattern one last time for removing the duplication when it comes to the _sluggable_ role. Once again we'll create a `Sluggable` module to correspond to the _sluggable_ role and add the related code to the module. \r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nmodule Sluggable\r\n  def self.included(base)\r\n    base.class_eval do\r\n      validates_presence_of :slug\r\n      validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n      validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n      before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nBy now you are familiar with everything this module is doing. We are evaluating some code in the context of the included _sluggable_ class within `class_eval` block and moving the instance methods relevant to the _sluggable_ role into the module which will be added to the to the _sluggable_ objects that include this module. Let's look at the final version of our `Post` and `BookReview` classes.\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass Post < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  include Authorable\r\n  include Publishable\r\n  include Sluggable\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :title, :body, :author\r\n  validates_length_of :title, maximum: 244\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass BookReview < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  include Authorable\r\n  include Publishable\r\n  include Sluggable\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :book_title, :body, :book_author\r\n  validates_length_of :book_title, :book_author, maximum: 244\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nThose classes are really compact now. We also now have the neat side effect that when we add other models to our blog, adding roles will be trivially easy. For example, if we decide we want to add a Tags model, all we have to do is include the functionality we want. Tags don't need to play the roles of _authorable_ or _publishable_, but perhaps we want each Tag to have its own URL. To do this we can simply include the `Sluggable` module and be done with it (since this is technically a DB backed application we'll need to adjust the DB accordingly as well).\r\n\r\n## Warnings\r\nWhile this pattern is powerful there are trade-offs we have to consider. When including modules, the functionality behind each role is now not as apparent. Someone who isn't familiar with your code might wonder where all the functionality is hidden. This also adds a bit of cognitive load for the programmer as they now have code for one object in 3 additional different places they must consider. When refactoring out into modules, or anytime when using inheritance, you'll want to make sure you're constantly asking yourself, _will other programmers be able to easily navigate the code and find what they need_. \r\n\r\nWe could, for example, create another module called `Broadcastable` that would look something like:\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nmodule Broadcastable\r\n  include Authorable\r\n  include Publishable\r\n  include Sluggable\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nAnd then include this in our `Post` and `BookReview` classes. While this does DRY up the code a bit, I feel that it adds too much complexity and cognitive load. Its not quite as clear as to what `Broadcastable` does and adds another layer in the inheritance tree that programmers must process. \r\n\r\nAnother thing to be careful with is using this pattern simply to remove duplicate code. Its important to consider that the purpose of the duplicate code is the same as opposed to having duplicate code purely because of coincidence. If the purpose is aligned, then its much more likely the future changes will be compatible with all involved objects. If the duplicate code exists between objects coincidentally, then its much more likely that the duplicate code may diverge in the future. Sometimes you might even want to hold off refactoring until further down the line, when the true roles of objects become more clear. \r\n\r\nWith these warnings in mind, factoring out common code that objects share by virtue of having a role into a module is a great way to organize shared behavior. \r\n\r\n## See More:\r\nTo see how to test this pattern, you can view the source code for this blog. It makes use of rspec's Shared Examples. In minitest you would simply use modules!\r\n\r\n* [Source code for this blog](https://github.com/jklina/joshklina.com \"joshklina.com source code\")\r\n* [Eloquent Ruby by Russ Olsen](http://amzn.to/1R2mkFA \"Eloquent Ruby\")\r\n* [Practical Object-Oriented Design in Ruby: An Agile Primer by Sandi Metz](http://amzn.to/1R2muN9 \"Eloquent Ruby\")\r\n* [Rails Concerns](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Concern.html \"Rails Concerns\")\r\n", "author_id"=>"1", "slug"=>"test-title", "tag_ids"=>[""], "published"=>"1"}, "commit"=>"Update Post", "id"=>"test-title"}
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-  SQL (2.4ms)  UPDATE "exposition_posts" SET "body" = $1, "updated_at" = $2 WHERE "exposition_posts"."id" = $3  [["body", "### Prerequisites \r\n\r\n* Blocks\r\n* Modules\r\n* Difference between including and extending Modules\r\n* Difference between instance and class methods\r\n\r\n### Demonstration\r\n\r\nOne of the most common problems that seem to naturally arise in code is handling objects that share a _role_. This tends to be an issue that is not immediately apparent, but as the application grows it begins to present itself. Let's illustrate this with a concrete example taken from the code used in this blog. A lot of this code will be ActiveRecord syntax, but the underlying concepts can be applied to plain old Ruby objects as well. When laying out out the code for the blog we have objects for `Posts` and `BookReviews` that look like the following:\r\n\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass Post < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  belongs_to :author, class_name: 'User'\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :title, :body, :author\r\n  validates_length_of :title, maximum: 244\r\n  validates_presence_of :author\r\n  validates_presence_of :slug\r\n  validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n  validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n  before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n  before_save :set_published_at_date\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.published\r\n    where(published: true)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.sorted_by_published_date\r\n    order(published_at: :desc)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def set_published_at_date\r\n    if published_changed?(from: false, to: true)\r\n      self.published_at = Date.today\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass BookReview < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  belongs_to :author, class_name: 'User'\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :book_title, :body, :book_author\r\n  validates_length_of :book_title, :book_author, maximum: 244\r\n  validates_presence_of :author\r\n  validates_presence_of :slug\r\n  validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n  validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n  before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n  before_save :set_published_at_date\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.published\r\n    where(published: true)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.sorted_by_published_date\r\n    order(published_at: :desc)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def set_published_at_date\r\n    if published_changed?(from: false, to: true)\r\n      self.published_at = Date.today\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nLet's go through this code a bit. You'll notice that despite being two different objects, they have quite a bit of behavior in common. To start, they both belong to an Author and validate that an author is present. Additionally they both have slugs for friendly urls, a call to the method `#parameterize_slug` to ensure the slug is URL friendly, and some validations to ensure the URL is present, unique, and it fits in the DB. Finally both of these objects can be marked as published and have scopes for filtering based on whether they're published or not.\r\n\r\nLooking at this code we can see a lot of duplicate code. Both of these objects share similar roles and these roles have the same behavior. You could say they're both _sluggable_, _publishable_, and _authorable_. To refactor this duplicate code we should use Ruby's [module](http://ruby-doc.org/core-2.2.0/Module.html \"Ruby Module\"). Ruby's module will allow us to 'mixin' common code to objects that share roles. Let's start with the code that makes an object play the _authorable_ role. \r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nmodule Authorable\r\n  def self.included(base)\r\n    base.class_eval do\r\n      belongs_to :author, class_name: 'User'\r\n      validates_presence_of :author\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nThis is some dense code if you've never seen this pattern before, so let's step through it. The method `.included` is a built in hook method that gets called when a Ruby module is included in a class. The `base` argument is simply the included class. So by including the `Authorable` module into the `Post` class, the `.included` method will be called with the `Post` class set to `base`. Since `base` is now equal to `Post` we can open up the `Post` class can evaluate code using Ruby's `class_eval` method. The code inside the block will be evaluated as if it were in the `Post` class.\r\n\r\n**Note:** This pattern is so common that the Rails framework actually provides a special module for this type of refactoring that's called a [Concern](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Concern.html \"Rails Concern\"). Feel free to use this module if you like, however I'm using the traditional way so we can use it without ActiveSupport.\r\n\r\nNow that we lumped all the code related to making an object play the _authorable_ role into the `Authorable` module, let's rewrite our `Post` and `BookReview` classes to use our new module.\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass Post < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  include Authorable\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :title, :body, :author\r\n  validates_length_of :title, maximum: 244\r\n  validates_presence_of :slug\r\n  validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n  validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n  before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n  before_save :set_published_at_date\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.published\r\n    where(published: true)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.sorted_by_published_date\r\n    order(published_at: :desc)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def set_published_at_date\r\n    if published_changed?(from: false, to: true)\r\n      self.published_at = Date.today\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass BookReview < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  include Authorable\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :book_title, :body, :book_author\r\n  validates_length_of :book_title, :book_author, maximum: 244\r\n  validates_presence_of :slug\r\n  validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n  validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n  before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n  before_save :set_published_at_date\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.published\r\n    where(published: true)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.sorted_by_published_date\r\n    order(published_at: :desc)\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def set_published_at_date\r\n    if published_changed?(from: false, to: true)\r\n      self.published_at = Date.today\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\nIn the end we removed the duplication, but more importantly we learned a pattern that we can apply to the other roles these two objects have in common. Let's next tackle the common code that makes these objects _publishable_. Again, we'll start by creating a new `Publishable` module to put code for our _publishable_ role. \r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nmodule Publishable\r\n  module ClassMethods\r\n    def published\r\n      where(published: true)\r\n    end\r\n\r\n    def sorted_by_published_date\r\n      order(published_at: :desc)\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def self.included(base)\r\n    base.extend(ClassMethods)\r\n    base.class_eval do\r\n      before_save :set_published_at_date\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def css_classes\r\n    if published?\r\n      return \"published\"\r\n    else\r\n      return \"not-published\"\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def set_published_at_date\r\n    if published_changed?(from: false, to: true)\r\n      self.published_at = Date.today\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nYou'll notice this module has a bit more to it than the `Authorable` module. Let's walk through the new changes. Right away you see that we have a module within the `Publishable` module called `ClassMethods`. We're going to use the `ClassMethods` module as a container for defining methods that we want to add as class methods (as opposed to instance methods) to our _publishable_ objects. In our `.included` hook method that we used before, you'll notice that in addition to evaluating code we also `extend` our base class with the `ClassMethods` module. This adds (or mixes in) the methods in `ClassMethods` with the base or _publishable_ class, but since we're using `extend` they're added as class methods, not instance methods. Lastly, we have the `#css_classes` and `#set_published_at_date` methods. These are instance methods and will automatically be included as instance level methods when the module is included. Once again let's refactor our `Post` and `BookReview` classes.\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass Post < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  include Authorable\r\n  include Publishable\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :title, :body, :author\r\n  validates_length_of :title, maximum: 244\r\n  validates_presence_of :slug\r\n  validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n  validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n  before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass BookReview < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  include Authorable\r\n  include Publishable\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :book_title, :body, :book_author\r\n  validates_length_of :book_title, :book_author, maximum: 244\r\n  validates_presence_of :slug\r\n  validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n  validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n  before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nThings are really starting to get cleaned up and duplicate lines of code are disappearing. Let's use the same pattern one last time for removing the duplication when it comes to the _sluggable_ role. Once again we'll create a `Sluggable` module to correspond to the _sluggable_ role and add the related code to the module. \r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nmodule Sluggable\r\n  def self.included(base)\r\n    base.class_eval do\r\n      validates_presence_of :slug\r\n      validates_uniqueness_of :slug, case_sensitive: false\r\n      validates_length_of :slug, maximum: 244\r\n\r\n      before_validation :parameterize_slug\r\n    end\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  def to_param\r\n    slug\r\n  end\r\n\r\n  private\r\n\r\n  def parameterize_slug\r\n    self.slug = slug.to_s\r\n    self.slug = slug.parameterize\r\n  end\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nBy now you are familiar with everything this module is doing. We are evaluating some code in the context of the included _sluggable_ class within `class_eval` block and moving the instance methods relevant to the _sluggable_ role into the module which will be added to the to the _sluggable_ objects that include this module. Let's look at the final version of our `Post` and `BookReview` classes.\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass Post < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  include Authorable\r\n  include Publishable\r\n  include Sluggable\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :title, :body, :author\r\n  validates_length_of :title, maximum: 244\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nclass BookReview < ActiveRecord::Base\r\n  include Authorable\r\n  include Publishable\r\n  include Sluggable\r\n\r\n  validates_presence_of :book_title, :body, :book_author\r\n  validates_length_of :book_title, :book_author, maximum: 244\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nThose classes are really compact now. We also now have the neat side effect that when we add other models to our blog, adding roles will be trivially easy. For example, if we decide we want to add a Tags model, all we have to do is include the functionality we want. Tags don't need to play the roles of _authorable_ or _publishable_, but perhaps we want each Tag to have its own URL. To do this we can simply include the `Sluggable` module and be done with it (since this is technically a DB backed application we'll need to adjust the DB accordingly as well).\r\n\r\n## Warnings\r\nWhile this pattern is powerful there are trade-offs we have to consider. When including modules, the functionality behind each role is now not as apparent. Someone who isn't familiar with your code might wonder where all the functionality is hidden. This also adds a bit of cognitive load for the programmer as they now have code for one object in 3 additional different places they must consider. When refactoring out into modules, or anytime when using inheritance, you'll want to make sure you're constantly asking yourself, _will other programmers be able to easily navigate the code and find what they need_. \r\n\r\nWe could, for example, create another module called `Broadcastable` that would look something like:\r\n\r\n```ruby\r\nmodule Broadcastable\r\n  include Authorable\r\n  include Publishable\r\n  include Sluggable\r\nend\r\n```\r\n\r\nAnd then include this in our `Post` and `BookReview` classes. While this does DRY up the code a bit, I feel that it adds too much complexity and cognitive load. Its not quite as clear as to what `Broadcastable` does and adds another layer in the inheritance tree that programmers must process. \r\n\r\nAnother thing to be careful with is using this pattern simply to remove duplicate code. Its important to consider that the purpose of the duplicate code is the same as opposed to having duplicate code purely because of coincidence. If the purpose is aligned, then its much more likely the future changes will be compatible with all involved objects. If the duplicate code exists between objects coincidentally, then its much more likely that the duplicate code may diverge in the future. Sometimes you might even want to hold off refactoring until further down the line, when the true roles of objects become more clear. \r\n\r\nWith these warnings in mind, factoring out common code that objects share by virtue of having a role into a module is a great way to organize shared behavior. \r\n\r\n## See More:\r\nTo see how to test this pattern, you can view the source code for this blog. It makes use of rspec's Shared Examples. In minitest you would simply use modules!\r\n\r\n* [Source code for this blog](https://github.com/jklina/joshklina.com \"joshklina.com source code\")\r\n* [Eloquent Ruby by Russ Olsen](http://amzn.to/1R2mkFA \"Eloquent Ruby\")\r\n* [Practical Object-Oriented Design in Ruby: An Agile Primer by Sandi Metz](http://amzn.to/1R2muN9 \"Eloquent Ruby\")\r\n* [Rails Concerns](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Concern.html \"Rails Concerns\")\r\n"], ["updated_at", "2016-03-09 15:38:27.619581"], ["id", 1]]
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-  Parameters: {"id"=>"another-test"}
-  Exposition::Post Load (1.2ms)  SELECT  "exposition_posts".* FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1 AND "exposition_posts"."slug" = $2 LIMIT $3  [["published", true], ["slug", "another-test"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
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-
-
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-Processing by Exposition::PostsController#show as HTML
-  Parameters: {"id"=>"another-test"}
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-
-
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-  Parameters: {"id"=>"another-test"}
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-
-
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-Processing by Exposition::PostsController#show as HTML
-  Parameters: {"id"=>"another-test"}
-  Exposition::Post Load (1.4ms)  SELECT  "exposition_posts".* FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1 AND "exposition_posts"."slug" = $2 LIMIT $3  [["published", true], ["slug", "another-test"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
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-
-
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-Processing by Exposition::PostsController#show as HTML
-  Parameters: {"id"=>"another-test"}
-  Exposition::Post Load (6.1ms)  SELECT  "exposition_posts".* FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1 AND "exposition_posts"."slug" = $2 LIMIT $3  [["published", true], ["slug", "another-test"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/show.html.haml within layouts/exposition/application
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-
-
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-Processing by Exposition::PostsController#show as HTML
-  Parameters: {"id"=>"another-test"}
-  Exposition::Post Load (1.7ms)  SELECT  "exposition_posts".* FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1 AND "exposition_posts"."slug" = $2 LIMIT $3  [["published", true], ["slug", "another-test"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
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-
-
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-
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-Processing by Exposition::PostsController#show as HTML
-  Parameters: {"id"=>"test-title"}
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-
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-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/_tags.html.haml (22.7ms)
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-  Categorical::Tag Exists (1.8ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "categorical_tags" INNER JOIN "categorical_taggings" ON "categorical_tags"."id" = "categorical_taggings"."tag_id" WHERE "categorical_taggings"."taggable_id" = $1 AND "categorical_taggings"."taggable_type" = $2 LIMIT $3  [["taggable_id", 2], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/_tags.html.haml (331.6ms)
-  Categorical::Tag Exists (1.3ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "categorical_tags" INNER JOIN "categorical_taggings" ON "categorical_tags"."id" = "categorical_taggings"."tag_id" WHERE "categorical_taggings"."taggable_id" = $1 AND "categorical_taggings"."taggable_type" = $2 LIMIT $3  [["taggable_id", 1], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
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-
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-Processing by Exposition::PostsController#index as HTML
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-
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-   (1.1ms)  SELECT COUNT(count_column) FROM (SELECT  1 AS count_column FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1 LIMIT $2 OFFSET $3) subquery_for_count  [["published", true], ["LIMIT", 10], ["OFFSET", 0]]
-  Exposition::Post Load (1.1ms)  SELECT  "exposition_posts".* FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1 ORDER BY "exposition_posts"."published_at" DESC LIMIT $2 OFFSET $3  [["published", true], ["LIMIT", 10], ["OFFSET", 0]]
-  Categorical::Tag Exists (1.0ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "categorical_tags" INNER JOIN "categorical_taggings" ON "categorical_tags"."id" = "categorical_taggings"."tag_id" WHERE "categorical_taggings"."taggable_id" = $1 AND "categorical_taggings"."taggable_type" = $2 LIMIT $3  [["taggable_id", 2], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/_tags.html.haml (5.7ms)
-  Categorical::Tag Exists (1.3ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "categorical_tags" INNER JOIN "categorical_taggings" ON "categorical_tags"."id" = "categorical_taggings"."tag_id" WHERE "categorical_taggings"."taggable_id" = $1 AND "categorical_taggings"."taggable_type" = $2 LIMIT $3  [["taggable_id", 1], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/_tags.html.haml (3.5ms)
-  Rendered collection of /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/_post.html.haml [2 times] (28.6ms)
-   (0.6ms)  SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1  [["published", true]]
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/index.html.haml within layouts/exposition/application (49.6ms)
-Completed 200 OK in 923ms (Views: 912.8ms | ActiveRecord: 5.1ms)
-
-
-Started GET "/assets/exposition/application.self-a5e531b65b188bdc355430b46474b25f87e993a04cb9ffbd70d230bbbde12cec.css?body=1" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 14:49:07 -0400
-Started GET "/assets/exposition/twitter-5ed7dd10b95665b5d9056ecdab697788dd8b2ce71cecb98972b70b7b27a93213.svg" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 14:49:07 -0400
-Started GET "/" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 14:49:28 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::PostsController#index as HTML
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/index.html.haml within layouts/exposition/application
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-  Exposition::Post Load (1.3ms)  SELECT  "exposition_posts".* FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1 ORDER BY "exposition_posts"."published_at" DESC LIMIT $2 OFFSET $3  [["published", true], ["LIMIT", 10], ["OFFSET", 0]]
-  Categorical::Tag Exists (0.8ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "categorical_tags" INNER JOIN "categorical_taggings" ON "categorical_tags"."id" = "categorical_taggings"."tag_id" WHERE "categorical_taggings"."taggable_id" = $1 AND "categorical_taggings"."taggable_type" = $2 LIMIT $3  [["taggable_id", 2], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/_tags.html.haml (3.2ms)
-  Categorical::Tag Exists (0.8ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "categorical_tags" INNER JOIN "categorical_taggings" ON "categorical_tags"."id" = "categorical_taggings"."tag_id" WHERE "categorical_taggings"."taggable_id" = $1 AND "categorical_taggings"."taggable_type" = $2 LIMIT $3  [["taggable_id", 1], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/_tags.html.haml (1.8ms)
-  Rendered collection of /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/_post.html.haml [2 times] (17.2ms)
-   (0.6ms)  SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1  [["published", true]]
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-Completed 200 OK in 673ms (Views: 664.4ms | ActiveRecord: 4.4ms)
-
-
-Started GET "/assets/exposition/application.self-c74c77928d0c14e39fc6ae025dcb0e6d7b015a9462289cb64686fc0cffc18d61.css?body=1" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 14:49:29 -0400
-Started GET "/assets/exposition/twitter-5ed7dd10b95665b5d9056ecdab697788dd8b2ce71cecb98972b70b7b27a93213.svg" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 14:49:29 -0400
-Started GET "/posts/another-test" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 14:49:49 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::PostsController#show as HTML
-  Parameters: {"id"=>"another-test"}
-  Exposition::Post Load (0.9ms)  SELECT  "exposition_posts".* FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1 AND "exposition_posts"."slug" = $2 LIMIT $3  [["published", true], ["slug", "another-test"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/show.html.haml within layouts/exposition/application
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/show.html.haml within layouts/exposition/application (2.2ms)
-Completed 200 OK in 46ms (Views: 37.7ms | ActiveRecord: 0.9ms)
-
-
-Started GET "/posts/another-test" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 14:50:23 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::PostsController#show as HTML
-  Parameters: {"id"=>"another-test"}
-  Exposition::Post Load (0.8ms)  SELECT  "exposition_posts".* FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1 AND "exposition_posts"."slug" = $2 LIMIT $3  [["published", true], ["slug", "another-test"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/show.html.haml within layouts/exposition/application
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/show.html.haml within layouts/exposition/application (4.3ms)
-Completed 200 OK in 709ms (Views: 702.7ms | ActiveRecord: 0.8ms)
-
-
-Started GET "/assets/exposition/application.self-6154175ebee594ad8775f53d3c6b679116ee32f88069160f19da1e5ead73f51e.css?body=1" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 14:50:23 -0400
-Started GET "/assets/exposition/twitter-5ed7dd10b95665b5d9056ecdab697788dd8b2ce71cecb98972b70b7b27a93213.svg" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 14:50:23 -0400
-Started GET "/posts/another-test" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 14:51:20 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::PostsController#show as HTML
-  Parameters: {"id"=>"another-test"}
-  Exposition::Post Load (1.1ms)  SELECT  "exposition_posts".* FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1 AND "exposition_posts"."slug" = $2 LIMIT $3  [["published", true], ["slug", "another-test"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/show.html.haml within layouts/exposition/application
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/show.html.haml within layouts/exposition/application (1.8ms)
-Completed 200 OK in 39ms (Views: 32.5ms | ActiveRecord: 1.1ms)
-
-
-Started GET "/assets/exposition/application.self-6154175ebee594ad8775f53d3c6b679116ee32f88069160f19da1e5ead73f51e.css?body=1" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 14:51:20 -0400
-Started GET "/assets/exposition/twitter-5ed7dd10b95665b5d9056ecdab697788dd8b2ce71cecb98972b70b7b27a93213.svg" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 14:51:20 -0400
-Started GET "/" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 14:51:51 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::PostsController#index as HTML
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/index.html.haml within layouts/exposition/application
-   (0.7ms)  SELECT COUNT(count_column) FROM (SELECT  1 AS count_column FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1 LIMIT $2 OFFSET $3) subquery_for_count  [["published", true], ["LIMIT", 10], ["OFFSET", 0]]
-  Exposition::Post Load (1.5ms)  SELECT  "exposition_posts".* FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1 ORDER BY "exposition_posts"."published_at" DESC LIMIT $2 OFFSET $3  [["published", true], ["LIMIT", 10], ["OFFSET", 0]]
-  Categorical::Tag Exists (1.0ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "categorical_tags" INNER JOIN "categorical_taggings" ON "categorical_tags"."id" = "categorical_taggings"."tag_id" WHERE "categorical_taggings"."taggable_id" = $1 AND "categorical_taggings"."taggable_type" = $2 LIMIT $3  [["taggable_id", 2], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/_tags.html.haml (3.8ms)
-  Categorical::Tag Exists (0.8ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "categorical_tags" INNER JOIN "categorical_taggings" ON "categorical_tags"."id" = "categorical_taggings"."tag_id" WHERE "categorical_taggings"."taggable_id" = $1 AND "categorical_taggings"."taggable_type" = $2 LIMIT $3  [["taggable_id", 1], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/_tags.html.haml (1.8ms)
-  Rendered collection of /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/_post.html.haml [2 times] (21.3ms)
-   (0.5ms)  SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1  [["published", true]]
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/index.html.haml within layouts/exposition/application (70.8ms)
-Completed 200 OK in 115ms (Views: 106.7ms | ActiveRecord: 4.5ms)
-
-
-Started GET "/admin/login" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 14:58:50 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::SessionsController#new as HTML
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin (107.1ms)
-  Exposition::User Load (5.1ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-Completed 200 OK in 557ms (Views: 506.5ms | ActiveRecord: 42.5ms)
-
-
-Started GET "/assets/jquery.self-660adc51e0224b731d29f575a6f1ec167ba08ad06ed5deca4f1e8654c135bf4c.js?body=1" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 14:58:51 -0400
-Started GET "/assets/jquery_ujs.self-e87806d0cf4489aeb1bb7288016024e8de67fd18db693fe026fe3907581e53cd.js?body=1" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 14:58:51 -0400
-Started GET "/assets/exposition/admin/application.self-f65bd21bac68a8b5ceaa2f380f9932b67ea4d43b8f5170feb553ec9156a09060.css?body=1" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 14:58:51 -0400
-Started GET "/assets/exposition/admin/application.self-6a3cf5192354f71615ac51034b3e97c20eda99643fcaf5bbe6d41ad59bd12167.js?body=1" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 14:58:51 -0400
-  Exposition::User Load (1.2ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" ORDER BY "exposition_users"."id" DESC LIMIT $1  [["LIMIT", 1]]
-Started POST "/admin/login" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:22:19 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::SessionsController#create as HTML
-  Parameters: {"utf8"=>"✓", "authenticity_token"=>"wzHuzaVeyjgN/As1lRko/0t1k2Lm0sTf1piusLcBz/zpI6G9wSDybHlcJzwVqs1AElIZkqXaOD9uQ/qA9R/3kw==", "session"=>{"email"=>"admin@admin.com", "password"=>"[FILTERED]"}, "commit"=>"Log in"}
-  Exposition::User Load (2.8ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."email" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["email", "admin@admin.com"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin (22.2ms)
-  Exposition::User Load (0.5ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-Completed 200 OK in 259ms (Views: 219.1ms | ActiveRecord: 4.0ms)
-
-
-Started POST "/admin/login" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:22:26 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::SessionsController#create as HTML
-  Parameters: {"utf8"=>"✓", "authenticity_token"=>"NNBD+1KmRdc14pspaQSvbv+KpW3kLKraxiMKrhYZ2QwewgyLNth9g0FCtyDpt0rRpq0vnackVjp++F6eVAfhYw==", "session"=>{"email"=>"admin@admin.com", "password"=>"[FILTERED]"}, "commit"=>"Log in"}
-  Exposition::User Load (0.8ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."email" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["email", "admin@admin.com"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin (7.3ms)
-  Exposition::User Load (0.8ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-Completed 200 OK in 196ms (Views: 187.4ms | ActiveRecord: 1.6ms)
-
-
-Started POST "/admin/login" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:22:42 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::SessionsController#create as HTML
-  Parameters: {"utf8"=>"✓", "authenticity_token"=>"6+kgLB4+uFwXJLcuEuoLpOmV5cFOgZCwiWSn0bwZtX3B+29cekCACGOEmyeSWe4bsLJvMQ2JbFAxv/Ph/geNEg==", "session"=>{"email"=>"admin@admin.admin", "password"=>"[FILTERED]"}, "commit"=>"Log in"}
-  Exposition::User Load (6.7ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."email" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["email", "admin@admin.admin"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin (5.9ms)
-  Exposition::User Load (0.9ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-Completed 200 OK in 317ms (Views: 160.8ms | ActiveRecord: 7.6ms)
-
-
-Started POST "/admin/login" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:22:50 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::SessionsController#create as HTML
-  Parameters: {"utf8"=>"✓", "authenticity_token"=>"VO5f+uWNatnWlccxvwQdjnpwntbjJ0RXJP8Dem0GjnJ+/BCKgfNSjaI16zg/t/gxI1cUJqAvuLecJFdKLxi2HQ==", "session"=>{"email"=>"admin@admin.admin", "password"=>"[FILTERED]"}, "commit"=>"Log in"}
-  Exposition::User Load (2.6ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."email" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["email", "admin@admin.admin"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin (4.0ms)
-  Exposition::User Load (0.8ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-Completed 200 OK in 244ms (Views: 149.6ms | ActiveRecord: 3.4ms)
-
-
-Started GET "/admin/login" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:23:27 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::SessionsController#new as HTML
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin (87.7ms)
-  Exposition::User Load (1.9ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-Completed 200 OK in 462ms (Views: 436.5ms | ActiveRecord: 1.9ms)
-
-
-Started POST "/admin/login" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:23:35 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::SessionsController#create as HTML
-  Parameters: {"utf8"=>"✓", "authenticity_token"=>"4w+epOFT8us+MTFOPx3FXpOCi2rkL9yIzd2Y+P7wyr+WwonGT5RCMAm4tO2MpIiDvd1bq+4TkixcDt5MEvtkCQ==", "session"=>{"email"=>"admin@admin.admin", "password"=>"[FILTERED]"}, "commit"=>"Log in"}
-  Exposition::User Load (2.7ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."email" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["email", "admin@admin.admin"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin (12.2ms)
-  Exposition::User Load (0.8ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-Completed 200 OK in 295ms (Views: 182.7ms | ActiveRecord: 3.4ms)
-
-
-Started POST "/admin/login" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:26:10 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::SessionsController#create as HTML
-  Parameters: {"utf8"=>"✓", "authenticity_token"=>"e47jJTEnSdkkSQQCAH1u2CtOZJJA2CN3c0TTX8AKhoQOQ/RHn+D5AhPAgaGzxCMFBRG0U0rkbdPil5XrLAEoMg==", "session"=>{"email"=>"admin@admin.admin", "password"=>"[FILTERED]"}, "commit"=>"Log in"}
-  Exposition::User Load (1.8ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."email" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["email", "admin@admin.admin"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin (25.8ms)
-  Exposition::User Load (0.8ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-Completed 200 OK in 337ms (Views: 206.4ms | ActiveRecord: 2.7ms)
-
-
-Started POST "/admin/login" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:26:50 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::SessionsController#create as HTML
-  Parameters: {"utf8"=>"✓", "authenticity_token"=>"3mEMQaPN2eF5aHs27sG0jYKUEEfNgBSr0+vqy3lYTTirrBsjDQppOk7h/pVdePlQrMvAhse8Wg9COKx/lVPjjg==", "session"=>{"email"=>"admin@admin.admin", "password"=>"[FILTERED]"}, "commit"=>"Log in"}
-  Exposition::User Load (1.2ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."email" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["email", "admin@admin.admin"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin (6.8ms)
-  Exposition::User Load (0.9ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-Completed 200 OK in 274ms (Views: 173.4ms | ActiveRecord: 2.1ms)
-
-
-  Exposition::User Load (2.3ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" ORDER BY "exposition_users"."id" DESC LIMIT $1  [["LIMIT", 1]]
-   (1.2ms)  BEGIN
-  Exposition::User Exists (3.3ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "exposition_users" WHERE LOWER("exposition_users"."email") = LOWER($1) AND ("exposition_users"."id" != $2) LIMIT $3  [["email", "admin@admin.admin"], ["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  SQL (5.4ms)  UPDATE "exposition_users" SET "password_digest" = $1, "updated_at" = $2 WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $3  [["password_digest", "$2a$10$xCvVdEvMpBYPfgW.lVHT/e6/pDSZXRS2DHvM9QZVhVoW9LsJB3HwC"], ["updated_at", 2016-07-01 19:27:01 UTC], ["id", 1]]
-   (3.5ms)  COMMIT
-Started POST "/admin/login" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:27:10 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::SessionsController#create as HTML
-  Parameters: {"utf8"=>"✓", "authenticity_token"=>"Pf/NcQcfggO2V02TZ8sGLZ+sWwLCZUFP6kGGD/Tb69xIMtoTqdgy2IHeyDDUckvwsfOLw8hZD+t7ksC7GNBFag==", "session"=>{"email"=>"admin@admin.admin", "password"=>"[FILTERED]"}, "commit"=>"Log in"}
-  Exposition::User Load (1.1ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."email" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["email", "admin@admin.admin"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+  SQL (3.8ms)  CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS "plpgsql"
+   (0.9ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "categorical_taggings" CASCADE
+   (10.9ms)  CREATE TABLE "categorical_taggings" ("id" bigserial primary key, "taggable_id" integer, "taggable_type" character varying, "tag_id" integer)
+   (2.0ms)  CREATE  INDEX  "index_categorical_taggings_on_taggable_type_and_taggable_id" ON "categorical_taggings" USING btree ("taggable_type", "taggable_id")
+   (0.2ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "categorical_tags" CASCADE
+   (4.3ms)  CREATE TABLE "categorical_tags" ("id" bigserial primary key, "label" character varying, "slug" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (1.2ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_categorical_tags_on_label" ON "categorical_tags" USING btree ("label")
+   (1.2ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_categorical_tags_on_slug" ON "categorical_tags" USING btree ("slug")
+   (0.2ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "exposition_posts" CASCADE
+   (4.1ms)  CREATE TABLE "exposition_posts" ("id" bigserial primary key, "title" character varying, "body" text, "published" boolean DEFAULT 'f' NOT NULL, "published_at" timestamp, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "author_id" integer, "slug" character varying, "summary" text)
+   (1.1ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_exposition_posts_on_slug" ON "exposition_posts" USING btree ("slug")
+   (0.2ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "exposition_users" CASCADE
+   (4.2ms)  CREATE TABLE "exposition_users" ("id" bigserial primary key, "name" character varying, "email" character varying, "password_digest" character varying, "remember_digest" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (1.3ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_exposition_users_on_email" ON "exposition_users" USING btree ("email")
+   (3.6ms)  CREATE TABLE "schema_migrations" ("version" character varying NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY)
+   (0.6ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (1.2ms)  INSERT INTO "schema_migrations" (version) VALUES (20160226035733)
+   (3.6ms)  CREATE TABLE "ar_internal_metadata" ("key" character varying NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, "value" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.5ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", "environment"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+  SQL (1.4ms)  INSERT INTO "ar_internal_metadata" ("key", "value", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4) RETURNING "key"  [["key", "environment"], ["value", "development"], ["created_at", "2017-06-30 03:21:59.391515"], ["updated_at", "2017-06-30 03:21:59.391515"]]
+   (0.4ms)  COMMIT
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.7ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", "environment"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+   (0.1ms)  COMMIT
+  SQL (0.4ms)  CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS "plpgsql"
+   (0.3ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "categorical_taggings" CASCADE
+   (7.8ms)  CREATE TABLE "categorical_taggings" ("id" bigserial primary key, "taggable_id" integer, "taggable_type" character varying, "tag_id" integer)
+   (1.9ms)  CREATE  INDEX  "index_categorical_taggings_on_taggable_type_and_taggable_id" ON "categorical_taggings" USING btree ("taggable_type", "taggable_id")
+   (0.2ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "categorical_tags" CASCADE
+   (4.5ms)  CREATE TABLE "categorical_tags" ("id" bigserial primary key, "label" character varying, "slug" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (1.4ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_categorical_tags_on_label" ON "categorical_tags" USING btree ("label")
+   (1.3ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_categorical_tags_on_slug" ON "categorical_tags" USING btree ("slug")
+   (0.2ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "exposition_posts" CASCADE
+   (4.4ms)  CREATE TABLE "exposition_posts" ("id" bigserial primary key, "title" character varying, "body" text, "published" boolean DEFAULT 'f' NOT NULL, "published_at" timestamp, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "author_id" integer, "slug" character varying, "summary" text)
+   (1.6ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_exposition_posts_on_slug" ON "exposition_posts" USING btree ("slug")
+   (0.4ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "exposition_users" CASCADE
+   (4.9ms)  CREATE TABLE "exposition_users" ("id" bigserial primary key, "name" character varying, "email" character varying, "password_digest" character varying, "remember_digest" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (2.7ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_exposition_users_on_email" ON "exposition_users" USING btree ("email")
+   (3.5ms)  CREATE TABLE "schema_migrations" ("version" character varying NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY)
+   (0.7ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.8ms)  INSERT INTO "schema_migrations" (version) VALUES (20160226035733)
+   (3.8ms)  CREATE TABLE "ar_internal_metadata" ("key" character varying NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, "value" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.4ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", "environment"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+  SQL (0.4ms)  INSERT INTO "ar_internal_metadata" ("key", "value", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4) RETURNING "key"  [["key", "environment"], ["value", "development"], ["created_at", "2017-06-30 03:21:59.486607"], ["updated_at", "2017-06-30 03:21:59.486607"]]
+   (0.4ms)  COMMIT
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.3ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", "environment"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+   (0.1ms)  COMMIT
+   (1.0ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+  Exposition::User Exists (0.7ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "exposition_users" WHERE LOWER("exposition_users"."email") = LOWER($1) LIMIT $2  [["email", "admin@admin.admin"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+  SQL (0.6ms)  INSERT INTO "exposition_users" ("name", "email", "password_digest", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5) RETURNING "id"  [["name", "Admin"], ["email", "admin@admin.admin"], ["password_digest", "$2a$10$gxY416RNguW6ccMHth1sKudsr3jYjS9H2GWXA3pwUhnkX0Tbypazm"], ["created_at", "2017-06-30 03:21:59.606743"], ["updated_at", "2017-06-30 03:21:59.606743"]]
+   (5.6ms)  COMMIT
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+  Exposition::Post Exists (0.7ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE LOWER("exposition_posts"."slug") = LOWER($1) LIMIT $2  [["slug", "test-title"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+  SQL (0.7ms)  INSERT INTO "exposition_posts" ("title", "body", "published", "published_at", "created_at", "updated_at", "author_id", "slug", "summary") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, $9) RETURNING "id"  [["title", "Test Title"], ["body", "Hello\n\nThis is a post.\n"], ["published", "t"], ["published_at", "2017-06-29 00:00:00"], ["created_at", "2017-06-30 03:21:59.706747"], ["updated_at", "2017-06-30 03:21:59.706747"], ["author_id", 1], ["slug", "test-title"], ["summary", "Hello\n\nThis is a post.\n"]]
+   (0.5ms)  COMMIT
+   (1.0ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.4ms)  SELECT "ar_internal_metadata"."value" FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1  [["key", "environment"]]
+   (0.3ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.2ms)  SELECT "ar_internal_metadata"."value" FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1  [["key", "environment"]]
+   (0.3ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.2ms)  SELECT "ar_internal_metadata"."value" FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1  [["key", "environment"]]
+   (138.5ms)  DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS "exposition_development"
+   (131.3ms)  DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS "exposition_test"
+   (245.4ms)  CREATE DATABASE "exposition_development" ENCODING = 'unicode'
+   (245.1ms)  CREATE DATABASE "exposition_test" ENCODING = 'unicode'
+  SQL (0.4ms)  CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS "plpgsql"
+   (0.3ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "ar_internal_metadata" CASCADE
+   (6.5ms)  CREATE TABLE "ar_internal_metadata" ("key" bigserial primary key, "value" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (0.5ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "categorical_taggings" CASCADE
+   (4.3ms)  CREATE TABLE "categorical_taggings" ("id" bigserial primary key, "taggable_id" integer, "taggable_type" character varying, "tag_id" integer)
+   (1.7ms)  CREATE  INDEX  "index_categorical_taggings_on_taggable_type_and_taggable_id" ON "categorical_taggings"  ("taggable_type", "taggable_id")
+   (0.2ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "categorical_tags" CASCADE
+   (4.3ms)  CREATE TABLE "categorical_tags" ("id" bigserial primary key, "label" character varying, "slug" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (1.4ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_categorical_tags_on_label" ON "categorical_tags"  ("label")
+   (1.3ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_categorical_tags_on_slug" ON "categorical_tags"  ("slug")
+   (0.2ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "exposition_posts" CASCADE
+   (4.2ms)  CREATE TABLE "exposition_posts" ("id" bigserial primary key, "title" character varying, "body" text, "published" boolean DEFAULT 'f' NOT NULL, "published_at" timestamp, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "author_id" integer, "slug" character varying, "summary" text)
+   (1.1ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_exposition_posts_on_slug" ON "exposition_posts"  ("slug")
+   (0.2ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "exposition_users" CASCADE
+   (4.4ms)  CREATE TABLE "exposition_users" ("id" bigserial primary key, "name" character varying, "email" character varying, "password_digest" character varying, "remember_digest" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (1.3ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_exposition_users_on_email" ON "exposition_users"  ("email")
+   (3.1ms)  CREATE TABLE "schema_migrations" ("version" character varying NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY)
+   (0.8ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.7ms)  INSERT INTO "schema_migrations" (version) VALUES (20160226035733)
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.4ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", "environment"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+   (0.9ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.3ms)  SELECT "ar_internal_metadata"."value" FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1  [["key", nil]]
+   (0.9ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.3ms)  SELECT "ar_internal_metadata"."value" FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1  [["key", nil]]
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.3ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", nil], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+   (0.3ms)  BEGIN
+  SQL (0.7ms)  INSERT INTO "ar_internal_metadata" ("value", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING "key"  [["value", "development"], ["created_at", "2017-06-30 03:28:01.828865"], ["updated_at", "2017-06-30 03:28:01.828865"]]
+   (5.8ms)  COMMIT
+   (0.4ms)  SELECT pg_try_advisory_lock(4921617910838480460);
+   (0.9ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.3ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", nil], ["LIMIT", 1]]
    (0.4ms)  BEGIN
-  SQL (0.9ms)  UPDATE "exposition_users" SET "remember_digest" = $1, "updated_at" = $2 WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $3  [["remember_digest", "$2a$10$J9t0q/LtGRYgJiQwyskEwumi.K/fmrbw9rOpOglRnEq8rPhwHGuTG"], ["updated_at", 2016-07-01 19:27:11 UTC], ["id", 1]]
+  SQL (0.8ms)  INSERT INTO "ar_internal_metadata" ("value", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING "key"  [["value", "development"], ["created_at", "2017-06-30 03:31:01.706115"], ["updated_at", "2017-06-30 03:31:01.706115"]]
+   (5.8ms)  COMMIT
+   (0.5ms)  SELECT pg_advisory_unlock(4921617910838480460)
+   (0.3ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.9ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.3ms)  SELECT "ar_internal_metadata"."value" FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1  [["key", nil]]
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.3ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", nil], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+  SQL (0.5ms)  INSERT INTO "ar_internal_metadata" ("value", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING "key"  [["value", "development"], ["created_at", "2017-06-30 03:32:53.142895"], ["updated_at", "2017-06-30 03:32:53.142895"]]
+   (5.8ms)  COMMIT
+   (0.9ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.3ms)  SELECT "ar_internal_metadata"."value" FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1  [["key", nil]]
+   (0.9ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.3ms)  SELECT "ar_internal_metadata"."value" FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1  [["key", nil]]
+   (0.9ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.3ms)  SELECT "ar_internal_metadata"."value" FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1  [["key", nil]]
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.4ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", nil], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+  SQL (0.6ms)  INSERT INTO "ar_internal_metadata" ("value", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING "key"  [["value", "development"], ["created_at", "2017-06-30 03:37:31.897533"], ["updated_at", "2017-06-30 03:37:31.897533"]]
+   (5.8ms)  COMMIT
+   (0.8ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.4ms)  SELECT "ar_internal_metadata"."value" FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1  [["key", nil]]
+  SQL (0.4ms)  CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS "plpgsql"
+   (0.3ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "ar_internal_metadata" CASCADE
+   (8.4ms)  CREATE TABLE "ar_internal_metadata" ("key" bigserial primary key, "value" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (0.6ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "categorical_taggings" CASCADE
+   (4.4ms)  CREATE TABLE "categorical_taggings" ("id" bigserial primary key, "taggable_id" integer, "taggable_type" character varying, "tag_id" integer)
+   (2.0ms)  CREATE  INDEX  "index_categorical_taggings_on_taggable_type_and_taggable_id" ON "categorical_taggings" USING btree ("taggable_type", "taggable_id")
+   (0.4ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "categorical_tags" CASCADE
+   (4.7ms)  CREATE TABLE "categorical_tags" ("id" bigserial primary key, "label" character varying, "slug" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (1.4ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_categorical_tags_on_label" ON "categorical_tags" USING btree ("label")
+   (1.3ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_categorical_tags_on_slug" ON "categorical_tags" USING btree ("slug")
+   (0.3ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "exposition_posts" CASCADE
+   (4.6ms)  CREATE TABLE "exposition_posts" ("id" bigserial primary key, "title" character varying, "body" text, "published" boolean DEFAULT 'f' NOT NULL, "published_at" timestamp, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "author_id" integer, "slug" character varying, "summary" text)
+   (1.3ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_exposition_posts_on_slug" ON "exposition_posts" USING btree ("slug")
+   (0.3ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "exposition_users" CASCADE
+   (4.5ms)  CREATE TABLE "exposition_users" ("id" bigserial primary key, "name" character varying, "email" character varying, "password_digest" character varying, "remember_digest" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (1.4ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_exposition_users_on_email" ON "exposition_users" USING btree ("email")
+   (3.9ms)  CREATE TABLE "schema_migrations" ("version" character varying NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY)
+   (0.6ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.8ms)  INSERT INTO "schema_migrations" (version) VALUES (20160226035733)
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.4ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", nil], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+  SQL (0.6ms)  INSERT INTO "ar_internal_metadata" ("value", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING "key"  [["value", "development"], ["created_at", "2017-06-30 03:39:53.786642"], ["updated_at", "2017-06-30 03:39:53.786642"]]
+   (0.5ms)  COMMIT
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.2ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", nil], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+   (0.1ms)  BEGIN
+  SQL (0.3ms)  INSERT INTO "ar_internal_metadata" ("value", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING "key"  [["value", "development"], ["created_at", "2017-06-30 03:39:53.790803"], ["updated_at", "2017-06-30 03:39:53.790803"]]
+   (0.4ms)  COMMIT
+  SQL (0.4ms)  CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS "plpgsql"
+   (0.3ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "ar_internal_metadata" CASCADE
+   (8.7ms)  CREATE TABLE "ar_internal_metadata" ("key" bigserial primary key, "value" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (0.6ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "categorical_taggings" CASCADE
+   (5.4ms)  CREATE TABLE "categorical_taggings" ("id" bigserial primary key, "taggable_id" integer, "taggable_type" character varying, "tag_id" integer)
+   (1.9ms)  CREATE  INDEX  "index_categorical_taggings_on_taggable_type_and_taggable_id" ON "categorical_taggings" USING btree ("taggable_type", "taggable_id")
+   (0.3ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "categorical_tags" CASCADE
+   (4.5ms)  CREATE TABLE "categorical_tags" ("id" bigserial primary key, "label" character varying, "slug" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (1.3ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_categorical_tags_on_label" ON "categorical_tags" USING btree ("label")
+   (1.4ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_categorical_tags_on_slug" ON "categorical_tags" USING btree ("slug")
+   (0.2ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "exposition_posts" CASCADE
+   (4.6ms)  CREATE TABLE "exposition_posts" ("id" bigserial primary key, "title" character varying, "body" text, "published" boolean DEFAULT 'f' NOT NULL, "published_at" timestamp, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "author_id" integer, "slug" character varying, "summary" text)
+   (1.8ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_exposition_posts_on_slug" ON "exposition_posts" USING btree ("slug")
+   (0.3ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "exposition_users" CASCADE
+   (4.5ms)  CREATE TABLE "exposition_users" ("id" bigserial primary key, "name" character varying, "email" character varying, "password_digest" character varying, "remember_digest" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (1.7ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_exposition_users_on_email" ON "exposition_users" USING btree ("email")
+   (3.7ms)  CREATE TABLE "schema_migrations" ("version" character varying NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY)
+   (0.7ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.7ms)  INSERT INTO "schema_migrations" (version) VALUES (20160226035733)
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.4ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", nil], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+   (0.1ms)  BEGIN
+  SQL (0.5ms)  INSERT INTO "ar_internal_metadata" ("value", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING "key"  [["value", "development"], ["created_at", "2017-06-30 03:39:53.882681"], ["updated_at", "2017-06-30 03:39:53.882681"]]
+   (0.4ms)  COMMIT
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.2ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", nil], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+   (0.1ms)  BEGIN
+  SQL (0.3ms)  INSERT INTO "ar_internal_metadata" ("value", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING "key"  [["value", "development"], ["created_at", "2017-06-30 03:39:53.886442"], ["updated_at", "2017-06-30 03:39:53.886442"]]
+   (0.4ms)  COMMIT
+   (1.0ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+  Exposition::User Exists (0.7ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "exposition_users" WHERE LOWER("exposition_users"."email") = LOWER($1) LIMIT $2  [["email", "admin@admin.admin"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+  SQL (0.6ms)  INSERT INTO "exposition_users" ("name", "email", "password_digest", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5) RETURNING "id"  [["name", "Admin"], ["email", "admin@admin.admin"], ["password_digest", "$2a$10$KRaRR33vncw1dOuGmE7.kOX4ZMWKWkYUS4RV7qfTgCKUppKn2mD8a"], ["created_at", "2017-06-30 03:39:53.998987"], ["updated_at", "2017-06-30 03:39:53.998987"]]
+   (5.8ms)  COMMIT
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+  Exposition::Post Exists (0.7ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE LOWER("exposition_posts"."slug") = LOWER($1) LIMIT $2  [["slug", "test-title"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+  SQL (0.6ms)  INSERT INTO "exposition_posts" ("title", "body", "published", "published_at", "created_at", "updated_at", "author_id", "slug", "summary") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, $9) RETURNING "id"  [["title", "Test Title"], ["body", "Hello\n\nThis is a post.\n"], ["published", "t"], ["published_at", "2017-06-29 00:00:00"], ["created_at", "2017-06-30 03:39:54.110474"], ["updated_at", "2017-06-30 03:39:54.110474"], ["author_id", 1], ["slug", "test-title"], ["summary", "Hello\n\nThis is a post.\n"]]
+   (2.2ms)  COMMIT
+   (0.4ms)  SELECT pg_try_advisory_lock(4921617910838480460);
+   (0.9ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+Migrating to CreateExpositionPosters (20160106220615)
+   (0.3ms)  SELECT pg_advisory_unlock(4921617910838480460)
+   (0.3ms)  SELECT pg_try_advisory_lock(4921617910838480460);
+   (0.9ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+Migrating to CreateExpositionPosters (20160106220615)
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+   (7.7ms)  CREATE TABLE "exposition_posts" ("id" bigserial primary key, "title" character varying, "body" text, "published" boolean DEFAULT 'f' NOT NULL, "published_at" date, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (0.2ms)  ROLLBACK
+   (0.4ms)  SELECT pg_advisory_unlock(4921617910838480460)
+   (0.9ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.4ms)  SELECT "ar_internal_metadata"."value" FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1  [["key", nil]]
+   (0.9ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.4ms)  SELECT "ar_internal_metadata"."value" FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1  [["key", nil]]
+   (0.9ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.3ms)  SELECT "ar_internal_metadata"."value" FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1  [["key", nil]]
+   (5.6ms)  CREATE TABLE "schema_migrations" ("version" character varying NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY)
+   (4.0ms)  CREATE TABLE "ar_internal_metadata" ("key" character varying NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, "value" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (0.4ms)  SELECT pg_try_advisory_lock(4921617910838480460);
+   (0.6ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+Migrating to CreateExpositionPosters (20160106220615)
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+   (4.6ms)  CREATE TABLE "exposition_posts" ("id" bigserial primary key, "title" character varying, "body" text, "published" boolean DEFAULT 'f' NOT NULL, "published_at" date, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+  SQL (0.5ms)  INSERT INTO "schema_migrations" ("version") VALUES ($1) RETURNING "version"  [["version", "20160106220615"]]
    (0.7ms)  COMMIT
-Redirected to http://localhost:3000/admin/posts
-Completed 302 Found in 258ms (ActiveRecord: 3.1ms)
-
-
-Started GET "/admin/posts" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:27:11 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::PostsController#index as HTML
-  Exposition::User Load (1.8ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/posts/index.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin
-  Exposition::Post Load (2.1ms)  SELECT  "exposition_posts".* FROM "exposition_posts" ORDER BY "exposition_posts"."published_at" DESC LIMIT $1 OFFSET $2  [["LIMIT", 25], ["OFFSET", 0]]
-  CACHE (0.0ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Categorical::Tag Load (1.4ms)  SELECT "categorical_tags".* FROM "categorical_tags" INNER JOIN "categorical_taggings" ON "categorical_tags"."id" = "categorical_taggings"."tag_id" WHERE "categorical_taggings"."taggable_id" = $1 AND "categorical_taggings"."taggable_type" = $2  [["taggable_id", 2], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"]]
-  CACHE (0.1ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Categorical::Tag Load (0.9ms)  SELECT "categorical_tags".* FROM "categorical_tags" INNER JOIN "categorical_taggings" ON "categorical_tags"."id" = "categorical_taggings"."tag_id" WHERE "categorical_taggings"."taggable_id" = $1 AND "categorical_taggings"."taggable_type" = $2  [["taggable_id", 1], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"]]
-   (2.7ms)  SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "exposition_posts"
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/posts/index.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin (60.6ms)
-Completed 200 OK in 128ms (Views: 106.1ms | ActiveRecord: 8.9ms)
-
-
-Started GET "/admin/tags" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:27:36 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::TagsController#index as HTML
-  Exposition::User Load (0.7ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/tags/index.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin
-  Categorical::Tag Load (1.4ms)  SELECT  "categorical_tags".* FROM "categorical_tags" LIMIT $1 OFFSET $2  [["LIMIT", 25], ["OFFSET", 0]]
-   (0.9ms)  SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "categorical_tags"
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/tags/index.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin (14.1ms)
-Completed 200 OK in 58ms (Views: 48.9ms | ActiveRecord: 3.0ms)
-
-
-Started GET "/admin/tags/new" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:27:37 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::TagsController#new as HTML
-  Exposition::User Load (0.7ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/tags/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/shared/_error_handler.html.haml (2.5ms)
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/tags/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin (11.2ms)
-Completed 200 OK in 65ms (Views: 49.6ms | ActiveRecord: 5.6ms)
-
-
-Started POST "/admin/tags" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:27:42 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::TagsController#create as HTML
-  Parameters: {"utf8"=>"✓", "authenticity_token"=>"QtK5LgMnfZgC0a75KZIuURdvNOfKnImv9cnE8+el3Mk3H65MreDNQzVYK1qaK2OMOTDkJsCgxwtkGoJHC65yfw==", "tag"=>{"label"=>"My Tag"}, "commit"=>"Create Tag"}
-  Exposition::User Load (1.1ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-   (0.7ms)  BEGIN
-  Categorical::Tag Exists (0.8ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "categorical_tags" WHERE LOWER("categorical_tags"."label") = LOWER($1) LIMIT $2  [["label", "My Tag"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Categorical::Tag Exists (0.7ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "categorical_tags" WHERE "categorical_tags"."slug" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["slug", "my-tag"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  SQL (14.6ms)  INSERT INTO "categorical_tags" ("label", "slug", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4) RETURNING "id"  [["label", "My Tag"], ["slug", "my-tag"], ["created_at", 2016-07-01 19:27:42 UTC], ["updated_at", 2016-07-01 19:27:42 UTC]]
-   (1.7ms)  COMMIT
-Redirected to http://localhost:3000/admin/tags
-Completed 302 Found in 139ms (ActiveRecord: 22.6ms)
-
-
-Started GET "/admin/tags" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:27:42 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::TagsController#index as HTML
-  Exposition::User Load (0.7ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/tags/index.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin
-  Categorical::Tag Load (0.5ms)  SELECT  "categorical_tags".* FROM "categorical_tags" LIMIT $1 OFFSET $2  [["LIMIT", 25], ["OFFSET", 0]]
-   (0.5ms)  SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "categorical_tags"
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/tags/index.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin (11.3ms)
-Completed 200 OK in 46ms (Views: 39.1ms | ActiveRecord: 1.6ms)
-
-
-Started GET "/admin/tags/new" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:27:43 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::TagsController#new as HTML
-  Exposition::User Load (0.7ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/tags/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/shared/_error_handler.html.haml (1.9ms)
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/tags/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin (7.9ms)
-Completed 200 OK in 42ms (Views: 37.9ms | ActiveRecord: 0.7ms)
-
-
-Started POST "/admin/tags" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:27:48 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::TagsController#create as HTML
-  Parameters: {"utf8"=>"✓", "authenticity_token"=>"4WxEGW4jjlHCmPnh7kqBkDLj9q32BO7gC+HhReBxeNaUoVN7wOQ+ivURfEJd88xNHLwmbPw4oESaMqfxDHrWYA==", "tag"=>{"label"=>"Another Tag"}, "commit"=>"Create Tag"}
-  Exposition::User Load (0.7ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+Migrating to AddAuthorIdToPosts (20160112194424)
+   (0.4ms)  BEGIN
+   (1.2ms)  ALTER TABLE "exposition_posts" ADD "author_id" integer
+  SQL (0.4ms)  INSERT INTO "schema_migrations" ("version") VALUES ($1) RETURNING "version"  [["version", "20160112194424"]]
+   (0.5ms)  COMMIT
+Migrating to CreateExpositionUsers (20160112200248)
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+   (4.1ms)  CREATE TABLE "exposition_users" ("id" bigserial primary key, "name" character varying, "email" character varying, "password_digest" character varying, "remember_digest" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (1.1ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_exposition_users_on_email" ON "exposition_users"  ("email")
+  SQL (0.4ms)  INSERT INTO "schema_migrations" ("version") VALUES ($1) RETURNING "version"  [["version", "20160112200248"]]
+   (0.6ms)  COMMIT
+Migrating to AddSlugToExpositonPosts (20160112202302)
+   (0.4ms)  BEGIN
+   (0.5ms)  ALTER TABLE "exposition_posts" ADD "slug" character varying
+   (1.2ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_exposition_posts_on_slug" ON "exposition_posts"  ("slug")
+  SQL (0.4ms)  INSERT INTO "schema_migrations" ("version") VALUES ($1) RETURNING "version"  [["version", "20160112202302"]]
+   (0.6ms)  COMMIT
+Migrating to AddCategorialTags (20160112204019)
+   (0.3ms)  BEGIN
+   (4.2ms)  CREATE TABLE "categorical_tags" ("id" bigserial primary key, "label" character varying, "slug" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (1.0ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_categorical_tags_on_label" ON "categorical_tags"  ("label")
+   (1.2ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_categorical_tags_on_slug" ON "categorical_tags"  ("slug")
+   (4.0ms)  CREATE TABLE "categorical_taggings" ("id" bigserial primary key, "taggable_type" character varying, "taggable_id" bigint, "tag_id" integer)
+   (1.7ms)  CREATE  INDEX  "index_categorical_taggings_on_taggable_type_and_taggable_id" ON "categorical_taggings"  ("taggable_type", "taggable_id")
+  SQL (0.5ms)  INSERT INTO "schema_migrations" ("version") VALUES ($1) RETURNING "version"  [["version", "20160112204019"]]
+   (0.6ms)  COMMIT
+Migrating to AddSummaryToPosts (20160225203524)
+   (0.4ms)  BEGIN
+   (0.4ms)  ALTER TABLE "exposition_posts" ADD "summary" text
+  SQL (0.3ms)  INSERT INTO "schema_migrations" ("version") VALUES ($1) RETURNING "version"  [["version", "20160225203524"]]
+   (0.4ms)  COMMIT
+Migrating to ConvertPublishedAtToDatetime (20160226035733)
+   (0.3ms)  BEGIN
+   (7.2ms)  ALTER TABLE "exposition_posts" ALTER COLUMN "published_at" TYPE timestamp
+  SQL (0.4ms)  INSERT INTO "schema_migrations" ("version") VALUES ($1) RETURNING "version"  [["version", "20160226035733"]]
+   (1.0ms)  COMMIT
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.5ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", "environment"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
    (0.2ms)  BEGIN
-  Categorical::Tag Exists (1.4ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "categorical_tags" WHERE LOWER("categorical_tags"."label") = LOWER($1) LIMIT $2  [["label", "Another Tag"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Categorical::Tag Exists (0.6ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "categorical_tags" WHERE "categorical_tags"."slug" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["slug", "another-tag"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  SQL (0.9ms)  INSERT INTO "categorical_tags" ("label", "slug", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4) RETURNING "id"  [["label", "Another Tag"], ["slug", "another-tag"], ["created_at", 2016-07-01 19:27:48 UTC], ["updated_at", 2016-07-01 19:27:48 UTC]]
+  SQL (0.6ms)  INSERT INTO "ar_internal_metadata" ("key", "value", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4) RETURNING "key"  [["key", "environment"], ["value", "development"], ["created_at", "2017-06-30 03:44:51.089587"], ["updated_at", "2017-06-30 03:44:51.089587"]]
    (0.5ms)  COMMIT
-Redirected to http://localhost:3000/admin/tags
-Completed 302 Found in 16ms (ActiveRecord: 7.3ms)
-
-
-Started GET "/admin/tags" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:27:48 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::TagsController#index as HTML
-  Exposition::User Load (0.5ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/tags/index.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin
-  Categorical::Tag Load (0.8ms)  SELECT  "categorical_tags".* FROM "categorical_tags" LIMIT $1 OFFSET $2  [["LIMIT", 25], ["OFFSET", 0]]
-   (0.6ms)  SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "categorical_tags"
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/tags/index.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin (51.3ms)
-Completed 200 OK in 95ms (Views: 87.4ms | ActiveRecord: 2.0ms)
-
-
-Started GET "/admin/posts" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:27:51 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::PostsController#index as HTML
-  Exposition::User Load (0.6ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/posts/index.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin
-  Exposition::Post Load (1.0ms)  SELECT  "exposition_posts".* FROM "exposition_posts" ORDER BY "exposition_posts"."published_at" DESC LIMIT $1 OFFSET $2  [["LIMIT", 25], ["OFFSET", 0]]
-  CACHE (0.0ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Categorical::Tag Load (0.7ms)  SELECT "categorical_tags".* FROM "categorical_tags" INNER JOIN "categorical_taggings" ON "categorical_tags"."id" = "categorical_taggings"."tag_id" WHERE "categorical_taggings"."taggable_id" = $1 AND "categorical_taggings"."taggable_type" = $2  [["taggable_id", 2], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"]]
-  CACHE (0.0ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Categorical::Tag Load (0.7ms)  SELECT "categorical_tags".* FROM "categorical_tags" INNER JOIN "categorical_taggings" ON "categorical_tags"."id" = "categorical_taggings"."tag_id" WHERE "categorical_taggings"."taggable_id" = $1 AND "categorical_taggings"."taggable_type" = $2  [["taggable_id", 1], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"]]
-   (0.5ms)  SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "exposition_posts"
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/posts/index.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin (25.7ms)
-Completed 200 OK in 82ms (Views: 65.5ms | ActiveRecord: 3.6ms)
-
-
-Started GET "/admin/posts/another-test/edit" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:27:53 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::PostsController#edit as HTML
-  Parameters: {"id"=>"another-test"}
-  Exposition::User Load (0.6ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Exposition::Post Load (1.2ms)  SELECT  "exposition_posts".* FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."slug" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["slug", "another-test"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/posts/edit.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/shared/_error_handler.html.haml (2.3ms)
-  Exposition::User Load (0.6ms)  SELECT "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users"
-  Categorical::Tag Load (0.5ms)  SELECT "categorical_tags".* FROM "categorical_tags"
-   (1.2ms)  SELECT "categorical_tags".id FROM "categorical_tags" INNER JOIN "categorical_taggings" ON "categorical_tags"."id" = "categorical_taggings"."tag_id" WHERE "categorical_taggings"."taggable_id" = $1 AND "categorical_taggings"."taggable_type" = $2  [["taggable_id", 2], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"]]
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/posts/_form_fields.html.haml (31.7ms)
-  Rendered /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/posts/edit.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin (44.9ms)
-Completed 200 OK in 95ms (Views: 83.2ms | ActiveRecord: 5.2ms)
-
-
-Started PATCH "/admin/posts/another-test" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:27:59 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::PostsController#update as HTML
-  Parameters: {"utf8"=>"✓", "authenticity_token"=>"lXVcOPkOpCf7yaw7vUGNF92Xu6FuM3DUtGGYVbeprwLguEtaV8kU/MxAKZgO+MDK88hrYGQPPnAlst7hW6IBtA==", "post"=>{"title"=>"Another test", "summary"=>"Just another test", "body"=>"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras eget nibh neque. Proin sed tellus id neque accumsan cursus. Nam lacinia diam sit amet tortor tincidunt nec semper neque vulputate. Vestibulum eros enim, facilisis a fermentum sit amet, fringilla at odio. Duis vestibulum volutpat massa, et semper sapien tincidunt non. Curabitur pellentesque dictum nisi ac dictum. Nunc viverra felis nec risus consectetur suscipit. Sed pellentesque pharetra nibh sit amet porta. Aenean metus ligula, accumsan vehicula facilisis eu, consectetur ac ante. Nulla adipiscing, erat eu aliquet tincidunt, nunc arcu elementum mi, non lacinia sapien lorem et lacus. Donec tortor justo, ultricies id dictum in, feugiat vitae nunc.\r\n          \r\n          Phasellus cursus tristique dui nec imperdiet. Cras viverra porta placerat. Nunc commodo convallis elit, hendrerit porta massa consequat eu. In rutrum luctus felis sit amet imperdiet. Nulla magna arcu, sollicitudin sed congue eu, porttitor sed libero. Aliquam aliquam nulla vel nulla gravida tempor facilisis diam placerat. Nullam viverra, sem eget bibendum interdum, enim urna gravida ante, ut vulputate orci odio et eros. Pellentesque sit amet convallis ante. Etiam neque dui, accumsan ut lacinia pharetra, placerat ut sem. Suspendisse vehicula mi eu odio egestas vehicula.", "author_id"=>"1", "slug"=>"another-test", "tag_ids"=>["", "1", "2"], "published"=>"1"}, "commit"=>"Update Post", "id"=>"another-test"}
-  Exposition::User Load (0.5ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Exposition::Post Load (0.8ms)  SELECT  "exposition_posts".* FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."slug" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["slug", "another-test"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+   (0.3ms)  SELECT pg_advisory_unlock(4921617910838480460)
+   (0.3ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.2ms)  DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS "exposition_development"
+   (0.2ms)  DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS "exposition_test"
+   (258.4ms)  CREATE DATABASE "exposition_development" ENCODING = 'unicode'
+   (254.4ms)  CREATE DATABASE "exposition_test" ENCODING = 'unicode'
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+   (0.3ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "exposition_posts" CASCADE
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+   (0.3ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "exposition_users" CASCADE
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+   (1.4ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_exposition_users_on_email" ON "exposition_users"  ("email")
+   (5.4ms)  CREATE TABLE "schema_migrations" ("version" character varying NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY)
+   (0.7ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
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+   (0.6ms)  INSERT INTO "schema_migrations" (version) VALUES
+(20160106220615),
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+(20160112202302),
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+(20160225203524);
+
+
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+   (0.3ms)  BEGIN
+  SQL (0.6ms)  INSERT INTO "ar_internal_metadata" ("key", "value", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4) RETURNING "key"  [["key", "environment"], ["value", "development"], ["created_at", "2017-06-30 03:47:11.404461"], ["updated_at", "2017-06-30 03:47:11.404461"]]
+   (0.5ms)  COMMIT
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.3ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", "environment"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+   (0.2ms)  COMMIT
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+   (2.2ms)  CREATE  INDEX  "index_categorical_taggings_on_taggable_type_and_taggable_id" ON "categorical_taggings"  ("taggable_type", "taggable_id")
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+   (1.4ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_categorical_tags_on_label" ON "categorical_tags"  ("label")
+   (2.8ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_categorical_tags_on_slug" ON "categorical_tags"  ("slug")
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+   (1.5ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_exposition_posts_on_slug" ON "exposition_posts"  ("slug")
+   (0.2ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "exposition_users" CASCADE
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+   (1.2ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_exposition_users_on_email" ON "exposition_users"  ("email")
+   (3.2ms)  CREATE TABLE "schema_migrations" ("version" character varying NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY)
+   (0.7ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
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+   (0.6ms)  INSERT INTO "schema_migrations" (version) VALUES
+(20160106220615),
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+(20160112200248),
+(20160112202302),
+(20160112204019),
+(20160225203524);
+
+
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+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.4ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", "environment"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+  SQL (0.5ms)  INSERT INTO "ar_internal_metadata" ("key", "value", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4) RETURNING "key"  [["key", "environment"], ["value", "development"], ["created_at", "2017-06-30 03:47:11.497766"], ["updated_at", "2017-06-30 03:47:11.497766"]]
+   (0.4ms)  COMMIT
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.3ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", "environment"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
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+   (0.2ms)  COMMIT
+   (0.9ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+  Exposition::User Exists (0.6ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "exposition_users" WHERE LOWER("exposition_users"."email") = LOWER($1) LIMIT $2  [["email", "admin@admin.admin"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+  SQL (0.6ms)  INSERT INTO "exposition_users" ("name", "email", "password_digest", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5) RETURNING "id"  [["name", "Admin"], ["email", "admin@admin.admin"], ["password_digest", "$2a$10$9qQWy8AH9HZiFWUnxiiDpe2CV1Wy3p44mECs8Rb2fwjrogoMD9kSi"], ["created_at", "2017-06-30 03:47:11.615766"], ["updated_at", "2017-06-30 03:47:11.615766"]]
+   (5.7ms)  COMMIT
+   (0.3ms)  BEGIN
+  Exposition::Post Exists (0.6ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE LOWER("exposition_posts"."slug") = LOWER($1) LIMIT $2  [["slug", "test-title"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+  SQL (0.5ms)  INSERT INTO "exposition_posts" ("title", "body", "published", "published_at", "created_at", "updated_at", "author_id", "slug", "summary") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, $9) RETURNING "id"  [["title", "Test Title"], ["body", "Hello\n\nThis is a post.\n"], ["published", "t"], ["published_at", "2017-06-29 00:00:00"], ["created_at", "2017-06-30 03:47:12.067510"], ["updated_at", "2017-06-30 03:47:12.067510"], ["author_id", 1], ["slug", "test-title"], ["summary", "Hello\n\nThis is a post.\n"]]
+   (5.7ms)  COMMIT
+Started GET "/" for ::1 at 2017-07-06 21:40:39 -0600
+Processing by Exposition::PostsController#index as HTML
+  Rendering /Users/joshuaklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/index.html.haml within layouts/exposition/application
+  Exposition::Post Exists (3.0ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1 LIMIT $2 OFFSET $3  [["published", "t"], ["LIMIT", 1], ["OFFSET", 0]]
+  Exposition::Post Load (0.8ms)  SELECT  "exposition_posts".* FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1 ORDER BY "exposition_posts"."published_at" DESC LIMIT $2 OFFSET $3  [["published", "t"], ["LIMIT", 10], ["OFFSET", 0]]
+  Categorical::Tag Exists (7.7ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "categorical_tags" INNER JOIN "categorical_taggings" ON "categorical_tags"."id" = "categorical_taggings"."tag_id" WHERE "categorical_taggings"."taggable_id" = $1 AND "categorical_taggings"."taggable_type" = $2 LIMIT $3  [["taggable_id", 1], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+  Rendered /Users/joshuaklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/_tags.html.haml (21.4ms)
+  Rendered collection of /Users/joshuaklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/_post.html.haml [1 times] (41.1ms)
+  Rendered /Users/joshuaklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/posts/index.html.haml within layouts/exposition/application (93.0ms)
+Completed 200 OK in 415ms (Views: 89.8ms | ActiveRecord: 100.7ms)
+
+
+Started GET "/admin/login" for 127.0.0.1 at 2017-07-10 14:19:05 -0600
+Processing by Exposition::Admin::SessionsController#new as HTML
+  Rendering /Users/joshuaklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin
+  Rendered /Users/joshuaklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/sessions/new.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin (29.5ms)
+Completed 200 OK in 933ms (Views: 924.9ms | ActiveRecord: 0.0ms)
+
+
+Started GET "/assets/exposition/admin/application.self-8a29ef7513dc78c984fa9580c16776b9864df855bd5cc2444eac16585afdd689.css?body=1" for 127.0.0.1 at 2017-07-10 14:19:06 -0600
+   (559.5ms)  CREATE DATABASE "exposition_development" ENCODING = 'unicode'
+   (431.7ms)  CREATE DATABASE "exposition_test" ENCODING = 'unicode'
+  SQL (43.5ms)  CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS "plpgsql"
+   (1.7ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "categorical_taggings" CASCADE
+   (25.7ms)  CREATE TABLE "categorical_taggings" ("id" bigserial primary key, "taggable_type" character varying, "taggable_id" bigint, "tag_id" integer)
+   (1.7ms)  CREATE  INDEX  "index_categorical_taggings_on_taggable_type_and_taggable_id" ON "categorical_taggings"  ("taggable_type", "taggable_id")
+   (0.2ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "categorical_tags" CASCADE
+   (6.4ms)  CREATE TABLE "categorical_tags" ("id" bigserial primary key, "label" character varying, "slug" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (1.9ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_categorical_tags_on_label" ON "categorical_tags"  ("label")
+   (1.4ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_categorical_tags_on_slug" ON "categorical_tags"  ("slug")
+   (0.2ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "exposition_posts" CASCADE
+   (5.7ms)  CREATE TABLE "exposition_posts" ("id" bigserial primary key, "title" character varying, "body" text, "published" boolean DEFAULT FALSE NOT NULL, "published_at" timestamp, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "author_id" integer, "slug" character varying, "summary" text)
+   (1.4ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_exposition_posts_on_slug" ON "exposition_posts"  ("slug")
+   (0.3ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "exposition_users" CASCADE
+   (5.9ms)  CREATE TABLE "exposition_users" ("id" bigserial primary key, "name" character varying, "email" character varying, "password_digest" character varying, "remember_digest" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (1.4ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_exposition_users_on_email" ON "exposition_users"  ("email")
+   (4.4ms)  CREATE TABLE "schema_migrations" ("version" character varying NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY)
+   (1.3ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (3.4ms)  INSERT INTO "schema_migrations" (version) VALUES (20160226035733)
+   (0.7ms)  INSERT INTO "schema_migrations" (version) VALUES
+(20160106220615),
+(20160225203524),
+(20160112204019),
+(20160112200248),
+(20160112202302),
+(20160112194424);
+
+
+   (3.9ms)  CREATE TABLE "ar_internal_metadata" ("key" character varying NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, "value" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.8ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", "environment"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Create (1.4ms)  INSERT INTO "ar_internal_metadata" ("key", "value", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4) RETURNING "key"  [["key", "environment"], ["value", "development"], ["created_at", "2018-12-09 18:39:55.987257"], ["updated_at", "2018-12-09 18:39:55.987257"]]
+   (0.4ms)  COMMIT
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (1.0ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", "environment"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+   (0.2ms)  COMMIT
+  SQL (1.9ms)  CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS "plpgsql"
+   (0.4ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "categorical_taggings" CASCADE
+   (64.8ms)  CREATE TABLE "categorical_taggings" ("id" bigserial primary key, "taggable_type" character varying, "taggable_id" bigint, "tag_id" integer)
+   (2.7ms)  CREATE  INDEX  "index_categorical_taggings_on_taggable_type_and_taggable_id" ON "categorical_taggings"  ("taggable_type", "taggable_id")
+   (0.3ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "categorical_tags" CASCADE
+   (7.6ms)  CREATE TABLE "categorical_tags" ("id" bigserial primary key, "label" character varying, "slug" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (40.9ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_categorical_tags_on_label" ON "categorical_tags"  ("label")
+   (1.7ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_categorical_tags_on_slug" ON "categorical_tags"  ("slug")
+   (0.3ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "exposition_posts" CASCADE
+   (5.6ms)  CREATE TABLE "exposition_posts" ("id" bigserial primary key, "title" character varying, "body" text, "published" boolean DEFAULT FALSE NOT NULL, "published_at" timestamp, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "author_id" integer, "slug" character varying, "summary" text)
+   (2.0ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_exposition_posts_on_slug" ON "exposition_posts"  ("slug")
+   (0.6ms)  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "exposition_users" CASCADE
+   (5.7ms)  CREATE TABLE "exposition_users" ("id" bigserial primary key, "name" character varying, "email" character varying, "password_digest" character varying, "remember_digest" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+   (1.5ms)  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_exposition_users_on_email" ON "exposition_users"  ("email")
+   (4.7ms)  CREATE TABLE "schema_migrations" ("version" character varying NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY)
+   (1.2ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations"."version" FROM "schema_migrations" ORDER BY "schema_migrations"."version" ASC
+   (1.8ms)  INSERT INTO "schema_migrations" (version) VALUES (20160226035733)
+   (0.7ms)  INSERT INTO "schema_migrations" (version) VALUES
+(20160106220615),
+(20160225203524),
+(20160112204019),
+(20160112200248),
+(20160112202302),
+(20160112194424);
+
+
+   (3.8ms)  CREATE TABLE "ar_internal_metadata" ("key" character varying NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, "value" character varying, "created_at" timestamp NOT NULL, "updated_at" timestamp NOT NULL)
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.5ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", "environment"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
    (0.2ms)  BEGIN
-  Categorical::Tag Load (2.4ms)  SELECT "categorical_tags".* FROM "categorical_tags" WHERE "categorical_tags"."id" IN (1, 2)
-  Categorical::Tag Load (1.2ms)  SELECT "categorical_tags".* FROM "categorical_tags" INNER JOIN "categorical_taggings" ON "categorical_tags"."id" = "categorical_taggings"."tag_id" WHERE "categorical_taggings"."taggable_id" = $1 AND "categorical_taggings"."taggable_type" = $2  [["taggable_id", 2], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"]]
-  Categorical::Tag Exists (1.2ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "categorical_tags" WHERE LOWER("categorical_tags"."label") = LOWER($1) AND ("categorical_tags"."id" != $2) LIMIT $3  [["label", "My Tag"], ["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
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-  SQL (1.4ms)  INSERT INTO "categorical_taggings" ("taggable_id", "taggable_type", "tag_id") VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING "id"  [["taggable_id", 2], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"], ["tag_id", 1]]
-  Categorical::Tag Exists (0.6ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "categorical_tags" WHERE LOWER("categorical_tags"."label") = LOWER($1) AND ("categorical_tags"."id" != $2) LIMIT $3  [["label", "Another Tag"], ["id", 2], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Categorical::Tag Exists (0.5ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "categorical_tags" WHERE "categorical_tags"."slug" = $1 AND ("categorical_tags"."id" != $2) LIMIT $3  [["slug", "another-tag"], ["id", 2], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  SQL (0.6ms)  INSERT INTO "categorical_taggings" ("taggable_id", "taggable_type", "tag_id") VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING "id"  [["taggable_id", 2], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"], ["tag_id", 2]]
-  Exposition::User Load (0.5ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
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-  SQL (2.1ms)  UPDATE "exposition_posts" SET "body" = $1, "updated_at" = $2 WHERE "exposition_posts"."id" = $3  [["body", "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras eget nibh neque. Proin sed tellus id neque accumsan cursus. Nam lacinia diam sit amet tortor tincidunt nec semper neque vulputate. Vestibulum eros enim, facilisis a fermentum sit amet, fringilla at odio. Duis vestibulum volutpat massa, et semper sapien tincidunt non. Curabitur pellentesque dictum nisi ac dictum. Nunc viverra felis nec risus consectetur suscipit. Sed pellentesque pharetra nibh sit amet porta. Aenean metus ligula, accumsan vehicula facilisis eu, consectetur ac ante. Nulla adipiscing, erat eu aliquet tincidunt, nunc arcu elementum mi, non lacinia sapien lorem et lacus. Donec tortor justo, ultricies id dictum in, feugiat vitae nunc.\r\n          \r\n          Phasellus cursus tristique dui nec imperdiet. Cras viverra porta placerat. Nunc commodo convallis elit, hendrerit porta massa consequat eu. In rutrum luctus felis sit amet imperdiet. Nulla magna arcu, sollicitudin sed congue eu, porttitor sed libero. Aliquam aliquam nulla vel nulla gravida tempor facilisis diam placerat. Nullam viverra, sem eget bibendum interdum, enim urna gravida ante, ut vulputate orci odio et eros. Pellentesque sit amet convallis ante. Etiam neque dui, accumsan ut lacinia pharetra, placerat ut sem. Suspendisse vehicula mi eu odio egestas vehicula."], ["updated_at", 2016-07-01 19:27:59 UTC], ["id", 2]]
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Create (0.7ms)  INSERT INTO "ar_internal_metadata" ("key", "value", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4) RETURNING "key"  [["key", "environment"], ["value", "development"], ["created_at", "2018-12-09 18:39:56.318908"], ["updated_at", "2018-12-09 18:39:56.318908"]]
    (0.5ms)  COMMIT
-Redirected to http://localhost:3000/admin/posts
-Completed 302 Found in 64ms (ActiveRecord: 23.0ms)
-
-
-Started GET "/admin/posts" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 15:27:59 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::Admin::PostsController#index as HTML
-  Exposition::User Load (0.6ms)  SELECT  "exposition_users".* FROM "exposition_users" WHERE "exposition_users"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["id", 1], ["LIMIT", 1]]
-  Rendering /Users/jklina/Development/exposition/app/views/exposition/admin/posts/index.html.haml within layouts/exposition/admin
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-  Categorical::Tag Load (1.9ms)  SELECT "categorical_tags".* FROM "categorical_tags" INNER JOIN "categorical_taggings" ON "categorical_tags"."id" = "categorical_taggings"."tag_id" WHERE "categorical_taggings"."taggable_id" = $1 AND "categorical_taggings"."taggable_type" = $2  [["taggable_id", 2], ["taggable_type", "Exposition::Post"]]
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-Completed 200 OK in 1160ms (Views: 1126.4ms | ActiveRecord: 12.9ms)
-
-
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-
-
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-Processing by Exposition::PostsController#show as HTML
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-Completed 200 OK in 50ms (Views: 42.0ms | ActiveRecord: 4.1ms)
-
-
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-Processing by Exposition::PostsController#show as HTML
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-
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-Processing by Exposition::PostsController#show as HTML
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-
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-Completed 200 OK in 1448ms (Views: 1312.6ms | ActiveRecord: 27.4ms)
-
-
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-Completed 200 OK in 151ms (Views: 130.0ms | ActiveRecord: 16.8ms)
-
-
-Started GET "/" for ::1 at 2016-07-01 16:53:48 -0400
-Processing by Exposition::PostsController#index as HTML
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-
-
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-Processing by Exposition::PostsController#show as HTML
-  Parameters: {"id"=>"test-title"}
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-Completed 200 OK in 200ms (Views: 165.2ms | ActiveRecord: 1.8ms)
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Load (0.4ms)  SELECT  "ar_internal_metadata".* FROM "ar_internal_metadata" WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $1 LIMIT $2  [["key", "environment"], ["LIMIT", 1]]
+   (0.2ms)  BEGIN
+  ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata Update (0.8ms)  UPDATE "ar_internal_metadata" SET "value" = $1, "updated_at" = $2 WHERE "ar_internal_metadata"."key" = $3  [["value", "test"], ["updated_at", "2018-12-09 18:39:56.323123"], ["key", "environment"]]
+   (0.5ms)  COMMIT
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+  Exposition::User Create (11.1ms)  INSERT INTO "exposition_users" ("name", "email", "password_digest", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5) RETURNING "id"  [["name", "Admin"], ["email", "admin@admin.admin"], ["password_digest", "$2a$10$Uib.OiXMpHHdXg/PyV0d0uI8ZoFj9QiKt2qBdXMU8eerrbyuDHbHq"], ["created_at", "2018-12-09 18:39:56.497483"], ["updated_at", "2018-12-09 18:39:56.497483"]]
+   (0.8ms)  COMMIT
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+   (2.4ms)  COMMIT
+Started GET "/" for ::1 at 2020-01-02 21:29:21 -0700
+Processing by Exposition::PostsController#index as HTML
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+  Exposition::Post Exists? (25.0ms)  SELECT 1 AS one FROM "exposition_posts" WHERE "exposition_posts"."published" = $1 LIMIT $2 OFFSET $3  [["published", true], ["LIMIT", 1], ["OFFSET", 0]]
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+Completed 500 Internal Server Error in 179ms (ActiveRecord: 92.2ms | Allocations: 32765)
 
 
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-Completed 200 OK in 112ms (Views: 96.8ms | ActiveRecord: 9.5ms)
+  
+ActionView::Template::Error (undefined method `markdown_to_html' for #<#<Class:0x00007fcb10c48f50>:0x00007fcb0c1e6980>):
+    3:   .content.summary
+    4:     %h2= link_to(post.title, post)
+    5:     = preserve do
+    6:       = markdown_to_html(post.summary)
+    7:   %section.info
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+  
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