eventmachine-mkroman 1.3.0.dev.1

data/lib/eventmachine.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1602 @@
+if defined?(EventMachine.library_type) and EventMachine.library_type == :pure_ruby
+  # assume 'em/pure_ruby' was loaded already
+elsif RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /java/
+  require 'java'
+  require 'jeventmachine'
+else
+  begin
+    require 'rubyeventmachine'
+  rescue LoadError
+    warn "Unable to load the EventMachine C extension; To use the pure-ruby reactor, require 'em/pure_ruby'"
+    raise
+  end
+end
+
+require 'em/version'
+require 'em/pool'
+require 'em/deferrable'
+require 'em/future'
+require 'em/streamer'
+require 'em/spawnable'
+require 'em/processes'
+require 'em/iterator'
+require 'em/buftok'
+require 'em/timers'
+require 'em/protocols'
+require 'em/connection'
+require 'em/callback'
+require 'em/queue'
+require 'em/channel'
+require 'em/file_watch'
+require 'em/process_watch'
+require 'em/tick_loop'
+require 'em/resolver'
+require 'em/completion'
+require 'em/threaded_resource'
+
+require 'shellwords'
+require 'thread'
+require 'resolv'
+
+##
+# Top-level EventMachine namespace. If you are looking for EventMachine examples, see {file:docs/GettingStarted.md EventMachine tutorial}.
+#
+# ## Key methods ##
+# ### Starting and stopping the event loop ###
+#
+# * {EventMachine.run}
+# * {EventMachine.stop_event_loop}
+#
+# ### Implementing clients ###
+#
+# * {EventMachine.connect}
+#
+# ### Implementing servers ###
+#
+# * {EventMachine.start_server}
+#
+# ### Working with timers ###
+#
+# * {EventMachine.add_timer}
+# * {EventMachine.add_periodic_timer}
+# * {EventMachine.cancel_timer}
+#
+# ### Working with blocking tasks ###
+#
+# * {EventMachine.defer}
+# * {EventMachine.next_tick}
+#
+# ### Efficient proxying ###
+#
+# * {EventMachine.enable_proxy}
+# * {EventMachine.disable_proxy}
+module EventMachine
+  class << self
+    # Exposed to allow joining on the thread, when run in a multithreaded
+    # environment. Performing other actions on the thread has undefined
+    # semantics (read: a dangerous endevor).
+    #
+    # @return [Thread]
+    attr_reader :reactor_thread
+  end
+  @next_tick_mutex = Mutex.new
+  @reactor_running = false
+  @next_tick_queue = []
+  @tails = []
+  @threadpool = @threadqueue = @resultqueue = nil
+  @all_threads_spawned = false
+
+  # System errnos
+  # @private
+  ERRNOS = Errno::constants.grep(/^E/).inject(Hash.new(:unknown)) { |hash, name|
+    errno = Errno.__send__(:const_get, name)
+    hash[errno::Errno] = errno
+    hash
+  }
+
+  # Initializes and runs an event loop. This method only returns if code inside the block passed to this method
+  # calls {EventMachine.stop_event_loop}. The block is executed after initializing its internal event loop but *before* running the loop,
+  # therefore this block is the right place to call any code that needs event loop to run, for example, {EventMachine.start_server},
+  # {EventMachine.connect} or similar methods of libraries that use EventMachine under the hood
+  # (like `EventMachine::HttpRequest.new` or `AMQP.start`).
+  #
+  # Programs that are run for long periods of time (e.g. servers) usually start event loop by calling {EventMachine.run}, and let it
+  # run "forever". It's also possible to use {EventMachine.run} to make a single client-connection to a remote server,
+  # process the data flow from that single connection, and then call {EventMachine.stop_event_loop} to stop, in other words,
+  # to run event loop for a short period of time (necessary to complete some operation) and then shut it down.
+  #
+  # Once event loop is running, it is perfectly possible to start multiple servers and clients simultaneously: content-aware
+  # proxies like [Proxymachine](https://github.com/mojombo/proxymachine) do just that.
+  #
+  # ## Using EventMachine with Ruby on Rails and other Web application frameworks
+  #
+  # Standalone applications often run event loop on the main thread, thus blocking for their entire lifespan. In case of Web applications,
+  # if you are running an EventMachine-based app server such as [Thin](http://code.macournoyer.com/thin/) or [Goliath](https://github.com/postrank-labs/goliath/),
+  # they start event loop for you. Servers like Unicorn, Apache Passenger or Mongrel occupy main Ruby thread to serve HTTP(S) requests. This means
+  # that calling {EventMachine.run} on the same thread is not an option (it will result in Web server never binding to the socket).
+  # In that case, start event loop in a separate thread as demonstrated below.
+  #
+  #
+  # @example Starting EventMachine event loop in the current thread to run the "Hello, world"-like Echo server example
+  #
+  #   #!/usr/bin/env ruby
+  #   
+  #   require 'rubygems' # or use Bundler.setup
+  #   require 'eventmachine'
+  #   
+  #   class EchoServer < EM::Connection
+  #     def receive_data(data)
+  #       send_data(data)
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #   
+  #   EventMachine.run do
+  #     EventMachine.start_server("0.0.0.0", 10000, EchoServer)
+  #   end
+  #
+  #
+  # @example Starting EventMachine event loop in a separate thread
+  #
+  #   # doesn't block current thread, can be used with Ruby on Rails, Sinatra, Merb, Rack
+  #   # and any other application server that occupies main Ruby thread.
+  #   Thread.new { EventMachine.run }
+  #
+  #
+  # @note This method blocks calling thread. If you need to start EventMachine event loop from a Web app
+  #       running on a non event-driven server (Unicorn, Apache Passenger, Mongrel), do it in a separate thread like demonstrated
+  #       in one of the examples.
+  # @see file:docs/GettingStarted.md Getting started with EventMachine
+  # @see EventMachine.stop_event_loop
+  def self.run blk=nil, tail=nil, &block
+    # Obsoleted the use_threads mechanism.
+    # 25Nov06: Added the begin/ensure block. We need to be sure that release_machine
+    # gets called even if an exception gets thrown within any of the user code
+    # that the event loop runs. The best way to see this is to run a unit
+    # test with two functions, each of which calls {EventMachine.run} and each of
+    # which throws something inside of #run. Without the ensure, the second test
+    # will start without release_machine being called and will immediately throw
+
+    #
+    if @reactor_running and @reactor_pid != Process.pid
+      # Reactor was started in a different parent, meaning we have forked.
+      # Clean up reactor state so a new reactor boots up in this child.
+      stop_event_loop
+      release_machine
+      cleanup_machine
+      @reactor_running = false
+    end
+
+    tail and @tails.unshift(tail)
+
+    if reactor_running?
+      (b = blk || block) and b.call # next_tick(b)
+    else
+      @conns = {}
+      @acceptors = {}
+      @timers = {}
+      @wrapped_exception = nil
+      @next_tick_queue ||= []
+      @tails ||= []
+      begin
+        initialize_event_machine
+        @reactor_pid = Process.pid
+        @reactor_thread = Thread.current
+        @reactor_running = true
+
+        (b = blk || block) and add_timer(0, b)
+        if @next_tick_queue && !@next_tick_queue.empty?
+          add_timer(0) { signal_loopbreak }
+        end
+
+        # Rubinius needs to come back into "Ruby space" for GC to work,
+        # so we'll crank the machine here.
+        if defined?(RUBY_ENGINE) && RUBY_ENGINE == "rbx"
+          while run_machine_once; end
+        else
+          run_machine
+        end
+
+      ensure
+        until @tails.empty?
+          @tails.pop.call
+        end
+
+        release_machine
+        cleanup_machine
+        @reactor_running = false
+        @reactor_thread = nil
+      end
+
+      raise @wrapped_exception if @wrapped_exception
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Sugars a common use case. Will pass the given block to #run, but will terminate
+  # the reactor loop and exit the function as soon as the code in the block completes.
+  # (Normally, {EventMachine.run} keeps running indefinitely, even after the block supplied to it
+  # finishes running, until user code calls {EventMachine.stop})
+  #
+  def self.run_block &block
+    pr = proc {
+      block.call
+      EventMachine::stop
+    }
+    run(&pr)
+  end
+
+  # @return [Boolean] true if the calling thread is the same thread as the reactor.
+  def self.reactor_thread?
+    Thread.current == @reactor_thread
+  end
+
+  # Runs the given callback on the reactor thread, or immediately if called
+  # from the reactor thread. Accepts the same arguments as {EventMachine::Callback}
+  def self.schedule(*a, &b)
+    cb = Callback(*a, &b)
+    if reactor_running? && reactor_thread?
+      cb.call
+    else
+      next_tick { cb.call }
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Forks a new process, properly stops the reactor and then calls {EventMachine.run} inside of it again, passing your block.
+  def self.fork_reactor &block
+    # This implementation is subject to change, especially if we clean up the relationship
+    # of EM#run to @reactor_running.
+    # Original patch by Aman Gupta.
+    #
+    Kernel.fork do
+      if reactor_running?
+        stop_event_loop
+        release_machine
+        cleanup_machine
+        @reactor_running = false
+        @reactor_thread = nil
+      end
+      run block
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Clean up Ruby space following a release_machine
+  def self.cleanup_machine
+    if @threadpool && !@threadpool.empty?
+      # Tell the threads to stop
+      @threadpool.each { |t| t.exit }
+      # Join the threads or bump the stragglers one more time
+      @threadpool.each { |t| t.join 0.01 || t.exit }
+    end
+    @threadpool = nil
+    @threadqueue = nil
+    @resultqueue = nil
+    @all_threads_spawned = false
+    @next_tick_queue = []
+  end
+
+  # Adds a block to call as the reactor is shutting down.
+  #
+  # These callbacks are called in the _reverse_ order to which they are added.
+  #
+  # @example Scheduling operations to be run when EventMachine event loop is stopped
+  #
+  #   EventMachine.run do
+  #     EventMachine.add_shutdown_hook { puts "b" }
+  #     EventMachine.add_shutdown_hook { puts "a" }
+  #     EventMachine.stop
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   # Outputs:
+  #   #   a
+  #   #   b
+  #
+  def self.add_shutdown_hook &block
+    @tails << block
+  end
+
+  # Adds a one-shot timer to the event loop.
+  # Call it with one or two parameters. The first parameters is a delay-time
+  # expressed in *seconds* (not milliseconds). The second parameter, if
+  # present, must be an object that responds to :call. If 2nd parameter is not given, then you
+  # can also simply pass a block to the method call.
+  #
+  # This method may be called from the block passed to {EventMachine.run}
+  # or from any callback method. It schedules execution of the proc or block
+  # passed to it, after the passage of an interval of time equal to
+  # *at least* the number of seconds specified in the first parameter to
+  # the call.
+  #
+  # {EventMachine.add_timer} is a non-blocking method. Callbacks can and will
+  # be called during the interval of time that the timer is in effect.
+  # There is no built-in limit to the number of timers that can be outstanding at
+  # any given time.
+  #
+  # @example Setting a one-shot timer with EventMachine
+  #
+  #   EventMachine.run {
+  #     puts "Starting the run now: #{Time.now}"
+  #     EventMachine.add_timer 5, proc { puts "Executing timer event: #{Time.now}" }
+  #     EventMachine.add_timer(10) { puts "Executing timer event: #{Time.now}" }
+  #   }
+  #
+  # @param [Integer] delay Delay in seconds
+  # @see EventMachine::Timer
+  # @see EventMachine.add_periodic_timer
+  def self.add_timer *args, &block
+    interval = args.shift
+    code = args.shift || block
+    if code
+      # check too many timers!
+      s = add_oneshot_timer((interval.to_f * 1000).to_i)
+      @timers[s] = code
+      s
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Adds a periodic timer to the event loop.
+  # It takes the same parameters as the one-shot timer method, {EventMachine.add_timer}.
+  # This method schedules execution of the given block repeatedly, at intervals
+  # of time *at least* as great as the number of seconds given in the first
+  # parameter to the call.
+  #
+  # @example Write a dollar-sign to stderr every five seconds, without blocking
+  #
+  #   EventMachine.run {
+  #     EventMachine.add_periodic_timer(5) { $stderr.write "$" }
+  #   }
+  #
+  # @param [Integer] delay Delay in seconds
+  #
+  # @see EventMachine::PeriodicTimer
+  # @see EventMachine.add_timer
+  #
+  def self.add_periodic_timer *args, &block
+    interval = args.shift
+    code = args.shift || block
+
+    EventMachine::PeriodicTimer.new(interval, code)
+  end
+
+
+  # Cancel a timer (can be a callback or an {EventMachine::Timer} instance).
+  #
+  # @param [#cancel, #call] timer_or_sig A timer to cancel
+  # @see EventMachine::Timer#cancel
+  def self.cancel_timer timer_or_sig
+    if timer_or_sig.respond_to? :cancel
+      timer_or_sig.cancel
+    else
+      @timers[timer_or_sig] = false if @timers.has_key?(timer_or_sig)
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  # Causes the processing loop to stop executing, which will cause all open connections and accepting servers
+  # to be run down and closed. Connection termination callbacks added using {EventMachine.add_shutdown_hook}
+  # will be called as part of running this method.
+  #
+  # When all of this processing is complete, the call to {EventMachine.run} which started the processing loop
+  # will return and program flow will resume from the statement following {EventMachine.run} call.
+  #
+  # @example Stopping a running EventMachine event loop
+  #
+  #   require 'rubygems'
+  #   require 'eventmachine'
+  #   
+  #   module Redmond
+  #     def post_init
+  #       puts "We're sending a dumb HTTP request to the remote peer."
+  #       send_data "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: www.microsoft.com\r\n\r\n"
+  #     end
+  #   
+  #     def receive_data data
+  #       puts "We received #{data.length} bytes from the remote peer."
+  #       puts "We're going to stop the event loop now."
+  #       EventMachine::stop_event_loop
+  #     end
+  #   
+  #     def unbind
+  #       puts "A connection has terminated."
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #   
+  #   puts "We're starting the event loop now."
+  #   EventMachine.run {
+  #     EventMachine.connect "www.microsoft.com", 80, Redmond
+  #   }
+  #   puts "The event loop has stopped."
+  #
+  #   # This program will produce approximately the following output:
+  #   #
+  #   # We're starting the event loop now.
+  #   # We're sending a dumb HTTP request to the remote peer.
+  #   # We received 1440 bytes from the remote peer.
+  #   # We're going to stop the event loop now.
+  #   # A connection has terminated.
+  #   # The event loop has stopped.
+  #
+  #
+  def self.stop_event_loop
+    EventMachine::stop
+  end
+
+  # Initiates a TCP server (socket acceptor) on the specified IP address and port.
+  #
+  # The IP address must be valid on the machine where the program
+  # runs, and the process must be privileged enough to listen
+  # on the specified port (on Unix-like systems, superuser privileges
+  # are usually required to listen on any port lower than 1024).
+  # Only one listener may be running on any given address/port
+  # combination. start_server will fail if the given address and port
+  # are already listening on the machine, either because of a prior call
+  # to {.start_server} or some unrelated process running on the machine.
+  # If {.start_server} succeeds, the new network listener becomes active
+  # immediately and starts accepting connections from remote peers,
+  # and these connections generate callback events that are processed
+  # by the code specified in the handler parameter to {.start_server}.
+  #
+  # The optional handler which is passed to this method is the key
+  # to EventMachine's ability to handle particular network protocols.
+  # The handler parameter passed to start_server must be a Ruby Module
+  # that you must define. When the network server that is started by
+  # start_server accepts a new connection, it instantiates a new
+  # object of an anonymous class that is inherited from {EventMachine::Connection},
+  # *into which your handler module have been included*. Arguments passed into start_server
+  # after the class name are passed into the constructor during the instantiation.
+  #
+  # Your handler module may override any of the methods in {EventMachine::Connection},
+  # such as {EventMachine::Connection#receive_data}, in order to implement the specific behavior
+  # of the network protocol.
+  #
+  # Callbacks invoked in response to network events *always* take place
+  # within the execution context of the object derived from {EventMachine::Connection}
+  # extended by your handler module. There is one object per connection, and
+  # all of the callbacks invoked for a particular connection take the form
+  # of instance methods called against the corresponding {EventMachine::Connection}
+  # object. Therefore, you are free to define whatever instance variables you
+  # wish, in order to contain the per-connection state required by the network protocol you are
+  # implementing.
+  #
+  # {EventMachine.start_server} is usually called inside the block passed to {EventMachine.run},
+  # but it can be called from any EventMachine callback. {EventMachine.start_server} will fail
+  # unless the EventMachine event loop is currently running (which is why
+  # it's often called in the block suppled to {EventMachine.run}).
+  #
+  # You may call start_server any number of times to start up network
+  # listeners on different address/port combinations. The servers will
+  # all run simultaneously. More interestingly, each individual call to start_server
+  # can specify a different handler module and thus implement a different
+  # network protocol from all the others.
+  #
+  # @example
+  #
+  #   require 'rubygems'
+  #   require 'eventmachine'
+  #
+  #   # Here is an example of a server that counts lines of input from the remote
+  #   # peer and sends back the total number of lines received, after each line.
+  #   # Try the example with more than one client connection opened via telnet,
+  #   # and you will see that the line count increments independently on each
+  #   # of the client connections. Also very important to note, is that the
+  #   # handler for the receive_data function, which our handler redefines, may
+  #   # not assume that the data it receives observes any kind of message boundaries.
+  #   # Also, to use this example, be sure to change the server and port parameters
+  #   # to the start_server call to values appropriate for your environment.
+  #   module LineCounter
+  #     MaxLinesPerConnection = 10
+  #
+  #     def post_init
+  #       puts "Received a new connection"
+  #       @data_received = ""
+  #       @line_count = 0
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def receive_data data
+  #       @data_received << data
+  #       while @data_received.slice!( /^[^\n]*[\n]/m )
+  #         @line_count += 1
+  #         send_data "received #{@line_count} lines so far\r\n"
+  #         @line_count == MaxLinesPerConnection and close_connection_after_writing
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   EventMachine.run {
+  #     host, port = "192.168.0.100", 8090
+  #     EventMachine.start_server host, port, LineCounter
+  #     puts "Now accepting connections on address #{host}, port #{port}..."
+  #     EventMachine.add_periodic_timer(10) { $stderr.write "*" }
+  #   }
+  #
+  # @param [String] server         Host to bind to.
+  # @param [Integer] port          Port to bind to.
+  # @param [Module, Class] handler A module or class that implements connection callbacks
+  #
+  # @note Don't forget that in order to bind to ports < 1024 on Linux, *BSD and Mac OS X your process must have superuser privileges.
+  #
+  # @see file:docs/GettingStarted.md EventMachine tutorial
+  # @see EventMachine.stop_server
+  def self.start_server server, port=nil, handler=nil, *args, &block
+    begin
+      port = Integer(port)
+    rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
+      # there was no port, so server must be a unix domain socket
+      # the port argument is actually the handler, and the handler is one of the args
+      args.unshift handler if handler
+      handler = port
+      port = nil
+    end if port
+
+    klass = klass_from_handler(Connection, handler, *args)
+
+    s = if port
+          start_tcp_server server, port
+        else
+          start_unix_server server
+        end
+    @acceptors[s] = [klass,args,block]
+    s
+  end
+
+  # Attach to an existing socket's file descriptor. The socket may have been
+  # started with {EventMachine.start_server}.
+  def self.attach_server sock, handler=nil, *args, &block
+    klass = klass_from_handler(Connection, handler, *args)
+    sd = sock.respond_to?(:fileno) ? sock.fileno : sock
+    s = attach_sd(sd)
+    @acceptors[s] = [klass,args,block,sock]
+    s
+  end
+
+  # Stop a TCP server socket that was started with {EventMachine.start_server}.
+  # @see EventMachine.start_server
+  def self.stop_server signature
+    EventMachine::stop_tcp_server signature
+  end
+
+  # Start a Unix-domain server.
+  #
+  # Note that this is an alias for {EventMachine.start_server}, which can be used to start both
+  # TCP and Unix-domain servers.
+  #
+  # @see EventMachine.start_server
+  def self.start_unix_domain_server filename, *args, &block
+    start_server filename, *args, &block
+  end
+
+  # Initiates a TCP connection to a remote server and sets up event handling for the connection.
+  # {EventMachine.connect} requires event loop to be running (see {EventMachine.run}).
+  #
+  # {EventMachine.connect} takes the IP address (or hostname) and
+  # port of the remote server you want to connect to.
+  # It also takes an optional handler (a module or a subclass of {EventMachine::Connection}) which you must define, that
+  # contains the callbacks that will be invoked by the event loop on behalf of the connection.
+  #
+  # Learn more about connection lifecycle callbacks in the {file:docs/GettingStarted.md EventMachine tutorial} and
+  # {file:docs/ConnectionLifecycleCallbacks.md Connection lifecycle guide}.
+  #
+  #
+  # @example
+  #
+  #   # Here's a program which connects to a web server, sends a naive
+  #   # request, parses the HTTP header of the response, and then
+  #   # (antisocially) ends the event loop, which automatically drops the connection
+  #   # (and incidentally calls the connection's unbind method).
+  #   module DumbHttpClient
+  #     def post_init
+  #       send_data "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: _\r\n\r\n"
+  #       @data = ""
+  #       @parsed = false
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def receive_data data
+  #       @data << data
+  #       if !@parsed and @data =~ /[\n][\r]*[\n]/m
+  #         @parsed = true
+  #         puts "RECEIVED HTTP HEADER:"
+  #         $`.each {|line| puts ">>> #{line}" }
+  #
+  #         puts "Now we'll terminate the loop, which will also close the connection"
+  #         EventMachine::stop_event_loop
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def unbind
+  #       puts "A connection has terminated"
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   EventMachine.run {
+  #     EventMachine.connect "www.bayshorenetworks.com", 80, DumbHttpClient
+  #   }
+  #   puts "The event loop has ended"
+  #
+  #
+  # @example Defining protocol handler as a class
+  #
+  #   class MyProtocolHandler < EventMachine::Connection
+  #     def initialize *args
+  #       super
+  #       # whatever else you want to do here
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     # ...
+  #   end
+  #
+  #
+  # @param [String] server         Host to connect to
+  # @param [Integer] port          Port to connect to
+  # @param [Module, Class] handler A module or class that implements connection lifecycle callbacks
+  #
+  # @see EventMachine.start_server
+  # @see file:docs/GettingStarted.md EventMachine tutorial
+  def self.connect server, port=nil, handler=nil, *args, &blk
+    # EventMachine::connect initiates a TCP connection to a remote
+    # server and sets up event-handling for the connection.
+    # It internally creates an object that should not be handled
+    # by the caller. HOWEVER, it's often convenient to get the
+    # object to set up interfacing to other objects in the system.
+    # We return the newly-created anonymous-class object to the caller.
+    # It's expected that a considerable amount of code will depend
+    # on this behavior, so don't change it.
+    #
+    # Ok, added support for a user-defined block, 13Apr06.
+    # This leads us to an interesting choice because of the
+    # presence of the post_init call, which happens in the
+    # initialize method of the new object. We call the user's
+    # block and pass the new object to it. This is a great
+    # way to do protocol-specific initiation. It happens
+    # AFTER post_init has been called on the object, which I
+    # certainly hope is the right choice.
+    # Don't change this lightly, because accepted connections
+    # are different from connected ones and we don't want
+    # to have them behave differently with respect to post_init
+    # if at all possible.
+
+    bind_connect nil, nil, server, port, handler, *args, &blk
+  end
+
+  # This method is like {EventMachine.connect}, but allows for a local address/port
+  # to bind the connection to.
+  #
+  # @see EventMachine.connect
+  def self.bind_connect bind_addr, bind_port, server, port=nil, handler=nil, *args
+    begin
+      port = Integer(port)
+    rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
+      # there was no port, so server must be a unix domain socket
+      # the port argument is actually the handler, and the handler is one of the args
+      args.unshift handler if handler
+      handler = port
+      port = nil
+    end if port
+
+    klass = klass_from_handler(Connection, handler, *args)
+
+    s = if port
+          if bind_addr
+            bind_connect_server bind_addr, bind_port.to_i, server, port
+          else
+            connect_server server, port
+          end
+        else
+          connect_unix_server server
+        end
+
+    c = klass.new s, *args
+    @conns[s] = c
+    block_given? and yield c
+    c
+  end
+
+  # {EventMachine.watch} registers a given file descriptor or IO object with the eventloop. The
+  # file descriptor will not be modified (it will remain blocking or non-blocking).
+  #
+  # The eventloop can be used to process readable and writable events on the file descriptor, using
+  # {EventMachine::Connection#notify_readable=} and {EventMachine::Connection#notify_writable=}
+  #
+  # {EventMachine::Connection#notify_readable?} and {EventMachine::Connection#notify_writable?} can be used
+  # to check what events are enabled on the connection.
+  #
+  # To detach the file descriptor, use {EventMachine::Connection#detach}
+  #
+  # @example
+  #
+  #   module SimpleHttpClient
+  #     def notify_readable
+  #       header = @io.readline
+  #
+  #       if header == "\r\n"
+  #         # detach returns the file descriptor number (fd == @io.fileno)
+  #         fd = detach
+  #       end
+  #     rescue EOFError
+  #       detach
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def unbind
+  #       EM.next_tick do
+  #         # socket is detached from the eventloop, but still open
+  #         data = @io.read
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   EventMachine.run {
+  #     sock = TCPSocket.new('site.com', 80)
+  #     sock.write("GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n")
+  #     conn = EventMachine.watch(sock, SimpleHttpClient)
+  #     conn.notify_readable = true
+  #   }
+  #
+  # @author Riham Aldakkak (eSpace Technologies)
+  def EventMachine::watch io, handler=nil, *args, &blk
+    attach_io io, true, handler, *args, &blk
+  end
+
+  # Attaches an IO object or file descriptor to the eventloop as a regular connection.
+  # The file descriptor will be set as non-blocking, and EventMachine will process
+  # receive_data and send_data events on it as it would for any other connection.
+  #
+  # To watch a fd instead, use {EventMachine.watch}, which will not alter the state of the socket
+  # and fire notify_readable and notify_writable events instead.
+  def EventMachine::attach io, handler=nil, *args, &blk
+    attach_io io, false, handler, *args, &blk
+  end
+
+  # @private
+  def EventMachine::attach_io io, watch_mode, handler=nil, *args
+    klass = klass_from_handler(Connection, handler, *args)
+
+    if !watch_mode and klass.public_instance_methods.any?{|m| [:notify_readable, :notify_writable].include? m.to_sym }
+      raise ArgumentError, "notify_readable/writable with EM.attach is not supported. Use EM.watch(io){ |c| c.notify_readable = true }"
+    end
+
+    if io.respond_to?(:fileno)
+      # getDescriptorByFileno deprecated in JRuby 1.7.x, removed in JRuby 9000
+      if defined?(JRuby) && JRuby.runtime.respond_to?(:getDescriptorByFileno)
+        fd = JRuby.runtime.getDescriptorByFileno(io.fileno).getChannel
+      else
+        fd = io.fileno
+      end
+    else
+      fd = io
+    end
+
+    s = attach_fd fd, watch_mode
+    c = klass.new s, *args
+
+    c.instance_variable_set(:@io, io)
+    c.instance_variable_set(:@watch_mode, watch_mode)
+    c.instance_variable_set(:@fd, fd)
+
+    @conns[s] = c
+    block_given? and yield c
+    c
+  end
+
+
+  # Connect to a given host/port and re-use the provided {EventMachine::Connection} instance.
+  # Consider also {EventMachine::Connection#reconnect}.
+  #
+  # @see EventMachine::Connection#reconnect
+  def self.reconnect server, port, handler
+    # Observe, the test for already-connected FAILS if we call a reconnect inside post_init,
+    # because we haven't set up the connection in @conns by that point.
+    # RESIST THE TEMPTATION to "fix" this problem by redefining the behavior of post_init.
+    #
+    # Changed 22Nov06: if called on an already-connected handler, just return the
+    # handler and do nothing more. Originally this condition raised an exception.
+    # We may want to change it yet again and call the block, if any.
+
+    raise "invalid handler" unless handler.respond_to?(:connection_completed)
+    #raise "still connected" if @conns.has_key?(handler.signature)
+    return handler if @conns.has_key?(handler.signature)
+
+    s = if port
+          connect_server server, port
+        else
+          connect_unix_server server
+        end
+    handler.signature = s
+    @conns[s] = handler
+    block_given? and yield handler
+    handler
+  end
+
+
+  # Make a connection to a Unix-domain socket. This method is simply an alias for {.connect},
+  # which can connect to both TCP and Unix-domain sockets. Make sure that your process has sufficient
+  # permissions to open the socket it is given.
+  #
+  # @param [String] socketname Unix domain socket (local fully-qualified path) you want to connect to.
+  #
+  # @note UNIX sockets, as the name suggests, are not available on Microsoft Windows.
+  def self.connect_unix_domain socketname, *args, &blk
+    connect socketname, *args, &blk
+  end
+
+
+  # Used for UDP-based protocols. Its usage is similar to that of {EventMachine.start_server}.
+  #
+  # This method will create a new UDP (datagram) socket and
+  # bind it to the address and port that you specify.
+  # The normal callbacks (see {EventMachine.start_server}) will
+  # be called as events of interest occur on the newly-created
+  # socket, but there are some differences in how they behave.
+  #
+  # {Connection#receive_data} will be called when a datagram packet
+  # is received on the socket, but unlike TCP sockets, the message
+  # boundaries of the received data will be respected. In other words,
+  # if the remote peer sent you a datagram of a particular size,
+  # you may rely on {Connection#receive_data} to give you the
+  # exact data in the packet, with the original data length.
+  # Also observe that Connection#receive_data may be called with a
+  # *zero-length* data payload, since empty datagrams are permitted in UDP.
+  #
+  # {Connection#send_data} is available with UDP packets as with TCP,
+  # but there is an important difference. Because UDP communications
+  # are *connectionless*, there is no implicit recipient for the packets you
+  # send. Ordinarily you must specify the recipient for each packet you send.
+  # However, EventMachine provides for the typical pattern of receiving a UDP datagram
+  # from a remote peer, performing some operation, and then sending
+  # one or more packets in response to the same remote peer.
+  # To support this model easily, just use {Connection#send_data}
+  # in the code that you supply for {Connection#receive_data}.
+  #
+  # EventMachine will provide an implicit return address for any messages sent to
+  # {Connection#send_data} within the context of a {Connection#receive_data} callback,
+  # and your response will automatically go to the correct remote peer.
+  #
+  # Observe that the port number that you supply to {EventMachine.open_datagram_socket}
+  # may be zero. In this case, EventMachine will create a UDP socket
+  # that is bound to an [ephemeral port](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeral_port).
+  # This is not appropriate for servers that must publish a well-known
+  # port to which remote peers may send datagrams. But it can be useful
+  # for clients that send datagrams to other servers.
+  # If you do this, you will receive any responses from the remote
+  # servers through the normal {Connection#receive_data} callback.
+  # Observe that you will probably have issues with firewalls blocking
+  # the ephemeral port numbers, so this technique is most appropriate for LANs.
+  #
+  # If you wish to send datagrams to arbitrary remote peers (not
+  # necessarily ones that have sent data to which you are responding),
+  # then see {Connection#send_datagram}.
+  #
+  # DO NOT call send_data from a datagram socket outside of a {Connection#receive_data} method. Use {Connection#send_datagram}.
+  # If you do use {Connection#send_data} outside of a {Connection#receive_data} method, you'll get a confusing error
+  # because there is no "peer," as #send_data requires (inside of {EventMachine::Connection#receive_data},
+  # {EventMachine::Connection#send_data} "fakes" the peer as described above).
+  #
+  # @param [String]         address IP address
+  # @param [String]         port    Port
+  # @param [Class, Module]  handler A class or a module that implements connection lifecycle callbacks.
+  def self.open_datagram_socket address, port, handler=nil, *args
+    # Replaced the implementation on 01Oct06. Thanks to Tobias Gustafsson for pointing
+    # out that this originally did not take a class but only a module.
+
+
+    klass = klass_from_handler(Connection, handler, *args)
+    s = open_udp_socket address, port.to_i
+    c = klass.new s, *args
+    @conns[s] = c
+    block_given? and yield c
+    c
+  end
+
+
+  # For advanced users. This function sets the default timer granularity, which by default is
+  # slightly smaller than 100 milliseconds. Call this function to set a higher or lower granularity.
+  # The function affects the behavior of {EventMachine.add_timer} and {EventMachine.add_periodic_timer}.
+  # Most applications will not need to call this function.
+  #
+  # Avoid setting the quantum to very low values because that may reduce performance under some extreme conditions.
+  # We recommend that you not use values lower than 10.
+  #
+  # This method only can be used if event loop is running.
+  #
+  # @param [Integer] mills New timer granularity, in milliseconds
+  #
+  # @see EventMachine.add_timer
+  # @see EventMachine.add_periodic_timer
+  # @see EventMachine::Timer
+  # @see EventMachine.run
+  def self.set_quantum mills
+    set_timer_quantum mills.to_i
+  end
+
+  # Sets the maximum number of timers and periodic timers that may be outstanding at any
+  # given time. You only need to call {.set_max_timers} if you need more than the default
+  # number of timers, which on most platforms is 1000.
+  #
+  # @note This method has to be used *before* event loop is started.
+  #
+  # @param [Integer] ct Maximum number of timers that may be outstanding at any given time
+  #
+  # @see EventMachine.add_timer
+  # @see EventMachine.add_periodic_timer
+  # @see EventMachine::Timer
+  def self.set_max_timers ct
+    set_max_timer_count ct
+  end
+
+  # Gets the current maximum number of allowed timers
+  #
+  # @return [Integer] Maximum number of timers that may be outstanding at any given time
+  def self.get_max_timers
+    get_max_timer_count
+  end
+
+  # Returns the total number of connections (file descriptors) currently held by the reactor.
+  # Note that a tick must pass after the 'initiation' of a connection for this number to increment.
+  # It's usually accurate, but don't rely on the exact precision of this number unless you really know EM internals.
+  #
+  # @example
+  #
+  #   EventMachine.run {
+  #     EventMachine.connect("rubyeventmachine.com", 80)
+  #     # count will be 0 in this case, because connection is not
+  #     # established yet
+  #     count = EventMachine.connection_count
+  #   }
+  #
+  #
+  # @example
+  #
+  #   EventMachine.run {
+  #     EventMachine.connect("rubyeventmachine.com", 80)
+  #
+  #     EventMachine.next_tick {
+  #       # In this example, count will be 1 since the connection has been established in
+  #       # the next loop of the reactor.
+  #       count = EventMachine.connection_count
+  #     }
+  #   }
+  #
+  # @return [Integer] Number of connections currently held by the reactor.
+  def self.connection_count
+    self.get_connection_count
+  end
+
+  # The is the responder for the loopback-signalled event.
+  # It can be fired either by code running on a separate thread ({EventMachine.defer}) or on
+  # the main thread ({EventMachine.next_tick}).
+  # It will often happen that a next_tick handler will reschedule itself. We
+  # consume a copy of the tick queue so that tick events scheduled by tick events
+  # have to wait for the next pass through the reactor core.
+  #
+  # @private
+  def self.run_deferred_callbacks
+    until (@resultqueue ||= []).empty?
+      result,cback = @resultqueue.pop
+      cback.call result if cback
+    end
+
+    # Capture the size at the start of this tick...
+    size = @next_tick_mutex.synchronize { @next_tick_queue.size }
+    size.times do |i|
+      callback = @next_tick_mutex.synchronize { @next_tick_queue.shift }
+      begin
+        callback.call
+      rescue
+        exception_raised = true
+        raise
+      ensure
+        # This is a little nasty. The problem is, if an exception occurs during
+        # the callback, then we need to send a signal to the reactor to actually
+        # do some work during the next_tick. The only mechanism we have from the
+        # ruby side is next_tick itself, although ideally, we'd just drop a byte
+        # on the loopback descriptor.
+        next_tick {} if exception_raised
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  # EventMachine.defer is used for integrating blocking operations into EventMachine's control flow.
+  # The action of {.defer} is to take the block specified in the first parameter (the "operation")
+  # and schedule it for asynchronous execution on an internal thread pool maintained by EventMachine.
+  # When the operation completes, it will pass the result computed by the block (if any) back to the
+  # EventMachine reactor. Then, EventMachine calls the block specified in the second parameter to
+  # {.defer} (the "callback"), as part of its normal event handling loop. The result computed by the
+  # operation block is passed as a parameter to the callback. You may omit the callback parameter if
+  # you don't need to execute any code after the operation completes. If the operation raises an
+  # unhandled exception, the exception will be passed to the third parameter to {.defer} (the
+  # "errback"), as part of its normal event handling loop. If no errback is provided, the exception
+  # will be allowed to blow through to the main thread immediately.
+  #
+  # ## Caveats ##
+  #
+  # Note carefully that the code in your deferred operation will be executed on a separate
+  # thread from the main EventMachine processing and all other Ruby threads that may exist in
+  # your program. Also, multiple deferred operations may be running at once! Therefore, you
+  # are responsible for ensuring that your operation code is threadsafe.
+  #
+  # Don't write a deferred operation that will block forever. If so, the current implementation will
+  # not detect the problem, and the thread will never be returned to the pool. EventMachine limits
+  # the number of threads in its pool, so if you do this enough times, your subsequent deferred
+  # operations won't get a chance to run.
+  #
+  # The threads within the EventMachine's thread pool have abort_on_exception set to true. As a result,
+  # if an unhandled exception is raised by the deferred operation and an errback is not provided, it
+  # will blow through to the main thread immediately. If the main thread is within an indiscriminate
+  # rescue block at that time, the exception could be handled improperly by the main thread.
+  #
+  # @example
+  #
+  #   operation = proc {
+  #     # perform a long-running operation here, such as a database query.
+  #     "result" # as usual, the last expression evaluated in the block will be the return value.
+  #   }
+  #   callback = proc {|result|
+  #     # do something with result here, such as send it back to a network client.
+  #   }
+  #   errback = proc {|error|
+  #     # do something with error here, such as re-raising or logging.
+  #   }
+  #
+  #   EventMachine.defer(operation, callback, errback)
+  #
+  # @param [#call] op       An operation you want to offload to EventMachine thread pool
+  # @param [#call] callback A callback that will be run on the event loop thread after `operation` finishes.
+  # @param [#call] errback  An errback that will be run on the event loop thread after `operation` raises an exception.
+  #
+  # @see EventMachine.threadpool_size
+  def self.defer op = nil, callback = nil, errback = nil, &blk
+    # OBSERVE that #next_tick hacks into this mechanism, so don't make any changes here
+    # without syncing there.
+    #
+    # Running with $VERBOSE set to true gives a warning unless all ivars are defined when
+    # they appear in rvalues. But we DON'T ever want to initialize @threadqueue unless we
+    # need it, because the Ruby threads are so heavyweight. We end up with this bizarre
+    # way of initializing @threadqueue because EventMachine is a Module, not a Class, and
+    # has no constructor.
+
+    unless @threadpool
+      @threadpool = []
+      @threadqueue = ::Queue.new
+      @resultqueue = ::Queue.new
+      spawn_threadpool
+    end
+
+    @threadqueue << [op||blk,callback,errback]
+  end
+
+
+  # @private
+  def self.spawn_threadpool
+    until @threadpool.size == @threadpool_size.to_i
+      thread = Thread.new do
+        Thread.current.abort_on_exception = true
+        while true
+          begin
+            op, cback, eback = *@threadqueue.pop
+          rescue ThreadError
+            $stderr.puts $!.message
+            break # Ruby 2.0 may fail at Queue.pop
+          end
+          begin
+            result = op.call
+            @resultqueue << [result, cback]
+          rescue Exception => error
+            raise error unless eback
+            @resultqueue << [error, eback]
+          end
+          signal_loopbreak
+        end
+      end
+      @threadpool << thread
+    end
+    @all_threads_spawned = true
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Returns +true+ if all deferred actions are done executing and their
+  # callbacks have been fired.
+  #
+  def self.defers_finished?
+    return false if @threadpool and !@all_threads_spawned
+    return false if @threadqueue and not @threadqueue.empty?
+    return false if @resultqueue and not @resultqueue.empty?
+    return false if @threadpool and @threadqueue.num_waiting != @threadpool.size
+    return true
+  end
+
+  class << self
+    # @private
+    attr_reader :threadpool
+
+    # Size of the EventMachine.defer threadpool (defaults to 20)
+    # @return [Number]
+    attr_accessor :threadpool_size
+    EventMachine.threadpool_size = 20
+  end
+
+  # Schedules a proc for execution immediately after the next "turn" through the reactor
+  # core. An advanced technique, this can be useful for improving memory management and/or
+  # application responsiveness, especially when scheduling large amounts of data for
+  # writing to a network connection.
+  #
+  # This method takes either a single argument (which must be a callable object) or a block.
+  #
+  # @param [#call] pr A callable object to run
+  def self.next_tick pr=nil, &block
+    # This works by adding to the @resultqueue that's used for #defer.
+    # The general idea is that next_tick is used when we want to give the reactor a chance
+    # to let other operations run, either to balance the load out more evenly, or to let
+    # outbound network buffers drain, or both. So we probably do NOT want to block, and
+    # we probably do NOT want to be spinning any threads. A program that uses next_tick
+    # but not #defer shouldn't suffer the penalty of having Ruby threads running. They're
+    # extremely expensive even if they're just sleeping.
+
+    raise ArgumentError, "no proc or block given" unless ((pr && pr.respond_to?(:call)) or block)
+    @next_tick_mutex.synchronize do
+      @next_tick_queue << ( pr || block )
+    end
+    signal_loopbreak if reactor_running?
+  end
+
+  # A wrapper over the setuid system call. Particularly useful when opening a network
+  # server on a privileged port because you can use this call to drop privileges
+  # after opening the port. Also very useful after a call to {.set_descriptor_table_size},
+  # which generally requires that you start your process with root privileges.
+  #
+  # This method is intended for use in enforcing security requirements, consequently
+  # it will throw a fatal error and end your program if it fails.
+  #
+  # @param [String] username The effective name of the user whose privilege-level your process should attain.
+  #
+  # @note This method has no effective implementation on Windows or in the pure-Ruby
+  #       implementation of EventMachine
+  def self.set_effective_user username
+    EventMachine::setuid_string username
+  end
+
+
+  # Sets the maximum number of file or socket descriptors that your process may open.
+  # If you call this method with no arguments, it will simply return
+  # the current size of the descriptor table without attempting to change it.
+  #
+  # The new limit on open descriptors **only** applies to sockets and other descriptors
+  # that belong to EventMachine. It has **no effect** on the number of descriptors
+  # you can create in ordinary Ruby code.
+  #
+  # Not available on all platforms. Increasing the number of descriptors beyond its
+  # default limit usually requires superuser privileges. (See {.set_effective_user}
+  # for a way to drop superuser privileges while your program is running.)
+  #
+  # @param [Integer] n_descriptors The maximum number of file or socket descriptors that your process may open
+  # @return [Integer] The new descriptor table size.
+  def self.set_descriptor_table_size n_descriptors=nil
+    EventMachine::set_rlimit_nofile n_descriptors
+  end
+
+
+
+  # Runs an external process.
+  #
+  # @example
+  #
+  #   module RubyCounter
+  #     def post_init
+  #       # count up to 5
+  #       send_data "5\n"
+  #     end
+  #     def receive_data data
+  #       puts "ruby sent me: #{data}"
+  #     end
+  #     def unbind
+  #       puts "ruby died with exit status: #{get_status.exitstatus}"
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   EventMachine.run {
+  #     EventMachine.popen("ruby -e' $stdout.sync = true; gets.to_i.times{ |i| puts i+1; sleep 1 } '", RubyCounter)
+  #   }
+  #
+  # @note This method is not supported on Microsoft Windows
+  # @see EventMachine::DeferrableChildProcess
+  # @see EventMachine.system
+  def self.popen cmd, handler=nil, *args
+    # At this moment, it's only available on Unix.
+    # Perhaps misnamed since the underlying function uses socketpair and is full-duplex.
+
+    klass = klass_from_handler(Connection, handler, *args)
+    w = case cmd
+        when Array
+          cmd
+        when String
+          Shellwords::shellwords( cmd )
+        end
+    w.unshift( w.first ) if w.first
+    s = invoke_popen( w )
+    c = klass.new s, *args
+    @conns[s] = c
+    yield(c) if block_given?
+    c
+  end
+
+
+  # Tells you whether the EventMachine reactor loop is currently running.
+  #
+  # Useful when writing libraries that want to run event-driven code, but may
+  # be running in programs that are already event-driven. In such cases, if {EventMachine.reactor_running?}
+  # returns false, your code can invoke {EventMachine.run} and run your application code inside
+  # the block passed to that method. If this method returns true, just
+  # execute your event-aware code.
+  #
+  # @return [Boolean] true if the EventMachine reactor loop is currently running
+  def self.reactor_running?
+    @reactor_running && Process.pid == @reactor_pid
+  end
+
+
+  # (Experimental)
+  #
+  # @private
+  def self.open_keyboard handler=nil, *args
+    klass = klass_from_handler(Connection, handler, *args)
+
+    s = read_keyboard
+    c = klass.new s, *args
+    @conns[s] = c
+    block_given? and yield c
+    c
+  end
+
+  # EventMachine's file monitoring API. Currently supported are the following events
+  # on individual files, using inotify on Linux systems, and kqueue for *BSD and Mac OS X:
+  #
+  # * File modified (written to)
+  # * File moved/renamed
+  # * File deleted
+  #
+  # EventMachine::watch_file takes a filename and a handler Module containing your custom callback methods.
+  # This will setup the low level monitoring on the specified file, and create a new EventMachine::FileWatch
+  # object with your Module mixed in. FileWatch is a subclass of {EventMachine::Connection}, so callbacks on this object
+  # work in the familiar way. The callbacks that will be fired by EventMachine are:
+  #
+  # * file_modified
+  # * file_moved
+  # * file_deleted
+  #
+  # You can access the filename being monitored from within this object using {FileWatch#path}.
+  #
+  # When a file is deleted, {FileWatch#stop_watching} will be called after your file_deleted callback,
+  # to clean up the underlying monitoring and remove EventMachine's reference to the now-useless {FileWatch} instance.
+  # This will in turn call unbind, if you wish to use it.
+  #
+  # The corresponding system-level Errno will be raised when attempting to monitor non-existent files,
+  # files with wrong permissions, or if an error occurs dealing with inotify/kqueue.
+  #
+  # @example
+  #
+  #   # Before running this example, make sure we have a file to monitor:
+  #   # $ echo "bar" > /tmp/foo
+  #
+  #   module Handler
+  #     def file_modified
+  #       puts "#{path} modified"
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def file_moved
+  #       puts "#{path} moved"
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def file_deleted
+  #       puts "#{path} deleted"
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def unbind
+  #       puts "#{path} monitoring ceased"
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   # for efficient file watching, use kqueue on Mac OS X
+  #   EventMachine.kqueue = true if EventMachine.kqueue?
+  #
+  #   EventMachine.run {
+  #     EventMachine.watch_file("/tmp/foo", Handler)
+  #   }
+  #
+  #   # $ echo "baz" >> /tmp/foo    =>    "/tmp/foo modified"
+  #   # $ mv /tmp/foo /tmp/oof      =>    "/tmp/foo moved"
+  #   # $ rm /tmp/oof               =>    "/tmp/foo deleted"
+  #
+  # @note The ability to pick up on the new filename after a rename is not yet supported.
+  #       Calling #path will always return the filename you originally used.
+  #
+  # @param [String]        filename Local path to the file to watch.
+  # @param [Class, Module] handler  A class or module that implements event handlers associated with the file.
+  def self.watch_file(filename, handler=nil, *args)
+    klass = klass_from_handler(FileWatch, handler, *args)
+
+    s = EM::watch_filename(filename)
+    c = klass.new s, *args
+    # we have to set the path like this because of how Connection.new works
+    c.instance_variable_set("@path", filename)
+    @conns[s] = c
+    block_given? and yield c
+    c
+  end
+
+  # EventMachine's process monitoring API. On Mac OS X and *BSD this method is implemented using kqueue.
+  #
+  # @example
+  #
+  #   module ProcessWatcher
+  #     def process_exited
+  #       put 'the forked child died!'
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   pid = fork{ sleep }
+  #
+  #   EventMachine.run {
+  #     EventMachine.watch_process(pid, ProcessWatcher)
+  #     EventMachine.add_timer(1){ Process.kill('TERM', pid) }
+  #   }
+  #
+  # @param [Integer]       pid     PID of the process to watch.
+  # @param [Class, Module] handler A class or module that implements event handlers associated with the file.
+  def self.watch_process(pid, handler=nil, *args)
+    pid = pid.to_i
+
+    klass = klass_from_handler(ProcessWatch, handler, *args)
+
+    s = EM::watch_pid(pid)
+    c = klass.new s, *args
+    # we have to set the path like this because of how Connection.new works
+    c.instance_variable_set("@pid", pid)
+    @conns[s] = c
+    block_given? and yield c
+    c
+  end
+
+  # Catch-all for errors raised during event loop callbacks.
+  #
+  # @example
+  #
+  #   EventMachine.error_handler{ |e|
+  #     puts "Error raised during event loop: #{e.message}"
+  #   }
+  #
+  # @param [#call] cb Global catch-all errback
+  def self.error_handler cb = nil, &blk
+    if cb or blk
+      @error_handler = cb || blk
+    elsif instance_variable_defined? :@error_handler
+      remove_instance_variable :@error_handler
+    end
+  end
+
+  # This method allows for direct writing of incoming data back out to another descriptor, at the C++ level in the reactor.
+  # This is very efficient and especially useful for proxies where high performance is required. Propogating data from a server response
+  # all the way up to Ruby, and then back down to the reactor to be sent back to the client, is often unnecessary and
+  # incurs a significant performance decrease.
+  #
+  # The two arguments are instance of {EventMachine::Connection} subclasses, 'from' and 'to'. 'from' is the connection whose inbound data you want
+  # relayed back out. 'to' is the connection to write it to.
+  #
+  # Once you call this method, the 'from' connection will no longer get receive_data callbacks from the reactor,
+  # except in the case that 'to' connection has already closed when attempting to write to it. You can see
+  # in the example, that proxy_target_unbound will be called when this occurs. After that, further incoming
+  # data will be passed into receive_data as normal.
+  #
+  # Note also that this feature supports different types of descriptors: TCP, UDP, and pipes. You can relay
+  # data from one kind to another, for example, feed a pipe from a UDP stream.
+  #
+  # @example
+  #
+  #   module ProxyConnection
+  #     def initialize(client, request)
+  #       @client, @request = client, request
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def post_init
+  #       EM::enable_proxy(self, @client)
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def connection_completed
+  #       send_data @request
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def proxy_target_unbound
+  #       close_connection
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def unbind
+  #       @client.close_connection_after_writing
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   module ProxyServer
+  #     def receive_data(data)
+  #       (@buf ||= "") << data
+  #       if @buf =~ /\r\n\r\n/ # all http headers received
+  #         EventMachine.connect("10.0.0.15", 80, ProxyConnection, self, data)
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   EventMachine.run {
+  #     EventMachine.start_server("127.0.0.1", 8080, ProxyServer)
+  #   }
+  #
+  # @param [EventMachine::Connection] from    Source of data to be proxies/streamed.
+  # @param [EventMachine::Connection] to      Destination of data to be proxies/streamed.
+  # @param [Integer]                  bufsize Buffer size to use
+  # @param [Integer]                  length  Maximum number of bytes to proxy.
+  #
+  # @see EventMachine.disable_proxy
+  def self.enable_proxy(from, to, bufsize=0, length=0)
+    EM::start_proxy(from.signature, to.signature, bufsize, length)
+  end
+
+  # Takes just one argument, a {Connection} that has proxying enabled via {EventMachine.enable_proxy}.
+  # Calling this method will remove that functionality and your connection will begin receiving
+  # data via {Connection#receive_data} again.
+  #
+  # @param [EventMachine::Connection] from    Source of data that is being proxied
+  # @see EventMachine.enable_proxy
+  def self.disable_proxy(from)
+    EM::stop_proxy(from.signature)
+  end
+
+  # Retrieve the heartbeat interval. This is how often EventMachine will check for dead connections
+  # that have had an inactivity timeout set via {Connection#set_comm_inactivity_timeout}.
+  # Default is 2 seconds.
+  #
+  # @return [Integer] Heartbeat interval, in seconds
+  def self.heartbeat_interval
+    EM::get_heartbeat_interval
+  end
+
+  # Set the heartbeat interval. This is how often EventMachine will check for dead connections
+  # that have had an inactivity timeout set via {Connection#set_comm_inactivity_timeout}.
+  # Takes a Numeric number of seconds. Default is 2.
+  #
+  # @param [Integer] time Heartbeat interval, in seconds
+  def self.heartbeat_interval=(time)
+    EM::set_heartbeat_interval time.to_f
+  end
+
+  # @private
+  def self.event_callback conn_binding, opcode, data
+    #
+    # Changed 27Dec07: Eliminated the hookable error handling.
+    # No one was using it, and it degraded performance significantly.
+    # It's in original_event_callback, which is dead code.
+    #
+    # Changed 25Jul08: Added a partial solution to the problem of exceptions
+    # raised in user-written event-handlers. If such exceptions are not caught,
+    # we must cause the reactor to stop, and then re-raise the exception.
+    # Otherwise, the reactor doesn't stop and it's left on the call stack.
+    # This is partial because we only added it to #unbind, where it's critical
+    # (to keep unbind handlers from being re-entered when a stopping reactor
+    # runs down open connections). It should go on the other calls to user
+    # code, but the performance impact may be too large.
+    #
+    if opcode == ConnectionUnbound
+      if c = @conns.delete( conn_binding )
+        begin
+          if c.original_method(:unbind).arity != 0
+            c.unbind(data == 0 ? nil : EventMachine::ERRNOS[data])
+          else
+            c.unbind
+          end
+          # If this is an attached (but not watched) connection, close the underlying io object.
+          if c.instance_variable_defined?(:@io) and !c.instance_variable_get(:@watch_mode)
+            io = c.instance_variable_get(:@io)
+            begin
+              io.close
+            rescue Errno::EBADF, IOError
+            end
+          end
+        # As noted above, unbind absolutely must not raise an exception or the reactor will crash.
+        # If there is no EM.error_handler, or if the error_handler retrows, then stop the reactor,
+        # stash the exception in $wrapped_exception, and the exception will be raised after the
+        # reactor is cleaned up (see the last line of self.run).
+        rescue Exception => error
+          if instance_variable_defined? :@error_handler
+            begin
+              @error_handler.call error
+              # No need to stop unless error_handler rethrows
+            rescue Exception => error
+              @wrapped_exception = error
+              stop
+            end
+          else
+            @wrapped_exception = error
+            stop
+          end
+        end
+      elsif c = @acceptors.delete( conn_binding )
+        # no-op
+      else
+        if $! # Bubble user generated errors.
+          @wrapped_exception = $!
+          stop
+        else
+          raise ConnectionNotBound, "received ConnectionUnbound for an unknown signature: #{conn_binding}"
+        end
+      end
+    elsif opcode == ConnectionAccepted
+      accep,args,blk = @acceptors[conn_binding]
+      raise NoHandlerForAcceptedConnection unless accep
+      c = accep.new data, *args
+      @conns[data] = c
+      blk and blk.call(c)
+      c # (needed?)
+      ##
+      # The remaining code is a fallback for the pure ruby and java reactors.
+      # In the C++ reactor, these events are handled in the C event_callback() in rubymain.cpp
+    elsif opcode == ConnectionCompleted
+      c = @conns[conn_binding] or raise ConnectionNotBound, "received ConnectionCompleted for unknown signature: #{conn_binding}"
+      c.connection_completed
+    elsif opcode == SslHandshakeCompleted
+      c = @conns[conn_binding] or raise ConnectionNotBound, "received SslHandshakeCompleted for unknown signature: #{conn_binding}"
+      c.ssl_handshake_completed
+    elsif opcode == SslVerify
+      c = @conns[conn_binding] or raise ConnectionNotBound, "received SslVerify for unknown signature: #{conn_binding}"
+      c.close_connection if c.ssl_verify_peer(data) == false
+    elsif opcode == TimerFired
+      t = @timers.delete( data )
+      return if t == false # timer cancelled
+      t or raise UnknownTimerFired, "timer data: #{data}"
+      t.call
+    elsif opcode == ConnectionData
+      c = @conns[conn_binding] or raise ConnectionNotBound, "received data #{data} for unknown signature: #{conn_binding}"
+      c.receive_data data
+    elsif opcode == LoopbreakSignalled
+      run_deferred_callbacks
+    elsif opcode == ConnectionNotifyReadable
+      c = @conns[conn_binding] or raise ConnectionNotBound
+      c.notify_readable
+    elsif opcode == ConnectionNotifyWritable
+      c = @conns[conn_binding] or raise ConnectionNotBound
+      c.notify_writable
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  #
+  # @private
+  def self._open_file_for_writing filename, handler=nil
+    klass = klass_from_handler(Connection, handler)
+
+    s = _write_file filename
+    c = klass.new s
+    @conns[s] = c
+    block_given? and yield c
+    c
+  end
+
+  # @private
+  def self.klass_from_handler(klass = Connection, handler = nil, *args)
+    klass = if handler and handler.is_a?(Class)
+      raise ArgumentError, "must provide module or subclass of #{klass.name}" unless klass >= handler
+      handler
+    elsif handler
+      if defined?(handler::EM_CONNECTION_CLASS)
+        handler::EM_CONNECTION_CLASS
+      else
+        handler::const_set(:EM_CONNECTION_CLASS, Class.new(klass) {include handler})
+      end
+    else
+      klass
+    end
+
+    arity = klass.instance_method(:initialize).arity
+    expected = arity >= 0 ? arity : -(arity + 1)
+    if (arity >= 0 and args.size != expected) or (arity < 0 and args.size < expected)
+      raise ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments for #{klass}#initialize (#{args.size} for #{expected})"
+    end
+
+    klass
+  end
+end # module EventMachine
+
+# Alias for {EventMachine}
+EM = EventMachine
+# Alias for {EventMachine::Protocols}
+EM::P = EventMachine::Protocols