eventmachine-maglev- 0.12.10

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Files changed (158) hide show
  1. data/.gitignore +14 -0
  2. data/README +82 -0
  3. data/Rakefile +374 -0
  4. data/docs/COPYING +60 -0
  5. data/docs/ChangeLog +211 -0
  6. data/docs/DEFERRABLES +133 -0
  7. data/docs/EPOLL +141 -0
  8. data/docs/GNU +281 -0
  9. data/docs/INSTALL +13 -0
  10. data/docs/KEYBOARD +38 -0
  11. data/docs/LEGAL +25 -0
  12. data/docs/LIGHTWEIGHT_CONCURRENCY +70 -0
  13. data/docs/PURE_RUBY +75 -0
  14. data/docs/RELEASE_NOTES +94 -0
  15. data/docs/SMTP +2 -0
  16. data/docs/SPAWNED_PROCESSES +89 -0
  17. data/docs/TODO +8 -0
  18. data/eventmachine.gemspec +40 -0
  19. data/examples/ex_channel.rb +43 -0
  20. data/examples/ex_queue.rb +2 -0
  21. data/examples/helper.rb +2 -0
  22. data/ext/binder.cpp +125 -0
  23. data/ext/binder.h +46 -0
  24. data/ext/cmain.cpp +827 -0
  25. data/ext/cplusplus.cpp +202 -0
  26. data/ext/ed.cpp +1893 -0
  27. data/ext/ed.h +424 -0
  28. data/ext/em.cpp +2282 -0
  29. data/ext/em.h +235 -0
  30. data/ext/emwin.cpp +300 -0
  31. data/ext/emwin.h +94 -0
  32. data/ext/epoll.cpp +26 -0
  33. data/ext/epoll.h +25 -0
  34. data/ext/eventmachine.h +122 -0
  35. data/ext/eventmachine_cpp.h +96 -0
  36. data/ext/extconf.rb +152 -0
  37. data/ext/fastfilereader/extconf.rb +83 -0
  38. data/ext/fastfilereader/mapper.cpp +214 -0
  39. data/ext/fastfilereader/mapper.h +59 -0
  40. data/ext/fastfilereader/rubymain.cpp +128 -0
  41. data/ext/files.cpp +94 -0
  42. data/ext/files.h +65 -0
  43. data/ext/kb.cpp +81 -0
  44. data/ext/page.cpp +107 -0
  45. data/ext/page.h +51 -0
  46. data/ext/pipe.cpp +349 -0
  47. data/ext/project.h +151 -0
  48. data/ext/rubymain.cpp +1166 -0
  49. data/ext/sigs.cpp +89 -0
  50. data/ext/sigs.h +32 -0
  51. data/ext/ssl.cpp +460 -0
  52. data/ext/ssl.h +94 -0
  53. data/java/.classpath +8 -0
  54. data/java/.project +17 -0
  55. data/java/src/com/rubyeventmachine/EmReactor.java +570 -0
  56. data/java/src/com/rubyeventmachine/EmReactorException.java +40 -0
  57. data/java/src/com/rubyeventmachine/EventableChannel.java +69 -0
  58. data/java/src/com/rubyeventmachine/EventableDatagramChannel.java +189 -0
  59. data/java/src/com/rubyeventmachine/EventableSocketChannel.java +364 -0
  60. data/java/src/com/rubyeventmachine/application/Application.java +194 -0
  61. data/java/src/com/rubyeventmachine/application/Connection.java +74 -0
  62. data/java/src/com/rubyeventmachine/application/ConnectionFactory.java +37 -0
  63. data/java/src/com/rubyeventmachine/application/DefaultConnectionFactory.java +46 -0
  64. data/java/src/com/rubyeventmachine/application/PeriodicTimer.java +38 -0
  65. data/java/src/com/rubyeventmachine/application/Timer.java +54 -0
  66. data/java/src/com/rubyeventmachine/tests/ApplicationTest.java +109 -0
  67. data/java/src/com/rubyeventmachine/tests/ConnectTest.java +148 -0
  68. data/java/src/com/rubyeventmachine/tests/EMTest.java +80 -0
  69. data/java/src/com/rubyeventmachine/tests/TestDatagrams.java +53 -0
  70. data/java/src/com/rubyeventmachine/tests/TestServers.java +75 -0
  71. data/java/src/com/rubyeventmachine/tests/TestTimers.java +90 -0
  72. data/lib/em/buftok.rb +138 -0
  73. data/lib/em/callback.rb +26 -0
  74. data/lib/em/channel.rb +57 -0
  75. data/lib/em/connection.rb +564 -0
  76. data/lib/em/deferrable.rb +192 -0
  77. data/lib/em/file_watch.rb +54 -0
  78. data/lib/em/future.rb +61 -0
  79. data/lib/em/messages.rb +66 -0
  80. data/lib/em/process_watch.rb +44 -0
  81. data/lib/em/processes.rb +119 -0
  82. data/lib/em/protocols/header_and_content.rb +138 -0
  83. data/lib/em/protocols/httpclient.rb +263 -0
  84. data/lib/em/protocols/httpclient2.rb +590 -0
  85. data/lib/em/protocols/line_and_text.rb +125 -0
  86. data/lib/em/protocols/linetext2.rb +161 -0
  87. data/lib/em/protocols/memcache.rb +323 -0
  88. data/lib/em/protocols/object_protocol.rb +45 -0
  89. data/lib/em/protocols/postgres3.rb +247 -0
  90. data/lib/em/protocols/saslauth.rb +175 -0
  91. data/lib/em/protocols/smtpclient.rb +357 -0
  92. data/lib/em/protocols/smtpserver.rb +547 -0
  93. data/lib/em/protocols/socks4.rb +66 -0
  94. data/lib/em/protocols/stomp.rb +200 -0
  95. data/lib/em/protocols/tcptest.rb +53 -0
  96. data/lib/em/protocols.rb +36 -0
  97. data/lib/em/queue.rb +61 -0
  98. data/lib/em/spawnable.rb +85 -0
  99. data/lib/em/streamer.rb +130 -0
  100. data/lib/em/timers.rb +56 -0
  101. data/lib/em/version.rb +3 -0
  102. data/lib/eventmachine.rb +1592 -0
  103. data/lib/evma/callback.rb +32 -0
  104. data/lib/evma/container.rb +75 -0
  105. data/lib/evma/factory.rb +77 -0
  106. data/lib/evma/protocol.rb +87 -0
  107. data/lib/evma/reactor.rb +48 -0
  108. data/lib/evma.rb +32 -0
  109. data/lib/jeventmachine.rb +257 -0
  110. data/lib/pr_eventmachine.rb +1022 -0
  111. data/setup.rb +1585 -0
  112. data/tasks/cpp.rake_example +77 -0
  113. data/tests/client.crt +31 -0
  114. data/tests/client.key +51 -0
  115. data/tests/test_attach.rb +126 -0
  116. data/tests/test_basic.rb +284 -0
  117. data/tests/test_channel.rb +63 -0
  118. data/tests/test_connection_count.rb +35 -0
  119. data/tests/test_defer.rb +47 -0
  120. data/tests/test_epoll.rb +160 -0
  121. data/tests/test_error_handler.rb +35 -0
  122. data/tests/test_errors.rb +82 -0
  123. data/tests/test_exc.rb +55 -0
  124. data/tests/test_file_watch.rb +49 -0
  125. data/tests/test_futures.rb +198 -0
  126. data/tests/test_get_sock_opt.rb +30 -0
  127. data/tests/test_handler_check.rb +37 -0
  128. data/tests/test_hc.rb +218 -0
  129. data/tests/test_httpclient.rb +218 -0
  130. data/tests/test_httpclient2.rb +153 -0
  131. data/tests/test_inactivity_timeout.rb +50 -0
  132. data/tests/test_kb.rb +60 -0
  133. data/tests/test_ltp.rb +182 -0
  134. data/tests/test_ltp2.rb +317 -0
  135. data/tests/test_next_tick.rb +133 -0
  136. data/tests/test_object_protocol.rb +37 -0
  137. data/tests/test_pause.rb +70 -0
  138. data/tests/test_pending_connect_timeout.rb +48 -0
  139. data/tests/test_process_watch.rb +48 -0
  140. data/tests/test_processes.rb +128 -0
  141. data/tests/test_proxy_connection.rb +92 -0
  142. data/tests/test_pure.rb +125 -0
  143. data/tests/test_queue.rb +44 -0
  144. data/tests/test_running.rb +42 -0
  145. data/tests/test_sasl.rb +72 -0
  146. data/tests/test_send_file.rb +242 -0
  147. data/tests/test_servers.rb +76 -0
  148. data/tests/test_smtpclient.rb +83 -0
  149. data/tests/test_smtpserver.rb +85 -0
  150. data/tests/test_spawn.rb +322 -0
  151. data/tests/test_ssl_args.rb +79 -0
  152. data/tests/test_ssl_methods.rb +50 -0
  153. data/tests/test_ssl_verify.rb +82 -0
  154. data/tests/test_timers.rb +162 -0
  155. data/tests/test_ud.rb +36 -0
  156. data/tests/testem.rb +31 -0
  157. data/web/whatis +7 -0
  158. metadata +239 -0
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
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+ /**
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+ * $Id$
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+ *
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+ * Author:: Francis Cianfrocca (gmail: blackhedd)
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+ * Homepage:: http://rubyeventmachine.com
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+ * Date:: 15 Jul 2007
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+ *
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+ * See EventMachine and EventMachine::Connection for documentation and
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+ * usage examples.
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+ *
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+ *
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+ *----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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+ *
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+ * Copyright (C) 2006-07 by Francis Cianfrocca. All Rights Reserved.
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+ * Gmail: blackhedd
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+ *
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+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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+ * it under the terms of either: 1) the GNU General Public License
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+ * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
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+ * License, or (at your option) any later version; or 2) Ruby's License.
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+ *
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+ * See the file COPYING for complete licensing information.
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+ *
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+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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+ *
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+ *
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+ */
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+
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+
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+ package com.rubyeventmachine.tests;
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+
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+ //import static org.junit.Assert.*;
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+
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+ import org.junit.After;
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+ import org.junit.AfterClass;
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+ import org.junit.Before;
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+ import org.junit.BeforeClass;
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+ import org.junit.Test;
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+
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+ import com.rubyeventmachine.EmReactor;
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+
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+ import java.io.*;
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+ import java.nio.*;
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+
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+
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+ public class EMTest {
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+
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+ class ShortTimer extends EmReactor {
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+ public void eventCallback (String sig, int eventCode, ByteBuffer data) {
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+ System.out.println ("Short Callback "+sig+" "+eventCode+" "+data);
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+ this.stop();
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+ }
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+ }
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+
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+ @BeforeClass
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+ public static void setUpBeforeClass() throws Exception {
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+ }
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+
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+ @AfterClass
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+ public static void tearDownAfterClass() throws Exception {
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+ }
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+
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+ @Before
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+ public void setUp() throws Exception {
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+ }
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+
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+ @After
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+ public void tearDown() throws Exception {
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+ }
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+
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+
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+ @Test
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+ public final void testOneShort() throws IOException {
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+ EmReactor em = new ShortTimer();
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+ em.installOneshotTimer(1050);
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+ em.run();
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+ }
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+
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+
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+ }
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
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+ package com.rubyeventmachine.tests;
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+
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+ import com.rubyeventmachine.application.*;
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+ import java.net.*;
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+ import java.nio.*;
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+
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+ import org.junit.After;
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+ import org.junit.AfterClass;
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+ import org.junit.Before;
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+ import org.junit.BeforeClass;
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+ import org.junit.Test;
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+
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+
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+ public class TestDatagrams {
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+
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+ @BeforeClass
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+ public static void setUpBeforeClass() throws Exception {
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+ }
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+
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+ @AfterClass
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+ public static void tearDownAfterClass() throws Exception {
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+ }
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+
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+ @Before
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+ public void setUp() throws Exception {
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+ }
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+
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+ @After
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+ public void tearDown() throws Exception {
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+ }
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+
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+ class A extends Connection {
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+ public void receiveData (ByteBuffer bb) {
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+ application.stop();
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+ }
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+ }
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+ class B extends Connection {
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+ public void postInit() {
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+ this.sendDatagram(ByteBuffer.wrap(new String("ABC").getBytes()), new InetSocketAddress ("127.0.0.1", 9550));
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+ }
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+
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+ }
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+ @Test
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+ public final void testA() {
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+ final Application a = new Application();
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+ a.run (new Runnable() {
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+ public void run() {
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+ a.openDatagramSocket( new InetSocketAddress ("0.0.0.0", 9550), new A() );
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+ a.openDatagramSocket( new B() );
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+ }
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+ });
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+ }
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+ }
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
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+ /**
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+ * $Id$
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+ *
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+ * Author:: Francis Cianfrocca (gmail: blackhedd)
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+ * Homepage:: http://rubyeventmachine.com
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+ * Date:: 15 Jul 2007
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+ *
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+ * See EventMachine and EventMachine::Connection for documentation and
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+ * usage examples.
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+ *
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+ *
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+ *----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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+ *
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+ * Copyright (C) 2006-07 by Francis Cianfrocca. All Rights Reserved.
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+ * Gmail: blackhedd
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+ *
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+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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+ * it under the terms of either: 1) the GNU General Public License
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+ * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
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+ * License, or (at your option) any later version; or 2) Ruby's License.
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+ *
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+ * See the file COPYING for complete licensing information.
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+ *
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+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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+ *
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+ *
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+ */
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+
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+
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+ package com.rubyeventmachine.tests;
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+
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+
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+ import com.rubyeventmachine.*;
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+ import com.rubyeventmachine.application.*;
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+ import java.net.*;
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+ import org.junit.After;
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+ import org.junit.AfterClass;
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+ import org.junit.Before;
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+ import org.junit.BeforeClass;
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+ import org.junit.Test;
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+ import org.junit.Assert;
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+
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+ public class TestServers {
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+
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+ @BeforeClass
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+ public static void setUpBeforeClass() throws Exception {
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+ }
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+
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+ @AfterClass
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+ public static void tearDownAfterClass() throws Exception {
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+ }
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+
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+ @Before
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+ public void setUp() throws Exception {
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+ }
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+
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+ @After
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+ public void tearDown() throws Exception {
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+ }
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+
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+
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+ @Test
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+ public void testBadServerAddress() {
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+ final Application a = new Application();
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+ a.run (new Runnable() {
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+ public void run() {
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+ try {
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+ a.startServer(new InetSocketAddress ("100.100.100.100", 100), new DefaultConnectionFactory());
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+ Assert.fail ("was supposed to throw a reactor exception");
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+ } catch (EmReactorException e) {}
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+ a.stop();
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+ }
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+ });
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+ }
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+ }
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+ /**
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+ * $Id$
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+ *
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+ * Author:: Francis Cianfrocca (gmail: blackhedd)
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+ * Homepage:: http://rubyeventmachine.com
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+ * Date:: 15 Jul 2007
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+ *
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+ * See EventMachine and EventMachine::Connection for documentation and
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+ * usage examples.
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+ *
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+ *
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+ *----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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+ *
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+ * Copyright (C) 2006-07 by Francis Cianfrocca. All Rights Reserved.
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+ * Gmail: blackhedd
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+ *
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+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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+ * it under the terms of either: 1) the GNU General Public License
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+ * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
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+ * License, or (at your option) any later version; or 2) Ruby's License.
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+ *
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+ * See the file COPYING for complete licensing information.
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+ *
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+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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+ *
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+ *
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+ */
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+
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+
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+ package com.rubyeventmachine.tests;
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+
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+ import com.rubyeventmachine.*;
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+ import com.rubyeventmachine.application.*;
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+ import java.io.*;
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+
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+ import org.junit.Assert;
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+ import org.junit.After;
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+ import org.junit.AfterClass;
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+ import org.junit.Before;
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+ import org.junit.BeforeClass;
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+ import org.junit.Test;
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+
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+
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+ public class TestTimers {
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+
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+ @BeforeClass
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+ public static void setUpBeforeClass() throws Exception {
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+ }
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+
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+ @AfterClass
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+ public static void tearDownAfterClass() throws Exception {
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+ }
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+
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+ @Before
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+ public void setUp() throws Exception {
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+ }
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+
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+ @After
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+ public void tearDown() throws Exception {
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+ }
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+
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+
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+
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+ @Test
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+ public final void test2() throws IOException {
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+ Application a = new Application();
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+ a.addTimer(0, new Timer() {
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+ public void fire() {
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+ application.stop();
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+ }
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+ });
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+ a.run();
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+ Assert.assertEquals (1, 1); // just to make sure the reactor halts.
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+ }
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+
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+ @Test
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+ public final void test3() throws IOException {
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+ Application a = new Application();
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+ a.addTimer (0.1, new PeriodicTimer() {
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+ int n = 0;
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+ public void fire() {
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+ n++;
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+ if (n == 5)
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+ application.stop();
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+ }
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+ });
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+ a.run();
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+ Assert.assertEquals(1, 1);
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+ }
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+ }
data/lib/em/buftok.rb ADDED
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+ # BufferedTokenizer - Statefully split input data by a specifiable token
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+ #
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+ # Authors:: Tony Arcieri, Martin Emde
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+ #
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+ #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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+ #
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+ # Copyright (C) 2006-07 by Tony Arcieri and Martin Emde
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+ #
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+ # Distributed under the Ruby license (http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/LICENSE.txt)
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+ #
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+ #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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+ #
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+
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+ # (C)2006 Tony Arcieri, Martin Emde
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+ # Distributed under the Ruby license (http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/LICENSE.txt)
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+
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+ # BufferedTokenizer takes a delimiter upon instantiation, or acts line-based
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+ # by default. It allows input to be spoon-fed from some outside source which
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+ # receives arbitrary length datagrams which may-or-may-not contain the token
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+ # by which entities are delimited.
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+ #
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+ # Commonly used to parse lines out of incoming data:
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+ #
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+ # module LineBufferedConnection
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+ # def receive_data(data)
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+ # (@buffer ||= BufferedTokenizer.new).extract(data).each do |line|
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+ # receive_line(line)
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+ # end
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+ # end
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+ # end
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+
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+ class BufferedTokenizer
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+ # New BufferedTokenizers will operate on lines delimited by "\n" by default
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+ # or allow you to specify any delimiter token you so choose, which will then
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+ # be used by String#split to tokenize the input data
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+ def initialize(delimiter = "\n", size_limit = nil)
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+ # Store the specified delimiter
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+ @delimiter = delimiter
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+
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+ # Store the specified size limitation
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+ @size_limit = size_limit
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+
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+ # The input buffer is stored as an array. This is by far the most efficient
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+ # approach given language constraints (in C a linked list would be a more
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+ # appropriate data structure). Segments of input data are stored in a list
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+ # which is only joined when a token is reached, substantially reducing the
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+ # number of objects required for the operation.
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+ @input = []
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+
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+ # Size of the input buffer
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+ @input_size = 0
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+ end
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+
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+ # Extract takes an arbitrary string of input data and returns an array of
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+ # tokenized entities, provided there were any available to extract. This
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+ # makes for easy processing of datagrams using a pattern like:
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+ #
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+ # tokenizer.extract(data).map { |entity| Decode(entity) }.each do ...
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+ def extract(data)
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+ # Extract token-delimited entities from the input string with the split command.
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+ # There's a bit of craftiness here with the -1 parameter. Normally split would
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+ # behave no differently regardless of if the token lies at the very end of the
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+ # input buffer or not (i.e. a literal edge case) Specifying -1 forces split to
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+ # return "" in this case, meaning that the last entry in the list represents a
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+ # new segment of data where the token has not been encountered
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+ entities = data.split @delimiter, -1
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+
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+ # Check to see if the buffer has exceeded capacity, if we're imposing a limit
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+ if @size_limit
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+ raise 'input buffer full' if @input_size + entities.first.size > @size_limit
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+ @input_size += entities.first.size
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+ end
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+
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+ # Move the first entry in the resulting array into the input buffer. It represents
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+ # the last segment of a token-delimited entity unless it's the only entry in the list.
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+ @input << entities.shift
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+
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+ # If the resulting array from the split is empty, the token was not encountered
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+ # (not even at the end of the buffer). Since we've encountered no token-delimited
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+ # entities this go-around, return an empty array.
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+ return [] if entities.empty?
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+
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+ # At this point, we've hit a token, or potentially multiple tokens. Now we can bring
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+ # together all the data we've buffered from earlier calls without hitting a token,
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+ # and add it to our list of discovered entities.
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+ entities.unshift @input.join
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+
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+ =begin
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+ # Note added by FC, 10Jul07. This paragraph contains a regression. It breaks
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+ # empty tokens. Think of the empty line that delimits an HTTP header. It will have
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+ # two "\n" delimiters in a row, and this code mishandles the resulting empty token.
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+ # It someone figures out how to fix the problem, we can re-enable this code branch.
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+ # Multi-character token support.
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+ # Split any tokens that were incomplete on the last iteration buf complete now.
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+ entities.map! do |e|
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+ e.split @delimiter, -1
97
+ end
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+ # Flatten the resulting array. This has the side effect of removing the empty
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+ # entry at the end that was produced by passing -1 to split. Add it again if
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+ # necessary.
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+ if (entities[-1] == [])
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+ entities.flatten! << []
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+ else
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+ entities.flatten!
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+ end
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+ =end
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+
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+ # Now that we've hit a token, joined the input buffer and added it to the entities
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+ # list, we can go ahead and clear the input buffer. All of the segments that were
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+ # stored before the join can now be garbage collected.
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+ @input.clear
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+
113
+ # The last entity in the list is not token delimited, however, thanks to the -1
114
+ # passed to split. It represents the beginning of a new list of as-yet-untokenized
115
+ # data, so we add it to the start of the list.
116
+ @input << entities.pop
117
+
118
+ # Set the new input buffer size, provided we're keeping track
119
+ @input_size = @input.first.size if @size_limit
120
+
121
+ # Now we're left with the list of extracted token-delimited entities we wanted
122
+ # in the first place. Hooray!
123
+ entities
124
+ end
125
+
126
+ # Flush the contents of the input buffer, i.e. return the input buffer even though
127
+ # a token has not yet been encountered
128
+ def flush
129
+ buffer = @input.join
130
+ @input.clear
131
+ buffer
132
+ end
133
+
134
+ # Is the buffer empty?
135
+ def empty?
136
+ @input.empty?
137
+ end
138
+ end
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
1
+ module EventMachine
2
+ # Utility method for coercing arguments to an object that responds to #call
3
+ # Accepts an object and a method name to send to, or a block, or an object
4
+ # that responds to call.
5
+ #
6
+ # cb = EM.Callback{ |msg| puts(msg) }
7
+ # cb.call('hello world')
8
+ #
9
+ # cb = EM.Callback(Object, :puts)
10
+ # cb.call('hello world')
11
+ #
12
+ # cb = EM.Callback(proc{ |msg| puts(msg) })
13
+ # cb.call('hello world')
14
+ #
15
+ def self.Callback(object = nil, method = nil, &blk)
16
+ if object && method
17
+ lambda { |*args| object.send method, *args }
18
+ else
19
+ if object.respond_to? :call
20
+ object
21
+ else
22
+ blk || raise(ArgumentError)
23
+ end
24
+ end
25
+ end
26
+ end
data/lib/em/channel.rb ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
1
+ module EventMachine
2
+ # Provides a simple interface to push items to a number of subscribers. The
3
+ # channel will schedule all operations on the main reactor thread for thread
4
+ # safe reactor operations.
5
+ #
6
+ # This provides a convenient way for connections to consume messages from
7
+ # long running code in defer, without threading issues.
8
+ #
9
+ # channel = EM::Channel.new
10
+ # sid = channel.subscribe{ |msg| p [:got, msg] }
11
+ # channel.push('hello world')
12
+ # channel.unsubscribe(sid)
13
+ #
14
+ # See examples/ex_channel.rb for a detailed example.
15
+ class Channel
16
+ # Create a new channel
17
+ def initialize
18
+ @subs = {}
19
+ @uid = 0
20
+ end
21
+
22
+ # Takes any arguments suitable for EM::Callback() and returns a subscriber
23
+ # id for use when unsubscribing.
24
+ def subscribe(*a, &b)
25
+ name = gen_id
26
+ EM.schedule { @subs[name] = EM::Callback(*a, &b) }
27
+ name
28
+ end
29
+
30
+ # Removes this subscriber from the list.
31
+ def unsubscribe(name)
32
+ EM.schedule { @subs.delete name }
33
+ end
34
+
35
+ # Add items to the channel, which are pushed out to all subscribers.
36
+ def push(*items)
37
+ items = items.dup
38
+ EM.schedule { @subs.values.each { |s| items.each { |i| s.call i } } }
39
+ end
40
+ alias << push
41
+
42
+ # Receive exactly one message from the channel.
43
+ def pop(*a, &b)
44
+ EM.schedule {
45
+ name = subscribe do |*args|
46
+ unsubscribe(name)
47
+ EM::Callback(*a, &b).call(*args)
48
+ end
49
+ }
50
+ end
51
+
52
+ private
53
+ def gen_id # :nodoc:
54
+ @uid += 1
55
+ end
56
+ end
57
+ end