event 0.5.0 → 0.8.1

data/ext/event/backend/kqueue.c

@@ -1,428 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright, 2021, by Samuel G. D. Williams. <http://www.codeotaku.com>
-// 
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-// 
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
-// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-// 
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
-// THE SOFTWARE.
-
-#include "kqueue.h"
-#include "backend.h"
-
-#include <sys/event.h>
-#include <sys/ioctl.h>
-#include <time.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-
-static VALUE Event_Backend_KQueue = Qnil;
-static ID id_fileno;
-
-enum {KQUEUE_MAX_EVENTS = 64};
-
-struct Event_Backend_KQueue {
-	VALUE loop;
-	int descriptor;
-};
-
-void Event_Backend_KQueue_Type_mark(void *_data)
-{
-	struct Event_Backend_KQueue *data = _data;
-	rb_gc_mark(data->loop);
-}
-
-static
-void close_internal(struct Event_Backend_KQueue *data) {
-	if (data->descriptor >= 0) {
-		close(data->descriptor);
-		data->descriptor = -1;
-	}
-}
-
-void Event_Backend_KQueue_Type_free(void *_data)
-{
-	struct Event_Backend_KQueue *data = _data;
-	
-	close_internal(data);
-	
-	free(data);
-}
-
-size_t Event_Backend_KQueue_Type_size(const void *data)
-{
-	return sizeof(struct Event_Backend_KQueue);
-}
-
-static const rb_data_type_t Event_Backend_KQueue_Type = {
-	.wrap_struct_name = "Event::Backend::KQueue",
-	.function = {
-		.dmark = Event_Backend_KQueue_Type_mark,
-		.dfree = Event_Backend_KQueue_Type_free,
-		.dsize = Event_Backend_KQueue_Type_size,
-	},
-	.data = NULL,
-	.flags = RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
-};
-
-VALUE Event_Backend_KQueue_allocate(VALUE self) {
-	struct Event_Backend_KQueue *data = NULL;
-	VALUE instance = TypedData_Make_Struct(self, struct Event_Backend_KQueue, &Event_Backend_KQueue_Type, data);
-	
-	data->loop = Qnil;
-	data->descriptor = -1;
-	
-	return instance;
-}
-
-VALUE Event_Backend_KQueue_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE loop) {
-	struct Event_Backend_KQueue *data = NULL;
-	TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct Event_Backend_KQueue, &Event_Backend_KQueue_Type, data);
-	
-	data->loop = loop;
-	int result = kqueue();
-	
-	if (result == -1) {
-		rb_sys_fail("kqueue");
-	} else {
-		ioctl(result, FIOCLEX);
-		data->descriptor = result;
-		
-		rb_update_max_fd(data->descriptor);
-	}
-	
-	return self;
-}
-
-VALUE Event_Backend_KQueue_close(VALUE self) {
-	struct Event_Backend_KQueue *data = NULL;
-	TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct Event_Backend_KQueue, &Event_Backend_KQueue_Type, data);
-	
-	close_internal(data);
-	
-	return Qnil;
-}
-
-struct process_wait_arguments {
-	struct Event_Backend_KQueue *data;
-	pid_t pid;
-	int flags;
-};
-
-static
-int process_add_filters(int descriptor, int ident, VALUE fiber) {
-	struct kevent event = {0};
-	
-	event.ident = ident;
-	event.filter = EVFILT_PROC;
-	event.flags = EV_ADD | EV_ENABLE | EV_ONESHOT;
-	event.fflags = NOTE_EXIT;
-	event.udata = (void*)fiber;
-	
-	int result = kevent(descriptor, &event, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
-	
-	if (result == -1) {
-		// No such process - the process has probably already terminated:
-		if (errno == ESRCH) {
-			return 0;
-		}
-		
-		rb_sys_fail("kevent(process_add_filters)");
-	}
-	
-	return 1;
-}
-
-static
-void process_remove_filters(int descriptor, int ident) {
-	struct kevent event = {0};
-	
-	event.ident = ident;
-	event.filter = EVFILT_PROC;
-	event.flags = EV_DELETE;
-	event.fflags = NOTE_EXIT;
-	
-	// Ignore the result.
-	kevent(descriptor, &event, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
-}
-
-static
-VALUE process_wait_transfer(VALUE _arguments) {
-	struct process_wait_arguments *arguments = (struct process_wait_arguments *)_arguments;
-	
-	Event_Backend_transfer(arguments->data->loop);
-	
-	return Event_Backend_process_status_wait(arguments->pid);
-}
-
-static
-VALUE process_wait_rescue(VALUE _arguments, VALUE exception) {
-	struct process_wait_arguments *arguments = (struct process_wait_arguments *)_arguments;
-	
-	process_remove_filters(arguments->data->descriptor, arguments->pid);
-	
-	rb_exc_raise(exception);
-}
-
-VALUE Event_Backend_KQueue_process_wait(VALUE self, VALUE fiber, VALUE pid, VALUE flags) {
-	struct Event_Backend_KQueue *data = NULL;
-	TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct Event_Backend_KQueue, &Event_Backend_KQueue_Type, data);
-	
-	struct process_wait_arguments process_wait_arguments = {
-		.data = data,
-		.pid = NUM2PIDT(pid),
-		.flags = NUM2INT(flags),
-	};
-	
-	int waiting = process_add_filters(data->descriptor, process_wait_arguments.pid, fiber);
-	
-	if (waiting) {
-		return rb_rescue(process_wait_transfer, (VALUE)&process_wait_arguments, process_wait_rescue, (VALUE)&process_wait_arguments);
-	} else {
-		return Event_Backend_process_status_wait(process_wait_arguments.pid);
-	}
-}
-
-static
-int io_add_filters(int descriptor, int ident, int events, VALUE fiber) {
-	int count = 0;
-	struct kevent kevents[2] = {0};
-	
-	if (events & READABLE) {
-		kevents[count].ident = ident;
-		kevents[count].filter = EVFILT_READ;
-		kevents[count].flags = EV_ADD | EV_ENABLE | EV_ONESHOT;
-		kevents[count].udata = (void*)fiber;
-		
-// #ifdef EV_OOBAND
-// 		if (events & PRIORITY) {
-// 			kevents[count].flags |= EV_OOBAND;
-// 		}
-// #endif
-		
-		count++;
-	}
-	
-	if (events & WRITABLE) {
-		kevents[count].ident = ident;
-		kevents[count].filter = EVFILT_WRITE;
-		kevents[count].flags = EV_ADD | EV_ENABLE | EV_ONESHOT;
-		kevents[count].udata = (void*)fiber;
-		count++;
-	}
-	
-	int result = kevent(descriptor, kevents, count, NULL, 0, NULL);
-	
-	if (result == -1) {
-		rb_sys_fail("kevent(io_add_filters)");
-	}
-	
-	return events;
-}
-
-static
-void io_remove_filters(int descriptor, int ident, int events) {
-	int count = 0;
-	struct kevent kevents[2] = {0};
-	
-	if (events & READABLE) {
-		kevents[count].ident = ident;
-		kevents[count].filter = EVFILT_READ;
-		kevents[count].flags = EV_DELETE;
-		
-		count++;
-	}
-	
-	if (events & WRITABLE) {
-		kevents[count].ident = ident;
-		kevents[count].filter = EVFILT_WRITE;
-		kevents[count].flags = EV_DELETE;
-		count++;
-	}
-	
-	// Ignore the result.
-	kevent(descriptor, kevents, count, NULL, 0, NULL);
-}
-
-struct io_wait_arguments {
-	struct Event_Backend_KQueue *data;
-	int events;
-	int descriptor;
-};
-
-static
-VALUE io_wait_rescue(VALUE _arguments, VALUE exception) {
-	struct io_wait_arguments *arguments = (struct io_wait_arguments *)_arguments;
-	
-	io_remove_filters(arguments->data->descriptor, arguments->descriptor, arguments->events);
-	
-	rb_exc_raise(exception);
-};
-
-static inline
-int events_from_kqueue_filter(int filter) {
-	if (filter == EVFILT_READ) return READABLE;
-	if (filter == EVFILT_WRITE) return WRITABLE;
-	
-	return 0;
-}
-
-static
-VALUE io_wait_transfer(VALUE _arguments) {
-	struct io_wait_arguments *arguments = (struct io_wait_arguments *)_arguments;
-	
-	VALUE result = Event_Backend_transfer(arguments->data->loop);
-	
-	return INT2NUM(events_from_kqueue_filter(NUM2INT(result)));
-};
-
-VALUE Event_Backend_KQueue_io_wait(VALUE self, VALUE fiber, VALUE io, VALUE events) {
-	struct Event_Backend_KQueue *data = NULL;
-	TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct Event_Backend_KQueue, &Event_Backend_KQueue_Type, data);
-	
-	int descriptor = NUM2INT(rb_funcall(io, id_fileno, 0));
-	
-	struct io_wait_arguments io_wait_arguments = {
-		.events = io_add_filters(data->descriptor, descriptor, NUM2INT(events), fiber),
-		.data = data,
-		.descriptor = descriptor,
-	};
-	
-	return rb_rescue(io_wait_transfer, (VALUE)&io_wait_arguments, io_wait_rescue, (VALUE)&io_wait_arguments);
-}
-
-static
-struct timespec * make_timeout(VALUE duration, struct timespec * storage) {
-	if (duration == Qnil) {
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	
-	if (FIXNUM_P(duration)) {
-		storage->tv_sec = NUM2TIMET(duration);
-		storage->tv_nsec = 0;
-		
-		return storage;
-	}
-	
-	else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(duration)) {
-		double value = RFLOAT_VALUE(duration);
-		time_t seconds = value;
-		
-		storage->tv_sec = seconds;
-		storage->tv_nsec = (value - seconds) * 1000000000L;
-		
-		return storage;
-	}
-	
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unable to convert timeout");
-}
-
-static
-int timeout_nonblocking(struct timespec * timespec) {
-	return timespec && timespec->tv_sec == 0 && timespec->tv_nsec == 0;
-}
-
-struct select_arguments {
-	struct Event_Backend_KQueue *data;
-	
-	int count;
-	struct kevent events[KQUEUE_MAX_EVENTS];
-	
-	struct timespec storage;
-	struct timespec *timeout;
-};
-
-static
-void * select_internal(void *_arguments) {
-	struct select_arguments * arguments = (struct select_arguments *)_arguments;
-	
-	arguments->count = kevent(arguments->data->descriptor, NULL, 0, arguments->events, arguments->count, arguments->timeout);
-	
-	return NULL;
-}
-
-static
-void select_internal_without_gvl(struct select_arguments *arguments) {
-	rb_thread_call_without_gvl(select_internal, (void *)arguments, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
-	
-	if (arguments->count == -1) {
-		rb_sys_fail("select_internal_without_gvl:kevent");
-	}
-}
-
-static
-void select_internal_with_gvl(struct select_arguments *arguments) {
-	select_internal((void *)arguments);
-	
-	if (arguments->count == -1) {
-		rb_sys_fail("select_internal_with_gvl:kevent");
-	}
-}
-
-VALUE Event_Backend_KQueue_select(VALUE self, VALUE duration) {
-	struct Event_Backend_KQueue *data = NULL;
-	TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct Event_Backend_KQueue, &Event_Backend_KQueue_Type, data);
-	
-	struct select_arguments arguments = {
-		.data = data,
-		.count = KQUEUE_MAX_EVENTS,
-		.storage = {
-			.tv_sec = 0,
-			.tv_nsec = 0
-		}
-	};
-	
-	// We break this implementation into two parts.
-	// (1) count = kevent(..., timeout = 0)
-	// (2) without gvl: kevent(..., timeout = 0) if count == 0 and timeout != 0
-	// This allows us to avoid releasing and reacquiring the GVL.
-	// Non-comprehensive testing shows this gives a 1.5x speedup.
-	arguments.timeout = &arguments.storage;
-	
-	// First do the syscall with no timeout to get any immediately available events:
-	select_internal_with_gvl(&arguments);
-	
-	// If there were no pending events, if we have a timeout, wait for more events:
-	if (arguments.count == 0) {
-		arguments.timeout = make_timeout(duration, &arguments.storage);
-		
-		if (!timeout_nonblocking(arguments.timeout)) {
-			arguments.count = KQUEUE_MAX_EVENTS;
-			
-			select_internal_without_gvl(&arguments);
-		}
-	}
-	
-	for (int i = 0; i < arguments.count; i += 1) {
-		VALUE fiber = (VALUE)arguments.events[i].udata;
-		VALUE result = INT2NUM(arguments.events[i].filter);
-		
-		Event_Backend_transfer_result(fiber, result);
-	}
-	
-	return INT2NUM(arguments.count);
-}
-
-void Init_Event_Backend_KQueue(VALUE Event_Backend) {
-	id_fileno = rb_intern("fileno");
-	
-	Event_Backend_KQueue = rb_define_class_under(Event_Backend, "KQueue", rb_cObject);
-	
-	rb_define_alloc_func(Event_Backend_KQueue, Event_Backend_KQueue_allocate);
-	rb_define_method(Event_Backend_KQueue, "initialize", Event_Backend_KQueue_initialize, 1);
-	rb_define_method(Event_Backend_KQueue, "close", Event_Backend_KQueue_close, 0);
-	
-	rb_define_method(Event_Backend_KQueue, "io_wait", Event_Backend_KQueue_io_wait, 3);
-	rb_define_method(Event_Backend_KQueue, "select", Event_Backend_KQueue_select, 1);
-	rb_define_method(Event_Backend_KQueue, "process_wait", Event_Backend_KQueue_process_wait, 3);
-}

data/ext/event/backend/uring.c

@@ -1,488 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright, 2021, by Samuel G. D. Williams. <http://www.codeotaku.com>
-// 
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-// 
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
-// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-// 
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
-// THE SOFTWARE.
-
-#include "uring.h"
-#include "backend.h"
-
-#include <liburing.h>
-#include <poll.h>
-#include <time.h>
-
-#include "pidfd.c"
-
-static VALUE Event_Backend_URing = Qnil;
-static ID id_fileno;
-
-enum {URING_ENTRIES = 128};
-enum {URING_MAX_EVENTS = 128};
-
-struct Event_Backend_URing {
-	VALUE loop;
-	struct io_uring ring;
-};
-
-void Event_Backend_URing_Type_mark(void *_data)
-{
-	struct Event_Backend_URing *data = _data;
-	rb_gc_mark(data->loop);
-}
-
-static
-void close_internal(struct Event_Backend_URing *data) {
-	if (data->ring.ring_fd >= 0) {
-		io_uring_queue_exit(&data->ring);
-		data->ring.ring_fd = -1;
-	}
-}
-
-void Event_Backend_URing_Type_free(void *_data)
-{
-	struct Event_Backend_URing *data = _data;
-	
-	close_internal(data);
-	
-	free(data);
-}
-
-size_t Event_Backend_URing_Type_size(const void *data)
-{
-	return sizeof(struct Event_Backend_URing);
-}
-
-static const rb_data_type_t Event_Backend_URing_Type = {
-	.wrap_struct_name = "Event::Backend::URing",
-	.function = {
-		.dmark = Event_Backend_URing_Type_mark,
-		.dfree = Event_Backend_URing_Type_free,
-		.dsize = Event_Backend_URing_Type_size,
-	},
-	.data = NULL,
-	.flags = RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
-};
-
-VALUE Event_Backend_URing_allocate(VALUE self) {
-	struct Event_Backend_URing *data = NULL;
-	VALUE instance = TypedData_Make_Struct(self, struct Event_Backend_URing, &Event_Backend_URing_Type, data);
-	
-	data->loop = Qnil;
-	data->ring.ring_fd = -1;
-	
-	return instance;
-}
-
-VALUE Event_Backend_URing_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE loop) {
-	struct Event_Backend_URing *data = NULL;
-	TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct Event_Backend_URing, &Event_Backend_URing_Type, data);
-	
-	data->loop = loop;
-	
-	int result = io_uring_queue_init(URING_ENTRIES, &data->ring, 0);
-	
-	if (result < 0) {
-		rb_syserr_fail(-result, "io_uring_queue_init");
-	}
-	
-	rb_update_max_fd(data->ring.ring_fd);
-	
-	return self;
-}
-
-VALUE Event_Backend_URing_close(VALUE self) {
-	struct Event_Backend_URing *data = NULL;
-	TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct Event_Backend_URing, &Event_Backend_URing_Type, data);
-	
-	close_internal(data);
-	
-	return Qnil;
-}
-
-struct io_uring_sqe * io_get_sqe(struct Event_Backend_URing *data) {
-	struct io_uring_sqe *sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(&data->ring);
-	
-	while (sqe == NULL) {
-		io_uring_submit(&data->ring);
-		sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(&data->ring);
-	}
-	
-	// fprintf(stderr, "io_get_sqe -> %p\n", sqe);
-	
-	return sqe;
-}
-
-struct process_wait_arguments {
-	struct Event_Backend_URing *data;
-	pid_t pid;
-	int flags;
-	int descriptor;
-};
-
-static
-VALUE process_wait_transfer(VALUE _arguments) {
-	struct process_wait_arguments *arguments = (struct process_wait_arguments *)_arguments;
-	
-	Event_Backend_transfer(arguments->data->loop);
-	
-	return Event_Backend_process_status_wait(arguments->pid);
-}
-
-static
-VALUE process_wait_ensure(VALUE _arguments) {
-	struct process_wait_arguments *arguments = (struct process_wait_arguments *)_arguments;
-	
-	close(arguments->descriptor);
-	
-	return Qnil;
-}
-
-VALUE Event_Backend_URing_process_wait(VALUE self, VALUE fiber, VALUE pid, VALUE flags) {
-	struct Event_Backend_URing *data = NULL;
-	TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct Event_Backend_URing, &Event_Backend_URing_Type, data);
-	
-	struct process_wait_arguments process_wait_arguments = {
-		.data = data,
-		.pid = NUM2PIDT(pid),
-		.flags = NUM2INT(flags),
-	};
-	
-	process_wait_arguments.descriptor = pidfd_open(process_wait_arguments.pid, 0);
-	rb_update_max_fd(process_wait_arguments.descriptor);
-	
-	struct io_uring_sqe *sqe = io_get_sqe(data);
-	assert(sqe);
-	
-	io_uring_prep_poll_add(sqe, process_wait_arguments.descriptor, POLLIN|POLLHUP|POLLERR);
-	io_uring_sqe_set_data(sqe, (void*)fiber);
-	
-	return rb_ensure(process_wait_transfer, (VALUE)&process_wait_arguments, process_wait_ensure, (VALUE)&process_wait_arguments);
-}
-
-static inline
-short poll_flags_from_events(int events) {
-	short flags = 0;
-	
-	if (events & READABLE) flags |= POLLIN;
-	if (events & PRIORITY) flags |= POLLPRI;
-	if (events & WRITABLE) flags |= POLLOUT;
-	
-	flags |= POLLERR;
-	flags |= POLLHUP;
-	
-	return flags;
-}
-
-static inline
-int events_from_poll_flags(short flags) {
-	int events = 0;
-	
-	if (flags & POLLIN) events |= READABLE;
-	if (flags & POLLPRI) events |= PRIORITY;
-	if (flags & POLLOUT) events |= WRITABLE;
-	
-	return events;
-}
-
-struct io_wait_arguments {
-	struct Event_Backend_URing *data;
-	VALUE fiber;
-	short flags;
-};
-
-static
-VALUE io_wait_rescue(VALUE _arguments, VALUE exception) {
-	struct io_wait_arguments *arguments = (struct io_wait_arguments *)_arguments;
-	struct Event_Backend_URing *data = arguments->data;
-	
-	struct io_uring_sqe *sqe = io_get_sqe(data);
-	assert(sqe);
-	
-	// fprintf(stderr, "poll_remove(%p, %p)\n", sqe, (void*)arguments->fiber);
-	
-	io_uring_prep_poll_remove(sqe, (void*)arguments->fiber);
-	io_uring_submit(&data->ring);
-	
-	rb_exc_raise(exception);
-};
-
-static
-VALUE io_wait_transfer(VALUE _arguments) {
-	struct io_wait_arguments *arguments = (struct io_wait_arguments *)_arguments;
-	struct Event_Backend_URing *data = arguments->data;
-
-	VALUE result = Event_Backend_transfer(data->loop);
-	
-	// We explicitly filter the resulting events based on the requested events.
-	// In some cases, poll will report events we didn't ask for.
-	short flags = arguments->flags & NUM2INT(result);
-	
-	return INT2NUM(events_from_poll_flags(flags));
-};
-
-VALUE Event_Backend_URing_io_wait(VALUE self, VALUE fiber, VALUE io, VALUE events) {
-	struct Event_Backend_URing *data = NULL;
-	TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct Event_Backend_URing, &Event_Backend_URing_Type, data);
-	
-	int descriptor = NUM2INT(rb_funcall(io, id_fileno, 0));
-	struct io_uring_sqe *sqe = io_get_sqe(data);
-	assert(sqe);
-	
-	short flags = poll_flags_from_events(NUM2INT(events));
-	
-	// fprintf(stderr, "poll_add(%p, %d, %d, %p)\n", sqe, descriptor, flags, (void*)fiber);
-	
-	io_uring_prep_poll_add(sqe, descriptor, flags);
-	io_uring_sqe_set_data(sqe, (void*)fiber);
-	// fprintf(stderr, "io_uring_submit\n");
-	// io_uring_submit(&data->ring);
-	
-	struct io_wait_arguments io_wait_arguments = {
-		.data = data,
-		.fiber = fiber,
-		.flags = flags
-	};
-	
-	return rb_rescue(io_wait_transfer, (VALUE)&io_wait_arguments, io_wait_rescue, (VALUE)&io_wait_arguments);
-}
-
-inline static
-void resize_to_capacity(VALUE string, size_t offset, size_t length) {
-	size_t current_length = RSTRING_LEN(string);
-	long difference = (long)(offset + length) - (long)current_length;
-	
-	difference += 1;
-	
-	if (difference > 0) {
-		rb_str_modify_expand(string, difference);
-	} else {
-		rb_str_modify(string);
-	}
-}
-
-inline static
-void resize_to_fit(VALUE string, size_t offset, size_t length) {
-	size_t current_length = RSTRING_LEN(string);
-	
-	if (current_length < (offset + length)) {
-		rb_str_set_len(string, offset + length);
-	}
-}
-
-VALUE Event_Backend_URing_io_read(VALUE self, VALUE fiber, VALUE io, VALUE buffer, VALUE offset, VALUE length) {
-	struct Event_Backend_URing *data = NULL;
-	TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct Event_Backend_URing, &Event_Backend_URing_Type, data);
-	
-	resize_to_capacity(buffer, NUM2SIZET(offset), NUM2SIZET(length));
-	
-	int descriptor = NUM2INT(rb_funcall(io, id_fileno, 0));
-	struct io_uring_sqe *sqe = io_get_sqe(data);
-	assert(sqe);
-	
-	struct iovec iovecs[1];
-	iovecs[0].iov_base = RSTRING_PTR(buffer) + NUM2SIZET(offset);
-	iovecs[0].iov_len = NUM2SIZET(length);
-	
-	io_uring_prep_readv(sqe, descriptor, iovecs, 1, 0);
-	io_uring_sqe_set_data(sqe, (void*)fiber);
-	io_uring_submit(&data->ring);
-	
-	// fprintf(stderr, "prep_readv(%p, %d, %ld)\n", sqe, descriptor, iovecs[0].iov_len);
-	
-	int result = NUM2INT(Event_Backend_transfer(data->loop));
-	
-	if (result < 0) {
-		rb_syserr_fail(-result, strerror(-result));
-	}
-	
-	resize_to_fit(buffer, NUM2SIZET(offset), (size_t)result);
-	
-	return INT2NUM(result);
-}
-
-VALUE Event_Backend_URing_io_write(VALUE self, VALUE fiber, VALUE io, VALUE buffer, VALUE offset, VALUE length) {
-	struct Event_Backend_URing *data = NULL;
-	TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct Event_Backend_URing, &Event_Backend_URing_Type, data);
-	
-	if ((size_t)RSTRING_LEN(buffer) < NUM2SIZET(offset) + NUM2SIZET(length)) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "invalid offset/length exceeds bounds of buffer");
-	}
-	
-	int descriptor = NUM2INT(rb_funcall(io, id_fileno, 0));
-	struct io_uring_sqe *sqe = io_get_sqe(data);
-	
-	struct iovec iovecs[1];
-	iovecs[0].iov_base = RSTRING_PTR(buffer) + NUM2SIZET(offset);
-	iovecs[0].iov_len = NUM2SIZET(length);
-	
-	io_uring_prep_writev(sqe, descriptor, iovecs, 1, 0);
-	io_uring_sqe_set_data(sqe, (void*)fiber);
-	io_uring_submit(&data->ring);
-	
-	// fprintf(stderr, "prep_writev(%p, %d, %ld)\n", sqe, descriptor, iovecs[0].iov_len);
-	
-	int result = NUM2INT(Event_Backend_transfer(data->loop));
-	
-	if (result < 0) {
-		rb_syserr_fail(-result, strerror(-result));
-	}
-	
-	return INT2NUM(result);
-}
-
-static
-struct __kernel_timespec * make_timeout(VALUE duration, struct __kernel_timespec *storage) {
-	if (duration == Qnil) {
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	
-	if (FIXNUM_P(duration)) {
-		storage->tv_sec = NUM2TIMET(duration);
-		storage->tv_nsec = 0;
-		
-		return storage;
-	}
-	
-	else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(duration)) {
-		double value = RFLOAT_VALUE(duration);
-		time_t seconds = value;
-		
-		storage->tv_sec = seconds;
-		storage->tv_nsec = (value - seconds) * 1000000000L;
-		
-		return storage;
-	}
-	
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unable to convert timeout");
-}
-
-static
-int timeout_nonblocking(struct __kernel_timespec *timespec) {
-	return timespec && timespec->tv_sec == 0 && timespec->tv_nsec == 0;
-}
-
-struct select_arguments {
-	struct Event_Backend_URing *data;
-	
-	int result;
-	
-	struct __kernel_timespec storage;
-	struct __kernel_timespec *timeout;
-};
-
-static
-void * select_internal(void *_arguments) {
-	struct select_arguments * arguments = (struct select_arguments *)_arguments;
-	
-	io_uring_submit(&arguments->data->ring);
-	
-	struct io_uring_cqe *cqe = NULL;
-	arguments->result = io_uring_wait_cqe_timeout(&arguments->data->ring, &cqe, arguments->timeout);
-	
-	return NULL;
-}
-
-static
-int select_internal_without_gvl(struct select_arguments *arguments) {
-	rb_thread_call_without_gvl(select_internal, (void *)arguments, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
-	
-	if (arguments->result == -ETIME) {
-		arguments->result = 0;
-	} else if (arguments->result < 0) {
-		rb_syserr_fail(-arguments->result, "select_internal_without_gvl:io_uring_wait_cqes");
-	} else {
-		// At least 1 event is waiting:
-		arguments->result = 1;
-	}
-	
-	return arguments->result;
-}
-
-static inline
-unsigned select_process_completions(struct io_uring *ring) {
-	unsigned completed = 0;
-	unsigned head;
-	struct io_uring_cqe *cqe;
-	
-	io_uring_for_each_cqe(ring, head, cqe) {
-		++completed;
-		
-		// If the operation was cancelled, or the operation has no user data (fiber):
-		if (cqe->res == -ECANCELED || cqe->user_data == 0 || cqe->user_data == LIBURING_UDATA_TIMEOUT) {
-			continue;
-		}
-		
-		VALUE fiber = (VALUE)cqe->user_data;
-		VALUE result = INT2NUM(cqe->res);
-		
-		// fprintf(stderr, "cqe res=%d user_data=%p\n", cqe->res, (void*)cqe->user_data);
-		
-		Event_Backend_transfer_result(fiber, result);
-	}
-	
-	if (completed) {
-		io_uring_cq_advance(ring, completed);
-	}
-	
-	return completed;
-}
-
-VALUE Event_Backend_URing_select(VALUE self, VALUE duration) {
-	struct Event_Backend_URing *data = NULL;
-	TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct Event_Backend_URing, &Event_Backend_URing_Type, data);
-	
-	int result = select_process_completions(&data->ring);
-	
-	if (result < 0) {
-		rb_syserr_fail(-result, strerror(-result));
-	} else if (result == 0) {
-		// We might need to wait for events:
-		struct select_arguments arguments = {
-			.data = data,
-			.timeout = NULL,
-		};
-		
-		arguments.timeout = make_timeout(duration, &arguments.storage);
-		
-		if (!timeout_nonblocking(arguments.timeout)) {
-			result = select_internal_without_gvl(&arguments);
-		} else {
-			io_uring_submit(&data->ring);
-		}
-	}
-	
-	result = select_process_completions(&data->ring);
-	
-	return INT2NUM(result);
-}
-
-void Init_Event_Backend_URing(VALUE Event_Backend) {
-	id_fileno = rb_intern("fileno");
-	
-	Event_Backend_URing = rb_define_class_under(Event_Backend, "URing", rb_cObject);
-	
-	rb_define_alloc_func(Event_Backend_URing, Event_Backend_URing_allocate);
-	rb_define_method(Event_Backend_URing, "initialize", Event_Backend_URing_initialize, 1);
-	rb_define_method(Event_Backend_URing, "close", Event_Backend_URing_close, 0);
-	
-	rb_define_method(Event_Backend_URing, "io_wait", Event_Backend_URing_io_wait, 3);
-	rb_define_method(Event_Backend_URing, "select", Event_Backend_URing_select, 1);
-	
-	rb_define_method(Event_Backend_URing, "io_read", Event_Backend_URing_io_read, 5);
-	rb_define_method(Event_Backend_URing, "io_write", Event_Backend_URing_io_write, 5);
-	rb_define_method(Event_Backend_URing, "process_wait", Event_Backend_URing_process_wait, 3);
-}