eth 0.5.0 → 0.5.3

data/lib/eth/client/ipc.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2016-2022 The Ruby-Eth Contributors
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+require "socket"
+
+# Provides the {Eth} module.
+module Eth
+
+  # Provides an IPC-RPC client.
+  class Client::Ipc < Client
+
+    # The path of the IPC socket.
+    attr_accessor :path
+
+    # Constructor for the IPC Client. Should not be used; use
+    # {Client.create} intead.
+    #
+    # @param path [String] an URI pointing to an IPC RPC-API.
+    def initialize(path)
+      super
+      @path = path
+    end
+
+    # Sends an RPC request to the connected IPC socket.
+    #
+    # @param payload [Hash] the RPC request parameters.
+    # @return [String] a JSON-encoded response.
+    def send(payload)
+      socket = UNIXSocket.new(@path)
+      socket.puts(payload)
+      read = socket.recvmsg(nil)[0]
+      until read.end_with?("\n")
+        read = read << socket.recvmsg(nil)[0]
+      end
+      socket.close
+      return read
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/eth/client.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2016-2022 The Ruby-Eth Contributors
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# Provides the {Eth} module.
+module Eth
+
+  # Provides the {Eth::Client} super-class to connect to Ethereum
+  # network's RPC-API endpoints (IPC or HTTP).
+  class Client
+
+    # The client's RPC-request ID starting at 0.
+    attr_reader :id
+
+    # The connected network's chain ID.
+    attr_reader :chain_id
+
+    # The connected network's client coinbase.
+    attr_accessor :default_account
+
+    # The default transaction max priority fee per gas in Wei.
+    attr_accessor :max_priority_fee_per_gas
+
+    # The default transaction max fee per gas in Wei.
+    attr_accessor :max_fee_per_gas
+
+    # The default gas limit for the transaction.
+    attr_accessor :gas_limit
+
+    # Creates a new RPC-Client, either by providing an HTTP/S host or
+    # an IPC path.
+    #
+    # @param host [String] either an HTTP/S host or an IPC path.
+    # @return [Eth::Client::Ipc] an IPC client.
+    # @return [Eth::Client::Http] an HTTP client.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] in case it cannot determine the client type.
+    def self.create(host)
+      return Client::Ipc.new host if host.end_with? ".ipc"
+      return Client::Http.new host if host.start_with? "http"
+      raise ArgumentError, "Unable to detect client type!"
+    end
+
+    # Constructor for the {Eth::Client} super-class. Should not be used;
+    # use {Client.create} intead.
+    def initialize(_)
+      @id = 0
+      @max_priority_fee_per_gas = 0
+      @max_fee_per_gas = Tx::DEFAULT_GAS_PRICE
+      @gas_limit = Tx::DEFAULT_GAS_LIMIT
+    end
+
+    # Gets the default account (coinbase) of the connected client.
+    #
+    # @return [Eth::Address] the coinbase account address.
+    def default_account
+      @default_account ||= Address.new eth_coinbase["result"]
+    end
+
+    # Gets the chain ID of the connected network.
+    #
+    # @return [Integer] the chain ID.
+    def chain_id
+      @chain_id ||= eth_chain_id["result"].to_i 16
+    end
+
+    # Gets the balance for an address.
+    #
+    # @param address [Eth::Address] the address to get the balance for.
+    # @return [Integer] the balance in Wei.
+    def get_balance(address)
+      eth_get_balance(address)["result"].to_i 16
+    end
+
+    # Gets the next nonce for an address used to draft new transactions.
+    #
+    # @param address [Eth::Address] the address to get the nonce for.
+    # @return [Integer] the next nonce to be used.
+    def get_nonce(address)
+      eth_get_transaction_count(address, "pending")["result"].to_i 16
+    end
+
+    # Simply transfer Ether to an account and waits for it to be mined.
+    # Uses `eth_coinbase` and external signer if no  sender key is
+    # provided.
+    #
+    # @param destination [Eth::Address] the destination address.
+    # @param amount [Integer] the transfer amount in Wei.
+    # @param sender_key [Eth::Key] the sender private key.
+    # @param legacy [Boolean] enables legacy transactions (pre-EIP-1559).
+    # @return [String] the transaction hash.
+    def transfer_and_wait(destination, amount, sender_key = nil, legacy = false)
+      wait_for_tx(transfer(destination, amount, sender_key, legacy))
+    end
+
+    # Simply transfer Ether to an account without any call data or
+    # access lists attached. Uses `eth_coinbase` and external signer
+    # if no sender key is provided.
+    #
+    # @param destination [Eth::Address] the destination address.
+    # @param amount [Integer] the transfer amount in Wei.
+    # @param sender_key [Eth::Key] the sender private key.
+    # @param legacy [Boolean] enables legacy transactions (pre-EIP-1559).
+    # @return [String] the transaction hash.
+    def transfer(destination, amount, sender_key = nil, legacy = false)
+      params = {
+        value: amount,
+        to: destination,
+        gas_limit: gas_limit,
+        chain_id: chain_id,
+      }
+      if legacy
+        params.merge!({
+          gas_price: max_fee_per_gas,
+        })
+      else
+        params.merge!({
+          priority_fee: max_priority_fee_per_gas,
+          max_gas_fee: max_fee_per_gas,
+        })
+      end
+      unless sender_key.nil?
+
+        # use the provided key as sender and signer
+        params.merge!({
+          from: sender_key.address,
+          nonce: get_nonce(sender_key.address),
+        })
+        tx = Eth::Tx.new(params)
+        tx.sign sender_key
+        return eth_send_raw_transaction(tx.hex)["result"]
+      else
+
+        # use the default account as sender and external signer
+        params.merge!({
+          from: default_account,
+          nonce: get_nonce(default_account),
+        })
+        return eth_send_transaction(params)["result"]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Deploy contract and waits for it to be mined.
+    # Uses `eth_coinbase` or external signer
+    # if no sender key is provided.
+    #
+    # @overload deploy(contract)
+    #   @param contract [Eth::Contract] contracts to deploy.
+    # @overload deploy(contract, sender_key)
+    #   @param contract [Eth::Contract] contracts to deploy.
+    #   @param sender_key [Eth::Key] the sender private key.
+    # @overload deploy(contract, sender_key, legacy)
+    #   @param contract [Eth::Contract] contracts to deploy.
+    #   @param sender_key [Eth::Key] the sender private key.
+    #   @param legacy [Boolean] enables legacy transactions (pre-EIP-1559).
+    # @return [String] the contract address.
+    def deploy_and_wait(contract, sender_key: nil, legacy: false)
+      hash = wait_for_tx(deploy(contract, sender_key: sender_key, legacy: legacy))
+      contract.address = eth_get_transaction_receipt(hash)["result"]["contractAddress"]
+    end
+
+    # Deploy contract. Uses `eth_coinbase` or external signer
+    # if no sender key is provided.
+    #
+    # @overload deploy(contract)
+    #   @param contract [Eth::Contract] contracts to deploy.
+    # @overload deploy(contract, sender_key)
+    #   @param contract [Eth::Contract] contracts to deploy.
+    #   @param sender_key [Eth::Key] the sender private key.
+    # @overload deploy(contract, sender_key, legacy)
+    #   @param contract [Eth::Contract] contracts to deploy.
+    #   @param sender_key [Eth::Key] the sender private key.
+    #   @param legacy [Boolean] enables legacy transactions (pre-EIP-1559).
+    # @return [String] the transaction hash.
+    def deploy(contract, sender_key: nil, legacy: false)
+      gas_limit = Tx.estimate_intrinsic_gas(contract.bin) + Tx::CREATE_GAS
+      params = {
+        value: 0,
+        gas_limit: gas_limit,
+        chain_id: chain_id,
+        data: contract.bin,
+      }
+      if legacy
+        params.merge!({
+          gas_price: max_fee_per_gas,
+        })
+      else
+        params.merge!({
+          priority_fee: max_priority_fee_per_gas,
+          max_gas_fee: max_fee_per_gas,
+        })
+      end
+      unless sender_key.nil?
+        # use the provided key as sender and signer
+        params.merge!({
+          from: sender_key.address,
+          nonce: get_nonce(sender_key.address),
+        })
+        tx = Eth::Tx.new(params)
+        tx.sign sender_key
+        return eth_send_raw_transaction(tx.hex)["result"]
+      else
+        # use the default account as sender and external signer
+        params.merge!({
+          from: default_account,
+          nonce: get_nonce(default_account),
+        })
+        return eth_send_transaction(params)["result"]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Encoding for function calls.
+    def call_payload(fun, args)
+      types = fun.inputs.map { |i| i.type }
+      encoded_str = Util.bin_to_hex(Eth::Abi.encode(types, args))
+      "0x" + fun.signature + (encoded_str.empty? ? "0" * 64 : encoded_str)
+    end
+
+    # Non-transactional function call called from call().
+    #
+    # @overload call_raw(contract, func)
+    #   @param contract [Eth::Contract] subject contract to call.
+    #   @param func [Eth::Contract::Function] method name to be called.
+    # @overload call_raw(contract, func, value)
+    #   @param contract [Eth::Contract] subject contract to call.
+    #   @param func [Eth::Contract::Function] method name to be called.
+    #   @param value [Integer|String] function arguments.
+    # @overload call_raw(contract, func, value, sender_key, legacy)
+    #   @param contract [Eth::Contract] subject contract to call.
+    #   @param func [Eth::Contract::Function] method name to be called.
+    #   @param value [Integer|String] function arguments.
+    #   @param sender_key [Eth::Key] the sender private key.
+    #   @param legacy [Boolean] enables legacy transactions (pre-EIP-1559).
+    # @return [Object] returns the result of the call.
+    def call_raw(contract, func, *args, **kwargs)
+      gas_limit = Tx.estimate_intrinsic_gas(contract.bin) + Tx::CREATE_GAS
+      params = {
+        gas_limit: gas_limit,
+        chain_id: chain_id,
+        data: call_payload(func, args),
+      }
+      if kwargs[:address] || contract.address
+        params.merge!({ to: kwargs[:address] || contract.address })
+      end
+      if kwargs[:legacy]
+        params.merge!({
+          gas_price: max_fee_per_gas,
+        })
+      else
+        params.merge!({
+          priority_fee: max_priority_fee_per_gas,
+          max_gas_fee: max_fee_per_gas,
+        })
+      end
+      unless kwargs[:sender_key].nil?
+        # use the provided key as sender and signer
+        params.merge!({
+          from: kwargs[:sender_key].address,
+          nonce: get_nonce(kwargs[:sender_key].address),
+        })
+        tx = Eth::Tx.new(params)
+        tx.sign kwargs[:sender_key]
+      else
+        # use the default account as sender and external signer
+        params.merge!({
+          from: default_account,
+          nonce: get_nonce(default_account),
+        })
+      end
+      raw_result = eth_call(params)["result"]
+      types = func.outputs.map { |i| i.type }
+      Eth::Abi.decode(types, raw_result)
+    end
+
+    # Non-transactional function calls.
+    #
+    # @overload call(contract, function_name)
+    #   @param contract [Eth::Contract] subject contract to call.
+    #   @param function_name [String] method name to be called.
+    # @overload call(contract, function_name, value)
+    #   @param contract [Eth::Contract] subject contract to call.
+    #   @param function_name [String] method name to be called.
+    #   @param value [Integer|String] function arguments.
+    # @overload call(contract, function_name, value, sender_key, legacy)
+    #   @param contract [Eth::Contract] subject contract to call.
+    #   @param function_name [String] method name to be called.
+    #   @param value [Integer|String] function arguments.
+    #   @param sender_key [Eth::Key] the sender private key.
+    #   @param legacy [Boolean] enables legacy transactions (pre-EIP-1559).
+    # @return [Object] returns the result of the call.
+    def call(contract, function_name, *args, **kwargs)
+      func = contract.functions.select { |func| func.name == function_name }[0]
+      raise ArgumentError, "function_name does not exist!" if func.nil?
+      output = call_raw(contract, func, *args, **kwargs)
+      if output.length == 1
+        return output[0]
+      else
+        return output
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Function call with transaction.
+    #
+    # @overload transact(contract, function_name)
+    #   @param contract [Eth::Contract] subject contract to call.
+    #   @param function_name [String] method name to be called.
+    # @overload transact(contract, function_name, value)
+    #   @param contract [Eth::Contract] subject contract to call.
+    #   @param function_name [String] method name to be called.
+    #   @param value [Integer|String] function arguments.
+    # @overload transact(contract, function_name, value, sender_key, legacy, address)
+    #   @param contract [Eth::Contract] subject contract to call.
+    #   @param function_name [String] method name to be called.
+    #   @param value [Integer|String] function arguments.
+    #   @param sender_key [Eth::Key] the sender private key.
+    #   @param legacy [Boolean] enables legacy transactions (pre-EIP-1559).
+    #   @param address [String] contract address.
+    # @return [Object] returns the result of the call.
+    def transact(contract, function_name, *args, **kwargs)
+      gas_limit = Tx.estimate_intrinsic_gas(contract.bin) + Tx::CREATE_GAS
+      fun = contract.functions.select { |func| func.name == function_name }[0]
+      params = {
+        value: 0,
+        gas_limit: gas_limit,
+        chain_id: chain_id,
+        to: kwargs[:address] || contract.address,
+        data: call_payload(fun, args),
+      }
+      if kwargs[:legacy]
+        params.merge!({
+          gas_price: max_fee_per_gas,
+        })
+      else
+        params.merge!({
+          priority_fee: max_priority_fee_per_gas,
+          max_gas_fee: max_fee_per_gas,
+        })
+      end
+      unless kwargs[:sender_key].nil?
+        # use the provided key as sender and signer
+        params.merge!({
+          from: kwargs[:sender_key].address,
+          nonce: get_nonce(kwargs[:sender_key].address),
+        })
+        tx = Eth::Tx.new(params)
+        tx.sign kwargs[:sender_key]
+        return eth_send_raw_transaction(tx.hex)["result"]
+      else
+        # use the default account as sender and external signer
+        params.merge!({
+          from: default_account,
+          nonce: get_nonce(default_account),
+        })
+        return eth_send_transaction(params)["result"]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Function call with transaction and waits for it to be mined.
+    #
+    # @overload transact_and_wait(contract, function_name)
+    #   @param contract [Eth::Contract] subject contract to call.
+    #   @param function_name [String] method name to be called.
+    # @overload transact_and_wait(contract, function_name, value)
+    #   @param contract [Eth::Contract] subject contract to call.
+    #   @param function_name [String] method name to be called.
+    #   @param value [Integer|String] function arguments.
+    # @overload transact_and_wait(contract, function_name, value, sender_key, legacy, address)
+    #   @param contract [Eth::Contract] subject contract to call.
+    #   @param function_name [String] method name to be called.
+    #   @param value [Integer|String] function arguments.
+    #   @param sender_key [Eth::Key] the sender private key.
+    #   @param legacy [Boolean] enables legacy transactions (pre-EIP-1559).
+    #   @param address [String] contract address.
+    # @return [Object] returns the result of the call.
+    def transact_and_wait(contract, function_name, *args, **kwargs)
+      wait_for_tx(transact(contract, function_name, *args, **kwargs))
+    end
+
+    # Gives control over resetting the RPC request ID back to zero.
+    # Usually not needed.
+    #
+    # @return [Integer] 0
+    def reset_id
+      @id = 0
+    end
+
+    # Checkes wether a transaction is mined or not.
+    #
+    # @param hash [String] the transaction hash.
+    # @return [Boolean] true if included in a block.
+    def is_mined_tx?(hash)
+      mined_tx = eth_get_transaction_by_hash hash
+      !mined_tx.nil? && !mined_tx["result"].nil? && !mined_tx["result"]["blockNumber"].nil?
+    end
+
+    # Waits for an transaction to be mined by the connected chain.
+    #
+    # @param hash [String] the transaction hash.
+    # @return [String] the transactin hash once the transaction is mined.
+    # @raise [Timeout::Error] if it's not mined within 5 minutes.
+    def wait_for_tx(hash)
+      start_time = Time.now
+      timeout = 300
+      retry_rate = 0.1
+      loop do
+        raise Timeout::Error if ((Time.now - start_time) > timeout)
+        return hash if is_mined_tx? hash
+        sleep retry_rate
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Metafunction to provide all known RPC commands defined in
+    # Eth::Api as snake_case methods to the Eth::Client classes.
+    Api::COMMANDS.each do |cmd|
+      method_name = cmd.gsub(/([a-z\d])([A-Z])/, '\1_\2').downcase
+      define_method method_name do |*args|
+        send_command cmd, args
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # Prepares parameters and sends the command to the client.
+    def send_command(command, args)
+      args << "latest" if ["eth_getBalance", "eth_call"].include? command
+      payload = {
+        jsonrpc: "2.0",
+        method: command,
+        params: marshal(args),
+        id: next_id,
+      }
+      output = JSON.parse(send(payload.to_json))
+      raise IOError, output["error"]["message"] unless output["error"].nil?
+      return output
+    end
+
+    # Increments the request id.
+    def next_id
+      @id += 1
+    end
+
+    # Recursively marshals all request parameters.
+    def marshal(params)
+      if params.is_a? Array
+        return params.map! { |param| marshal(param) }
+      elsif params.is_a? Hash
+        return params.transform_values! { |param| marshal(param) }
+      elsif params.is_a? Numeric
+        return Util.prefix_hex "#{params.to_i.to_s(16)}"
+      elsif params.is_a? Address
+        return params.to_s
+      elsif Util.is_hex? params
+        return Util.prefix_hex params
+      else
+        return params
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/eth/constant.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2016-2022 The Ruby-Eth Contributors
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+#  -*- encoding : ascii-8bit -*-
+
+# Provides the {Eth} module.
+module Eth
+
+  # Provides commonly used constants, such as zero bytes or zero keys.
+  module Constant
+
+    # The empty byte is defined as "".
+    BYTE_EMPTY = "".freeze
+
+    # The zero byte is 0x00.
+    BYTE_ZERO = "\x00".freeze
+
+    # The byte one is 0x01.
+    BYTE_ONE = "\x01".freeze
+
+    # The size of a 32-bit number.
+    TT32 = (2 ** 32).freeze
+
+    # The size of a 256-bit number.
+    TT256 = (2 ** 256).freeze
+
+    # The maximum possible value of an UInt256.
+    UINT_MAX = (2 ** 256 - 1).freeze
+
+    # The minimum possible value of an UInt256.
+    UINT_MIN = 0.freeze
+
+    # The maximum possible value of an Int256.
+    INT_MAX = (2 ** 255 - 1).freeze
+
+    # The minimum possible value of an Int256.
+    INT_MIN = (-2 ** 255).freeze
+
+    # A hash containing only zeros.
+    HASH_ZERO = ("\x00" * 32).freeze
+
+    # The RLP short length limit.
+    SHORT_LENGTH_LIMIT = 56.freeze
+
+    # The RLP long length limit.
+    LONG_LENGTH_LIMIT = (256 ** 8).freeze
+
+    # The RLP primitive type offset.
+    PRIMITIVE_PREFIX_OFFSET = 0x80.freeze
+
+    # The RLP array type offset.
+    LIST_PREFIX_OFFSET = 0xc0.freeze
+
+    # The binary encoding is ASCII (8-bit).
+    BINARY_ENCODING = "ASCII-8BIT".freeze
+
+    # Infinity as constant for convenience.
+    INFINITY = (1.0 / 0.0).freeze
+  end
+end

data/lib/eth/contract/event.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2016-2022 The Ruby-Eth Contributors
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# -*- encoding : ascii-8bit -*-
+
+# Provides the {Eth} module.
+module Eth
+  # Provide classes for contract event.
+  class Contract::Event
+    attr_accessor :name, :signature, :input_types, :inputs, :event_string, :address
+
+    # Constructor of the {Eth::Contract::Event} class.
+    #
+    # @param data [Hash] contract event data.
+    def initialize(data)
+      @name = data["name"]
+      @input_types = data["inputs"].collect { |x| x["type"] }
+      @inputs = data["inputs"].collect { |x| x["name"] }
+      @event_string = "#{@name}(#{@input_types.join(",")})"
+      @signature = Digest::Keccak.hexdigest(@event_string, 256)
+    end
+
+    # Set the address of the smart contract
+    #
+    # @param address [String] contract address.
+    def set_address(address)
+      @address = address.nil? ? nil : Eth::Address.new(address).address
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/eth/contract/function.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2016-2022 The Ruby-Eth Contributors
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# -*- encoding : ascii-8bit -*-
+
+# Provides the {Eth} module.
+module Eth
+  # Provides the methods for smart contract function.
+  class Contract::Function
+    attr_accessor :name, :inputs, :outputs, :signature, :constant, :function_string
+
+    # Constructor of the {Eth::Function} class.
+    #
+    # @param data [Hash] function input and output data.
+    def initialize(data)
+      @name = data["name"]
+      @constant = data["constant"]
+      @inputs = data["inputs"].map do |input|
+        Eth::Contract::FunctionInput.new(input)
+      end
+      @outputs = data["outputs"].collect do |output|
+        Eth::Contract::FunctionOutput.new(output)
+      end
+      @function_string = self.class.calc_signature(@name, @inputs)
+      @signature = self.class.encoded_function_signature(@function_string)
+    end
+
+    # Create function strings.
+    #
+    # @param name [String] function name.
+    # @param inputs [Array<Eth::Contract::FunctionInput>] function input class list.
+    # @return [String] function string.
+    def self.calc_signature(name, inputs)
+      "#{name}(#{inputs.collect { |x| x.type }.join(",")})"
+    end
+
+    # encode function signature.
+    #
+    # @param signature [String] function signature.
+    # @return [String] encoded function signature string.
+    def self.encoded_function_signature(signature)
+      Digest::Keccak.hexdigest(signature, 256)[0..7]
+    end
+  end
+end