erubis 2.3.1 → 2.7.0

data/doc/users-guide.html

@@ -13,11 +13,7 @@
    <div class="mainbody">
 
     <div align="left"><h1>Erubis Users' Guide</h1></div>
-    <div align="left">
-      last update: $Date: 2007-05-26 13:29:48 +0900 (Sat, 26 May 2007) $<br>
-    </div>
-
-<p>release: 2.3.1
+<p>release: 2.7.0
 </p>
 <a name="preface"></a>
 <h2 class="section1">Preface</h2>
@@ -25,32 +21,33 @@
 It has the following features.
 </p>
 <ul type="disc">
-<li><a href="#topics-benchmark">Very fast</a>, almost three times faster than ERB and about ten percent faster than eruby (implemented in C)
+<li>Very fast, almost three times faster than ERB and about ten percent faster than eruby (implemented in C)
 </li>
-<li><a href="#topics-caching">File caching of converted Ruby script support</a>
+<li>File caching of converted Ruby script support
 </li>
-<li><a href="#tut-escape">Auto escaping support</a>
+<li>Auto escaping support
 </li>
-<li><a href="#tut-trim">Auto trimming spaces around '&lt;% %&gt;'</a>
+<li>Auto trimming spaces around '&lt;% %&gt;'
 </li>
-<li><a href="#tut-pattern">Embedded pattern changeable</a> (default '&lt;% %&gt;')
+<li>Embedded pattern changeable (default '&lt;% %&gt;')
 </li>
-<li><a href="#tut-pi">Enable to handle Processing Instructions (PI) as embedded pattern</a> (ex. '&lt;?rb ... ?&gt;')
+<li>Enable to handle Processing Instructions (PI) as embedded pattern (ex. '&lt;?rb ... ?&gt;')
 </li>
-<li><a href="#lang">Multi-language support</a> (Ruby/PHP/C/Java/Scheme/Perl/Javascript)
+<li>Multi-language support (Ruby/PHP/C/Java/Scheme/Perl/Javascript)
 </li>
-<li><a href="#tut-context">Context object available</a> and <a href="#tut-datafile">easy to combine eRuby template with YAML datafile</a>
+<li>Context object available and easy to combine eRuby template with YAML datafile
 </li>
-<li><a href="#printenabled-enhancer">Print statement available</a>
+<li>Print statement available
 </li>
-<li><a href="#enhancer">Easy to expand and customize in subclass</a>
+<li>Easy to expand and customize in subclass
 </li>
-<li><a href="#topics-rails">Ruby on Rails support</a>
+<li><a href="#rails">Ruby on Rails support</a>
 </li>
-<li><a href="#topcs-modruby">mod_ruby support</a>
+<li>mod_ruby support|#topcs-modruby
 </li>
 </ul>
 <p>Erubis is implemented in pure Ruby.  It requires Ruby 1.8 or higher.
+Erubis now supports Ruby 1.9.
 </p>
 <a name="toc"></a>
 <h3 class="section2">Table of Contents</h3>
@@ -115,6 +112,8 @@ It has the following features.
     </li>
     <li><a href="#percentline-enhancer">PercentLineEnhancer</a>
     </li>
+    <li><a href="#prefixedline-enhancer">PrefixedLineEnhancer</a>
+    </li>
     <li><a href="#headerfooter-enhancer">HeaderFooterEnhancer</a>
     </li>
     <li><a href="#interpolation-enhancer">InterpolationEnhancer</a>
@@ -129,6 +128,8 @@ It has the following features.
     </li>
     <li><a href="#lang-c">C</a>
     </li>
+    <li><a href="#lang-cpp">C++</a>
+    </li>
     <li><a href="#lang-java">Java</a>
     </li>
     <li><a href="#lang-scheme">Scheme</a>
@@ -139,8 +140,30 @@ It has the following features.
     </li>
   </ul>
   </li>
+  <li><a href="#rails">Ruby on Rails Support</a>
+  <ul>
+    <li><a href="#rails-settings">Settings</a>
+    </li>
+    <li><a href="#rails-preprocessing">Preprosessing</a>
+    </li>
+    <li><a href="#rails-formhelpers">Form Helpers for Preprocessing</a>
+    </li>
+    <li><a href="#rails-others">Others</a>
+    </li>
+  </ul>
+  </li>
   <li><a href="#topics">Other Topics</a>
   <ul>
+    <li><a href="#topics-fasteruby"><code>Erubis::FastEruby</code> Class</a>
+    </li>
+    <li><a href="#topics-bufvar"><code>:bufvar</code> Option</a>
+    </li>
+    <li><a href="#topics-trimspaces">'&lt;%= =%&gt;' and '&lt;%= -%&gt;'</a>
+    </li>
+    <li><a href="#topics-doublepercent">'&lt;%% %&gt;' and '&lt;%%= %&gt;'</a>
+    </li>
+    <li><a href="#topics-context-vs-binding">evaluate(context) v.s. result(binding)</a>
+    </li>
     <li><a href="#topics-fasteruby">Class Erubis::FastEruby</a>
     </li>
     <li><a href="#topics-syntax">Syntax Checking</a>
@@ -149,12 +172,14 @@ It has the following features.
     </li>
     <li><a href="#topics-tinyeruby">Erubis::TinyEruby class</a>
     </li>
-    <li><a href="#topics-rails">Ruby on Rails Support</a>
-    </li>
     <li><a href="#topics-php">NoTextEnhancer and NoCodeEnhancer in PHP</a>
     </li>
     <li><a href="#topcs-modruby">Helper Class for mod_ruby</a>
     </li>
+    <li><a href="#topics-index-cgi">Helper CGI Script for Apache</a>
+    </li>
+    <li><a href="#topics-defmethod">Define method</a>
+    </li>
     <li><a href="#topics-benchmark">Benchmark</a>
     </li>
   </ul>
@@ -238,6 +263,7 @@ puts <strong>eruby.src</strong>                      # print script source
 puts "---------- result ----------"
 list = ['aaa', 'bbb', 'ccc']
 puts <strong>eruby.result(binding())</strong>        # get result
+## or puts eruby.result(<strong>:list=&gt;list</strong>)  # or pass Hash instead of Binding
 
 ## # or
 ## eruby = Erubis::Eruby.new
@@ -602,22 +628,22 @@ This means that data is passed into eRuby script via local variables when Eruby:
 </p>
 <div class="program_caption">
 definition of result(binding) and evaluate(context)</div>
-<pre class="program">def result(_binding)
+<pre class="program">def result(_binding=TOPLEVEL_BINDING)
   if _binding.is_a?(Hash)
     # load hash data as local variable
     _h = _binding
-    eval _h.keys.inject("") {|s,k| s &lt;&lt; "#{k} = _h[#{k.inspect}];"}
     _binding = binding()
+    eval _h.collect{|k,v| "#{k} = _h[#{k.inspect}];"}.join, _binding
   end
   return <strong>eval(@src, _binding)</strong>
 end
 
-def evaluate(_context)
+def evaluate(_context=Erubis::Context.new)
   if _context.is_a?(Hash)
     # convert hash object to Context object
     _hash = _context
     _context = Erubis::Context.new
-    _hash.each { |key, val| _context[key] = val }
+    _hash.each {|k, v| _context[k] = v }
   end
   return <strong>_context.instance_eval(@src)</strong>
 end
@@ -651,6 +677,9 @@ output</div>
   &lt;li&gt;ccc&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
 </pre>
+<p>It is recommended to use 'Erubis::Eruby#evaluate(context)' rather than 'Erubis::Eruby#result(binding())' because the latter has some problems.
+See <a href="#topics-context-vs-binding">evaluate(context) v.s. result(binding)</a> section for details.
+</p>
 <br>
 
 
@@ -1614,19 +1643,23 @@ This is for compatibility with eruby and ERB.
 <a name="percentline-example.rhtml"></a>
 <div class="program_caption">
 percentline-example.rhtml</div>
-<pre class="program"><strong>% for item in list</strong>
-  &lt;b&gt;&lt;%= item %&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+<pre class="program">&lt;ul&gt;
+<strong>% for item in list</strong>
+  &lt;li&gt;&lt;%= item %&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 <strong>% end</strong>
-%% lines with '%%'
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+<strong>%% lines with '%%'</strong>
 </pre>
 <a name="percentline_example.result"></a>
 <div class="terminal_caption">
 compiled source code</div>
 <pre class="terminal">$ erubis -xE PercentLine percentline-example.rhtml
-_buf = ''; <strong>for item in list</strong>
- _buf &lt;&lt; '  &lt;b&gt;'; _buf &lt;&lt; ( item ).to_s; _buf &lt;&lt; '&lt;/b&gt;
+_buf = ''; _buf &lt;&lt; '&lt;ul&gt;
+'; <strong>for item in list</strong>
+ _buf &lt;&lt; '  &lt;li&gt;'; _buf &lt;&lt; ( item ).to_s; _buf &lt;&lt; '&lt;/li&gt;
 '; <strong>end</strong>
- _buf &lt;&lt; '% lines with \'%%\'
+ _buf &lt;&lt; '&lt;/ul&gt;
+<strong>% lines with \'%%\'</strong>
 ';
 _buf.to_s
 </pre>
@@ -1635,6 +1668,58 @@ _buf.to_s
 <br>
 
 
+<a name="prefixedline-enhancer"></a>
+<h3 class="section2">PrefixedLineEnhancer</h3>
+<p>PrefixedlineEnhancer regards lines starting with '%' as Ruby code.
+It is similar to <a href="#percentline-enhancer">PercentLineEnhancer</a>, but there are some differences.
+</p>
+<ul type="disc">
+<li>PrefixedlineEnhancer allows to indent lines starting with '%', but PercentLineEnhancer doesn't.
+</li>
+<li>PrefixedlineEnhancer allows to change prefixed character (default '%'), but PercentLineEnhancer doesn't.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<a name="prefixedline-example.rhtml"></a>
+<div class="program_caption">
+prefixedline-example.rhtml</div>
+<pre class="program">&lt;ul&gt;
+  <strong>! for item in list</strong>
+  &lt;li&gt;&lt;%= item %&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+  <strong>! end</strong>
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+  <strong>!! lines with '!!'</strong>
+</pre>
+<a name="prefixedline-example.rb"></a>
+<div class="program_caption">
+prefixedline-example.rb</div>
+<pre class="program">require 'erubis'
+
+class PrefixedLineEruby &lt; Erubis::Eruby
+  include Erubis::PrefixedLineEnhancer
+end
+
+input = File.read('prefixedline-example.rhtml')
+eruby = PrefixedLineEruby.new(input, :prefixchar=&gt;'!')  # default '%'
+print eruby.src
+</pre>
+<a name="prefixedline_example.result"></a>
+<div class="terminal_caption">
+compiled source code</div>
+<pre class="terminal">$ ruby prefixedline-example.rb
+_buf = ''; _buf &lt;&lt; '&lt;ul&gt;
+';   <strong>for item in list</strong>
+ _buf &lt;&lt; '  &lt;li&gt;'; _buf &lt;&lt; ( item ).to_s; _buf &lt;&lt; '&lt;/li&gt;
+';   <strong>end</strong>
+ _buf &lt;&lt; '&lt;/ul&gt;
+  <strong>! lines with \'!!\'</strong>
+';
+_buf.to_s
+</pre>
+<p>PrefixedLineEnhancer is language-independent.
+</p>
+<br>
+
+
 <a name="headerfooter-enhancer"></a>
 <h3 class="section2">HeaderFooterEnhancer</h3>
 <p>[experimental]
@@ -1807,24 +1892,30 @@ It deletes indentations even if they are in &lt;PRE&gt;&lt;/PRE&gt;.
 
 <a name="lang"></a>
 <h2 class="section1">Multi-Language Support</h2>
-<p>Erubis supports the following language currently:
+<p>Erubis supports the following languages<sup>(<a href="#fnref:2" name="fnlink:2">*2</a>)</sup>:
 </p>
 <ul type="disc">
 <li>Ruby
 </li>
-<li>PHP
+<li><a href="#lang-php">PHP</a>
 </li>
-<li>C
+<li><a href="#lang-c">C</a>
 </li>
-<li>Java
+<li><a href="#lang-java">Java</a>
 </li>
-<li>Scheme
+<li><a href="#lang-scheme">Scheme</a>
 </li>
-<li>Perl
+<li><a href="#lang-perl">Perl</a>
 </li>
-<li>JavaScript
+<li><a href="#lang-javascript">JavaScript</a>
 </li>
 </ul>
+<div class="footnote">
+ <dl compact>
+  <dt>(<a name="fnref:2" href="#fnlink:2">*2</a>)</dt>
+  <dd>If you need template engine in pure PHP/Perl/JavaScript, try <a href="http://www.kuwata-lab.com/tenjin/">Tenjin</a> (<a href="http://www.kuwata-lab.com/tenjin/">http://www.kuwata-lab.com/tenjin/</a>). Tenjin is a very fast and full-featured template engine implemented in pure PHP/Perl/JavaScript.</dd>
+ </dl>
+</div>
 <a name="lang-php"></a>
 <h3 class="section2">PHP</h3>
 <a name="example.ephp"></a>
@@ -1944,6 +2035,81 @@ fputs("   &lt;/tbody&gt;\n"
 <br>
 
 
+<a name="lang-cpp"></a>
+<h3 class="section2">C++</h3>
+<a name="example.ecpp"></a>
+<div class="program_caption">
+example.ecpp</div>
+<pre class="program"><strong>&lt;%
+#include &lt;string&gt;
+#include &lt;iostream&gt;
+#include &lt;sstream&gt;
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+    std::stringstream _buf;
+%&gt;</strong>
+&lt;html&gt;
+ &lt;body&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Hello <strong>&lt;%= argv[0] %&gt;</strong>!&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;table&gt;
+   &lt;tbody&gt;
+    <strong>&lt;% for (int i = 1; i &lt; argc; i++) { %&gt;</strong>
+    &lt;tr bgcolor="<strong>&lt;%= i % 2 == 0 ? "#FFCCCC" : "#CCCCFF" %&gt;</strong>"&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;<strong>&lt;%= i %&gt;</strong>&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;<strong>&lt;%= argv[i] %&gt;</strong>&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    <strong>&lt;% } %&gt;</strong>
+   &lt;/tbody&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+ &lt;/body&gt;
+&lt;/html&gt;
+<strong>&lt;%
+    std::string output = _buf.str();
+    std::cout &lt;&lt; output;
+    return 0; 
+}
+%&gt;</strong>
+</pre>
+<a name="example_c.result"></a>
+<div class="terminal_caption">
+compiled source code</div>
+<pre class="terminal">$ erubis -l cpp example.ecpp
+#line 1 "example.ecpp"
+
+#include &lt;string&gt;
+#include &lt;iostream&gt;
+#include &lt;sstream&gt;
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+    std::stringstream _buf;
+
+_buf &lt;&lt; "&lt;html&gt;\n"
+        " &lt;body&gt;\n"
+        "  &lt;p&gt;Hello "; _buf &lt;&lt; (argv[0]); _buf &lt;&lt; "!&lt;/p&gt;\n"
+        "  &lt;table&gt;\n"
+        "   &lt;tbody&gt;\n";
+     for (int i = 1; i &lt; argc; i++) { 
+_buf &lt;&lt; "    &lt;tr bgcolor=\""; _buf &lt;&lt; (i % 2 == 0 ? "#FFCCCC" : "#CCCCFF"); _buf &lt;&lt; "\"&gt;\n"
+        "      &lt;td&gt;"; _buf &lt;&lt; (i); _buf &lt;&lt; "&lt;/td&gt;\n"
+        "      &lt;td&gt;"; _buf &lt;&lt; (argv[i]); _buf &lt;&lt; "&lt;/td&gt;\n"
+        "    &lt;/tr&gt;\n";
+     } 
+_buf &lt;&lt; "   &lt;/tbody&gt;\n"
+        "  &lt;/table&gt;\n"
+        " &lt;/body&gt;\n"
+        "&lt;/html&gt;\n";
+
+    std::string output = _buf.str();
+    std::cout &lt;&lt; output;
+    return 0; 
+}
+
+</pre>
+<br>
+
+
 <a name="lang-java"></a>
 <h3 class="section2">Java</h3>
 <a name="Example.ejava"></a>
@@ -2138,7 +2304,7 @@ compiled source code</div>
 </pre>
 <a name="example_scheme_display.result"></a>
 <div class="terminal_caption">
-compiled source code (with --func=display property)</div>
+compiled source code (with <code>--func=display</code> property)</div>
 <pre class="terminal">$ erubis -l scheme --func=display example.escheme
 (display "&lt;html&gt;
  &lt;body&gt;\n")
@@ -2176,7 +2342,7 @@ compiled source code (with --func=display property)</div>
 <h3 class="section2">Perl</h3>
 <a name="example.eperl"></a>
 <div class="program_caption">
-example.eprl</div>
+example.eperl</div>
 <pre class="program"><strong>&lt;%
    my $user = 'Erubis';
    my @list = ('&lt;aaa&gt;', 'b&amp;b', '"ccc"');
@@ -2275,6 +2441,308 @@ _buf.push("   &lt;/tbody&gt;\n\
 &lt;/html&gt;\n");
 document.write(_buf.join(""));
 </pre>
+<p>If command-line option '<code>--docwrite=false</code>' is specified,
+'<code>_buf.join("");</code>' is used instead of '<code>document.write(_buf.join(""));</code>'.
+This is useful when passing converted source code to eval() function in JavaScript.
+</p>
+<p>You can pass <code>:docwrite=&gt;false</code> to Erubis::Ejavascript.new() in your Ruby script.
+</p>
+<pre class="program">s = File.read('example.jshtml')
+engine = Erubis::Ejavascript.new(s, <code>:docwrite=&gt;false</code>)
+</pre>
+<p>If you want to specify any JavaScript code, use '--postamble=...'.
+</p>
+<p>Notice that default value of 'docwrite' property will be false in the future release.
+</p>
+<br>
+
+
+<br>
+
+
+<a name="rails"></a>
+<h2 class="section1">Ruby on Rails Support</h2>
+<p><span style="color:#FF0000">NOTICE: Rails 3 adopts Erubis as default default engine. You don't need to do anything at all when using Rails 3. This section is for Rails 2.</span>
+</p>
+<p>Erubis supports Ruby on Rails. 
+This section describes how to use Erubis with Ruby on Rails.
+</p>
+<a name="rails-settings"></a>
+<h3 class="section2">Settings</h3>
+<p>Add the following code to your 'config/environment.rb' and restart web server.
+This replaces ERB in Rails by Erubis entirely.
+</p>
+<div class="program_caption">
+config/environment.rb</div>
+<pre class="program">require 'erubis/helpers/rails_helper'
+#Erubis::Helpers::RailsHelper.engine_class = Erubis::Eruby # or Erubis::FastEruby
+#Erubis::Helpers::RailsHelper.init_properties = {}
+#Erubis::Helpers::RailsHelper.show_src = nil
+#Erubis::Helpers::RailsHelper.preprocessing = false
+</pre>
+<p>Options:
+</p>
+<dl class="dl2">
+<dt class="dt2">
+Erubis::Helpers::RailsHelper.engine_class (=Erubis::Eruby)</dt>
+<dd class="dd2">
+<p>	Erubis engine class (default Erubis::Eruby).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="dt2">
+Erubis::Helpers::RailsHelper.init_properties (={})</dt>
+<dd class="dd2">
+<p>	Optional arguments for Erubis::Eruby#initialize() method (default {}).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="dt2">
+Erubis::Helpers::RailsHelper.show_src (=nil)</dt>
+<dd class="dd2">
+<p>	Whether to print converted Ruby code into log file.
+	If true, Erubis prints coverted code into log file.
+	If false, Erubis doesn't.
+	If nil, Erubis prints when ENV['RAILS_ENV'] == 'development'.
+	Default is nil.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="dt2">
+Erubis::Helpers::RailsHelper.preprocessing (=false)</dt>
+<dd class="dd2">
+<p>	Enable preprocessing if true (default false).
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<br>
+
+
+<a name="rails-preprocessing"></a>
+<h3 class="section2">Preprosessing</h3>
+<p>Erubis supports preprocessing of template files.
+Preprocessing make your Ruby on Rails application about 20-40 percent faster.
+To enable preprocessing, set Erubis::Helpers::RailsHelper.preprocessing to true in your 'environment.rb' file.
+</p>
+<p>For example, assume the following template.
+This is slow because link_to() method is called every time when template is rendered.
+</p>
+<pre class="program">&lt;%= link_to 'Create', :action=&gt;'create' %&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>The following is faster than the above, but not flexible because url is fixed.
+</p>
+<pre class="program">&lt;a href="/users/create"&gt;Create&lt;/a&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>Preprocessing solves this problem.
+If you use '[%= %]' instead of '&lt;%= %&gt;', preprocessor evaluate it only once when template is loaded.
+</p>
+<pre class="program"><strong>[%= link_to 'Create', :action=&gt;'create'%]</strong>
+</pre>
+<p>The above is evaluated by preprocessor and replaced to the following code automatically.
+</p>
+<pre class="program">&lt;a href="/users/create"&gt;Create&lt;/a&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>Notice that this is done only once when template file is loaded.
+It means that link_to() method is not called when template is rendered.
+</p>
+<p>If link_to() method have variable arguments, use <code>_?()</code> helper method.
+</p>
+<pre class="program">&lt;% for user in @users %&gt;
+[%= link_to <strong>_?('user.name')</strong>, :action=&gt;'show', :id=&gt;<strong>_?('user.id')</strong> %]
+&lt;% end %&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>The above is evaluated by preprocessor when template is loaded and expanded into the following code.
+This will be much faster because link_to() method is not called when rendering.
+</p>
+<pre class="program">&lt;% for user in @users %&gt;
+&lt;a href="/users/show/<strong>&lt;%=user.id%&gt;</strong>"&gt;<strong>&lt;%=user.name%&gt;</strong>&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;% end %&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>Preprocessing statement (<code>[% %]</code>) is also available as well as preprocessing expression (<code>[%= %]</code>).
+</p>
+<pre class="program">&lt;select name="state"&gt;
+  &lt;option value=""&gt;-&lt;/option&gt;
+<strong>[% for code in states.keys.sort %]</strong>
+  &lt;option value="<strong>[%= code %]</strong>"&gt;<strong>[%= states[code] %]</strong>&lt;/option&gt;
+<strong>[% end %]</strong>
+&lt;/select&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>The above will be evaluated by preprocessor and expanded into the following when template is loaded.
+In the result, rendering speed will be much faster because for-loop is not executed when rendering.
+</p>
+<pre class="program">&lt;select name="state"&gt;
+  &lt;option value=""&gt;-&lt;/option&gt;
+  &lt;option value="AK"&gt;Alaska&lt;/option&gt;
+  &lt;option value="AL"&gt;Alabama&lt;/option&gt;
+  &lt;option value="AR"&gt;Arkansas&lt;/option&gt;
+  &lt;option value="AS"&gt;American Samoa&lt;/option&gt;
+  &lt;option value="AZ"&gt;Arizona&lt;/option&gt;
+  &lt;option value="CA"&gt;California&lt;/option&gt;
+  &lt;option value="CO"&gt;Colorado&lt;/option&gt;
+   ....
+&lt;/select&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>Notice that it is not recommended to use preprocessing with tag helpers,
+because tag helpers generate different html code when form parameter has errors or not.
+</p>
+<p>Helper methods of Ruby on Rails are divided into two groups.
+</p>
+<ul type="disc">
+<li>link_to() or _() (method of gettext package) are not need to call for every time
+   as template is rendered because it returns same value when same arguments are passed.
+   These methods can be got faster by preprocessing.
+</li>
+<li>Tag helper methods should be called for every time as template is rendered
+   because it may return differrent value even if the same arguments are passed.
+   Preprocessing is not available with these methods.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In Ruby on Rails 2.0, <code>_?('user_id')</code> is OK but <code>_?('user.id')</code> is NG
+because the latter contains period ('.') character.
+</p>
+<pre class="program">&lt;!-- NG in Rails 2.0, because _?('') contains period --&gt;
+[%= link_to 'Edit', edit_user_path(<strong>_?('@user.id')</strong>) %]
+[%= link_to 'Show', <strong>@user</strong> %]
+[%= link_to 'Delete', <strong>@user</strong>, :confirm=&gt;'OK?', :method=&gt;:delete %]
+
+&lt;!-- OK in Rails 2.0 --&gt;
+<strong>&lt;%= user_id = @user.id %&gt;</strong>
+[%= link_to 'Edit', edit_user_path(<strong>_?('user_id')</strong>) %]
+[%= link_to 'Show', <strong>:action=&gt;'show', :id=&gt;_?('user_id')</strong> %]
+[%= link_to 'Delete', <strong>{:action=&gt;'destroy', :id=&gt;_?('user_id')}</strong>,
+                      {:confirm=&gt;'OK?', :method=&gt;:delete} %]
+</pre>
+<br>
+
+
+<a name="rails-formhelpers"></a>
+<h3 class="section2">Form Helpers for Preprocessing</h3>
+<p><strong>(Experimental)</strong>
+</p>
+<p>Erubis provides form helper methods for preprocessing.
+These are defined in 'erubis/helpers/rails_form_helper.rb'.
+If you want to use it, require it and include Erubis::Helpers::RailsFormHelper in 'app/helpers/applition_helper.rb'
+</p>
+<div class="program_caption">
+app/helpers/xxx_helper.rb</div>
+<pre class="program">require 'erubis/helpers/rails_form_helper'
+module ApplicationHelper
+  include Erubis::Helpers::RailsFormHelper
+end
+</pre>
+<p>Form helper methods defined in Erubis::Helpers::RailsFormHelper are named as 'pp_xxxx'
+('pp' represents preprocessing).
+</p>
+<p>Assume the following view template:
+</p>
+<div class="program_caption">
+_form.rhtml</div>
+<pre class="program"> &lt;p&gt;
+  Name: &lt;%= text_field :user, :name %&gt;
+ &lt;/p&gt;
+ &lt;p&gt;
+  Name: <strong>[%= pp_text_field :user, :name %]</strong>
+ &lt;/p&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>Erubis preprocessor converts it to the following eRuby string:
+</p>
+<div class="program_caption">
+preprocessed</div>
+<pre class="program"> &lt;p&gt;
+  Name: &lt;%= text_field :user, :name %&gt;
+ &lt;/p&gt;
+ &lt;p&gt;
+  Name: <strong>&lt;input id="stock_name" name="stock[name]" size="30" type="text" value="&lt;%=h @stock.name%&gt;" /&gt;</strong>
+ &lt;/p&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>Erubis converts it to the following Ruby code:
+</p>
+<div class="program_caption">
+Ruby code</div>
+<pre class="program"> _buf &lt;&lt; ' &lt;p&gt;
+  Name: '; _buf &lt;&lt; ( text_field :stock, :name ).to_s; _buf &lt;&lt; '
+'; _buf &lt;&lt; ' &lt;/p&gt;
+ &lt;p&gt;
+  Name: &lt;input id="stock_name" name="stock[name]" size="30" type="text" value="'; _buf &lt;&lt; (h @stock.name).to_s; _buf &lt;&lt; '" /&gt;
+ &lt;/p&gt;
+';
+</pre>
+<p>The above Ruby code shows that text_field() is called everytime when rendering,
+but pp_text_field() is called only once when template is loaded.
+This means that pp_text_field() with preprocessing makes view layer very fast.
+</p>
+<p>Module Erubis::Helpers::RailsFormHelper defines the following form helper methods.
+</p>
+<ul type="disc">
+<li>pp_render_partial(basename)
+</li>
+<li>pp_form_tag(url_for_options={}, options={}, *parameters_for_url, &amp;block)
+</li>
+<li>pp_text_field(object_name, method, options={})
+</li>
+<li>pp_password_field(object_name, method, options={})
+</li>
+<li>pp_hidden_field(object_name, method, options={})
+</li>
+<li>pp_file_field(object_name, method, options={})
+</li>
+<li>pp_text_area(object_name, method, options={})
+</li>
+<li>pp_check_box(object_name, method, options={}, checked_value="1", unchecked_value="0")
+</li>
+<li>pp_radio_button(object_name, method, tag_value, options={})
+</li>
+<li>pp_select(object, method, collection, options={}, html_options={})
+</li>
+<li>pp_collection_select(object, method, collection, value_method, text_method, options={}, html_options={})
+</li>
+<li>pp_country_select(object, method, priority_countries=nil, options={}, html_options={})
+</li>
+<li>pp_time_zone_select(object, method, priority_zones=nil, options={}, html_options={})
+</li>
+<li>pp_submit_tag(value="Save changes", options={})
+</li>
+<li>pp_image_submit_tag(source, options={})
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Notice that pp_form_for() is not provided.
+</p>
+<p><span style="color:#FF0000">CAUTION:</span> These are experimental and may not work in Ruby on Rails 2.0.
+</p>
+<br>
+
+
+<a name="rails-others"></a>
+<h3 class="section2">Others</h3>
+<ul type="disc">
+<li>ActionView::Helpers::CaptureHelper#capture() and ActionView::Helpers::Texthelper#concat() are available.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul type="disc">
+<li>Form helper methods are not tested in Ruby on Rails 2.0.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul type="disc">
+<li>ERB::Util.h() is redefined if you require 'erubis/helpers/rails_helper.rb'.
+   Original definition of ERB::Util.h() is the following and it is slow
+   because it scans string four times.
+<pre class="program"> def html_escape(s)
+   s.to_s.gsub(/&amp;/, "&amp;amp;").gsub(/\"/, "&amp;quot;").gsub(/&gt;/, "&amp;gt;").gsub(/&lt;/, "&amp;lt;")
+ end
+ alias h html_escape
+</pre>
+<p>   New definition in 'erubis/helpers/rails_helper.rb' is faster than the above
+   because it scans string only once.
+</p>
+<pre class="program"> ESCAPE_TABLE = { '&amp;'=&gt;'&amp;amp;', '&lt;'=&gt;'&amp;lt;', '&gt;'=&gt;'&amp;gt;', '"'=&gt;'&amp;quot;', "'"=&gt;'&amp;#039;', }
+ def h(value)
+   value.to_s.gsub(/[&amp;&lt;&gt;"]/) { |s| ESCAPE_TABLE[s] }
+ end
+</pre>
+<p>   Notice that the new definition may be slow if string contains
+   many '&lt; &gt; &amp; "' characters because block is call many time.
+   You should use ERB::Util.html_hscape() if string contains a lot of '&lt; &gt; &amp; "'
+   characters.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
 <br>
 
 
@@ -2283,6 +2751,237 @@ document.write(_buf.join(""));
 
 <a name="topics"></a>
 <h2 class="section1">Other Topics</h2>
+<a name="topics-fasteruby"></a>
+<h3 class="section2"><code>Erubis::FastEruby</code> Class</h3>
+<p><code>Erubis::FastEruby</code> class generates more effective code than <code>Erubis::Eruby</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="fasteruby-example.rb"></a>
+<div class="program_caption">
+fasteruby-example.rb</div>
+<pre class="program">require 'erubis'
+input = File.read('example.eruby')
+
+puts "----- Erubis::Eruby -----"
+print Erubis::Eruby.new(input).src
+
+puts "----- Erubis::FastEruby -----"
+print <strong>Erubis::FastEruby</strong>.new(input).src
+</pre>
+<a name="fasteruby-example.result"></a>
+<div class="terminal_caption">
+result</div>
+<pre class="terminal">$ ruby fasteruby-example.rb
+----- Erubis::Eruby -----
+_buf = ''; _buf &lt;&lt; '&lt;div&gt;
+'; for item in list 
+ _buf &lt;&lt; '  &lt;p&gt;'; <strong>_buf &lt;&lt; ( item ).to_s;</strong> _buf &lt;&lt; '&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;'; <strong>_buf &lt;&lt; Erubis::XmlHelper.escape_xml( item );</strong> _buf &lt;&lt; '&lt;/p&gt;
+'; end 
+ _buf &lt;&lt; '&lt;/div&gt;
+';
+_buf.to_s
+----- Erubis::FastEruby -----
+_buf = ''; _buf &lt;&lt; %Q`&lt;div&gt;\n`
+ for item in list 
+ _buf &lt;&lt; %Q`  &lt;p&gt;<strong>#{ item }</strong>&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;<strong>#{Erubis::XmlHelper.escape_xml( item )}</strong>&lt;/p&gt;\n`
+ end 
+ _buf &lt;&lt; %Q`&lt;/div&gt;\n`
+_buf.to_s
+</pre>
+<p>Technically, <code>Erubis::FastEruby</code> is just a subclass of <code>Erubis::Eruby</code> and includes <code><a href="#interpolation-enhancer">InterpolationEnhancer</a></code>. <code>Erubis::FastEruby</code> is faster than <code>Erubis::Eruby</code> but is not extensible compared to <code>Erubis::Eruby</code>. This is the reason why <code>Erubis::FastEruby</code> is not the default class of Erubis.
+</p>
+<br>
+
+
+<a name="topics-bufvar"></a>
+<h3 class="section2"><code>:bufvar</code> Option</h3>
+<p>Since 2.7.0, Erubis supports <code>:bufvar</code> option which allows you to change buffer variable name (default '<code>_buf</code>').
+</p>
+<a name="bufvar-example.rb"></a>
+<div class="program_caption">
+bufvar-example.rb</div>
+<pre class="program">require 'erubis'
+input = File.read('example.eruby')
+
+puts "----- default -----"
+eruby = Erubis::FastEruby.new(input)
+puts eruby.src
+
+puts "----- with :bufvar option -----"
+eruby = Erubis::FastEruby.new(input, <strong>:bufvar=&gt;'@_out_buf'</strong>)
+print eruby.src
+</pre>
+<a name="bufvar-example.result"></a>
+<div class="terminal_caption">
+result</div>
+<pre class="terminal">$ ruby bufvar-example.rb
+----- default -----
+_buf = ''; _buf &lt;&lt; %Q`&lt;div&gt;\n`
+ for item in list 
+ _buf &lt;&lt; %Q`  &lt;p&gt;#{ item }&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;#{Erubis::XmlHelper.escape_xml( item )}&lt;/p&gt;\n`
+ end 
+ _buf &lt;&lt; %Q`&lt;/div&gt;\n`
+_buf.to_s
+----- with :bufvar option -----
+<strong>@_out_buf</strong> = ''; <strong>@_out_buf</strong> &lt;&lt; %Q`&lt;div&gt;\n`
+ for item in list 
+ <strong>@_out_buf</strong> &lt;&lt; %Q`  &lt;p&gt;#{ item }&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;#{Erubis::XmlHelper.escape_xml( item )}&lt;/p&gt;\n`
+ end 
+ <strong>@_out_buf</strong> &lt;&lt; %Q`&lt;/div&gt;\n`
+<strong>@_out_buf</strong>.to_s
+</pre>
+<br>
+
+
+<a name="topics-trimspaces"></a>
+<h3 class="section2">'&lt;%= =%&gt;' and '&lt;%= -%&gt;'</h3>
+<p>Since 2.6.0, '&lt;%= -%&gt;' remove tail spaces and newline.
+This is for compatibiliy with ERB when trim mode is '-'.
+'&lt;%= =%&gt;' also removes tail spaces and newlines, and this is
+Erubis-original enhancement (cooler than '&lt;%= -%&gt;', isn't it?).
+</p>
+<a name="tailnewline.rhtml.comment_filter"></a>
+<div class="program_caption">
+tailnewline.rhtml</div>
+<pre class="program">&lt;div&gt;
+&lt;%= @var -%&gt;          # or &lt;%= @var =%&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+</pre>
+<div class="terminal_caption">
+result (version 2.5.0):</div>
+<pre class="terminal">$ erubis -c '{var: "AAA\n"}' tailnewline.rhtml
+&lt;div&gt;
+AAA
+
+&lt;/div&gt;
+</pre>
+<a name="tail_260.result"></a>
+<div class="terminal_caption">
+result (version 2.6.0):</div>
+<pre class="terminal">$ erubis -c '{var: "AAA\n"}' tailnewline.rhtml
+&lt;div&gt;
+AAA
+&lt;/div&gt;
+</pre>
+<br>
+
+
+<a name="topics-doublepercent"></a>
+<h3 class="section2">'&lt;%% %&gt;' and '&lt;%%= %&gt;'</h3>
+<p>Since 2.6.0, '&lt;%% %&gt;' and '&lt;%%= %&gt;' are converted into '&lt;% %&gt;' and '&lt;%= %&gt;' respectively.
+This is for compatibility with ERB.
+</p>
+<div class="program_caption">
+doublepercent.rhtml:</div>
+<pre class="program">&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;%% for item in @list %&gt;
+  &lt;li&gt;&lt;%%= item %&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;%% end %&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+</pre>
+<div class="terminal_caption">
+result:</div>
+<pre class="terminal">$ erubis doublepercent.rhtml
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;% for item in @list %&gt;
+  &lt;li&gt;&lt;%= item %&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;% end %&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+</pre>
+<br>
+
+
+<a name="topics-context-vs-binding"></a>
+<h3 class="section2">evaluate(context) v.s. result(binding)</h3>
+<p>It is recommended to use 'Erubis::Eruby#evaluate(context)' instead of 'Erubis::Eruby#result(binding)' because Ruby's Binding object has some problems.
+</p>
+<ul type="disc">
+<li>It is not able to specify variables to use.
+   Using binding() method, all of local variables are passed to templates.
+</li>
+<li>Changing local variables in templates may affect to varialbes in main program.
+   If you assign '10' to local variable 'x' in templates, it may change variable 'x' in main program unintendedly.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The following example shows that assignment of some values into variable 'x' in templates affect to local variable 'x' in main program unintendedly.
+</p>
+<a name="template1.rhtml"></a>
+<div class="program_caption">
+template1.rhtml (intended to be passed 'items' from main program)</div>
+<pre class="program">&lt;% for <strong>x</strong> in <strong>items</strong> %&gt;
+item = &lt;%= x %&gt;
+&lt;% end %&gt;
+** debug: local variables=&lt;%= local_variables().inspect() %&gt;
+</pre>
+<a name="main_program1.rb"></a>
+<div class="program_caption">
+main_program1.rb (intended to pass 'items' to template)</div>
+<pre class="program">require 'erubis'
+eruby = Erubis::Eruby.new(File.read('template1.rhtml'))
+items = ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']
+x = 1
+## local variable 'x' and 'eruby' are passed to template as well as 'items'!
+print <strong>eruby.result(binding())</strong>    
+## local variable 'x' is changed unintendedly because it is changed in template!
+puts "** debug: x=#{x.inspect}"  #=&gt; "baz"
+</pre>
+<a name="main_program1.result"></a>
+<div class="terminal_caption">
+Result:</div>
+<pre class="terminal">$ ruby main_program1.rb
+item = foo
+item = bar
+item = baz
+** debug: local variables=["eruby", "items", "x", "_buf"]
+** debug: x="baz"
+</pre>
+<p>This problem is caused because Ruby's Binding class is poor to use in template engine.
+Binding class should support the following features.
+</p>
+<pre class="program">b = Binding.new     # create empty Binding object
+b['x'] = 1          # set local variables using binding object
+</pre>
+<p>But the above features are not implemented in Ruby.
+</p>
+<p>A pragmatic solution is to use 'Erubis::Eruby#evaluate(context)' instead of 'Erubis::Eruby#result(binding)'.
+'evaluate(context)' uses Erubis::Context object and instance variables instead of Binding object and local variables.
+</p>
+<a name="template2.rhtml"></a>
+<div class="program_caption">
+template2.rhtml (intended to be passed '@items' from main program)</div>
+<pre class="program">&lt;% for <strong>x</strong> in <strong>@items</strong> %&gt;
+item = &lt;%= x %&gt;
+&lt;% end %&gt;
+** debug: local variables=&lt;%= local_variables().inspect() %&gt;
+</pre>
+<a name="main_program2.rb"></a>
+<div class="program_caption">
+main_program2.rb (intended to pass '@items' to template)</div>
+<pre class="program">require 'erubis'
+eruby = Erubis::Eruby.new(File.read('template2.rhtml'))
+items = ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']
+x = 1
+## only 'items' are passed to template
+print <strong>eruby.evaluate(:items=&gt;items)</strong>    
+## local variable 'x' is not changed!
+puts "** debug: x=#{x.inspect}"  #=&gt; 1
+</pre>
+<a name="main_program2.result"></a>
+<div class="terminal_caption">
+Result:</div>
+<pre class="terminal">$ ruby main_program2.rb
+item = foo
+item = bar
+item = baz
+** debug: local variables=["_context", "x", "_buf"]
+** debug: x=1
+</pre>
+<br>
+
+
 <a name="topics-fasteruby"></a>
 <h3 class="section2">Class Erubis::FastEruby</h3>
 <p>[experimental]
@@ -2397,6 +3096,13 @@ if test(?f, cachename)
   puts "*** cache file '#{cachename}' created."
 end
 </pre>
+<p>Since 2.6.0, it is able to specify cache filename.
+</p>
+<div class="program_caption">
+specify cache filename.</div>
+<pre class="program">filename = 'example.rhtml'
+eruby = Erubis::Eruby.load_file(filename, :cachename=&gt;filename+'.cache')
+</pre>
 <p>Caching makes Erubis about 40-50 percent faster than no-caching.
 See <a href="#topics-benchmark">benchmark</a> for details.
 </p>
@@ -2412,73 +3118,6 @@ try Erubis::TinyEruby class.
 <br>
 
 
-<a name="topics-rails"></a>
-<h3 class="section2">Ruby on Rails Support</h3>
-<p>Erubis supports Ruby on Rails. 
-</p>
-<ol type="1">
-<li>Add the following code to your 'config/environment.rb'.
-<div class="program_caption">
-config/environment.rb</div>
-<pre class="program">require 'erubis/helpers/rails_helper'
-#Erubis::Helpers::RailsHelper.engine_class = Erubis::Eruby # or Erubis::FastEruby
-#Erubis::Helpers::RailsHelper.init_properties = {}
-#Erubis::Helpers::RailsHelper.show_src = false
-</pre>
-<p>    This will replace ERB in Rails by Erubis entirely.
-</p>
-</li>
-<li>(Optional) apply the following patch to 'action_pack/lib/action_view/base.rb'.
-<div class="program_caption">
-action_view_base_rb.patch</div>
-<pre class="program">--- lib/action_view/base.rb	(original)
-+++ lib/action_view/base.rb	(working copy)
-@@ -445,6 +445,11 @@
-         end
-       end
- 
-+      # convert template into ruby code
-+      def convert_template_into_ruby_code(template)
-+        ERB.new(template, nil, @@erb_trim_mode).src
-+      end
-+
-       # Create source code for given template
-       def create_template_source(extension, template, render_symbol, locals)
-         if template_requires_setup?(extension)
-@@ -458,7 +463,7 @@
-               "update_page do |page|\n#{template}\nend"
-           end
-         else
--          body = ERB.new(template, nil, @@erb_trim_mode).src
-+          body = convert_template_into_ruby_code(template)
-         end
- 
-         @@template_args[render_symbol] ||= {}
-</pre>
-<p>    This patch is included in erubis_2.X.X/contrib directory and the following is an
-    example to apply this patch.
-</p>
-<div class="terminal_caption">
-how to apply patch:</div>
-<pre class="terminal">$ cd /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/actionpack-1.13.1/lib/action_view/
-$ sudo patch -p1 &lt; /tmp/erubis_2.X.X/contrib/action_view_base_rb.patch
-</pre>
-<p>    Notice that this patch is not necessary if you are using Ruby on Rails ver 1.1 or 1.2, but it is recommended.
-</p>
-</li>
-<li>Restart web server.
-<pre class="terminal">$ ruby script/server
-</pre>
-</li>
-</ol>
-<p>ActionView::Helpers::CaptureHelper#capture() and ActionView::Helpers::Texthelper#concat() are available.
-</p>
-<p>If Erubis::Helper::Rails.show_src is ture, Erubis prints converted Ruby code into log file (ex. 'log/development.log').
-It is useful for debugging.
-</p>
-<br>
-
-
 <a name="topics-php"></a>
 <h3 class="section2">NoTextEnhancer and NoCodeEnhancer in PHP</h3>
 <p>NoTextEnhancer and NoCodEnahncer are quite useful not only for eRuby but also for PHP.
@@ -2571,8 +3210,8 @@ example of using NoCodeEnhancer with PHP file</div>
 <p>Thanks Andrew R Jackson, he developed 'erubis-run.rb' which enables you to use Erubis with mod_ruby.
 </p>
 <ol type="1">
-<li>Copy 'erubis-2.3.1/contrib/erubis-run.rb' to the 'RUBYLIBDIR/apache' directory (for example '/usr/local/lib/ruby/1.8/apache') which contains 'ruby-run.rb', 'eruby-run.rb', and so on.
-<pre class="terminal">$ cd erubis-2.3.1/
+<li>Copy 'erubis-2.7.0/contrib/erubis-run.rb' to the 'RUBYLIBDIR/apache' directory (for example '/usr/local/lib/ruby/1.8/apache') which contains 'ruby-run.rb', 'eruby-run.rb', and so on.
+<pre class="terminal">$ cd erubis-2.7.0/
 $ sudo copy contrib/erubis-run.rb /usr/local/lib/ruby/1.8/apache/
 </pre>
 </li>
@@ -2618,19 +3257,84 @@ $ sudo chmod 775 .
 </ol>
 <p>You must set your directories to be writable by web server process, because
 Apache::ErubisRun calls Erubis::Eruby.load_file() internally which creates cache files
-in the same directory as '*.rhtml' file.
+in the same directory in which '*.rhtml' file exists.
+</p>
+<br>
+
+
+<a name="topics-index-cgi"></a>
+<h3 class="section2">Helper CGI Script for Apache</h3>
+<p>Erubis provides helper CGI script for Apache.
+Using this script, it is very easy to publish *.rhtml files as *.html.
+</p>
+<pre class="terminal">### install Erubis
+$ tar xzf erubis-X.X.X.tar.gz
+$ cd erubis-X.X.X/
+$ ruby setup.py install
+### copy files to ~/public_html
+$ mkdir -p ~/public_html
+$ cp public_html/_htaccess   ~/public_html/.htaccess
+$ cp public_html/index.cgi   ~/public_html/
+$ cp public_html/index.rhtml ~/public_html/
+### add executable permission to index.cgi
+$ chmod a+x ~/public_html/index.cgi
+### edit .htaccess
+$ vi ~/public_html/.htaccess
+### (optional) edit index.cgi to configure
+$ vi ~/public_html/index.cgi
+</pre>
+<p>Edit ~/public_html/.htaccess and modify user name.
+</p>
+<div class="program_caption">
+~/public_html/.htaccess</div>
+<pre class="program">## enable mod_rewrie
+RewriteEngine on
+## deny access to *.rhtml and *.cache
+#RewriteRule \.(rhtml|cache)$ - [R=404,L]
+RewriteRule \.(rhtml|cache)$ - [F,L]
+## rewrite only if requested file is not found
+RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} !-f
+## handle request to *.html and directories by index.cgi
+RewriteRule (\.html|/|^)$ /~<strong>username</strong>/index.cgi
+#RewriteRule (\.html|/|^)$ index.cgi
+</pre>
+<p>After these steps, *.rhtml will be published as *.html.
+For example, if you access to <code>http://<em>host</em>.<em>domain</em>/~<em>username</em>/index.html</code> (or <code>http://<em>host</em>.<em>domain</em>/~<em>username</em>/</code>), file <code>~/public_html/index.rhtml</code> will be displayed.
 </p>
 <br>
 
 
+<a name="topics-defmethod"></a>
+<h3 class="section2">Define method</h3>
+<p>Erubis::Eruby#def_method() defines instance method or singleton method.
+</p>
+<a name="def_method.rb"></a>
+<pre class="program">require 'erubis'
+s = "hello &lt;%= name %&gt;"
+eruby = Erubis::Eruby.new(s)
+filename = 'hello.rhtml'
+
+## define instance method to Dummy class (or module)
+class Dummy; end
+<strong>eruby.def_method(Dummy, 'render(name)', filename)</strong>  # filename is optional
+p Dummy.new.render('world')    #=&gt; "hello world"
+
+## define singleton method to dummy object
+obj = Object.new
+<strong>eruby.def_method(obj, 'render(name)', filename)</strong>    # filename is optional
+p obj.render('world')          #=&gt; "hello world"
+</pre>
+<br>
+
+
 <a name="topics-benchmark"></a>
 <h3 class="section2">Benchmark</h3>
-<p>A benchmark script is included in Erubis package at 'erubis-2.3.1/benchark/' directory.
+<p>A benchmark script is included in Erubis package at 'erubis-2.7.0/benchark/' directory.
 Here is an example result of benchmark.
 </p>
 <div class="terminal_caption">
 MacOS X 10.4 Tiger, Intel CoreDuo 1.83GHz, Ruby1.8.6, eruby1.0.5, gcc4.0.1</div>
-<pre class="terminal">$ cd erubis-2.3.1/benchmark/
+<pre class="terminal">$ cd erubis-2.7.0/benchmark/
 $ ruby bench.rb -n 10000 -m execute
 *** ntimes=10000, testmode=execute
                                     user     system      total        real