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-<!doctype html>
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
-    <title>CodeMirror: Internals</title>
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Droid+Sans|Droid+Sans:bold"/>
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docs.css"/>
-    <style>dl dl {margin: 0;} .update {color: #d40 !important}</style>
-  </head>
-  <body>
-<h1><span class="logo-braces">{ }</span> <a href="http://codemirror.net/">CodeMirror</a></h1>
-<div class="grey">
-<img src="baboon.png" class="logo" alt="logo"/>
-<pre>
-/* (Re-) Implementing A Syntax-
-   Highlighting Editor in JavaScript */
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="clear"><div class="leftbig blk">
-<p style="font-size: 85%" id="intro">
-  <strong>Topic:</strong> JavaScript, code editor implementation<br>
-  <strong>Author:</strong> Marijn Haverbeke<br>
-  <strong>Date:</strong> March 2nd 2011 (updated November 13th 2011)
-</p>
-<p>This is a followup to
-my <a href="http://codemirror.net/story.html">Brutal Odyssey to the
-Dark Side of the DOM Tree</a> story. That one describes the
-mind-bending process of implementing (what would become) CodeMirror 1.
-This one describes the internals of CodeMirror 2, a complete rewrite
-and rethink of the old code base. I wanted to give this piece another
-Hunter Thompson copycat subtitle, but somehow that would be out of
-place—the process this time around was one of straightforward
-engineering, requiring no serious mind-bending whatsoever.</p>
-<p>So, what is wrong with CodeMirror 1? I'd estimate, by mailing list
-activity and general search-engine presence, that it has been
-integrated into about a thousand systems by now. The most prominent
-one, since a few weeks,
-being <a href="http://googlecode.blogspot.com/2011/01/make-quick-fixes-quicker-on-google.html">Google
-code's project hosting</a>. It works, and it's being used widely.</a>
-<p>Still, I did not start replacing it because I was bored. CodeMirror
-1 was heavily reliant on <code>designMode</code>
-or <code>contentEditable</code> (depending on the browser). Neither of
-these are well specified (HTML5 tries
-to <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/editing.html#contenteditable">specify</a>
-their basics), and, more importantly, they tend to be one of the more
-obscure and buggy areas of browser functionality—CodeMirror, by using
-this functionality in a non-typical way, was constantly running up
-against browser bugs. WebKit wouldn't show an empty line at the end of
-the document, and in some releases would suddenly get unbearably slow.
-Firefox would show the cursor in the wrong place. Internet Explorer
-would insist on linkifying everything that looked like a URL or email
-address, a behaviour that can't be turned off. Some bugs I managed to
-work around (which was often a frustrating, painful process), others,
-such as the Firefox cursor placement, I gave up on, and had to tell
-user after user that they were known problems, but not something I
-could help.</p>
-<p>Also, there is the fact that <code>designMode</code> (which seemed
-to be less buggy than <code>contentEditable</code> in Webkit and
-Firefox, and was thus used by CodeMirror 1 in those browsers) requires
-a frame. Frames are another tricky area. It takes some effort to
-prevent getting tripped up by domain restrictions, they don't
-initialize synchronously, behave strangely in response to the back
-button, and, on several browsers, can't be moved around the DOM
-without having them re-initialize. They did provide a very nice way to
-namespace the library, though—CodeMirror 1 could freely pollute the
-namespace inside the frame.</p>
-<p>Finally, working with an editable document means working with
-selection in arbitrary DOM structures. Internet Explorer (8 and
-before) has an utterly different (and awkward) selection API than all
-of the other browsers, and even among the different implementations of
-<code>document.selection</code>, details about how exactly a selection
-is represented vary quite a bit. Add to that the fact that Opera's
-selection support tended to be very buggy until recently, and you can
-imagine why CodeMirror 1 contains 700 lines of selection-handling
-code.</p>
-<p>And that brings us to the main issue with the CodeMirror 1
-code base: The proportion of browser-bug-workarounds to real
-application code was getting dangerously high. By building on top of a
-few dodgy features, I put the system in a vulnerable position—any
-incompatibility and bugginess in these features, I had to paper over
-with my own code. Not only did I have to do some serious stunt-work to
-get it to work on older browsers (as detailed in the
-previous <a href="http://codemirror.net/story.html">story</a>), things
-also kept breaking in newly released versions, requiring me to come up
-with <em>new</em> scary hacks in order to keep up. This was starting
-to lose its appeal.</p>
-<h2 id="approach">General Approach</h2>
-<p>What CodeMirror 2 does is try to sidestep most of the hairy hacks
-that came up in version 1. I owe a lot to the
-<a href="http://ace.ajax.org">ACE</a> editor for inspiration on how to
-approach this.</p>
-<p>I absolutely did not want to be completely reliant on key events to
-generate my input. Every JavaScript programmer knows that key event
-information is horrible and incomplete. Some people (most awesomely
-Mihai Bazon with <a href="http://ymacs.org">Ymacs</a>) have been able
-to build more or less functioning editors by directly reading key
-events, but it takes a lot of work (the kind of never-ending, fragile
-work I described earlier), and will never be able to properly support
-things like multi-keystoke international character
-input. <a href="#keymap" class="update">[see below for caveat]</a></p>
-<p>So what I do is focus a hidden textarea, and let the browser
-believe that the user is typing into that. What we show to the user is
-a DOM structure we built to represent his document. If this is updated
-quickly enough, and shows some kind of believable cursor, it feels
-like a real text-input control.</p>
-<p>Another big win is that this DOM representation does not have to
-span the whole document. Some CodeMirror 1 users insisted that they
-needed to put a 30 thousand line XML document into CodeMirror. Putting
-all that into the DOM takes a while, especially since, for some
-reason, an editable DOM tree is slower than a normal one on most
-browsers. If we have full control over what we show, we must only
-ensure that the visible part of the document has been added, and can
-do the rest only when needed. (Fortunately, the <code>onscroll</code>
-event works almost the same on all browsers, and lends itself well to
-displaying things only as they are scrolled into view.)</p>
-<h2 id="input">Input</h2>
-<p>ACE uses its hidden textarea only as a text input shim, and does
-all cursor movement and things like text deletion itself by directly
-handling key events. CodeMirror's way is to let the browser do its
-thing as much as possible, and not, for example, define its own set of
-key bindings. One way to do this would have been to have the whole
-document inside the hidden textarea, and after each key event update
-the display DOM to reflect what's in that textarea.</p>
-<p>That'd be simple, but it is not realistic. For even medium-sized
-document the editor would be constantly munging huge strings, and get
-terribly slow. What CodeMirror 2 does is put the current selection,
-along with an extra line on the top and on the bottom, into the
-textarea.</p>
-<p>This means that the arrow keys (and their ctrl-variations), home,
-end, etcetera, do not have to be handled specially. We just read the
-cursor position in the textarea, and update our cursor to match it.
-Also, copy and paste work pretty much for free, and people get their
-native key bindings, without any special work on my part. For example,
-I have emacs key bindings configured for Chrome and Firefox. There is
-no way for a script to detect this. <a class="update"
-href="#keymap">[no longer the case]</a></p>
-<p>Of course, since only a small part of the document sits in the
-textarea, keys like page up and ctrl-end won't do the right thing.
-CodeMirror is catching those events and handling them itself.</p>
-<h2 id="selection">Selection</h2>
-<p>Getting and setting the selection range of a textarea in modern
-browsers is trivial—you just use the <code>selectionStart</code>
-and <code>selectionEnd</code> properties. On IE you have to do some
-insane stuff with temporary ranges and compensating for the fact that
-moving the selection by a 'character' will treat \r\n as a single
-character, but even there it is possible to build functions that
-reliably set and get the selection range.</p>
-<p>But consider this typical case: When I'm somewhere in my document,
-press shift, and press the up arrow, something gets selected. Then, if
-I, still holding shift, press the up arrow again, the top of my
-selection is adjusted. The selection remembers where its <em>head</em>
-and its <em>anchor</em> are, and moves the head when we shift-move.
-This is a generally accepted property of selections, and done right by
-every editing component built in the past twenty years.</p>
-<p>But not something that the browser selection APIs expose.</p>
-<p>Great. So when someone creates an 'upside-down' selection, the next
-time CodeMirror has to update the textarea, it'll re-create the
-selection as an 'upside-up' selection, with the anchor at the top, and
-the next cursor motion will behave in an unexpected way—our second
-up-arrow press in the example above will not do anything, since it is
-interpreted in exactly the same way as the first.</p>
-<p>No problem. We'll just, ehm, detect that the selection is
-upside-down (you can tell by the way it was created), and then, when
-an upside-down selection is present, and a cursor-moving key is
-pressed in combination with shift, we quickly collapse the selection
-in the textarea to its start, allow the key to take effect, and then
-combine its new head with its old anchor to get the <em>real</em>
-selection.</p>
-<p>In short, scary hacks could not be avoided entirely in CodeMirror
-2.</p>
-<p>And, the observant reader might ask, how do you even know that a
-key combo is a cursor-moving combo, if you claim you support any
-native key bindings? Well, we don't, but we can learn. The editor
-keeps a set known cursor-movement combos (initialized to the
-predictable defaults), and updates this set when it observes that
-pressing a certain key had (only) the effect of moving the cursor.
-This, of course, doesn't work if the first time the key is used was
-for extending an inverted selection, but it works most of the
-time.</p>
-<h2 id="update">Intelligent Updating</h2>
-<p>One thing that always comes up when you have a complicated internal
-state that's reflected in some user-visible external representation
-(in this case, the displayed code and the textarea's content) is
-keeping the two in sync. The naive way is to just update the display
-every time you change your state, but this is not only error prone
-(you'll forget), it also easily leads to duplicate work on big,
-composite operations. Then you start passing around flags indicating
-whether the display should be updated in an attempt to be efficient
-again and, well, at that point you might as well give up completely.</p>
-<p>I did go down that road, but then switched to a much simpler model:
-simply keep track of all the things that have been changed during an
-action, and then, only at the end, use this information to update the
-user-visible display.</p>
-<p>CodeMirror uses a concept of <em>operations</em>, which start by
-calling a specific set-up function that clears the state and end by
-calling another function that reads this state and does the required
-updating. Most event handlers, and all the user-visible methods that
-change state are wrapped like this. There's a method
-called <code>operation</code> that accepts a function, and returns
-another function that wraps the given function as an operation.</p>
-<p>It's trivial to extend this (as CodeMirror does) to detect nesting,
-and, when an operation is started inside an operation, simply
-increment the nesting count, and only do the updating when this count
-reaches zero again.</p>
-<p>If we have a set of changed ranges and know the currently shown
-range, we can (with some awkward code to deal with the fact that
-changes can add and remove lines, so we're dealing with a changing
-coordinate system) construct a map of the ranges that were left
-intact. We can then compare this map with the part of the document
-that's currently visible (based on scroll offset and editor height) to
-determine whether something needs to be updated.</p>
-<p>CodeMirror uses two update algorithms—a full refresh, where it just
-discards the whole part of the DOM that contains the edited text and
-rebuilds it, and a patch algorithm, where it uses the information
-about changed and intact ranges to update only the out-of-date parts
-of the DOM. When more than 30 percent (which is the current heuristic,
-might change) of the lines need to be updated, the full refresh is
-chosen (since it's faster to do than painstakingly finding and
-updating all the changed lines), in the other case it does the
-patching (so that, if you scroll a line or select another character,
-the whole screen doesn't have to be
-re-rendered). <span class="update">[the full-refresh
-algorithm was dropped, it wasn't really faster than the patching
-one]</span></p>
-<p>All updating uses <code>innerHTML</code> rather than direct DOM
-manipulation, since that still seems to be by far the fastest way to
-build documents. There's a per-line function that combines the
-highlighting, <a href="manual.html#markText">marking</a>, and
-selection info for that line into a snippet of HTML. The patch updater
-uses this to reset individual lines, the refresh updater builds an
-HTML chunk for the whole visible document at once, and then uses a
-single <code>innerHTML</code> update to do the refresh.</p>
-<h2 id="parse">Parsers can be Simple</h2>
-<p>When I wrote CodeMirror 1, I
-thought <a href="http://codemirror.net/story.html#parser">interruptable
-parsers</a> were a hugely scary and complicated thing, and I used a
-bunch of heavyweight abstractions to keep this supposed complexity
-under control: parsers
-were <a href="http://bob.pythonmac.org/archives/2005/07/06/iteration-in-javascript/">iterators</a>
-that consumed input from another iterator, and used funny
-closure-resetting tricks to copy and resume themselves.</p>
-<p>This made for a rather nice system, in that parsers formed strictly
-separate modules, and could be composed in predictable ways.
-Unfortunately, it was quite slow (stacking three or four iterators on
-top of each other), and extremely intimidating to people not used to a
-functional programming style.</p>
-<p>With a few small changes, however, we can keep all those
-advantages, but simplify the API and make the whole thing less
-indirect and inefficient. CodeMirror
-2's <a href="manual.html#modeapi">mode API</a> uses explicit state
-objects, and makes the parser/tokenizer a function that simply takes a
-state and a character stream abstraction, advances the stream one
-token, and returns the way the token should be styled. This state may
-be copied, optionally in a mode-defined way, in order to be able to
-continue a parse at a given point. Even someone who's never touched a
-lambda in his life can understand this approach. Additionally, far
-fewer objects are allocated in the course of parsing now.</p>
-<p>The biggest speedup comes from the fact that the parsing no longer
-has to touch the DOM though. In CodeMirror 1, on an older browser, you
-could <em>see</em> the parser work its way through the document,
-managing some twenty lines in each 50-millisecond time slice it got. It
-was reading its input from the DOM, and updating the DOM as it went
-along, which any experienced JavaScript programmer will immediately
-spot as a recipe for slowness. In CodeMirror 2, the parser usually
-finishes the whole document in a single 100-millisecond time slice—it
-manages some 1500 lines during that time on Chrome. All it has to do
-is munge strings, so there is no real reason for it to be slow
-anymore.</p>
-<h2 id="summary">What Gives?</h2>
-<p>Given all this, what can you expect from CodeMirror 2?</p>
-<ul>
-<li><strong>Small.</strong> the base library is
-some <span class="update">45k</span> when minified
-now, <span class="update">17k</span> when gzipped. It's smaller than
-its own logo.</li>
-<li><strong>Lightweight.</strong> CodeMirror 2 initializes very
-quickly, and does almost no work when it is not focused. This means
-you can treat it almost like a textarea, have multiple instances on a
-page without trouble.</li>
-<li><strong>Huge document support.</strong> Since highlighting is
-really fast, and no DOM structure is being built for non-visible
-content, you don't have to worry about locking up your browser when a
-user enters a megabyte-sized document.</li>
-<li><strong>Extended API.</strong> Some things kept coming up in the
-mailing list, such as marking pieces of text or lines, which were
-extremely hard to do with CodeMirror 1. The new version has proper
-support for these built in.</li>
-<li><strong>Tab support.</strong> Tabs inside editable documents were,
-for some reason, a no-go. At least six different people announced they
-were going to add tab support to CodeMirror 1, none survived (I mean,
-none delivered a working version). CodeMirror 2 no longer removes tabs
-from your document.</li>
-<li><strong>Sane styling.</strong> <code>iframe</code> nodes aren't
-really known for respecting document flow. Now that an editor instance
-is a plain <code>div</code> element, it is much easier to size it to
-fit the surrounding elements. You don't even have to make it scroll if
-you do not <a href="../demo/resize.html">want to</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-<p>On the downside, a CodeMirror 2 instance is <em>not</em> a native
-editable component. Though it does its best to emulate such a
-component as much as possible, there is functionality that browsers
-just do not allow us to hook into. Doing select-all from the context
-menu, for example, is not currently detected by CodeMirror.</p>
-<p id="changes" style="margin-top: 2em;"><span style="font-weight:
-bold">[Updates from November 13th 2011]</span> Recently, I've made
-some changes to the codebase that cause some of the text above to no
-longer be current. I've left the text intact, but added markers at the
-passages that are now inaccurate. The new situation is described
-below.</p>
-<h2 id="btree">Content Representation</h2>
-<p>The original implementation of CodeMirror 2 represented the
-document as a flat array of line objects. This worked well—splicing
-arrays will require the part of the array after the splice to be
-moved, but this is basically just a simple <code>memmove</code> of a
-bunch of pointers, so it is cheap even for huge documents.</p>
-<p>However, I recently added line wrapping and code folding (line
-collapsing, basically). Once lines start taking up a non-constant
-amount of vertical space, looking up a line by vertical position
-(which is needed when someone clicks the document, and to determine
-the visible part of the document during scrolling) can only be done
-with a linear scan through the whole array, summing up line heights as
-you go. Seeing how I've been going out of my way to make big documents
-fast, this is not acceptable.</p>
-<p>The new representation is based on a B-tree. The leaves of the tree
-contain arrays of line objects, with a fixed minimum and maximum size,
-and the non-leaf nodes simply hold arrays of child nodes. Each node
-stores both the amount of lines that live below them and the vertical
-space taken up by these lines. This allows the tree to be indexed both
-by line number and by vertical position, and all access has
-logarithmic complexity in relation to the document size.</p>
-<p>I gave line objects and tree nodes parent pointers, to the node
-above them. When a line has to update its height, it can simply walk
-these pointers to the top of the tree, adding or subtracting the
-difference in height from each node it encounters. The parent pointers
-also make it cheaper (in complexity terms, the difference is probably
-tiny in normal-sized documents) to find the current line number when
-given a line object. In the old approach, the whole document array had
-to be searched. Now, we can just walk up the tree and count the sizes
-of the nodes coming before us at each level.</p>
-<p>I chose B-trees, not regular binary trees, mostly because they
-allow for very fast bulk insertions and deletions. When there is a big
-change to a document, it typically involves adding, deleting, or
-replacing a chunk of subsequent lines. In a regular balanced tree, all
-these inserts or deletes would have to be done separately, which could
-be really expensive. In a B-tree, to insert a chunk, you just walk
-down the tree once to find where it should go, insert them all in one
-shot, and then break up the node if needed. This breaking up might
-involve breaking up nodes further up, but only requires a single pass
-back up the tree. For deletion, I'm somewhat lax in keeping things
-balanced—I just collapse nodes into a leaf when their child count goes
-below a given number. This means that there are some weird editing
-patterns that may result in a seriously unbalanced tree, but even such
-an unbalanced tree will perform well, unless you spend a day making
-strangely repeating edits to a really big document.</p>
-<h2 id="keymap">Keymaps</h2>
-<p><a href="#approach">Above</a>, I claimed that directly catching key
-events for things like cursor movement is impractical because it
-requires some browser-specific kludges. I then proceeded to explain
-some awful <a href="#selection">hacks</a> that were needed to make it
-possible for the selection changes to be detected through the
-textarea. In fact, the second hack is about as bad as the first.</p>
-<p>On top of that, in the presence of user-configurable tab sizes and
-collapsed and wrapped lines, lining up cursor movement in the textarea
-with what's visible on the screen becomes a nightmare. Thus, I've
-decided to move to a model where the textarea's selection is no longer
-depended on.</p>
-<p>So I moved to a model where all cursor movement is handled by my
-own code. This adds support for a goal column, proper interaction of
-cursor movement with collapsed lines, and makes it possible for
-vertical movement to move through wrapped lines properly, instead of
-just treating them like non-wrapped lines.</p>
-<p>The key event handlers now translate the key event into a string,
-something like <code>Ctrl-Home</code> or <code>Shift-Cmd-R</code>, and
-use that string to look up an action to perform. To make keybinding
-customizable, this lookup goes through
-a <a href="manual.html#option_keyMap">table</a>, using a scheme that
-allows such tables to be chained together (for example, the default
-Mac bindings fall through to a table named 'emacsy', which defines
-basic Emacs-style bindings like <code>Ctrl-F</code>, and which is also
-used by the custom Emacs bindings).</p>
-<p>A new
-option <a href="manual.html#option_extraKeys"><code>extraKeys</code></a>
-allows ad-hoc keybindings to be defined in a much nicer way than what
-was possible with the
-old <a href="manual.html#option_onKeyEvent"><code>onKeyEvent</code></a>
-callback. You simply provide an object mapping key identifiers to
-functions, instead of painstakingly looking at raw key events.</p>
-<p>Built-in commands map to strings, rather than functions, for
-example <code>"goLineUp"</code> is the default action bound to the up
-arrow key. This allows new keymaps to refer to them without
-duplicating any code. New commands can be defined by assigning to
-the <code>CodeMirror.commands</code> object, which maps such commands
-to functions.</p>
-<p>The hidden textarea now only holds the current selection, with no
-extra characters around it. This has a nice advantage: polling for
-input becomes much, much faster. If there's a big selection, this text
-does not have to be read from the textarea every time—when we poll,
-just noticing that something is still selected is enough to tell us
-that no new text was typed.</p>
-<p>The reason that cheap polling is important is that many browsers do
-not fire useful events on IME (input method engine) input, which is
-the thing where people inputting a language like Japanese or Chinese
-use multiple keystrokes to create a character or sequence of
-characters. Most modern browsers fire <code>input</code> when the
-composing is finished, but many don't fire anything when the character
-is updated <em>during</em> composition. So we poll, whenever the
-editor is focused, to provide immediate updates of the display.</p>
-</div><div class="rightsmall blk">
-    <h2>Contents</h2>
-    <ul>
-      <li><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></li>
-      <li><a href="#approach">General Approach</a></li>
-      <li><a href="#input">Input</a></li>
-      <li><a href="#selection">Selection</a></li>
-      <li><a href="#update">Intelligent Updating</a></li>
-      <li><a href="#parse">Parsing</a></li>
-      <li><a href="#summary">What Gives?</a></li>
-      <li><a href="#btree">Content Representation</a></li>
-      <li><a href="#keymap">Key Maps</a></li>
-    </ul>
-</div></div>
-<div style="height: 2em">&nbsp;</div>
-</body></html>