enjine 0.1.0

data/docs/guides/card-data-format.md

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+# The card DSL — writing cards for Enjine
+
+Enjine has no built-in card list and never reads card text. A card exists only as a
+**data block** (JSON) that you write by hand in Enjine's card DSL. Enjine validates
+it and compiles it. Nothing parses rules text: what a card does is exactly what its
+data block says.
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Ember Sprite", "mana_cost": "{1}{R}", "types": ["creature"], "subtypes": ["elemental"],
+  "keywords": ["haste"], "power": 2, "toughness": 1,
+  "abilities": [ { "triggered": { "when": { "enters": {} },
+                                  "effects": [ { "deal_damage": { "amount": 1, "to": { "target": 0 } } } ],
+                                  "targets": ["any_target"] } } ] }
+```
+
+If a block uses something Enjine doesn't support, or has a typo, validation
+**fails with a precise error** that names the exact path in your data
+(`abilities[0].triggered.effects[0].deal_damage.amount: …`). Nothing is ever
+guessed or silently dropped.
+
+**Source of truth for what exists:** [`SUPPORTED.md`](../../SUPPORTED.md) and
+[`docs/reference/`](../reference). Both are generated from the code. A primitive
+listed there works, and one that isn't listed doesn't exist yet.
+
+---
+
+## 1. Adding a card
+
+1. Write the data block using sections 2–5 (fields, mana abilities, abilities, examples).
+2. Validate it: `bundle exec exe/enjine --validate cards.json` (section 7).
+3. Put it where you need it:
+   - **In a deck document's `cards`** (section 6). This is the simplest option and needs nothing else.
+   - **In a card pool** for the [deck builder](deck-builder.md): a JSON array of cards
+     (`--pool cards.json`), such as a set or the cards you own.
+   - **In your own database** (section 8).
+
+Tips:
+- **Store the canonical form.** `CardDefinition#to_h` (the `card` in the validation
+  report) is normalized and round-trips exactly.
+- **Record the printing, not a vendor id.** The set code and collector number printed on
+  the card (`trk`, `12`) can be looked up in any card source.
+- **Multi-face cards** (split, adventure, MDFC, transform) aren't modelled yet.
+
+---
+
+## 2. Top-level fields
+
+| Field | Required | Type | Notes |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `name` | yes | string | Unique (a card with faces: see 4.17). Its slug becomes the card id: `"Jace, the Mind Sculptor"` → `jace_the_mind_sculptor`. Two different definitions with the same name in one game raise `CatalogConflict`. |
+| `types` | yes | list | Card types, lowercase: `land`, `creature`, `artifact`, `enchantment`, `planeswalker`, `instant`, `sorcery`. A card can have several (`["artifact", "creature"]`). |
+| `mana_cost` | castable cards | string | `"{2}{W}{W}"`. Symbols: `{N}` generic, `{W}{U}{B}{R}{G}`, `{C}`, `{X}` (announced while casting; use the amount `"x"` in effects, see 4.7). Lands must **not** have one. A card without one can't be cast. Two-color hybrid `{R/G}` is supported (paid with either color, CR 107.4e), and so is monocolored hybrid `{2/B}` (one black mana or two mana of any type; mana value 2, CR 202.3f); Phyrexian and `{S}` are not yet. |
+| `supertypes` | no | list | `basic` (exempt from the 4-copy rule). `legendary` and `snow`: not yet. |
+| `subtypes` | no | list | Lowercase, spaces become `_`: `["human", "wizard"]`. Free-form labels, except the basic land types `plains island swamp mountain forest`, which grant their mana ability automatically (CR 305.6) and are valid only on lands. |
+| `keywords` | no | list | Keyword abilities, lowercase: see `SUPPORTED.md` → *Keyword abilities*. |
+| `power`, `toughness` | creatures | integer or amount | Required for creatures; not allowed on other types. A `*` defined by the card ("power is equal to the number of …", CR 604.3) is an amount, see 4.10. |
+| `colors` | no | list | `W U B R G`. Only for a color indicator or a token's colors (CR 202.2e, 111.3); otherwise colors come from the mana cost. |
+| `loyalty` | planeswalkers | integer | Starting loyalty. |
+| `abilities` | no | list | Section 4. |
+| `rules_text` | no | string | Informational only (shown in the CLI). Never interpreted. |
+| `deck_limit` | no | `"any"` or integer | CR 100.2a exception: "A deck can have any number of cards named ~" is `"deck_limit": "any"`; "up to seven cards named ~" is `7`. Without it a deck may hold four (basic lands: any number). |
+| `rarity` | no | string | Catalogue data, e.g. `"rare"`. The rules never read it. |
+| `printing` | no | object | `{ "set": "trk", "number": "12" }`: the set code and collector number printed on the card (a number may be given as an integer; it is stored as a string, since numbers like `"12a"` exist). The rules never read it, and two cards differing only in `rarity`/`printing` are the same card (a reprint). On a card with faces it sits beside `faces`. |
+
+Any other field is an error. That's deliberate: a typo must never be silently ignored.
+
+Keyword *actions* such as scry and mill are effects inside an ability, not `keywords`.
+Only keyword *abilities* (rule 702) go in `keywords`.
+
+---
+
+## 3. Mana abilities of lands
+
+Basic land types give their ability automatically, so don't write it:
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Forest", "types": ["land"], "supertypes": ["basic"], "subtypes": ["forest"] }
+```
+
+Any other mana ability is written explicitly:
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Wastes", "types": ["land"], "supertypes": ["basic"],
+  "abilities": [{ "mana": { "cost": ["tap"], "produce": "{C}" } }] }
+```
+
+`produce` is a string of mana symbols: `"{G}"`, `"{C}{C}"`. When the colors are chosen,
+use `color` instead of `produce`, the same shape as the `add_mana` effect (CR 605.3b:
+the choice is made as the ability is activated, so each activation option names the
+mana it adds, e.g. `{"type": "activate_mana", ..., "mana": "{G}{G}"}`). A mana cost
+in a mana ability's `cost` ("{1}, {T}: Add …") is paid from the mana already in your
+pool, so tap other sources first:
+
+| Oracle text | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "{T}: Add one mana of any color." | `{ "mana": { "cost": ["tap"], "color": "any_one" } }` |
+| "{T}: Add {R} or {G}." | `{ "mana": { "cost": ["tap"], "color": "any_one", "colors": ["R", "G"] } }` |
+| "{T}: Add two mana in any combination of {R} and/or {G}." | `{ "mana": { "cost": ["tap"], "color": "any", "amount": 2, "colors": ["R", "G"] } }` |
+| "{T}: Add {G} for each creature you control." | `{ "mana": { "cost": ["tap"], "produce": "{G}", "amount": { "count": { "each": "creature", "controller": "you" } } } }` |
+| "{T}: Add X mana of any one color, where X is …" | `"color": "any_one", "amount": <amount>` |
+| "As this land enters, choose a color. {T}: Add one mana of the chosen color." | `{ "choose_color": {} }`, `{ "mana": { "cost": ["tap"], "color": "chosen" } }` (also on `add_mana`, CR 607.2d) |
+| "{T}, Pay 1 life: Add one mana of any color." | `{ "mana": { "cost": ["tap", { "pay_life": 1 }], "color": "any_one" } }` |
+| "{T}: Add {C}. Spend this mana only to cast artifact spells or activate abilities of artifacts." | `{ "mana": { "cost": ["tap"], "produce": "{C}", "spend_only": { "spells": { "types": ["artifact"] }, "abilities": { "types": ["artifact"] } } } }` |
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Lyceum", "types": ["land"],
+  "abilities": [{ "mana": { "cost": ["tap", { "mana": "{5}" }], "color": "any_one",
+                            "amount": { "distinct_types": { "each": "creature", "controller": "you" } } } }] }
+```
+
+**Restricted mana** (CR 106.6): `spend_only` takes `spells` and/or `abilities`, each a
+card spec (`"card"` for any spell or source). The mana stays in its own part of the pool
+(`restricted_mana` in the view) and is offered as `{"type": "pay_mana", "mana": "C",
+"restricted": 0}` only while casting a matching spell or activating an ability of a
+matching source; it can't pay a cost asked for while something resolves. `add_mana`
+takes `spend_only` too ("Add {C}{C}. Spend this mana only to cast spells.").
+
+---
+
+## 4. Abilities
+
+`abilities` is a list. Each entry is an object with **one key**: the ability kind.
+
+| Kind | Where | Oracle text shape |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `spell` | instants, sorceries | the whole text of the spell |
+| `activated` | permanents | `"[Cost]: [Effect]."` |
+| `loyalty` | planeswalkers | `"+1: …"`, `"−2: …"` |
+| `mana` | permanents | `"{T}: Add {G}."` |
+
+### 4.1 Spell ability (instants and sorceries)
+
+```json
+{ "spell": {
+    "targets": ["any_target"],
+    "effects": [{ "deal_damage": { "amount": 3, "to": { "target": 0 } } }] } }
+```
+
+- `targets`: one target filter per "target" word in the oracle text, **in order of
+  appearance**. The text "deals 2 damage to target creature and 2 damage to target
+  player" has two targets: `["creature", "player"]`.
+- `effects`: in the order the oracle text lists them. They resolve in that order (CR 608.2c).
+- A spell with targets doesn't resolve if *all* its targets are illegal on
+  resolution. If some are illegal, only those are skipped.
+
+### 4.2 Activated ability
+
+```json
+{ "activated": {
+    "cost": ["tap", { "mana": "{1}{R}" }],
+    "targets": ["any_target"],
+    "effects": [{ "deal_damage": { "amount": 1, "to": { "target": 0 } } }],
+    "timing": "instant" } }
+```
+
+- `cost`: costs before the colon. `"tap"` is `{T}`; `{ "mana": "{1}{R}" }` is a mana
+  cost; `"sacrifice"` sacrifices this permanent; `{ "sacrifice_permanent": { "filter": "creature", "other": true } }`,
+  `{ "tap_permanents": { "count": 3, "filter": ... } }` and `{ "remove_counters": { "count": 3 } }` are chosen while
+  activating; `"exile_self_from_graveyard"` / `"bottom_self_from_graveyard"` make it a graveyard ability. `{Q}` is
+  not supported yet. More costs (each also usable in a spell's `additional_cost`):
+
+  | Oracle words | Cost |
+  | --- | --- |
+  | "Discard a card" / "Discard two cards" / "Discard a land card" | `"discard"` / `{ "discard": { "count": 2 } }` / `{ "discard": { "card": { "types": ["land"] } } }` |
+  | "Discard a card at random" | `{ "discard": { "random": true } }` (CR 701.9b) |
+  | "Exile two cards from your graveyard" / "Exile a creature card from your graveyard" | `{ "exile_from_graveyard": { "count": 2 } }` / `{ "exile_from_graveyard": { "card": { "types": ["creature"] } } }` |
+  | "Pay 2 life" / "Pay X life" | `{ "pay_life": 2 }` / `{ "pay_life": "X" }` (X announced, at most your life; CR 119.4) |
+  | "Behold a Goblin" / "behold a Kithkin and exile it" | `{ "behold": { "card": { "subtypes": ["goblin"] } } }` / add `"exile": true` (the card is then `exiled_with` it, also after it leaves; CR 701.4) |
+
+  ```json
+  { "name": "Example Banner Champion", "mana_cost": "{2}{W}", "types": ["creature"], "subtypes": ["kithkin"],
+    "power": 4, "toughness": 4,
+    "abilities": [
+      { "additional_cost": { "cost": [{ "behold": { "card": { "subtypes": ["kithkin"] }, "exile": true } }] } },
+      { "triggered": { "when": { "leaves_battlefield": {} },
+                       "effects": [{ "return_to_hand": { "to": "exiled_with" } }] } }] }
+  ```
+
+  "You may behold a Dragon. If you do, …" is the effect `behold` under `may`:
+  `{ "may": { "effects": [{ "behold": { "card": { "subtypes": ["dragon"] } } }], "then": [...] } }`.
+- `limit: "once_each_turn"`, `limit: "once"`, `only_if: condition`, `timing: "your_turn"`: "Activate only once each
+  turn / only once / only if … / only during your turn" (CR 602.5b; "only once" lasts as long as the object).
+- `timing`: `"sorcery"` if the text says "Activate only as a sorcery"; otherwise omit.
+
+Spells: `{ "kicker": { "cost": [...] } }` (condition `{ "kicked": true }`, spell `kicked_targets`) and
+`{ "additional_cost": { "cost": [...] } }`. Targets: `{ "filter": f, "optional": true }` is "up to one target",
+`"distinct_from": [0]` keeps a second target of the same word different; `"divide": N` with the effect
+`distribute_counters` divides counters among them. "Counter … unless its controller pays {N}" is
+`counter_unless_pays`; "you may pay {1}. If you do, …" is `pay`; ward is `{ "ward": { "cost": "{2}" } }`.
+
+**A variable number of targets** (CR 601.2c, 115.3) is one target spec with a `count`: an amount
+(`"x"`, a number, or a computed amount) or `"any"`. With `"optional": true` the count is a maximum
+("up to"). The player announces how many (decision `choose_target_count`, skipped when the number
+is fixed) and then chooses that many different objects; `{ "target": n }` then means each of them.
+
+| Oracle words | Target spec |
+| --- | --- |
+| "X target creatures" | `{ "filter": "creature", "count": "x" }` |
+| "two target creatures" | `{ "filter": "creature", "count": 2 }` |
+| "up to X target creatures you control, where X is the number of lands you control" | `{ "filter": { "creature": { "controller": "you" } }, "count": { "count": { "each": "land", "controller": "you" } }, "optional": true }` |
+| "any number of target players" | `{ "filter": "player", "count": "any" }` |
+| "divided as you choose among any number of target creatures" | `{ "filter": "creature", "count": "any" }` with `"divide": N` (at most N targets; each gets at least one) |
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Mimic Raid", "mana_cost": "{X}{U}{B}", "types": ["sorcery"],
+  "abilities": [{ "spell": {
+    "targets": [{ "filter": { "creature": { "controller": "opponent" } }, "count": "x" }],
+    "effects": [
+      { "create_token_copy": { "of": { "target": 0 }, "except": { "keywords": ["changeling"] } } },
+      { "grant": { "keywords": ["haste"], "to": { "result": 0 } } },
+      { "delayed_trigger": { "when": { "step_begins": { "step": "end", "whose": "each" } },
+                             "effects": [{ "exile": { "to": { "result": 0 } } }] } }] } }] }
+```
+
+### 4.3 Loyalty ability
+
+```json
+{ "loyalty": { "cost": -3, "targets": ["creature"],
+               "effects": [{ "deal_damage": { "amount": 3, "to": { "target": 0 } } }] } }
+```
+
+`cost` is the signed number: `+1` → `1`, `−2` → `-2`, `0` → `0`. Sorcery timing and
+once-per-turn are automatic.
+
+### 4.4 Target filters
+
+`any_target` (creature, player or planeswalker), `creature`, `planeswalker`,
+`creature_or_planeswalker`, `permanent`, `player`, `opponent`, `spell`, `one_of`. See
+`docs/reference/filters.md`. A filter takes restrictions as parameters:
+
+| Oracle words | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "you control" / "an opponent controls" | `{ "creature": { "controller": "you" } }` |
+| "another" | `{ "creature": { "other": true } }` |
+| "nonland", "artifact or creature" | `{ "permanent": { "not": ["land"] } }`, `{ "permanent": { "any_of": ["artifact", "creature"] } }` |
+| "artifact creature" | `{ "creature": { "types": ["artifact"] } }` |
+| "with power 4 or greater", "with mana value 3 or less" | `{ "creature": { "power": { "at_least": 4 } } }`, `{ "permanent": { "mana_value": { "at_most": 3 } } }` (also `toughness`) |
+| "with mana value equal to the number of charge counters on this" | `{ "permanent": { "mana_value": { "equal": { "counters": { "of": "self", "kind": "charge" } } } } }`: a bound is any amount; a sacrificed source counts as it last existed (CR 608.2h) |
+| "Human", "non-Doctor" | `{ "creature": { "subtypes": ["human"] } }`, `{ "creature": { "not_subtypes": ["doctor"] } }` |
+| "legendary", "nonlegendary" | `{ "creature": { "supertypes": ["legendary"] } }`, `{ "creature": { "not_supertypes": ["legendary"] } }` |
+| "token", "nontoken" | `{ "creature": { "token": true } }`, `{ "creature": { "token": false } }` |
+| "with a counter on it", "with a +1/+1 counter on it" | `{ "creature": { "counters": true } }`, `{ "creature": { "counters": "+1/+1" } }` |
+| "modified" (CR 700.9) | `{ "creature": { "modified": true } }` |
+| "attacking", "tapped" | `{ "creature": { "attacking": true } }`, `{ "creature": { "tapped": true } }` |
+| "land, or creature with power 6 or greater" | `{ "one_of": [{ "permanent": { "any_of": ["land"] } }, { "creature": { "power": { "at_least": 6 } } }] }` |
+| "noncreature spell" | `{ "spell": { "not": ["creature"] } }` |
+
+| "with flying", "with flying or reach", "without flying" | `{ "creature": { "keywords": ["flying"] } }`, `{ "creature": { "keywords": ["flying", "reach"] } }`, `{ "creature": { "not_keywords": ["flying"] } }` (current keywords: granted ones count, CR 702.1) |
+| "of the chosen color / creature type / card type", "not of the chosen type" | `{ "creature": { "subtypes": "chosen" } }`, `{ "spell": { "colors": "chosen" } }`, `{ "permanent": { "types": "chosen" } }`, `{ "creature": { "not_subtypes": "chosen" } }` (see 4.15) |
+
+### 4.5 Who an effect applies to: the `to` selector
+
+| Selector | Oracle words |
+| --- | --- |
+| `{ "target": 0 }` | "target …" (the 1st declared target; `1` is the 2nd, …) |
+| `"you"` | "you" ("you gain 3 life", "draw a card") |
+| `"each_opponent"` | "each opponent" |
+| `"self"` | "this creature" / the card's own name, on a permanent; "this card" for an ability that works from a graveyard, exile or a hand ("{4}{B}: Return this card from your graveyard to the battlefield tapped") |
+| `"attached"` | "equipped creature" / "enchanted creature", on an Equipment or Aura |
+| `{ "each": "creature", "controller": "you" }` | "creatures you control", "each creature you control" |
+| `{ "each": "creature", "controller": "opponent" }` | "creatures your opponents control" |
+| `{ "each": "creature" }` | "each creature", "all creatures" |
+| `{ "result": 0 }` | "it" / "that card" / "the token": what effect 0 of the same list moved or created (CR 400.7j) |
+| `"gift_recipient"` | "the chosen player" of a gift (CR 702.174a; see 4.24) |
+
+### 4.5a Results, optional effects and delayed triggers
+
+Every effect records the objects it moved or created (the new object ids, CR 400.7).
+A later effect of the same effect list names them with `{ "result": n }`, where `n`
+is the earlier effect's index (inside a mode: the index within that mode's list).
+Lists nested in a `may` or a `delayed_trigger` see the results of their parent's
+earlier effects.
+
+```json
+[{ "exile": { "to": { "target": 0 } } },
+ { "return_to_battlefield": { "to": { "result": 0 } } }]
+```
+is a flicker ("exile …, then return it to the battlefield under its owner's control").
+
+- `may` (CR 118.12): `{ "may": { "effects": [...], "then": [...], "otherwise": [...] } }`
+  is "you may [effects]. If you do, [then]. If you don't, [otherwise]." The controller
+  answers yes/no as it resolves (an `effect_choice`); yes is offered only when the
+  optional part can be done fully (CR 118.3).
+- `delayed_trigger` (CR 603.7): `{ "delayed_trigger": { "when": { "step_begins":
+  { "step": "end", "whose": "each" } }, "effects": [{ "sacrifice": { "to": { "result": 0 } } }] } }`
+  is "… at the beginning of the next end step". It triggers once, with the controller
+  and source of what created it; a remembered object that has changed zones is not
+  affected (CR 603.7c).
+- `{ "was_cast": true }` as a triggered ability's `if` is "if you cast it" (CR 603.4).
+
+### 4.5b More trigger shapes
+
+| Shape | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "Whenever ~ becomes tapped" | `{ "becomes_tapped": {} }` |
+| "Whenever one or more +1/+1 counters are put on ~" | `{ "counters_placed": { "counter": "+1/+1" } }` |
+| one of your creatures is targeted by an opponent's spell or ability | `{ "becomes_target": { "subject": { "each": "creature", "controller": "you" }, "by": "opponent" } }` |
+| "Whenever a card leaves your graveyard" / "one or more cards leave" | `{ "leaves_graveyard": {} }` / `{ "leaves_graveyard": { "batched": true } }` |
+| "Whenever an opponent activates an ability" (not mana abilities) | `{ "activates_ability": { "controller": "opponent" } }` |
+| "When you cast this spell" | `{ "cast": { "self": true } }` |
+| you cast a spell that is a creature or a Spacecraft | `{ "cast": { "spell": { "one_of": [{ "spell": { "any_of": ["creature"] } }, { "spell": { "subtypes": ["spacecraft"] } }] } } }` |
+| a number chosen as it enters (0 to 10) / spells whose mana value is that number | ability `{ "choose_number": { "min": 0, "max": 10 } }` / `"cast": { "mana_value": "chosen" }` |
+| a nonland card name chosen as it enters / spells or sources with that name | ability `{ "choose_card_name": { "not": ["land"] } }` / `"name": "chosen"` on `cast` or `activates_ability` |
+| triggers at most once per turn | `"limit": "once_each_turn"` on the `triggered` ability |
+| a triggered ability that works from the graveyard ("return this card from your graveyard") | `"zone": "graveyard"` on the `triggered` ability (CR 113.6k) |
+| "that creature", "that player", "that many" | selectors `{ "triggering": "object" }`, `{ "triggering": "player" }`, amount `{ "triggering": "amount" }` |
+| the triggering spell is a Saga | condition `{ "triggering": { "spell": { "subtypes": ["saga"] } } }` |
+| the targeted creature dying later this turn | `{ "delayed_trigger": { "when": { "dies": { "subject": "watched" } }, "watch": { "target": 0 }, "this_turn": true, "effects": [...] } }`; effects name the watched objects with the selector `"watched"` |
+| each of your creatures entering for the rest of the turn | `delayed_trigger` with `"this_turn": true` (it triggers each time until the turn ends) |
+| "at the beginning of the next combat this turn, gain control of that creature" | `{ "delayed_trigger": { "when": { "step_begins": { "step": "beginning_of_combat" } }, "this_turn": "once", "watch": { "target": 0 }, "effects": [{ "gain_control": { "to": "watched", "duration": "end_of_turn" } }] } }` (`"once"`: only the next time, and only this turn) |
+| optional A; if it was done, a reflexive trigger B with its own target | `{ "may": { "effects": [A], "then": [{ "reflexive_trigger": { "targets": [...], "effects": [B] } }] } }` |
+| a targeted opponent decides whether A happens; B if not | `{ "may": { "chooser": { "target": 0 }, "effects": [A], "otherwise": [B] } }` |
+| your life gain makes your permanents' triggered abilities trigger one extra time | `{ "additional_triggers": { "cause": "you_gain_life" } }` |
+| tapped unless its controller has two other lands / a trigger only if it came in untapped | `{ "enters_tapped_unless": { "condition": { "controls": { "each": "land", "controller": "you" }, "at_least": 2 } } }` / `{ "enters": { "untapped": true } }` |
+| returned to the battlefield carrying a +1/+1 counter | `"counters": { "+1/+1": 1 }` on `return_to_battlefield` |
+
+Zone-change and keyword-action triggers. Leaving the battlefield and sacrificing look back in time
+(CR 603.10a): the permanent is matched as it last existed, its own ability triggers although it has
+left, its effects read its last known counters and power (`{ "counters": { "of": "self" } }`), and
+permanents that leave at the same time (one effect, or state-based actions) see each other leave.
+`"batched": true` is "one or more": one trigger per event batch, and `{ "triggering": "amount" }` is
+how many occurrences the batch had.
+
+| Shape | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "When this leaves the battlefield" / "is put into exile from the battlefield" | `{ "leaves_battlefield": {} }` / `{ "leaves_battlefield": { "to": "exile" } }` |
+| "Whenever another creature you control leaves the battlefield" | `{ "leaves_battlefield": { "subject": { "each": "creature", "controller": "you", "other": true } } }` |
+| "When this enters or leaves the battlefield" | `{ "any_of": [{ "enters": {} }, { "leaves_battlefield": {} }] }` |
+| "Whenever you sacrifice another permanent" / "a Food" | `{ "sacrifices": { "subject": { "each": "permanent", "controller": "you", "other": true } } }` / `"each": { "artifact": { "subtypes": ["food"] } }` |
+| "Whenever you discard one or more cards, create that many …" | `{ "discards": { "batched": true } }`, amount `{ "triggering": "amount" }` |
+| "Whenever you cycle a card" | `{ "cycles": {} }` (a cycled card is also discarded: `discards` triggers too) |
+| "Whenever you scry or surveil" | `{ "any_of": [{ "scries": {} }, { "surveils": {} }] }` (scry 0 isn't a scry) |
+| "Whenever equipped creature becomes untapped" | `{ "becomes_untapped": { "subject": "attached" } }` |
+| "Whenever one or more creature cards are put into your graveyard from anywhere" | `{ "put_into": { "zone": "graveyard", "card": "creature", "batched": true } }` |
+| "Whenever one or more cards are put into exile from graveyards and/or the battlefield" | `{ "put_into": { "zone": "exile", "from": ["graveyard", "battlefield"], "controller": "any", "batched": true } }` |
+| "during your turn" | `"if": { "your_turn": true }` on the `triggered` ability |
+
+```json
+{ "triggered": { "when": { "leaves_battlefield": {} }, "targets": [{ "creature": { "controller": "you" } }],
+                 "effects": [{ "add_counters": { "counter": "+1/+1", "amount": { "counters": { "of": "self", "kind": "+1/+1" } },
+                                                 "to": { "target": 0 } } }] } }
+```
+
+### 4.6 Effects
+
+See `docs/reference/effects.md` for the generated list. Currently:
+
+| Effect | Oracle text | Data |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `deal_damage` | "deals N damage to …" | `{ "deal_damage": { "amount": N, "to": … } }` |
+| `pump` | "gets +X/+Y until end of turn" | `{ "pump": { "power": X, "toughness": Y, "to": … } }` |
+| `pump` | "get -1/-0 until your next turn" | `{ "pump": { "power": -1, "toughness": 0, "duration": "until_your_next_turn", "to": … } }` (ends as your next turn begins, CR 611.2a) |
+| `add_counters` | "put N +1/+1 counters on …" | `{ "add_counters": { "counter": "+1/+1", "amount": N, "to": … } }` (any counter name: `+1/+1`, `stun`, `shield`, `oil`, a keyword; see `docs/reference/counters.md`) |
+| `gain_life` | "you gain N life" | `{ "gain_life": { "amount": N } }` (`to` defaults to `"you"`) |
+| `lose_life` | "each opponent loses N life" | `{ "lose_life": { "amount": N, "to": "each_opponent" } }` |
+| `draw` | "draw N cards" | `{ "draw": { "amount": N } }` (`to` defaults to `"you"`) |
+| `destroy` | "destroy target …" | `{ "destroy": { "to": … } }` |
+| `counter` | "counter target spell" | `{ "counter": { "to": { "target": 0 } } }` |
+
+### 4.7 Mana effects, X and cost changes
+
+| Oracle text | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "Add {R}{R}{R}." (a spell or trigger, not a mana ability) | `{ "add_mana": { "produce": "{R}{R}{R}" } }` |
+| "Add two mana of any one color." | `{ "add_mana": { "amount": 2, "color": "any_one" } }` |
+| "Add two mana in any combination of colors." | `{ "add_mana": { "amount": 2, "color": "any" } }` |
+| "Add {C}{C}. Spend this mana only to cast spells." | `{ "add_mana": { "produce": "{C}{C}", "spend_only": { "spells": "card" } } }` |
+| `{X}` in the cost, "deals X damage" | `"mana_cost": "{X}{R}"`, `{ "deal_damage": { "amount": "x", ... } }` |
+| "... costs {2} less to cast if it targets a tapped creature." | `{ "cost_reduction": { "amount": 2, "if": { "targets": { "creature": { "tapped": true } } } } }` |
+| "... costs {1} less to cast if a creature is attacking you." | `{ "cost_reduction": { "amount": 1, "if": { "attacked": true } } }` |
+| "Affinity for artifacts" | `{ "cost_reduction": { "amount": { "count": { "each": "artifact", "controller": "you" } } } }` |
+| "Noncreature spells you cast cost {1} less to cast." | `{ "cost_modifier": { "spells": { "not": ["creature"] }, "reduce": 1 } }` |
+| "Spells your opponents cast cost {1} more to cast." | `{ "cost_modifier": { "caster": "opponent", "increase": 1 } }` |
+| "This ability costs {1} less to activate for each land you control." | `"cost_reduction": { "amount": {...} }` inside the `activated` ability |
+
+An activated ability without targets that adds mana is a *mana ability* (CR 605.1a):
+use `mana`, not `activated` with `add_mana` (validation rejects it). In an
+enters-the-battlefield trigger, `"x"` is the X the permanent was cast with (CR 107.3m).
+
+### 4.8 Auras and Equipment
+
+Give the card the subtype `aura` (enchantments only) or `equipment` (artifacts only).
+
+| Oracle text | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "Enchant creature" | `{ "enchant": "creature" }`. Any permanent filter works, e.g. `{ "enchant": { "permanent": { "any_of": ["artifact", "creature"] } } }`. Every Aura needs exactly one. The Aura spell targets with it (CR 303.4a), so don't add a `spell` ability. |
+| "Equip {2}" | `{ "equip": { "cost": [{ "mana": "{2}" }] } }`. Only Equipment have it. |
+| "Equipped creature gets +2/+0 and has trample." | `{ "static": { "affects": "attached", "pump": { "power": 2, "toughness": 0 }, "keywords": ["trample"] } }` |
+| "Whenever equipped creature attacks, …" | `{ "triggered": { "when": { "attacks": { "subject": "attached" } }, … } }` |
+| "When this Aura enters, enchanted creature gains … until end of turn." | an `enters` trigger with `{ "grant": { …, "to": "attached" } }` |
+| "attach it to target creature you control" | `{ "attach": { "to": { "target": 0 } } }` |
+| "create an Equipment token …, then attach it to this creature" | `create_token`, then `{ "attach": { "to": "self", "attachment": { "result": 0 } } }` |
+| "… with a Communicator attached to it" | the filter restriction `{ "creature": { "attached_subtypes": ["communicator"] } }` |
+
+Not supported yet: Auras that enchant players, Equipment that enters attached or
+equips for a non-mana cost, and granted activated abilities ("equipped creature has
+'{T}: …'"). Granted triggered abilities are the static `abilities` list (4.11).
+
+### 4.9 Station cards, Sagas and other set mechanics
+
+- **Station cards** (CR 702.184, 722). Put `"station"` in `keywords`: that is the
+  station activated ability. Each `N+ | …` striation is a `station_symbol` ability.
+  The card's power/toughness box goes on the symbol it's printed with (the one the
+  reminder text says makes it an artifact creature, else the last one), **not** on the card,
+  because a station card has no P/T until it's a creature (CR 722.2c):
+
+  ```json
+  { "name": "Example Skiff", "mana_cost": "{2}", "types": ["artifact"], "subtypes": ["spacecraft"],
+    "keywords": ["station"],
+    "abilities": [{ "station_symbol": { "at": 4, "power": 3, "toughness": 3, "keywords": ["flying"],
+                                        "abilities": [] } }] }
+  ```
+
+  Abilities printed after the first station symbol belong to its striation: list
+  them in that symbol's `abilities`.
+- **Sagas** (CR 715). `"subtypes": ["saga"]` on an enchantment, and one `chapter`
+  ability per chapter number. "I, II — effect" is two chapter abilities (CR 715.2c):
+
+  ```json
+  { "chapter": { "chapter": 1, "targets": ["creature"],
+                 "effects": [{ "deal_damage": { "amount": 2, "to": { "target": 0 } } }] } }
+  ```
+
+  The lore counters, the precombat-main counter and the sacrifice are automatic.
+- **Face a dilemma** (CR 700.17): the trigger `{ "faces_dilemma": {} }` ("whenever
+  you face a dilemma"; `"controller": "opponent"` or `"any"` for others).
+- **Assimilate** (CR 701.72): the effect `{ "assimilate": { "to": … } }`. "Target
+  creature card from a graveyard" is the filter `{ "graveyard_card": { "any_of": ["creature"] } }`.
+  "Assimilate a creature card exiled with this. If you can't, exile up to one target creature an
+  opponent controls" chooses among the linked cards as it resolves (`choose: true`, `for` a card spec),
+  and the exile only happens when the assimilate put nothing onto the battlefield (CR 701.72c, 607.2a;
+  the target is still chosen when the trigger is put on the stack, CR 603.3d):
+
+  ```json
+  { "triggered": { "when": { "any_of": [{ "enters": {} }, { "attacks": {} }] },
+                   "targets": [{ "filter": { "creature": { "controller": "opponent" } }, "optional": true }],
+                   "effects": [
+                     { "assimilate": { "to": "exiled_with", "for": { "types": ["creature"] }, "choose": true } },
+                     { "exile": { "to": { "target": 0 }, "link": true,
+                                  "if": { "amount": { "count": { "result": 0 } }, "at_most": 0 } } }] } }
+  ```
+- **"As this enters" choices on permanents put onto the battlefield by effects** (CR 614.12a).
+  Nothing to write: when `return_to_battlefield`, `search_library`, `dig`, `reveal_until`,
+  `choose_cards` (`put: "battlefield"`), `assimilate` or `create_token` puts a permanent with
+  `choose_number`, `choose_card_name` or `enters_tapped_unless_pay_life` onto the battlefield,
+  its controller-to-be answers an `enter_choice` (with `effect: true`) for each one in turn, then
+  they all enter at once. "Exile the top four cards of your library; put all permanent cards
+  exiled this way onto the battlefield under your control":
+
+  ```json
+  [{ "exile_top": { "amount": 4 } },
+   { "return_to_battlefield": { "to": { "result": 0 }, "under": "you" } }]
+  ```
+- **Strange new worlds** is an ability word: drop it. "The number of differently
+  named lands you control" is the amount
+  `{ "distinct_names": { "each": "land", "controller": "you" } }`.
+
+### 4.10 Casting and playing from other zones
+
+- **Beam me up** (CR 702.196): `{ "beam_me_up": { "cost": "{3}{W}" } }` on an instant
+  or sorcery. A permanent that gives the cards in its controller's graveyard beam me up
+  during their main phase, for each card's own mana cost, has the ability
+  `"grants_beam_me_up"`; that permanent can't be the creature returned for spells cast
+  its way. A creature that can never be returned for a beam me up cost has the keyword
+  `"cant_be_beamed_up"`.
+- **Keyword alternative costs** (CR 118.9): each is an ability with a `cost`, either a
+  mana string or a list of costs like kicker's (mana plus chosen costs such as
+  `tap_permanents`). A card with one gets an extra cast option
+  `{type: "cast", object: id, via: "alt:<ability ref>"}` while the keyword works:
+  - `{ "flashback": { "cost": "{2}{R}" } }` (CR 702.34): instant or sorcery, from your
+    graveyard; it's exiled whenever it would leave the stack. "Flashback—{1}{U}, tap two
+    untapped creatures you control" is
+    `{ "flashback": { "cost": [{ "mana": "{1}{U}" }, { "tap_permanents": { "count": 2 } }] } }`.
+  - `{ "harmonize": { "cost": "{4}{G}" } }` (CR 702.180): from your graveyard; while
+    casting you may tap one untapped creature you control (a `choose_cost` decision,
+    `{type: "cost"}` taps none) to reduce the total cost by its power. Exiled like flashback.
+  - `{ "mayhem": { "cost": "{1}{R}" } }` (CR 702.187): from your graveyard if you
+    discarded the card this turn. `"mayhem"` without a cost lets you play it (a land too)
+    from your graveyard for its normal costs.
+  - `{ "warp": { "cost": "{1}{R}" } }` (CR 702.185): from your hand; the permanent is
+    exiled at the beginning of the next end step, and its owner may cast it from exile
+    after that turn (`via: "warped"`) for as long as it stays there.
+  - `{ "evoke": { "cost": "{R/W}{R/W}" } }` (CR 702.74): on a permanent card; it comes
+    with "When this enters, if its evoke cost was paid, sacrifice it".
+  - `{ "web_slinging": { "cost": "{2}{G}" } }` (CR 702.188): also return a tapped
+    creature you control to its owner's hand (a `choose_cost` decision).
+  - `{ "sneak": { "cost": "{1}{B}" } }` (CR 702.190): during your declare blockers step,
+    at instant speed, also return an unblocked attacking creature you control; a
+    permanent spell enters tapped and attacking what that creature attacked.
+
+  **Convoke** (CR 702.51) is the keyword `"convoke"`: while paying, the `pay_cost`
+  option `{type: "convoke", object: id}` taps an untapped creature you control to pay
+  {1} or one mana of its color. **Improvise** (CR 702.126) is the keyword `"improvise"`:
+  `{type: "improvise", object: id}` taps an untapped artifact you control to pay {1} of
+  the generic part.
+
+  How a spell was cast is a condition (CR 400.7d): `{ "cast_with": "evoke" }` (its
+  keyword cost was paid), `{ "cast_from": "graveyard" }` (also `hand`, `exile`,
+  `library`, `outside`; "from anywhere other than your hand" is
+  `{ "not": { "cast_from": "hand" } }`), and `{ "cast_with_this_turn": "warp" }` ("if a
+  spell was warped this turn"). The permanent a spell becomes, and its triggered
+  abilities, remember it. "Draw a card. If this spell was cast from a graveyard, draw
+  two cards instead. Flashback {3}{U}":
+  ```json
+  { "name": "Second Glance", "mana_cost": "{1}{U}", "types": ["sorcery"],
+    "abilities": [
+      { "spell": { "effects": [
+        { "draw": { "amount": 1, "if": { "not": { "cast_from": "graveyard" } } } },
+        { "draw": { "amount": 2, "if": { "cast_from": "graveyard" } } } ] } },
+      { "flashback": { "cost": "{3}{U}" } } ] }
+  ```
+- **A card castable from its owner's graveyard or exile**:
+  `{ "play_from": { "zone": "graveyard" } }`; add `"enters_with": { "finality": 1 }`
+  when a permanent spell cast that way gets a finality counter.
+- **A permanent's permission** for its controller's own cards: give `cards` a card
+  spec. Casting an artifact spell from the top of the library once per turn (on your
+  own turns) is `{ "play_from": { "zone": "library_top", "cards": { "types":
+  ["artifact"] }, "once_each_turn": true } }`; playing lands from the top uses
+  `"cards": { "types": ["land"] }, "play": "play"`. Seeing the top card of your library
+  at all times (CR 401.5) is the ability `"look_at_top"`.
+- **Several zones, and outside the game** (CR 400.11a): `zones` lists the zones
+  instead of `zone`, and `"outside"` means the cards the player owns outside the game
+  (the deck's `outside` list, see [Decks](#6-decks)). With `once_each_turn`, all the
+  zones share one use per turn. "Once during each of your turns, you may play a
+  permanent card you own from outside the game or from your graveyard":
+  ```json
+  { "play_from": { "zones": ["outside", "graveyard"], "cards": { "permanent": true },
+                   "play": "play", "once_each_turn": true } }
+  ```
+  A land played this way uses the turn's land play (CR 305.2).
+- **Impulse draw**: `exile_top` (or `exile_until` with `"until": "nonland"`) followed by
+  `{ "play_permission": { "to": { "result": 0 }, "duration": "end_of_your_next_turn" } }`
+  (`end_of_turn` for the current turn only, `while_exiled` for as long as the cards stay
+  in exile). `not_types: ["land"]` keeps only the nonland card an exile-until found;
+  `"choose": "one_per_owner"` with `"for": { "types": ["land"] }` makes the controller
+  pick one matching card per owner among the exiled ones.
+- **Exiled face down** (CR 406.3): `"face_down": true` on `exile_top`; `looker` names the
+  players who may look at the cards (default: you). A face-down card has no
+  characteristics, its id doesn't name it (`face_down#12`), and views and events show
+  it only to the lookers. `play_permission` takes `to_player` (see below; a face-down
+  card needs a player who may look at it, CR 406.3b) and `any_mana_type: true` ("mana of any type can be spent to cast those spells", CR 609.4b).
+  The card is turned face up as it's played. "Target opponent exiles the top card of your
+  library face down; you exile the top two cards of theirs face down; each card's exiler
+  may play it while it stays exiled, spending mana as though it were mana of any type":
+
+  ```json
+  { "spell": { "targets": ["opponent"], "effects": [
+    { "exile_top": { "amount": 1, "face_down": true, "looker": { "target": 0 } } },
+    { "exile_top": { "amount": 2, "to": { "target": 0 }, "face_down": true } },
+    { "play_permission": { "to": { "result": 0 }, "to_player": { "target": 0 }, "duration": "while_exiled", "any_mana_type": true } },
+    { "play_permission": { "to": { "result": 1 }, "duration": "while_exiled", "any_mana_type": true } } ] } }
+  ```
+- **Who may play it, and for how much** (CR 108.3, 601.2f): `play_permission` takes
+  `to_player`, which is `"controller"` (the default), `"owner"` (each card's owner) or a
+  player selector such as `{ "target": 0 }`. It also takes `cost_increase`: a spell
+  cast with this permission costs that much more generic mana. This applies only when
+  the permission is the one used to cast it. "Look at target opponent's hand and exile
+  a nonland card from it. For as long as that card remains exiled, its owner may play
+  it. A spell cast this way costs {2} more":
+  ```json
+  [{ "look_at_hand": { "to": { "target": 0 } } },
+   { "choose_cards": { "from": { "hand": { "target": 0 } }, "for": { "not_types": ["land"] }, "put": "exile" } },
+   { "play_permission": { "to": { "result": 1 }, "to_player": "owner", "duration": "while_exiled",
+                          "cost_increase": 2 } }]
+  ```
+- **Casting while resolving without paying mana costs** (CR 608.2g):
+  `{ "cast_free": { "to": { "result": 0 }, "max_mana_value": 3, "count": "any" } }`;
+  with no `to` it offers matching cards from your hand. **Discover N** (CR 701.57) is
+  `{ "discover": { "amount": 5 } }`.
+
+### 4.11 Amounts, conditions, "this turn" and static abilities
+
+The full lists are in `lib/enjine/mechanics/values.rb` (`Amount`, `Condition`).
+
+| Oracle words | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "+X/+X, where X is its power" | `{ "pump": { "power": { "power": "self" }, "toughness": { "power": "self" }, "to": … } }` |
+| "-X/-X" | `{ "times": [<amount>, -1] }`; also `plus`, `divide` (rounds down, CR 107.1a) |
+| "the number of creature types among …" | `{ "distinct_types": <selector> }` |
+| "the number of counters on it" | `{ "counters": { "of": "self", "kind": "quest" } }` (no `kind`: every counter) |
+| "cards in your graveyard", "greatest power among …" | `{ "graveyard_size": "you" }`, `{ "greatest_power": <selector> }` |
+| "life you gained / that player lost this turn" | `{ "life_gained_this_turn": "you" }`, `{ "life_lost_this_turn": "each_opponent" }` |
+| an amount an earlier effect changed (life it made a player lose) | `{ "this_way": n }` (effect n of the same list) |
+| N or more cards drawn by an earlier effect; "if you do" after a mandatory effect | `{ "amount": { "count": { "result": n } }, "at_least": 3 }` |
+| a trigger that also needs total power N or more of your creatures | `"while": { "amount": { "power": { "each": "creature", "controller": "you" } }, "at_least": 8 }` on a trigger (checked only as it triggers) |
+| "if a creature died this turn", "if you've cast a noncreature spell this turn" | `{ "amount": { "died_this_turn": { "each": "creature" } }, "at_least": 1 }`, `{ "spells_cast_this_turn": { "by": "you", "matching": { "spell": { "not": ["creature"] } } } }` |
+| raid: "if you attacked this turn" | `{ "you_attacked_this_turn": true }` |
+| "if you attacked with three or more Merfolk this turn" | `{ "amount": { "attackers_this_turn": { "each": { "creature": { "subtypes": ["merfolk"] } }, "controller": "you" } }, "at_least": 3 }` |
+| "if a permanent left the battlefield under your control this turn" / "a nonland permanent left the battlefield this turn" | `{ "amount": { "left_this_turn": { "controller": "you" } }, "at_least": 1 }` / `{ "left_this_turn": { "each": { "permanent": { "not": ["land"] } } } }` |
+| "the number of permanents you've sacrificed this turn" | `{ "sacrificed_this_turn": { "controller": "you" } }` |
+| "if one or more cards were put into exile this turn" | `{ "amount": { "exiled_this_turn": {} }, "at_least": 1 }` |
+| "if you've drawn two or more cards this turn", "each card you've discarded this turn" | `{ "amount": { "cards_drawn_this_turn": "you" }, "at_least": 2 }`, `{ "cards_discarded_this_turn": "you" }` |
+| "if you gained life this turn" | `{ "amount": { "life_gained_this_turn": "you" }, "at_least": 1 }` |
+| "if a creature died under your control this turn" | `{ "amount": { "died_this_turn": { "each": "creature", "controller": "you" } }, "at_least": 1 }` |
+| the Nth resolution of this ability this turn | `{ "nth_resolution": 2 }` |
+| "if it isn't a creature", "if it attacked this turn" | `{ "not": { "source": "creature" } }`, `{ "attacked_this_turn": true }` |
+| "its controller creates …" | `"to": { "controller_of": { "target": 0 } }` |
+| a fixed mana symbol added a computed number of times | `{ "add_mana": { "produce": "{G}", "amount": <amount> } }` |
+
+Static abilities (`static`) take `"affects": "self"` and an `if` ("as long as …",
+"during your turn": `{ "your_turn": true }`); `pump` amounts may be computed ("gets
++1/+0 for each …"); `creature_types` sets the creature types;
+`abilities` grants triggered or mana abilities (each matching permanent has them). A `*` power or toughness is an amount in the card data (`"power": { "count":
+… }`, CR 604.3). Setting creature types until end of turn is `set_creature_types`; setting
+base power and toughness is `set_base_power_toughness` (`duration: "indefinite"` lasts while it stays).
+A token's or color-indicator card's colors are `"colors": ["R"]`; filters take `"colors"`.
+
+### 4.12 Libraries, hands, graveyards and edicts
+
+Generic shapes (N, [quality] and [zone] stand for whatever the card says):
+
+| Shape | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| look at the top N; you may reveal a [quality] card among them and put it into your hand; the rest go to the bottom in a random order | `{ "dig": { "amount": N, "for": spec, "optional": true, "reveal": "chosen", "put": "hand" } }` |
+| look at the top N; one goes to your hand, the rest to your graveyard | `{ "dig": { "amount": N, "rest": "graveyard" } }` |
+| reveal the top N; every [quality] card goes onto the battlefield tapped | `{ "dig": { "amount": N, "reveal": "all", "for": spec, "count": "all", "put": "battlefield", "tapped": true } }` |
+| the rest go to the bottom in any order | `"rest": "bottom_any"` |
+| reveal from the top until N [quality] cards are revealed; put them into [zone] | `{ "reveal_until": { "for": spec, "count": N, "put": "battlefield" } }` |
+| exile the top N; the permanent cards exiled this way enter the battlefield | `exile_top`, then `{ "return_to_battlefield": { "to": { "result": 0 }, "under": "you" } }` |
+| mill N; you may put a [quality] card from among them into your hand | `mill`, then `{ "choose_cards": { "from": { "result": 0 }, "for": spec, "optional": true, "put": "hand" } }` |
+| return a [quality] card from your graveyard to your hand; if you can't, [effect] | `{ "choose_cards": { "from": { "graveyard": "you" }, "for": spec, "put": "hand", "otherwise": [ … ] } }` |
+| look at a player's hand; you may choose a [quality] card; if you do, [effect] | `{ "choose_cards": { "from": { "hand": { "target": 0 } }, "look": true, "for": spec, "optional": true, "put": "exile", "then": [ … ] } }` |
+| each player sacrifices a [quality] permanent of their choice | `{ "sacrifice_choice": { "filter": filter, "to": { "each": "player" } } }` (`"count": "any"`: any number) |
+| exile a target card in a graveyard; return a target card from your graveyard to your hand | `exile` / `return_to_hand` with a `graveyard_card` target |
+| its owner puts it on the top or bottom of their library, as they choose | `{ "put_in_library": { "to": { "target": 0 }, "position": "owner_choice" } }` |
+| cards exiled with this; exile until this leaves the battlefield | `exile` with `"link": true` / `"until_source_leaves": true`; the selector `"exiled_with"` |
+| that permanent's controller may search their library | `search_library` with `"searcher": { "controller_of": { "target": 0 } }, "may": true` |
+| a permanent explores | `{ "explore": { "to": … } }` |
+| you return a [quality] permanent you control to its owner's hand (chosen, not targeted) | `{ "return_choice": { "filter": { "permanent": { "any_of": ["land"], "controller": "you" } } } }` (same `count` and `to` as `sacrifice_choice`) |
+
+### 4.13 Turn structure: untap step, land plays and phasing
+
+| Shape | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "You may play an additional land on each of your turns" (CR 305.2) | ability `"additional_land_plays"` (each instance is one more land play; lands put onto the battlefield by effects don't count) |
+| "You may choose not to untap this during your untap step" (CR 502.3) | ability `"may_not_untap"` (its controller answers an `untap_choice` decision in their untap step while it's tapped) |
+| phasing (CR 702.26a) | keyword `"phasing"` |
+| "[permanents] phase out" (CR 702.26) | `{ "phase_out": { "to": { "each": { "permanent": { "any_of": ["artifact", "creature"] } } } } }` |
+| "Permanents can't phase in" | ability `"cant_phase_in"` |
+| "for as long as this remains tapped, … triggered abilities trigger an additional time" (CR 603.2d, 611.2b) | `{ "additional_triggers": { "to": { "target": 0 }, "duration": "while_source_tapped" } }` |
+| "when one or more [kind] counters are put on this for the first time each turn" | `{ "counters_placed": { "counter": "charge", "first_time_this_turn": true } }` |
+| "it becomes a [type] with base power and toughness N/M and gains '…'" (layers 4, 6, 7b) | `become`, below |
+
+A phased-out permanent keeps its id, counters and attachments but is treated as though it
+doesn't exist (the view lists it under `phased_out`). It phases in during the untap step of
+the player who controlled it as it phased out; Auras and Equipment attached to it phase out and
+back in with it.
+
+```json
+{ "become": { "creature_types": ["goblin", "scout"],
+              "base_power_toughness": { "power": 3, "toughness": 4 },
+              "abilities": ["additional_land_plays",
+                            { "triggered": { "when": { "becomes_tapped": {} },
+                                             "effects": [{ "surveil": { "amount": 1 } }] } }],
+              "duration": "indefinite", "to": "self" } }
+```
+
+`creature_types` replaces the creature types, `abilities` may hold triggered, mana,
+`play_from` (for other cards) and `additional_land_plays` abilities, and `duration` is
+`end_of_turn` (default) or `indefinite` (for as long as it stays on the battlefield). An
+activated ability that only works while it has a subtype uses
+`"only_if": { "source": { "creature": { "subtypes": ["rogue"] } } }`.
+
+### 4.14 Copies (CR 707)
+
+A copy has the **copiable values** of what it copies: the values printed on its card,
+as changed by other copy effects and their exceptions, and nothing else: no counters,
+tapped status, damage or other effects (CR 707.2). Every copy primitive names what it
+copies with `of` (a selector; `"self"` is the source in any zone, even a card that
+exiled itself from a graveyard to pay the cost) and takes the same `except` object for
+"except …" (CR 707.9a-b), which a copy of the copy keeps:
+`{ "legendary": false, "keywords": ["menace"], "types": [...], "subtypes": [...],
+"supertypes": [...], "name": "…", "power": 1, "toughness": 1, "colors": [] }`.
+
+| Oracle words | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "create a token that's a copy of target creature, except it isn't legendary" | `{ "create_token_copy": { "of": { "target": 0 }, "except": { "legendary": false } } }` (`amount`, `tapped`, `to`: the players who create them) |
+| "That token gains haste. Sacrifice it at the beginning of the next end step." | `grant` and `delayed_trigger` with `{ "result": n }` (the tokens are the effect's result) |
+| "exile target creature card from your graveyard, create a token that's a copy of it" | `exile`, then `{ "create_token_copy": { "of": { "result": 0 } } }` |
+| "you may have this creature enter as a copy of any artifact or creature on the battlefield …, with the same counters" | `{ "enter_as_copy": { "of": { "permanent": { "any_of": ["artifact", "creature"] } }, "except": { "legendary": false }, "with_counters": true } }` |
+| "… becomes a copy of target Equipment until end of turn" | `{ "become_copy": { "to": …, "of": { "target": 0 } } }` (`"duration": "permanent"` while it stays) |
+| "When you cast this spell, copy it." | a `{ "cast": { "self": true } }` trigger with `{ "copy_spell": { "of": "self" } }` |
+| "copy target instant or sorcery spell; you may choose new targets for the copy" | `{ "copy_spell": { "of": { "target": 0 }, "new_targets": true } }` |
+| "copy that card X times; you may cast the copies without paying their mana costs" | `{ "copy_card": { "of": { "result": 0 }, "amount": "x" } }`, then `cast_free` with `"to": { "result": 1 }, "count": "any"` |
+| "create a copy of this card; you may cast the copy" (paying its costs) | `{ "copy_card": { "of": "self" } }`, then `{ "cast": { "to": { "result": 0 } } }` |
+| "that card gains '…'" (also an exiled card) | `{ "grant_ability": { "to": { "result": 0 }, "ability": { … } } }` |
+| "Exile a card from your hand: …" (a cost) | `{ "exile_from_hand": {} }` (`count`, `card`: a card spec) |
+| "activate only if this card is exiled" | `"zone": "exile"` on the activated ability |
+| "Changeling (This object is every creature type.)" | `"keywords": ["changeling"]` |
+
+A token copy is a token (the filter `"token": true` matches it). A copy of a permanent
+spell becomes a token as it resolves (CR 608.3f). A spell copy that leaves the stack, or
+a card copy outside the stack and battlefield, ceases to exist (CR 707.10a).
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Duplicant", "mana_cost": "{3}{U}", "types": ["creature"], "subtypes": ["shapeshifter"],
+  "power": 0, "toughness": 0,
+  "abilities": [{ "enter_as_copy": { "of": "creature", "except": { "legendary": false } } },
+                { "activated": { "cost": [{ "mana": "{2}" }], "targets": [{ "creature": { "controller": "you" } }],
+                                 "effects": [{ "create_token_copy": { "of": { "target": 0 } } },
+                                             { "grant": { "keywords": ["haste"], "to": { "result": 0 } } }] } }] }
+```
+
+### 4.15 Chosen colors, creature types, card types and words (CR 607.2d)
+
+A choice is remembered on an object; "the chosen …" reads it. Made **as a permanent enters**
+(an ability, CR 614.12; the enter_choice decision) it is remembered on the permanent, and the
+permanent's other abilities read it. Made **while a spell or ability resolves** (an effect, an
+effect_choice decision) it is remembered on that spell or ability, and its later effects read
+it (and, failing that, its source's choice).
+
+| Oracle words | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "As this enters, choose a color / creature type / card type" | ability `{ "choose_color": {} }`, `{ "choose_creature_type": {} }`, `{ "choose_card_type": {} }` |
+| "As this enters, choose Khans or Dragons" (CR 607.2f) | ability `{ "choose_option": { "options": ["khans", "dragons"] } }` |
+| "Choose a color / creature type / card type." / "Choose odd or even." (on resolution) | effect `{ "choose_color": {} }` (same names; `to`: who chooses, default you), `{ "choose_option": { "options": ["odd", "even"] } }` |
+| "… of the chosen color / type / card type", "not of the chosen type" | filter `"colors": "chosen"`, `"subtypes": "chosen"`, `"types": "chosen"`, `"not": "chosen"`, `"not_subtypes": "chosen"` |
+| "If odd was chosen …", "• Khans — …" | condition `{ "chosen": "odd" }` (in an effect's `if`, a static's `if`, a trigger's `if`) |
+
+Nothing matches "the chosen type" while nothing was chosen. The options offered are the five
+colors (CR 105.4), every creature type (CR 205.3m) and the card types (CR 205.2a).
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Kin Banner", "mana_cost": "{3}", "types": ["artifact"],
+  "abilities": [{ "choose_creature_type": {} },
+                { "static": { "affects": { "each": { "creature": { "subtypes": "chosen" } }, "controller": "you" },
+                              "pump": { "power": 1, "toughness": 1 } } },
+                { "triggered": { "when": { "cast": { "spell": { "spell": { "subtypes": "chosen" } } } },
+                                 "effects": [{ "draw": { "amount": 1 } }] } }] }
+```
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Kin Recall", "mana_cost": "{3}{B}", "types": ["sorcery"],
+  "abilities": [{ "spell": { "effects": [
+    { "choose_creature_type": {} },
+    { "return_to_battlefield": { "to": { "each": { "graveyard_card": { "controller": "you", "any_of": ["creature"],
+                                                                       "subtypes": "chosen" } } } } }] } }] }
+```
+
+### 4.16 Vehicles, type changes, exhaust and speed
+
+**Vehicles and crew** (CR 301.7, 702.122). A Vehicle is an artifact with `"subtypes": ["vehicle"]`
+and its printed `power`/`toughness` on the card: it has them only while it's a creature (CR 208.3).
+"Crew N" is the ability `{ "crew": { "power": N } }`. Activating it asks a `choose_cost` decision per
+creature to tap (other untapped creatures you control, summoning-sick ones too); once their total
+power is N or more the player answers `done` (or taps more). It becomes an artifact creature until
+end of turn.
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Hauler", "mana_cost": "{2}", "types": ["artifact"], "subtypes": ["vehicle"],
+  "power": 4, "toughness": 3, "keywords": ["trample"],
+  "abilities": [{ "crew": { "power": 2 } },
+                { "triggered": { "when": { "becomes_crewed": {} },
+                                 "effects": [{ "gain_life": { "amount": 1 } }] } }] }
+```
+
+| Oracle words | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "Whenever this Vehicle becomes crewed" | `{ "becomes_crewed": {} }` (its crew ability resolved, CR 702.122e) |
+| "Whenever this creature crews a Vehicle, that Vehicle gets +2/+0" | `{ "crews_vehicle": {} }` (`subject` like other triggers) with `"to": { "triggering": "object" }` |
+| "During turns other than yours, this Vehicle is an artifact creature" | `{ "static": { "affects": "self", "if": { "not": { "your_turn": true } }, "types": ["artifact", "creature"] } }` |
+| "Target Vehicle becomes an artifact creature until end of turn" | `{ "become": { "types": ["artifact", "creature"], "to": { "target": 0 } } }` |
+
+**Type-changing effects** (CR 205.1b, 613.1d-e). `become` adds card `types`, `supertypes` and
+`subtypes` "in addition to its other types", sets `creature_types` (replacing the others), `colors`
+(layer 5), grants `keywords` and `abilities` and sets `base_power_toughness`, for `duration`
+`end_of_turn` (default) or `indefinite`. A permanent that becomes a creature without a P/T setting
+has its printed power and toughness, or 0/0. A manland, "{1}{R}: This land becomes a 3/1 red
+Elemental creature with haste until end of turn. It's still a land.":
+
+```json
+{ "activated": { "cost": [{ "mana": "{1}{R}" }],
+                 "effects": [{ "become": { "types": ["creature"], "creature_types": ["elemental"], "colors": ["R"],
+                                           "keywords": ["haste"],
+                                           "base_power_toughness": { "power": 3, "toughness": 1 }, "to": "self" } }] } }
+```
+
+"Target creature becomes an artifact in addition to its other types" is `"types": ["artifact"]`;
+"becomes a legendary Spider Hero in addition to its other types" is `"supertypes": ["legendary"],
+"subtypes": ["spider", "hero"]`. Static abilities take `types` the same way.
+
+**Exhaust** (CR 702.177). "Exhaust — {2}{G}: …" is an activated ability with `"exhaust": true`: it
+can be activated only once for as long as the permanent stays. "Whenever you activate an exhaust
+ability" is `{ "activates_ability": { "exhaust": true } }`.
+
+```json
+{ "activated": { "exhaust": true, "cost": [{ "mana": "{2}{G}" }],
+                 "effects": [{ "add_counters": { "counter": "+1/+1", "amount": 2, "to": "self" } }] } }
+```
+
+**Start your engines! and max speed** (CR 702.178, 702.179). `"keywords": ["start_your_engines"]`
+gives its controller speed 1 if they have none; the speed then rises by 1 (to at most 4) once on
+each of their turns when an opponent loses life, as a triggered ability with no source. "Max speed —
+[ability]" is `{ "max_speed": { "keywords": [...], "abilities": [...] } }`: any kind of ability, which
+the object has only while its controller's speed is 4 (a card in the graveyard: its owner's).
+"Your speed" is the amount `{ "speed": "you" }`; "as long as you have max speed" is the condition
+`{ "max_speed": true }`.
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Racer", "mana_cost": "{1}{R}", "types": ["creature"], "subtypes": ["goblin", "pilot"],
+  "power": 2, "toughness": 2, "keywords": ["start_your_engines"],
+  "abilities": [{ "max_speed": { "keywords": ["double_strike"] } },
+                { "max_speed": { "abilities": [
+                  { "activated": { "cost": [{ "mana": "{2}" }, "exile_self_from_graveyard"],
+                                   "effects": [{ "draw": { "amount": 1 } }] } }] } }] }
+```
+
+### 4.17 Cards with faces: double-faced, Adventure, Omen and prepare cards
+
+A card with more than one set of characteristics has `layout` and `faces` instead of the
+top-level fields of section 2. Each face is a complete card block (its own `name`,
+`mana_cost`, `types`, `abilities`, …), front face first. A top-level `name` is optional;
+if given, it must be the faces' names joined by `" // "`. The card id comes from the front
+face's name (`"Alfa // Bravo"` → `alfa`), so decks may name it either way.
+
+| `layout` | Cards | Rules |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `transform` | nonmodal double-faced cards: cast and played front face up; they transform or enter transformed | CR 712.2, 701.27 |
+| `modal` | modal double-faced cards: choose the face to cast or play (a modal card can also transform) | CR 712.3, 712.8b, 712.9 |
+| `adventure` | adventurer cards: `faces[1]` is the Adventure (instant or sorcery with the subtype `adventure`) | CR 716 |
+| `omen` | omen cards: `faces[1]` is the Omen (instant or sorcery with the subtype `omen`) | CR 721 |
+| `prepare` | preparation cards: `faces[1]` is the prepare spell (an instant or sorcery) | CR 723 |
+
+Outside the battlefield and stack a card has only its front face's characteristics
+(CR 712.6a, 716.4, 721.4); a game object shows the face that's up by its `card`: the card
+id for the front face, `"<card id>/1"` while the back face (or the Adventure or Omen on
+the stack) is up. A copy of a permanent copies the face that's up (CR 707.8).
+
+| Oracle words | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "Transform this creature." | `{ "transform": {} }` (`to`: any selector; default `"self"`) |
+| "Whenever this creature transforms into [this face]" | `{ "triggered": { "when": { "transforms": {} }, … } }` on that face |
+| "When this creature enters or transforms into [this face]" | `"when": { "any_of": [{ "enters": {} }, { "transforms": {} }] }` |
+| "exile it, then return it to the battlefield transformed" | `exile`, then `{ "return_to_battlefield": { "to": { "result": 0 }, "transformed": true } }` |
+| "if this creature is transformed" / "transformed permanents you control" | filter `{ "creature": { "transformed": true } }` |
+| "This creature enters prepared." | the ability `"enters_prepared"` |
+| "… this creature becomes prepared." / "becomes unprepared" | `{ "prepare": {} }` / `{ "unprepare": {} }` |
+| "if this creature isn't prepared" | `"if": { "source": { "creature": { "prepared": false } } }` |
+
+Casting another face is a priority option with `face`: `{type: "cast", object: id,
+face: 1}` casts a modal card's back face, an Adventure or an Omen from the hand, and
+`{type: "play_land", object: id, face: 1}` plays a modal card's land face. An Adventure
+that resolves is exiled, and its owner may play the card from exile (not as an Adventure);
+an Omen that resolves is shuffled into its owner's library. A permanent that becomes
+prepared gives its controller a copy of its prepare spell in exile, which they may cast
+until the permanent stops being prepared; casting it unprepares the permanent.
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Squire // Example Reaver", "layout": "transform", "faces": [
+  { "name": "Example Squire", "mana_cost": "{1}{W}", "types": ["creature"], "power": 2, "toughness": 2,
+    "abilities": [{ "activated": { "cost": [{ "mana": "{3}" }], "timing": "sorcery", "effects": [{ "transform": {} }] } }] },
+  { "name": "Example Reaver", "colors": ["W"], "types": ["creature"], "keywords": ["lifelink"], "power": 3, "toughness": 3,
+    "abilities": [{ "triggered": { "when": { "transforms": {} }, "effects": [{ "draw": { "amount": 1 } }] } }] }
+] }
+```
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Knight // Example Errand", "layout": "adventure", "faces": [
+  { "name": "Example Knight", "mana_cost": "{2}{G}", "types": ["creature"], "power": 3, "toughness": 2 },
+  { "name": "Example Errand", "mana_cost": "{1}{G}", "types": ["sorcery"], "subtypes": ["adventure"],
+    "abilities": [{ "spell": { "effects": [{ "gain_life": { "amount": 3 } }] } }] }
+] }
+```
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Scholar // Example Notes", "layout": "prepare", "faces": [
+  { "name": "Example Scholar", "mana_cost": "{1}{U}", "types": ["creature"], "power": 1, "toughness": 3,
+    "abilities": ["enters_prepared"] },
+  { "name": "Example Notes", "mana_cost": "{U}", "types": ["sorcery"],
+    "abilities": [{ "spell": { "effects": [{ "draw": { "amount": 1 } }] } }] }
+] }
+```
+
+Not yet: casting another face from outside the hand, casting a card transformed, the mana
+value of a back face (CR 202.3b), day/night (CR 702.145), meld (CR 713), convert
+(CR 701.28) and an "as this enters" choice on a modal card's land face.
+
+### 4.18 Mana spent to cast a spell (converge)
+
+The mana paid for a spell is recorded by type as it is paid (CR 601.2h), and the permanent the
+spell becomes keeps it (CR 400.7d). The amount `mana_spent` reads it:
+
+| Oracle words | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "the amount of mana spent to cast this spell / this creature" | `{ "mana_spent": {} }` |
+| converge: "the number of colors of mana spent to cast it" | `{ "mana_spent": { "colors": true } }` (colorless isn't a color) |
+| "if {W}{W} was spent to cast it" | `{ "amount": { "mana_spent": { "color": "W" } }, "at_least": 2 }` |
+| "whenever you cast a spell, if four or more mana was spent to cast it" | trigger `if`: `{ "amount": { "mana_spent": { "of": { "triggering": "object" } } }, "at_least": 4 }` |
+| "the amount of mana spent to cast target spell" | `{ "mana_spent": { "of": { "target": 0 } } }` |
+| "enters with a +1/+1 counter for each color of mana spent to cast it" | `{ "enters_with_counters": { "counters": { "+1/+1": { "mana_spent": { "colors": true } } } } }` |
+
+A trigger's `if` is checked as it triggers with the event it's about (CR 603.4), so "that
+spell" works there. Nothing was spent on a permanent that wasn't cast, and a copy of a spell
+had no mana spent on it (CR 707.10).
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Prism Archaic", "mana_cost": "{4}{G}", "types": ["creature"], "subtypes": ["avatar"],
+  "power": 1, "toughness": 1,
+  "abilities": [{ "enters_with_counters": { "counters": { "+1/+1": { "mana_spent": { "colors": true } } } } },
+                { "triggered": { "when": { "enters": {} }, "if": { "amount": { "mana_spent": { "color": "G" } }, "at_least": 2 },
+                                 "effects": [{ "draw": { "amount": 1 } }] } }] }
+```
+
+### 4.19 Keyword actions and keyword abilities of recent sets
+
+Keyword *abilities* without a number go in `keywords`; those with a number are abilities
+with an `amount` (any amount, e.g. `{ "power": "self" }` for "firebending X, where X is its
+power"). Keyword *actions* are effects.
+
+| Oracle text | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "Prowess" (CR 702.108) | `"keywords": ["prowess"]` (granted by `grant` too) |
+| "Job select" on an Equipment (CR 702.182) | `"keywords": ["job_select"]` |
+| "Mobilize 2" (CR 702.181) | ability `{ "mobilize": { "amount": 2 } }` |
+| "Firebending 2" (CR 702.189) | ability `{ "firebending": { "amount": 2 } }` |
+| "Kindred Sorcery — Goblin" (CR 308) | `"types": ["kindred", "sorcery"], "subtypes": ["goblin"]` |
+| "As an additional cost to cast this spell, blight 1" (CR 701.68) | `{ "additional_cost": { "cost": [{ "blight": { "amount": 1 } }] } }`; also an activated ability's `cost` |
+| "you may blight 2. If you do, draw a card" | `{ "may": { "effects": [{ "blight": { "amount": 2 } }], "then": [{ "draw": { "amount": 1 } }] } }` |
+| "each opponent blights 1" | `{ "blight": { "amount": 1, "to": "each_opponent" } }` (the blighted creatures are its results) |
+| "it connives" / "target creature you control connives 2" (CR 701.50) | `{ "connive": {} }` / `{ "connive": { "amount": 2, "to": { "target": 0 } } }` |
+| "recruit" (CR 701.70) | `{ "recruit": {} }` |
+| "amass Orcs 2" (CR 701.47) | `{ "amass": { "subtype": "orc", "amount": 2 } }` (the amassed Army is its result: "attach this Equipment to the amassed Army" is `attach` to `{ "result": n }`) |
+| "empower Jace 2" (CR 701.71) | `{ "empower_jace": { "amount": 2 } }` |
+| "it endures 2" (CR 701.63) | `{ "endure": { "amount": 2 } }` (any amount, see 4.24) |
+| "create two 1/1 tokens tapped and attacking" | `create_token` with `"tapped": true, "attacking": true` |
+| "add {R}{R}; until end of combat, you don't lose this mana" | `{ "add_mana": { "produce": "{R}{R}", "until": "end_of_combat" } }` |
+| "earthbend 2" (CR 701.66) | a target `{ "land": { "controller": "you" } }` and `{ "earthbend": { "amount": 2, "to": { "target": 0 } } }` (the land is its result: "that land becomes an Island" is `become` with `{ "result": n }`) |
+| "Waterbend {3}: …" / "As an additional cost to cast this spell, waterbend {X}" (CR 701.67) | the cost `{ "waterbend": "{3}" }` in an activated ability's `cost`, an `additional_cost` (optional or not) or `kicker`; while paying, `{type: "waterbend", object: id}` taps an artifact or creature for {1} of it |
+| "you may waterbend {4} as an additional cost … if this spell's additional cost was paid" | `{ "additional_cost": { "cost": [{ "waterbend": "{4}" }], "optional": true } }` and the condition `{ "cast_with": "additional_cost" }` (4.24) |
+| "discard a card unless you waterbend {2}" / "Ward—Waterbend {4}" | `{ "pay": { "waterbend": "{2}", "otherwise": [{ "discard": { "amount": 1, "to": "you" } }] } }` / `{ "ward": { "waterbend": "{4}" } }` (also `counter_unless_pays`) |
+| "airbend target creature or spell" (CR 701.65) | `{ "airbend": { "to": { "target": 0 } } }` (the owner may cast each exiled card for {2} while it stays exiled) |
+| "Whenever you waterbend, earthbend, firebend, or airbend" | `{ "any_of": [{ "waterbends": {} }, { "earthbends": {} }, { "firebends": {} }, { "airbends": {} }] }` |
+| "Saddle 2" (CR 702.171) / "becomes saddled until end of turn" | ability `{ "saddle": { "power": 2 } }` / effect `{ "become_saddled": { "to": … } }` |
+| "Whenever this creature attacks while saddled" | `"when": { "attacks": {} }, "while": { "source": { "creature": { "saddled": true } } }` (filters take `"saddled"`) |
+| "Whenever this creature becomes saddled" / "saddles a Mount" | `{ "becomes_saddled": {} }` / `{ "saddles_mount": {} }` (`{ "triggering": "object" }` is the Mount) |
+| "{W}, {T}, Exert this creature: …" (CR 701.43) | the cost `"exert"`: it doesn't untap during your next untap step |
+| "Decayed" (CR 702.147), "Wither" (CR 702.80) | `"keywords": ["decayed"]` (a `decayed` counter gives it too), `"keywords": ["wither"]` |
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Ember Captain", "mana_cost": "{2}{R}", "types": ["creature"], "subtypes": ["human", "soldier"],
+  "power": 2, "toughness": 2, "keywords": ["prowess"],
+  "abilities": [{ "mobilize": { "amount": 1 } }, { "firebending": { "amount": { "power": "self" } } },
+                { "triggered": { "when": { "enters": {} }, "effects": [{ "connive": {} }] } }] }
+```
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Stone Monk", "mana_cost": "{2}{G}", "types": ["creature"], "subtypes": ["human", "monk", "mount"],
+  "power": 2, "toughness": 2,
+  "abilities": [{ "triggered": { "when": { "enters": {} }, "targets": [{ "land": { "controller": "you" } }],
+                                 "effects": [{ "earthbend": { "amount": 2, "to": { "target": 0 } } }] } },
+                { "activated": { "cost": [{ "waterbend": "{3}" }], "effects": [{ "draw": { "amount": 1 } }] } },
+                { "saddle": { "power": 1 } }] }
+```
+
+### 4.20 Set mechanics: power-up, teamwork, tiered, Class cards, increment, extort, riot, storm, cascade, boast, storied, colors among, domain
+
+| Oracle text | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "Power-up — {5}{U}: …" (CR 702.193) | `{ "activated": { "power_up": true, "cost": [{ "mana": "{5}{U}" }], "effects": [...] } }`: activate only once; the turn the permanent entered, the cost is reduced by its mana cost (colored mana by the same color, the excess and generic by generic, CR 118.7) |
+| "Boast — {1}{R}: …" (CR 702.142) | `"boast": true` on the activated ability: only if this creature attacked this turn, once each turn |
+| "Teamwork 4" (CR 702.194) | ability `{ "teamwork": { "power": 4 } }`: announced like kicker (`choose_kicker`), then one `choose_cost` per creature tapped until their total power is 4 or more |
+| "if this spell was cast using teamwork" | condition `{ "cast_with": "teamwork" }`; "choose both instead" is `"choose_if": { "if": { "cast_with": "teamwork" }, "choose": 2 }`; targets only with teamwork are `kicked_targets` |
+| "Increment" (CR 702.191) | `"keywords": ["increment"]` |
+| "Riot" (CR 702.136) | `"keywords": ["riot"]`: an `enter_choice` of `{type: "option", option: "counter"}` (an additional +1/+1 counter) or `"haste"` (it can't have another "as this enters" choice) |
+| "Storm" (CR 702.40), "Cascade" (CR 702.85) | `"keywords": ["storm"]`, `"keywords": ["cascade"]`; a cast trigger's "that many" (`{ "triggering": "amount" }`) is the number of spells cast before that spell this turn |
+| "Extort" (CR 702.101) | `"keywords": ["extort"]` (a `pay` {W/B} choice as it resolves) |
+| "the number of colors among permanents you control" (CR 105.2) | amount `{ "distinct_colors": { "each": "permanent", "controller": "you" } }` |
+| domain: "the number of basic land types among lands you control" (CR 305.6) | amount `{ "distinct_land_types": { "each": "land", "controller": "you" } }` |
+| "Tiered" (CR 702.183): "• Fira — {2} — …" | a modal `spell` with `"choose": 1` whose modes each have a `cost`: `{ "cost": "{2}", "effects": [...] }`; the chosen mode's cost is paid in addition (modes the player can't pay for aren't offered) |
+| Class cards (CR 717): "{1}{R}: Level 2 — [abilities]" | `"subtypes": ["class"]` and one ability per level bar: `{ "class_level": { "level": 2, "cost": "{1}{R}", "abilities": [...], "keywords": [...] } }`; the abilities above the first bar are ordinary abilities. Gaining a level is activated as a sorcery, only from the level below; a permanent without a level is level 1 |
+| "When this Class becomes level 3" | trigger `{ "becomes_level": { "level": 3 } }` (listed in that level's `abilities`) |
+| "Storied" (CR 702.195) | `"keywords": ["storied"]`: once you control it and three or more artifacts, Sagas and/or legendary permanents, you have an enduring story for the rest of the game (the player view's `designations`) |
+| "as long as you have an enduring story" | condition `{ "designation": "enduring_story" }` (a static's or trigger's `if`, an activated ability's `only_if`) |
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Gamma Brawler", "mana_cost": "{1}{W}", "types": ["creature"], "power": 2, "toughness": 1,
+  "keywords": ["increment"],
+  "abilities": [{ "activated": { "power_up": true, "cost": [{ "mana": "{4}{W}" }],
+                                 "effects": [{ "add_counters": { "counter": "+1/+1", "amount": 2, "to": "self" } }] } }] }
+```
+
+### 4.21 Rules-changing effects: losing abilities, restrictions, protection
+
+**Losing all abilities** (CR 613.1f). `"loses_abilities": true` on a `become` effect or a `static`
+ability. Layer 6 applies in timestamp order (CR 613.7): the permanent loses what it had, and
+keeps abilities granted later and keyword counters put on it later. A permanent that loses its
+abilities loses its static abilities' effects on others too (CR 613.8a), its characteristic-defining
+power and toughness, and its "when this dies" abilities. A `static` can also set `colors` (layer 5)
+and `base_power_toughness` (layer 7b); its `abilities` may be activated abilities, as `become`'s may.
+
+| Oracle words | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "Target creature loses all abilities until end of turn" | `{ "become": { "loses_abilities": true, "to": { "target": 0 } } }` |
+| "… loses all abilities for as long as this creature remains on the battlefield" | `become` with `"duration": "while_source_on_battlefield"` (does nothing if this has already left, CR 611.2b) |
+| "Enchanted creature loses all abilities and is a black Skeleton with base power and toughness 1/1" | `{ "static": { "affects": "attached", "loses_abilities": true, "colors": ["B"], "creature_types": ["skeleton"], "base_power_toughness": { "power": 1, "toughness": 1 } } }` |
+| "Other creatures you control have '{1}: This creature gets +1/+0 until end of turn'" | `static` with `"abilities": [{ "activated": … }]` (`self` is the creature that has it) |
+| "This creature is the chosen type in addition to its other types" | `{ "choose_creature_type": {} }` and `{ "static": { "affects": "self", "subtypes": "chosen" } }` |
+| "As this land enters, choose a basic land type. This land is the chosen type." | `{ "choose_basic_land_type": {} }` and the same `static` (a land with a basic land type has its mana ability, CR 305.6) |
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Fishbowl", "mana_cost": "{1}{U}", "types": ["enchantment"], "subtypes": ["aura"],
+  "keywords": ["flash"],
+  "abilities": [{ "enchant": "creature" },
+                { "static": { "affects": "attached", "loses_abilities": true, "colors": ["U"],
+                              "creature_types": ["fish"], "base_power_toughness": { "power": 1, "toughness": 1 } } }] }
+```
+
+**Restrictions on players and the game** (CR 101.2: a "can't" beats any "can"). They are
+`player_rule` abilities (static, with an optional `if` condition seen from the source) or
+`player_rule` effects (for a duration), with `affects` / `to` naming the players:
+
+| Oracle words | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "Your opponents can't cast spells during your turn" | `{ "player_rule": { "rule": "cant_cast", "affects": "opponents", "if": { "your_turn": true } } }` |
+| "Players can't cast spells this turn" | effect `{ "player_rule": { "rule": "cant_cast", "to": { "each": "player" } } }` |
+| "… can't cast spells from anywhere other than their hands" | rule `cant_cast_except_from_hand` |
+| "Creature spells you control can't be countered" | `{ "player_rule": { "rule": "spells_cant_be_countered", "spells": { "types": ["creature"] } } }` (`spells`: a card spec; also on `cant_cast`) |
+| "Players can't gain life" | `{ "player_rule": { "rule": "cant_gain_life", "affects": "each" } }` |
+| "Activated abilities of creatures can't be activated unless they're mana abilities" | `{ "player_rule": { "rule": "cant_activate", "affects": "each", "filter": "creature" } }` |
+| "Damage can't be prevented (this turn)" / "Combat damage can't be prevented" | rule `damage_cant_be_prevented` / `combat_damage_cant_be_prevented` (game-wide, CR 615.12) |
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Hush Captain", "mana_cost": "{1}{W}", "types": ["creature"], "subtypes": ["human"],
+  "power": 2, "toughness": 2,
+  "abilities": [{ "player_rule": { "rule": "cant_cast", "affects": "opponents", "if": { "your_turn": true } } },
+                { "player_rule": { "rule": "cant_gain_life", "affects": "opponents" } }] }
+```
+
+**Life totals, exchanges and player counters** (CR 119.5, 701.12, 122.1).
+
+| Oracle words | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "Your life total becomes 10" | `{ "set_life": { "amount": 10 } }` (gains or loses the difference) |
+| "Exchange life totals with target opponent. If you lost life this way, draw that many cards" | `{ "exchange_life_totals": { "with": { "target": 0 } } }`, then `{ "draw": { "amount": { "this_way": 0 } } }` |
+| "Gain control of target creature for as long as this creature remains on the battlefield" | `{ "gain_control": { "to": { "target": 0 }, "duration": "while_source_on_battlefield" } }` (also `while_source_tapped`; control goes back as it ends, CR 611.2b) |
+| "Exchange control of target creature you control and target creature an opponent controls" | `{ "exchange_control": { "to": { "target": 0 }, "with": { "target": 1 } } }` |
+| "that player gets two poison counters" / "you get an experience counter" | `{ "add_counters": { "counter": "poison", "amount": 2, "to": { "triggering": "player" } } }` / `"counter": "experience", "to": "you"` |
+| "the number of experience counters you have" | amount `{ "counters": { "of": "you", "kind": "experience" } }` |
+| "Target opponent skips their next turn" | `{ "skip_turns": { "amount": 1, "to": { "target": 0 } } }` (CR 614.10; skips add up) |
+
+A player with ten or more poison counters loses the game (CR 704.5c). An exchange that can't be
+completed doesn't happen at all (CR 701.12a).
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Venom Adder", "mana_cost": "{1}{G}", "types": ["creature"], "subtypes": ["snake"],
+  "power": 1, "toughness": 2, "keywords": ["deathtouch"],
+  "abilities": [{ "triggered": { "when": { "deals_damage": { "combat": true, "to": "player" } },
+                                 "effects": [{ "add_counters": { "counter": "poison", "amount": 2,
+                                                                 "to": { "triggering": "player" } } }] } }] }
+```
+
+**Emblems** (CR 114). "You get an emblem with '…'" is `create_emblem` with the emblem's
+`abilities` (triggered, static or player_rule). The emblem goes to the command zone for the rest
+of the game and its abilities work from there; "this emblem" is the source of what they do. The
+game view lists emblems under `command`.
+
+```json
+{ "loyalty": { "cost": -7, "effects": [
+  { "create_emblem": { "abilities": [
+    { "triggered": { "when": { "cast": {} }, "targets": ["any_target"],
+                     "effects": [{ "deal_damage": { "amount": 5, "to": { "target": 0 } } }] } }] } }] } }
+```
+
+**Hexproof from and protection from a quality** (CR 702.11d, 702.16). Abilities whose value is a
+card spec of the quality, matched against the spell, or the source of the ability or damage, as it
+is now: `{ "colors": ["B"] }` (any of those colors), `{ "types": ["instant"] }`,
+`{ "color_count": { "equal": 1 } }` (monocolored; `at_least: 2` multicolored). "From A and from B"
+is two abilities. Protection also prevents damage from such sources, stops such creatures from
+blocking it and such Auras and Equipment from staying attached (CR 704.5m-n). `"protection_from":
+"everything"` is protection from everything. Both may be granted by `static` and `become` `abilities`.
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Ward Knight", "mana_cost": "{1}{W}", "types": ["creature"], "subtypes": ["human", "knight"],
+  "power": 2, "toughness": 2,
+  "abilities": [{ "hexproof_from": { "colors": ["B"] } }, { "protection_from": { "colors": ["R"] } }] }
+```
+
+### 4.22 Damage and combat rules
+
+A damage replacement or prevention ability names the damage it watches with `by` (sources) and `to`
+(recipients), both optional: `"self"`, `"attached"` or `{ "each": filter, "controller": "you" | "opponent" |
+"any", "other": bool }`. `each` is optional and players match too, so `{ "controller": "opponent" }` is "an
+opponent or a permanent an opponent controls". `combat` is `"combat"` or `"noncombat"`.
+
+| Oracle text | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "If a source you control would deal damage to an opponent or a permanent an opponent controls, it deals double that damage instead" | `{ "damage_replacement": { "by": { "controller": "you" }, "to": { "controller": "opponent" }, "multiply": 2 } }` |
+| "... noncombat damage ..., it deals that much damage plus 1 instead" | same with `"combat": "noncombat", "plus": 1` (`plus` is an amount) |
+| "All damage that would be dealt to you and other permanents you control is dealt to this creature instead" | `{ "damage_replacement": { "to": { "controller": "you", "other": true }, "redirect": "self" } }` |
+| "Prevent all combat damage that would be dealt to and dealt by this creature" | two abilities: `{ "prevent_damage": { "to": "self", "combat": "combat" } }` and the same with `"by": "self"` |
+| "Damage can't be prevented" / "... this turn" | ability `"damage_unpreventable"` / effect `"damage_unpreventable"` |
+| "Prevent the next 3 damage that would be dealt to any target this turn" | effect `{ "prevent_damage": { "to": { "target": 0 }, "next": 3 } }` (`by` instead of or with `to`: "dealt by target creature") |
+| "Whenever this creature is dealt damage" / "Whenever an opponent is dealt noncombat damage" | trigger `{ "dealt_damage": {} }` / `{ "dealt_damage": { "player": "opponent", "noncombat": true } }` ("that much" is `{ "triggering": "amount" }`) |
+| "Whenever a source you control deals noncombat damage to an opponent" | trigger `{ "deals_damage": { "subject": { "each": "permanent", "controller": "you" }, "noncombat": true, "to": "opponent" } }` |
+| "if an opponent was dealt noncombat damage this turn" | `{ "amount": { "noncombat_damage_this_turn": "each_opponent" }, "at_least": 1 }` |
+| "Whenever this creature blocks a creature with flying" | trigger `{ "blocks": { "blocking": { "creature": { "keywords": ["flying"] } } } }` |
+| "If excess damage was dealt this way" / "equal to the excess damage" | `{ "this_way": n }` of the `deal_damage` effect n |
+| "This creature must be blocked if able" | `"keywords": ["must_be_blocked"]` |
+| "assigns combat damage equal to its toughness rather than its power" (when greater) | `"keywords": ["assigns_damage_by_toughness"]`, or a `static`/`grant` handing it out |
+| "After this phase, there is an additional combat phase [followed by an additional main phase]" | `{ "additional_phases": { "phases": ["combat", "main"] } }`; "if it's the first combat phase of the turn" is `{ "first_combat_phase": true }` |
+| "If a creature an opponent controls would die, exile it instead" | `{ "exile_if_dies": { "affects": { "each": "creature", "controller": "opponent" } } }` |
+| "If one or more tokens would be created under your control, twice that many ... instead" | `"double_tokens"` |
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Pyre Warden", "mana_cost": "{2}{R}{W}", "types": ["creature"], "subtypes": ["human", "wizard"],
+  "power": 2, "toughness": 4,
+  "abilities": [{ "damage_replacement": { "by": { "controller": "you" }, "to": { "controller": "opponent" },
+                                          "combat": "noncombat", "plus": 1 } },
+                { "prevent_damage": { "to": { "each": "creature", "controller": "you", "other": true }, "combat": "noncombat" } },
+                { "triggered": { "when": { "dealt_damage": { "player": "opponent", "noncombat": true } },
+                                 "effects": [{ "gain_life": { "amount": 1 } }] } }] }
+```
+
+### 4.23 Spell targets, cast zones, copying abilities, randomness and proliferate
+
+| Oracle text | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "Whenever you cast a spell that targets a creature you control" (CR 603.2, 115.1) | `{ "cast": { "targets": { "creature": { "controller": "you" } } } }` (any target filter, matched relative to the source) |
+| "Whenever you cast a spell that targets this creature" | `{ "cast": { "targets": "self" } }` |
+| "Whenever you cast an instant or sorcery spell that targets an opponent or a creature an opponent controls" | `{ "cast": { "spell": "instant_or_sorcery", "targets": { "one_of": ["opponent", { "creature": { "controller": "opponent" } }] } } }` |
+| "Whenever you cast a spell from anywhere other than your hand" / "from exile" (CR 601.2a) | `{ "cast": { "not_from": "hand" } }` / `{ "cast": { "from": "exile" } }` |
+| "Spells you cast from anywhere other than your hand cost {1} less" | `{ "cost_modifier": { "not_from": "hand", "reduce": 1 } }` (`from` works too) |
+| "Copy target activated or triggered ability you control [from a creature source]. You may choose new targets for the copy." (CR 707.10) | target `{ "stack_ability": { "controller": "you", "source": "creature" } }`, effect `{ "copy_spell": { "of": { "target": 0 }, "new_targets": true } }` (the copy has the same source, CR 707.10b) |
+| "discard a card at random" (CR 701.9b) | `{ "discard": { "amount": 1, "random": true } }` |
+| "exile a card from your graveyard at random" | `{ "choose_cards": { "from": { "graveyard": "you" }, "for": { "permanent": true }, "put": "exile", "random": true } }` |
+| "Flip a coin. If you win the flip, …" (CR 705.2) | `{ "flip_coins": {} }`, then the effect with `"if": { "amount": { "this_way": 0 }, "at_least": 1 }` (you call the flip: a decision) |
+| "Flip five coins. … X, where X is the number of coins that came up heads" | `{ "flip_coins": { "amount": 5, "count": "heads" } }`, X is `{ "this_way": 0 }` |
+| "Proliferate" / "Proliferate X times" (CR 701.34a) | `{ "proliferate": {} }` / `{ "proliferate": { "amount": "x" } }` (permanents and players with counters: one more of each kind each already has) |
+
+The game's random number generator makes every random choice, so a game replays identically from
+its seed and decisions, and an exported game continues with the same results.
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Spell Duelist", "mana_cost": "{1}{W}", "types": ["creature"], "subtypes": ["human", "samurai"],
+  "power": 2, "toughness": 2,
+  "abilities": [{ "triggered": { "when": { "cast": { "targets": { "creature": { "controller": "you" } } } },
+                                 "effects": [{ "add_counters": { "counter": "+1/+1", "amount": 1, "to": "self" } },
+                                             { "scry": { "amount": 1 } }] } }] }
+```
+
+### 4.24 Choosing between costs, optional additional costs and paying costs while resolving
+
+| Oracle text | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "As an additional cost to cast this spell, behold a Goblin or pay {2}" (CR 601.2b) | `{ "additional_cost": { "cost": [{ "one_of": [{ "behold": { "card": { "subtypes": ["goblin"] } } }, { "mana": "{2}" }] }] } }` |
+| "… sacrifice a creature or pay {3}{B}", "… blight 1 or pay {3}", "… pay 5 life or pay {2}", "… exile two cards from your graveyard or pay {1}{W}" | the same, with any two or more costs in the `one_of` |
+| "{3}, {T}, Sacrifice an artifact or discard a nonland card: …" (CR 602.2b) | `"cost": [{ "mana": "{3}" }, "tap", { "one_of": [{ "sacrifice_permanent": { "filter": "artifact" } }, { "discard": { "card": { "not_types": ["land"] } } }] }]` |
+| "As an additional cost to cast this spell, you may behold a Dragon. … If a Dragon was beheld, …" (CR 118.8b) | `{ "additional_cost": { "cost": [{ "behold": { "card": { "subtypes": ["dragon"] } } }], "optional": true } }` and the condition `{ "cast_with": "additional_cost" }` |
+| "You may sacrifice an artifact or discard a card. If you do, draw a card." (CR 118.12) | `{ "pay": { "cost": [{ "one_of": [{ "sacrifice_permanent": { "filter": "artifact" } }, "discard"] }], "then": [{ "draw": { "amount": 1 } }] } }` |
+| "… When you do, it deals 2 damage to any target" | `then`: `[{ "reflexive_trigger": { "targets": ["any_target"], "effects": [ … ] } }]` |
+| "Ward—Pay 2 life", "Ward—Discard a card", "Ward—Discard a card or pay {2}" (CR 702.21a) | `{ "ward": { "cost": [{ "pay_life": 2 }] } }`, `[ "discard" ]`, `[{ "one_of": ["discard", { "mana": "{2}" }] }]` |
+| "Ward—Get five poison counters" | `{ "ward": { "cost": [{ "get_counters": { "counter": "poison", "amount": 5 } }] } }` |
+| "Exile X artifact cards from your graveyard: … -X/-X" (CR 601.2b) | `{ "exile_from_graveyard": { "count": "X", "card": { "types": ["artifact"] } } }` in the `cost` (X is announced, at most the number of matching cards; also `discard`, `exile_from_hand`) and the amount `"x"` in effects |
+| "As this land enters, you may behold a Jace. If you don't, this land enters tapped." (CR 614.12) | `{ "enters_tapped_unless_behold": { "card": { "subtypes": ["jace"] } } }` (the `enter_choice` option `{type: "behold", object: id}`) |
+| "Gift a Treasure … Return target spell to its owner's hand. If the gift was promised, …" (CR 702.174) | `"gift"` in `abilities`; the gift as the spell's first effect, `{ "create_token": { "token": "Treasure", "to": "gift_recipient", "if": { "cast_with": "gift" } } }`, then the rest (on a permanent: an `enters` trigger with `"if": { "cast_with": "gift" }`) |
+| "You may discard your hand. If you do, draw …" / "… Draw X cards, where X is the number of cards discarded this way" | `{ "may": { "effects": [{ "discard": { "hand": true } }], "then": [ … ] } }`; X is `{ "this_way": n }` of that effect (n: its position in the list) |
+| "Noncreature spells you cast have improvise." (CR 702.126a) | `{ "spells_have": { "spells": { "not_types": ["creature"] }, "keywords": ["improvise"] } }` (convoke too) |
+| "Counter target spell unless its controller pays {2}. If …, {4} instead" | two `counter_unless_pays` with opposite `if` conditions (`cost` takes a list of costs too) |
+
+Which `one_of` option is paid is announced while casting or activating, after modes and before X
+(the `choose_cost_option` decision, CR 601.2b); only options that could be paid are offered, and a
+spell or ability is castable only if some option can be. An optional additional cost is announced
+with the `choose_kicker` decision (a spell has at most one kicker-like optional cost). While
+resolving, the payer picks one `pay` choice per way the costs could be paid, makes the costs'
+choices (which card to discard), then pays any mana; cancelling the mana counts as not paying,
+but cards already revealed for a behold or permanents tapped for a cost stay so.
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Toll Titan", "mana_cost": "{2}{B}", "types": ["creature"], "subtypes": ["giant"],
+  "power": 5, "toughness": 5,
+  "abilities": [{ "additional_cost": { "cost": [{ "one_of": ["discard", { "mana": "{2}" }] }] } },
+                { "ward": { "cost": [{ "one_of": ["discard", { "mana": "{2}" }] }] } }] }
+```
+
+### 4.25 Casting and mana: divided damage, casting restrictions, where mana came from
+
+| Oracle text | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "deals 3 damage divided as you choose among one, two, or three targets" (CR 601.2d) | targets `[{ "filter": "any_target", "count": 3, "optional": true }]`, `"divide": 3`, effect `{ "distribute_damage": {} }` (at least one target; each gets at least 1) |
+| "deals X damage divided as you choose among any number of target creatures, where X is the number of lands you control" | `"count": "any"` with `"divide": { "count": { "each": "land", "controller": "you" } }` (an amount, computed as it's cast or put on the stack) |
+| "When you do, it deals 7 damage divided as you choose among one or two targets" | `reflexive_trigger` takes `divide` too |
+| "You can't cast this spell unless there are seven or more cards in your graveyard" (CR 601.3) | ability `{ "cast_restriction": { "only_if": { "amount": { "graveyard_size": "you" }, "at_least": 7 } } }` |
+| "You can't cast this spell during your first, second, or third turns of the game" | `"only_if": { "any": [{ "not": { "your_turn": true } }, { "amount": { "turns_taken": "you" }, "at_least": 4 }] }` (`turns_taken`: turns the player has begun, this one included) |
+| "if the amount of mana spent to cast that spell was less than its mana value" | `{ "amount": { "mana_spent": { "of": { "target": 0 } } }, "at_most": { "plus": [{ "mana_value": { "target": 0 } }, -1] } }` (bounds may be amounts; a spell countered by this one is read as it last existed, CR 608.2h) |
+| "if mana from a Treasure was spent to cast it" | `{ "amount": { "mana_spent": { "of": { "triggering": "object" }, "from": { "subtypes": ["treasure"] } } }, "at_least": 1 }` |
+| "costs {X} less to cast, where X is the greatest toughness among creatures you control" | `{ "cost_reduction": { "amount": { "greatest_toughness": { "each": "creature", "controller": "you" } } } }` |
+| "Spend this mana only to cast a spell from anywhere other than your hand" / "only to cast spells from exile" | `"spend_only": { "not_from": "hand" }` / `{ "from": "exile" }` (also with `spells`) |
+| "{T}: Add {G}{G}. Activate only if there is an Elf card in your graveyard." (CR 602.5b) | `{ "mana": { "cost": ["tap"], "produce": "{G}{G}", "only_if": condition } }` |
+| "If that spell would be put into a graveyard, exile it instead" (CR 614.1a) | `"exile_instead": true` on `cast_free`, `cast` or `play_permission`; a card spec instead of `true` limits it ("if an instant or sorcery spell cast this way …": `{ "any_of": [{ "types": ["instant"] }, { "types": ["sorcery"] }] }`) |
+| "you may cast it, and mana of any type can be spent to cast that spell" (while resolving) | `{ "cast": { "to": { "target": 0 }, "any_mana_type": true } }` |
+
+Mana made by an artifact that isn't a land remembers its source's characteristics as it made the mana: pool
+mana in the player's `pool_sources`, restricted mana in its entry's `from`. When the pool holds the same type both
+from such a source and from another, paying offers `{type: "pay_mana", mana: "R", from: i}` (the remembered
+one) beside plain `{type: "pay_mana", mana: "R"}` (the other one first). The amount `mana_value` (of a
+selector) counts X on the stack (CR 202.3e).
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Hoard Drake", "mana_cost": "{3}{B}{R}", "types": ["creature"], "subtypes": ["dragon"],
+  "power": 4, "toughness": 4,
+  "abilities": [
+    { "triggered": { "when": { "enters": {} }, "targets": [{ "filter": "any_target", "count": 2, "optional": true }],
+                     "divide": 4, "effects": [{ "distribute_damage": {} }] } },
+    { "triggered": { "when": { "cast": {} },
+                     "if": { "amount": { "mana_spent": { "of": { "triggering": "object" }, "from": { "subtypes": ["treasure"] } } },
+                             "at_least": 1 },
+                     "effects": [{ "draw": { "amount": 1 } }] } }] }
+```
+
+### 4.26 More combat and damage: block and attack restrictions, prevention follow-ups, ending the turn
+
+A `then` list on a prevention or dies-to-exile replacement happens right after it applies (CR 615.5,
+614.1a). Its effects need no choice; they read `{ "triggering": "amount" }` (the damage prevented),
+`"object"` (the damage source, or the card exiled instead) and `"player"` (that object's controller). A
+"When you do, …" is a `reflexive_trigger` in the list (CR 603.12).
+
+| Oracle text | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "This creature can block only creatures with flying" / "can't block non-Spirit creatures" (CR 509.1b) | `{ "can_block_only": { "filter": { "creature": { "keywords": ["flying"] } } } }` / `"filter": { "creature": { "subtypes": ["spirit"] } }` |
+| "Whenever this creature attacks for the first time each turn" | trigger `{ "attacks": { "first_time_this_turn": true } }` |
+| "Whenever you attack with creatures with total power 12 or greater for the first time each turn" | trigger `{ "player_attacks": { "attacking_power": { "at_least": 12 }, "first_time_this_turn": true } }` |
+| "After this phase, there is an additional combat phase. Only land creatures can attack during that combat phase." (CR 508.1c) | `{ "additional_phases": { "phases": ["combat"], "attackers": { "creature": { "types": ["land"] } } } }` |
+| "If a creature you control that entered this turn would deal damage, it deals twice that much damage instead" | `{ "damage_replacement": { "by": { "each": { "creature": { "entered_this_turn": true } }, "controller": "you" }, "multiply": 2 } }` |
+| "Until your next turn, if a source would deal damage to that player or a permanent that player controls, it deals double that damage instead" | effect `{ "damage_replacement": { "to": { "triggering": "player" }, "permanents": true, "multiply": 2, "duration": "until_your_next_turn" } }` |
+| "If damage would be dealt to this creature, prevent that damage and put that many +1/+1 counters on him" | `{ "prevent_damage": { "to": "self", "then": [{ "add_counters": { "counter": "+1/+1", "amount": { "triggering": "amount" }, "to": "self" } }] } }` |
+| "The next time a source of your choice would deal damage to you this turn, prevent that damage. When damage is prevented this way, … deals that much damage to that source's controller" (CR 615.8, 609.7a) | effect `{ "prevent_damage": { "to": "you", "by": "chosen_source", "next_time": true, "then": [{ "reflexive_trigger": { "effects": [{ "deal_damage": { "amount": { "triggering": "amount" }, "to": { "triggering": "player" } } }] } }] } }` |
+| "Prevent all damage that would be dealt by up to one target creature for as long as this Saga remains on the battlefield" (CR 611.2b) | effect `prevent_damage` with `"by": { "target": 0 }, "duration": "while_source_on_battlefield"` |
+| "Prevent all damage that would be dealt to creatures you control this turn" (the creatures as damage is dealt, CR 611.2c) | effect `{ "prevent_damage": { "to_each": { "each": "creature", "controller": "you" } } }` |
+| "Damage isn't removed from this creature during cleanup steps" (CR 514.2) | `"keywords": ["keeps_damage"]` |
+| "If a creature an opponent controls would die, exile it instead. When you do, create a 2/2 Wolf" | `{ "exile_if_dies": { "affects": { … }, "then": [{ "reflexive_trigger": { "effects": [{ "create_token": … }] } }] } }` (the card is also "exiled with" this permanent: `"exiled_with"`) |
+| "It fights target creature an opponent controls. When excess damage is dealt to the creature an opponent controls this way, …" (CR 120.4a) | `fight`, then `{ "reflexive_trigger": { "if": { "amount": { "this_way": 0 }, "at_least": 1 }, … } }` (a fight's `this_way` is the excess damage dealt to its `with` creature) |
+| "End the turn." (CR 725.1) | `"end_the_turn"` (the spell's later effects don't happen) |
+
+A source that left the zone it was in still deals damage with the deathtouch, lifelink and wither it had
+(CR 702.2e, 702.15c, 702.80b).
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Sanctum Healer", "mana_cost": "{3}{W}{W}", "types": ["creature"], "subtypes": ["human", "cleric"],
+  "power": 4, "toughness": 4,
+  "abilities": [{ "prevent_damage": { "to": "self", "then": [{ "add_counters": { "counter": "+1/+1",
+                                                                                 "amount": { "triggering": "amount" }, "to": "self" } }] } },
+                { "triggered": { "when": { "attacks": { "first_time_this_turn": true } },
+                                 "effects": [{ "additional_phases": { "phases": ["combat"] } }] } }] }
+```
+
+### 4.27 Names and card types set by statics, protection from opponents, crewing power, "for as long as you control"
+
+| Oracle text | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "Enchanted creature loses all abilities and is a black Skeleton creature with base power and toughness 1/1" (it loses its other card types, CR 205.1a) | `static` with `"affects": "attached"`, `"loses_abilities": true`, `"colors": ["B"]`, `"set_types": ["creature"]`, `"creature_types": ["skeleton"]`, `"base_power_toughness": { "power": 1, "toughness": 1 }` |
+| "… named Legitimate Businessperson" (CR 612.8, layer 3) | `"name": "Legitimate Businessperson"` on the same `static` (the legend rule and name filters see it) |
+| "Enchanted permanent is a Construct creature with base power and toughness 5/5 in addition to its other types" | `static` with `"types": ["creature"]`, `"subtypes": ["construct"]`, `"base_power_toughness"` |
+| "You have protection from each of your opponents" (CR 702.16k) | `{ "player_rule": { "rule": "protection_from_opponents" } }` (opponents' spells and abilities can't target you; damage from their sources is prevented) |
+| "Protection from each of your opponents" on a permanent | `{ "protection_from": "each_opponent" }` (also grantable by `static` and `become`) |
+| "Each other creature you control has hexproof from each of its colors" (CR 702.11g) | `static` granting `{ "hexproof_from": "its_colors" }` |
+| "This creature saddles Mounts and crews Vehicles as though its power were 2 greater" | `{ "tapping_power": { "for": ["crew", "saddle"], "plus": 2 } }` |
+| "… crews Vehicles using its toughness rather than its power" / "stations permanents using its toughness" when greater (CR 702.184c) | `"use": "toughness"` / `"use": "toughness_if_greater"` with `"for": ["station"]` (a `static` can grant it) |
+| "Activated abilities of artifacts and creatures can't be activated" (mana abilities included) / "its activated abilities can't be activated" | `static` handing out the keyword `abilities_cant_be_activated` (`"affects": "attached"` for an Aura); `player_rule` `cant_activate` still exempts mana abilities |
+| "Spells and abilities can't be countered" | two `player_rule`s, `spells_cant_be_countered` and `abilities_cant_be_countered`, with `"affects": "each"` |
+| "Gain control of target creature for as long as you control this Vehicle" (CR 611.2b) | `gain_control` or `become` with `"duration": "while_you_control_source"` (ends when this leaves or changes control, and never starts if that has already happened) |
+| "Equipped creature has '{1}, {T}: Tap target creature. Return Trusty Boomerang to its owner's hand.'" (CR 607.1a) | selector `"granter"`: the permanent whose `static` granted the ability (`{ "return_to_hand": { "to": "granter" } }`) |
+| "As this land enters, choose a basic land type. Then you may pay 2 life. If you don't, it enters tapped." | `choose_basic_land_type` then `enters_tapped_unless_pay_life`: several "as this enters" choices are asked in printed order (CR 614.12) |
+
+An Aura or Equipment gets a new timestamp each time it becomes attached, and a permanent each time it
+transforms (CR 613.7e, 613.7g), so a static of an Equipment attached after "loses all abilities" still
+grants its abilities.
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Witness Shroud", "mana_cost": "{U}", "types": ["enchantment"], "subtypes": ["aura"],
+  "abilities": [{ "enchant": "creature" },
+                { "static": { "affects": "attached", "loses_abilities": true, "set_types": ["creature"],
+                              "creature_types": ["citizen"], "base_power_toughness": { "power": 1, "toughness": 1 },
+                              "name": "Nobody in Particular" } }] }
+```
+
+### 4.28 Triggers, turn history and the stack: last turn, land plays, copying "that ability"
+
+| Oracle text | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "if an opponent was dealt noncombat damage last turn" (whoever's turn it was) | `{ "amount": { "noncombat_damage_last_turn": "each_opponent" }, "at_least": 1 }` |
+| "Whenever you play a land" / "… from anywhere other than your hand" / "from exile" (CR 305.1) | trigger `{ "plays_land": {} }` / `{ "plays_land": { "not_from": "hand" } }` / `{ "from": "exile" }` (`controller` as for `cast`) |
+| "if you've played a land or cast a spell this turn from anywhere other than your hand" | `{ "amount": { "plus": [{ "lands_played_this_turn": { "by": "you", "not_from": "hand" } }, { "spells_cast_this_turn": { "by": "you", "not_from": "hand" } }] }, "at_least": 1 }` |
+| "Whenever a permanent you control enters from exile" | `{ "enters": { "subject": { "each": "permanent", "controller": "you" }, "from": "exile" } }` |
+| "you may exchange life totals with target opponent. If you lost life this way, draw that many cards" (CR 608.2c) | `[{ "may": { "effects": [{ "exchange_life_totals": { "with": { "target": 0 } } }] } }, { "draw": { "amount": { "this_way": 0 } } }]` (a `may` records what its effects did) |
+| "two target nonland permanents that share a card type" (CR 701.12b) | second target `{ "filter": …, "distinct_from": [0], "shares_type_with": 0 }`; on resolution `"if": { "share_card_type": [{ "target": 0 }, { "target": 1 }] }` |
+| "Whenever you cast a spell that targets one or more creatures, those creatures …" | trigger `{ "cast": { "targets": "creature" } }`, selector `{ "triggering": "targets" }` (the targets that matched) |
+| "an instant or sorcery spell with a single target" | `{ "cast": { "spell": "instant_or_sorcery", "single_target": true } }` |
+| "You may choose new targets for that spell" (CR 115.7d) | `{ "choose_new_targets": { "of": { "triggering": "object" } } }` (keep or replace each target) |
+| "When you next activate an exhaust ability this turn, copy it" (CR 707.10) | `{ "delayed_trigger": { "when": { "activates_ability": { "exhaust": true } }, "this_turn": "once", "effects": [{ "copy_spell": { "of": { "triggering": "ability" }, "new_targets": true } }] } }` |
+| "When you next cast a Lesson spell this turn, copy it" | the same with `{ "cast": { "spell": { "spell": { "subtypes": ["lesson"] } } } }` and `"of": { "triggering": "object" }` |
+| "Whenever a creature you control attacking causes a triggered ability of that creature to trigger, … copy that ability" | trigger `{ "ability_triggers": { "subject": { "each": "creature", "controller": "you" }, "cause": "attacks" } }`, `copy_spell` of `{ "triggering": "ability" }` (nothing to copy once it left the stack) |
+| "Whenever a creature you control boasts" (CR 702.142b) | `{ "activates_ability": { "boast": true } }` |
+| "Whenever this creature becomes tapped to pay a teamwork cost" | `{ "becomes_tapped": { "for": "teamwork" } }` (it triggers once the spell is cast) |
+| "you may copy it. If you do, those spells gain wither" | `copy_spell` with `"except": { "keywords": ["wither"] }`, then `{ "grant": { "keywords": ["wither"], "to": { "triggering": "object" } } }` (a spell on the stack can gain keywords) |
+| "Instant and sorcery spells you cast from your hand have cascade" | ability `{ "spell_keywords": { "spells": { "spell": { "any_of": ["instant", "sorcery"] } }, "from": "hand", "keywords": ["cascade"] } }` |
+| "search your library for up to X basic land cards with different names" | `{ "search_library": { "for": { "supertypes": ["basic"], "types": ["land"] }, "count": "x", "different_names": true } }` |
+| "The first time you flip one or more coins each turn, those coins come up heads and you win those flips" (CR 705.3) | ability `"first_flips_win"` |
+| "Roll a d20" / "roll two six-sided dice" (CR 706) | `{ "roll_dice": { "sides": 20 } }` / `{ "roll_dice": { "amount": 2 } }`; the total is `{ "this_way": n }` (a results table is effects with an `if` on it) |
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Echo Drillmaster", "mana_cost": "{2}{R}", "types": ["creature"], "subtypes": ["goblin"],
+  "power": 2, "toughness": 2,
+  "abilities": [
+    { "triggered": { "when": { "attacks": {} }, "effects": [{ "deal_damage": { "amount": 1, "to": "each_opponent" } }] } },
+    { "triggered": { "when": { "ability_triggers": { "subject": { "each": "creature", "controller": "you" }, "cause": "attacks" } },
+                     "effects": [{ "may": { "effects": [{ "copy_spell": { "of": { "triggering": "ability" } } }] } }] } }] }
+```
+
+### 4.29 Paradigm, foretell, suspend, hideaway, devour, meld and computed endure
+
+| Oracle text | Data |
+| --- | --- |
+| "Paradigm" (CR 702.192a) | `"keywords": ["paradigm"]` on an instant or sorcery: as it finishes resolving it's exiled; the first time a spell you control with its name resolves this game, at the beginning of each of your precombat main phases you create a copy of the card in exile and may cast it without paying its mana cost (an `effect_choice` of `{type: "cast"}` or `"done"`) |
+| "Foretell {2}{R}" (CR 702.143a) | ability `{ "foretell": { "cost": "{2}{R}" } }`: during your turn the priority option `{type: "special_action", object: id, ability: ref}` pays {2} and exiles it face down; on a later turn it's cast from exile with `via: "alt:<ref>"`; condition `{ "cast_with": "foretell" }` |
+| "Suspend 3—{2}{W}" (CR 702.62a) | ability `{ "suspend": { "amount": 3, "cost": "{2}{W}" } }`: the special action exiles it with three time counters whenever you could begin to cast it |
+| "exile it with four time counters on it. If it doesn't have suspend, it gains suspend" | effect `{ "suspend": { "to": …, "amount": 4 } }` (a spell, a card or a permanent); a card that has suspend from the start is `"keywords": ["suspend"]` |
+| suspended cards (CR 702.62b) | automatic: at the beginning of its owner's upkeep a time counter is removed; when the last is removed they may play it without paying its mana cost (`effect_choice` `{type: "cast"}` / `{type: "play_land"}`), and a creature spell cast this way has haste while they control it |
+| "Hideaway 4" (CR 702.75a) | ability `{ "hideaway": { "amount": 4 } }`: the exiled card is `"exiled_with"` the permanent, face down, and only its controller may look at it |
+| "You may play the exiled card without paying its mana cost" | `{ "cast_free": { "to": "exiled_with", "play": true } }` (`play: true` also plays a land, on your turn with a land play left, CR 305.2a, 305.3) |
+| "look at the top N cards, exile one face down" | `{ "dig": { "amount": N, "put": "exile", "face_down": true, "link": true } }` (`link`: exiled with the source) |
+| "Devour land 3" (CR 702.82c) / "Devour 2" | ability `{ "devour": { "amount": 3, "each": "land" } }` / `{ "devour": { "amount": 2 } }`: as it enters, `enter_choice` `{type: "devour", object: id}` picks permanents one at a time, then `{type: "done"}`; it enters with N +1/+1 counters for each and remembers how many it devoured |
+| Meld cards (CR 713) | `"layout": "meld"`, `"faces": [front, combined back face]`; both cards of the pair carry the same back face (e.g. Ragnarok, Divine Deliverance on Fang and on Vanille). The back face is up only on the melded permanent; when it leaves the battlefield both cards go to the new zone (CR 713.8) |
+| "if you both own and control this and a creature named Fang, …, exile them, then meld them" (CR 701.42a) | condition `{ "meld_with": "Fang, Fearless l'Cie" }`; effect `{ "meld": { "with": "Fang, Fearless l'Cie" } }` (cards that don't form a meld pair stay exiled, CR 701.42c) |
+| "endures X" / "endures X, where X is the number of counters on this creature" (CR 701.63a) | `{ "endure": { "amount": "x" } }` / `{ "endure": { "amount": { "counters": { "of": "self" } } } }`: the Spirit token is X/X |
+| "Proliferate X times, where X is the number of planeswalker types among planeswalkers you control" | `{ "proliferate": { "amount": { "distinct_planeswalker_types": { "each": "planeswalker", "controller": "you" } } } }` |
+
+```json
+{ "name": "Example Lesson of Embers", "mana_cost": "{2}{R}", "types": ["sorcery"], "subtypes": ["lesson"],
+  "keywords": ["paradigm"],
+  "abilities": [{ "spell": { "targets": ["any_target"],
+                             "effects": [{ "deal_damage": { "amount": 2, "to": { "target": 0 } } }] } },
+                { "foretell": { "cost": "{1}{R}" } }] }
+```
+
+---
+
+## 5. Worked examples
+
+**Vanilla creature.** "Grizzly Bears {1}{G}, Creature — Bear 2/2":
+```json
+{ "name": "Grizzly Bears", "mana_cost": "{1}{G}", "types": ["creature"], "subtypes": ["bear"],
+  "power": 2, "toughness": 2 }
+```
+
+**Keyword creature.** "Raging Goblin {R}, Creature — Goblin Berserker 1/1, Haste":
+```json
+{ "name": "Raging Goblin", "mana_cost": "{R}", "types": ["creature"], "subtypes": ["goblin", "berserker"],
+  "keywords": ["haste"], "power": 1, "toughness": 1, "rules_text": "Haste" }
+```
+
+**Instant with two effects.** "Revitalize {1}{W}: You gain 3 life. Draw a card.":
+```json
+{ "name": "Revitalize", "mana_cost": "{1}{W}", "types": ["instant"],
+  "abilities": [{ "spell": { "effects": [{ "gain_life": { "amount": 3 } }, { "draw": { "amount": 1 } }] } }],
+  "rules_text": "You gain 3 life. Draw a card." }
+```
+
+**Planeswalker.** "+1: Creatures you control get +1/+1 until end of turn. −2: Put a +1/+1 counter on each creature you control.":
+```json
+{ "name": "Vessa, Rally Captain", "mana_cost": "{2}{W}{W}", "types": ["planeswalker"], "subtypes": ["vessa"],
+  "loyalty": 3,
+  "abilities": [
+    { "loyalty": { "cost": 1, "effects": [
+      { "pump": { "power": 1, "toughness": 1, "to": { "each": "creature", "controller": "you" } } }] } },
+    { "loyalty": { "cost": -2, "effects": [
+      { "add_counters": { "counter": "+1/+1", "amount": 1, "to": { "each": "creature", "controller": "you" } } }] } }
+  ] }
+```
+
+**Rejected with a path.** A typo or an unknown keyword:
+```json
+{ "name": "Gale Drifter", "mana_cost": "{2}{U}", "types": ["creature"], "keywords": ["flyng"], "power": 2, "toughness": 2 }
+```
+→ `keywords[0]: unknown keyword "flyng" (supported: …)`.
+
+---
+
+## 6. Decks
+
+A deck document references cards by name (or id) and carries the definitions it uses:
+
+```json
+{ "cards": [ { "name": "Forest", ... }, { "name": "Grizzly Bears", ... } ],
+  "main":  [ { "card": "Forest", "count": 24 }, { "card": "Grizzly Bears", "count": 4 } ] }
+```
+
+A deck is valid with at least 60 cards and at most 4 copies of each non-basic card
+(CR 100.2a). `Enjine::Player.new(name:, deck:)` takes this document directly;
+`player.ready?` reports validity and `player.deck.errors` explains it.
+
+**Cards outside the game** (CR 400.11a). The engine plays single games, so a deck may
+list the cards its player owns outside the game, a constructed sideboard, as
+`outside`. These cards don't count toward the 60. There can be at most 15 of them,
+and the four-copy limit counts the deck and the outside list together (CR 100.4a).
+Errors carry a path, for example `outside[2].card: "Black Lotus" is not defined in cards`.
+
+```json
+{ "cards": [ ... ],
+  "main":    [ { "card": "Forest", "count": 24 }, { "card": "Grizzly Bears", "count": 4 } ],
+  "outside": [ { "card": "Hill Giant", "count": 2 } ] }
+```
+
+During a game these cards aren't objects (CR 400.11). Each player's list is
+`state.players[i].outside`, a list of card ids that only that player sees in their
+view. A `play_from` ability with `"outside"` among its zones offers them as
+`{ "type": "cast", "object": "outside:hill_giant", "via": ... }` (or `play_land`). The
+object is created as the card enters the game, and that player owns it (CR 108.3).
+
+---
+
+## 7. Validating
+
+From the shell (exit code 0 means all valid, 1 means some invalid):
+
+```sh
+bundle exec exe/enjine --validate cards.json
+```
+
+`cards.json` is a JSON array of card blocks (or a single block). The report:
+
+```json
+{ "rules_version": "2026-11-06", "engine_version": "0.1.0",
+  "valid":   [ { "index": 0, "id": "lightning_bolt", "name": "Lightning Bolt", "card": { ...canonical... } } ],
+  "invalid": [ { "index": 1, "name": "Gale Drifter", "errors": ["keywords[0]: unknown keyword \"flyng\" ..."] } ] }
+```
+
+To play-test a whole folder of cards (every `.json` file below it, each a card or an
+array of cards), use `--verify`. It validates every card, builds random decks that
+together include each valid card, plays rules-monitored games with them, and reports
+invalid cards, cards never used in play (cast, played, activated, triggered or
+resolved), and any rules finding or engine error with its seed. Exit code 1 means
+something needs a look; `--json` prints the report as JSON.
+
+```sh
+bundle exec exe/enjine --verify cards/ --games 20 --seed 1
+```
+
+From Ruby (`require "enjine/verify"`, then `Enjine::Verify.new(dir, games:, seed:).run`
+returns the same report as a Hash).
+
+```ruby
+require "enjine"
+
+begin
+  defn = Enjine::CardDefinition.from_h(data)   # data: Hash parsed from JSON
+  store(defn.id, defn.to_h)                    # canonical, round-trips exactly
+rescue Enjine::InvalidCardDefinition => e
+  warn e.errors                                # every problem, each with a path
+end
+```
+
+Error messages always start with a path into your data block
+(`abilities[0].spell.effects[1].deal_damage.amount: …`), so an agent can fix the
+exact field it got wrong.
+
+## 8. A database schema that works
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE enjine_cards (
+  id              TEXT PRIMARY KEY,      -- CardDefinition#id, e.g. 'lightning_bolt'
+  name            TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
+  data            JSONB NOT NULL,        -- CardDefinition#to_h (canonical)
+  printing_set    TEXT,                  -- set code printed on the card, e.g. 'trk'
+  printing_number TEXT,                  -- collector number printed on the card, e.g. '12'
+  rules_version   TEXT NOT NULL,         -- report.rules_version
+  engine_version  TEXT NOT NULL,         -- report.engine_version
+  updated_at      TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT now()
+);
+```
+
+When building a game, load the deck's rows from `enjine_cards` and pass their
+`data` as the deck's `cards`.