enjine 0.1.0 → 0.2.0

data/docs/plans/standard.md

@@ -107,6 +107,9 @@ rotation is announced, drop the rotating sets from this table.
 
 ## Mechanics gaps
 
+For the gaps behind deckfinder's DSL FAIL and PARTIAL cards, ranked by how many
+cards each blocks, with a quick-wins list, see [dsl-gaps.md](dsl-gaps.md).
+
 Census taken 2026-11-09 against `SUPPORTED.md` at this commit. It lists what can't
 yet be written in the card DSL. Card lists came from the Scryfall API (main sets,
 `unique=cards`, no bonus sheets) and were checked outside the repository; nothing

data/docs/reference/abilities.md

@@ -82,18 +82,25 @@ Rules: CR 305.2, CR 305.2a, CR 305.2b, CR 604.1
 
 ## additional_triggers
 
-While this permanent is on the battlefield, a triggered ability of a permanent its controller controls that triggers because of `cause` triggers an additional time. `cause`: you_gain_life (its controller gaining life).
+While this permanent is on the battlefield, a triggered ability of a permanent its controller controls triggers an additional time if it triggers because of `cause` (you_gain_life: its controller gaining life) and/or its permanent matches `of` (a filter: "triggered abilities of Allies you control", {"creature": {"other": true, "subtypes": "chosen"}}). At least one of them.
 
-Rules: CR 603.2d, CR 119.9
+Rules: CR 603.2d, CR 119.9, CR 607.2d
 
 | Parameter | Description |
 | --- | --- |
 | `cause` | you_gain_life |
+| `of` | filter of the permanent whose ability triggers |
 
 ```json
 {
   "additional_triggers": {
-    "cause": "you_gain_life"
+    "of": {
+      "creature": {
+        "subtypes": [
+          "ally"
+        ]
+      }
+    }
   }
 }
 ```
@@ -397,13 +404,13 @@ Rules: CR 717.2a, CR 717.2b, CR 717.2d, CR 717.3, CR 602.5d
 
 ## cost_modifier
 
-While on the battlefield: spells cast by `caster` (you, opponent or any; default you) whose card types match `spells` ({"any_of": [types], "not": [types]}, default all spells) cost `reduce` less or `increase` more generic mana. `from` / `not_from`: only spells cast from (not from) that zone (hand | graveyard | exile | library | outside).
+While on the battlefield: spells cast by `caster` (you, opponent or any; default you) whose card types match `spells` ({"any_of": [types], "not": [types]}, default all spells; `subtypes` and `colors` narrow it: "Dragon spells", "red spells") cost `reduce` less or `increase` more generic mana. `from` / `not_from`: only spells cast from (not from) that zone (hand | graveyard | exile | library | outside).
 
 Rules: CR 601.2f, CR 118.7a, CR 604.1, CR 601.2a
 
 | Parameter | Description |
 | --- | --- |
-| `spells` | {"any_of": [types], "not": [types]} (optional) |
+| `spells` | {"any_of": [types], "not": [types], "subtypes": [subtypes], "colors": [colors]} (optional) |
 | `caster` | you | opponent | any |
 | `reduce` | amount |
 | `increase` | amount |
@@ -1080,7 +1087,7 @@ Rules: CR 606.3, CR 606.4, CR 606.5, CR 602.2b
 
 | Parameter | Description |
 | --- | --- |
-| `cost` | integer, e.g. 1 for +1 or -2 |
+| `cost` | integer, e.g. 1 for +1 or -2; or "-X" (X is announced, at most its loyalty) |
 | `targets` | list of target filters |
 | `effects` | list of effects |
 
@@ -1107,7 +1114,7 @@ Rules: CR 606.3, CR 606.4, CR 606.5, CR 602.2b
 
 ## mana
 
-An activated mana ability: pay the cost, add the mana to your mana pool immediately. It does not use the stack and can be activated whenever you have priority. `produce`: the fixed mana (`amount` times). Or `color`: `amount` mana (default 1) of one color you choose as you activate it (`"any_one"`) or in any combination of colors (`"any"`); `colors` limits the choice. `"chosen"`: of the color chosen as this entered (choose_color). `spend_only` restricts how the mana can be spent. `only_if`: "Activate only if ...".
+An activated mana ability: pay the cost, add the mana to your mana pool immediately. It does not use the stack and can be activated whenever you have priority. `produce`: the fixed mana (`amount` times). Or `color`: `amount` mana (default 1) of one color you choose as you activate it (`"any_one"`) or in any combination of colors (`"any"`); `colors` limits the choice. `"chosen"`: of the color chosen as this entered (choose_color). `spend_only` restricts how the mana can be spent. `only_if`: "Activate only if ...". `limit: "once_each_turn"`: "Activate only once each turn."
 
 Rules: CR 605.1a, CR 605.3a, CR 605.3b, CR 106.1a, CR 106.4, CR 106.6, CR 607.2d, CR 602.5b
 
@@ -1120,6 +1127,7 @@ Rules: CR 605.1a, CR 605.3a, CR 605.3b, CR 106.1a, CR 106.4, CR 106.6, CR 607.2d
 | `colors` | list of colors to choose from (default all five) |
 | `spend_only` | {"spells": card spec, "abilities": card spec, "from" | "not_from": zone} |
 | `only_if` | condition: it can be activated only while it holds (CR 602.5b) |
+| `limit` | "once_each_turn" (CR 602.5b) |
 
 ```json
 {
@@ -1264,6 +1272,24 @@ Rules: CR 702.11c, CR 115.4, CR 508.1c, CR 402.2, CR 514.1, CR 615.1, CR 615.1a,
 }
 ```
 
+## plot
+
+Plot `cost`: during your main phase, while the stack is empty, you may pay `cost` and exile this card from your hand (special action `{type: "special_action"}`). It becomes plotted: on a later turn you may cast it from exile without paying its mana cost, during your main phase while the stack is empty (cast option `via: "plotted"`).
+
+Rules: CR 702.170a, CR 702.170b, CR 702.170d, CR 116.2k
+
+| Parameter | Description |
+| --- | --- |
+| `cost` | mana cost string |
+
+```json
+{
+  "plot": {
+    "cost": "{1}{R}"
+  }
+}
+```
+
 ## prevent_damage
 
 While this permanent is on the battlefield, all damage from sources in `by` to recipients in `to` (damage scopes as in damage_replacement, both optional; `combat`: combat | noncombat) is prevented. "To and by this creature" is two of them. `then`: effects right after it prevents damage ("prevent that damage and put that many +1/+1 counters on him"), reading {"triggering": "amount"} (the damage prevented), "object" (the source) and "player" (its controller).

data/docs/reference/costs.md

@@ -133,6 +133,16 @@ Rules: CR 406.1, CR 601.2h, CR 602.2b, CR 118.3
 }
 ```
 
+## exile_self
+
+Exile the permanent the ability belongs to ("Exile this enchantment: ...").
+
+Rules: CR 406.1, CR 602.2b, CR 118.3
+
+```json
+"exile_self"
+```
+
 ## exile_self_from_graveyard
 
 Exile this card from your graveyard. An ability with this cost is activated from your graveyard.
@@ -256,7 +266,7 @@ Rules: CR 701.21a, CR 602.2b, CR 118.3
 
 ## sacrifice_permanent
 
-Sacrifice `count` permanents you control matching `filter` (`other: true`: not the source). Chosen while casting or activating, sacrificed as it becomes cast; the sacrificed permanent's last known types and subtypes are remembered (condition `sacrificed`).
+Sacrifice `count` permanents you control matching `filter` (`other: true`: not the source). Chosen while casting or activating, sacrificed as it becomes cast; the sacrificed permanent's last known types and subtypes are remembered (condition `sacrificed`), and its power, toughness and mana value (amount `sacrificed`).
 
 Rules: CR 701.21a, CR 601.2h, CR 602.2b, CR 118.3, CR 608.2h
 

data/docs/reference/decisions.md

@@ -99,4 +99,4 @@ Untap step: `{type: "untap", object: id}` or `{type: "keep_tapped", object: id}`
 - `cast` — `{type: "cast", object: id}` — start casting a card from your hand (CR 601.2). `{type: "cast", object: id, via: method}` casts a card from another zone (graveyard, exile, the top of your library) by the permission or alternative cost `via` names, e.g. beam me up (CR 601.3, 702.196). A card outside the game is named `"outside:<card id>"` (CR 400.11b). `{type: "cast", object: id, face: 1}` casts another face of a card in your hand: a modal double-faced card's back face, an Adventure or an Omen (CR 712.8b, 716.3, 721.3). Offered only when timing allows, targets exist and enough mana is available.
 - `pass` — `{type: "pass"}` — pass priority. When all players pass in succession with an empty stack, the step ends (CR 117.4).
 - `play_land` — `{type: "play_land", object: id}` — special action: your main phase, empty stack, one land per turn plus additional land plays (CR 305.1, 305.2). With `via`: a land from another zone that an effect lets you play. With `face: 1`: a modal double-faced card played with its land back face up (CR 712.9).
-- `special_action` — `{type: "special_action", object: id, ability: ref}` — a special action of a card in your hand: foretell (during your turn, pay {2} and exile it face down, CR 116.2h) or suspend (when you could begin to cast it, pay its suspend cost and exile it with time counters, CR 116.2f).
+- `special_action` — `{type: "special_action", object: id, ability: ref}` — a special action of a card in your hand: foretell (during your turn, pay {2} and exile it face down, CR 116.2h) or suspend (when you could begin to cast it, pay its suspend cost and exile it with time counters, CR 116.2f) or plot (in your main phase with an empty stack, pay its plot cost and exile it, CR 116.2k).

data/docs/reference/effects.md

@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ Rules: CR 701.3a, CR 701.3b, CR 701.3c, CR 301.5c
 
 ## become
 
-Each referenced permanent becomes what the parameters say, for `duration` (end_of_turn, default; indefinite: as long as it stays on the battlefield; while_source_on_battlefield: for as long as this effect's source remains on the battlefield; while_you_control_source: for as long as you control it): it has the card `types`, `supertypes` and `subtypes` in addition to its other types (layer 4, "becomes an artifact creature"), its creature types are exactly `creature_types` (layer 4), its colors are `colors` (layer 5), with `loses_abilities: true` it loses all the abilities it had (layer 6; abilities granted later, keyword counters put on it later and this effect's own `keywords` and `abilities` stay, CR 613.7), it has the `keywords` and `abilities` (layer 6: triggered, activated, mana, play_from or additional_land_plays abilities) and its base power and toughness are `base_power_toughness` (layer 7b). A permanent that becomes a creature has its printed power and toughness (a Vehicle's), or 0/0.
+Each referenced permanent becomes what the parameters say, for `duration` (end_of_turn, default; until_your_next_turn: until your next turn begins; indefinite: as long as it stays on the battlefield; while_source_on_battlefield: for as long as this effect's source remains on the battlefield; while_you_control_source: for as long as you control it): it has the card `types`, `supertypes` and `subtypes` in addition to its other types (layer 4, "becomes an artifact creature"), its creature types are exactly `creature_types` (layer 4), its colors are `colors` (layer 5), with `loses_abilities: true` it loses all the abilities it had (layer 6; abilities granted later, keyword counters put on it later and this effect's own `keywords` and `abilities` stay, CR 613.7), it has the `keywords` and `abilities` (layer 6: triggered, activated, mana, play_from or additional_land_plays abilities) and its base power and toughness are `base_power_toughness` (layer 7b). A permanent that becomes a creature has its printed power and toughness (a Vehicle's), or 0/0.
 
 Rules: CR 611.2a, CR 611.2b, CR 611.2c, CR 613.1d, CR 613.1e, CR 613.1f, CR 613.4b, CR 613.7b, CR 205.1a, CR 205.1b, CR 301.7b, CR 514.2
 
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ Rules: CR 611.2a, CR 611.2b, CR 611.2c, CR 613.1d, CR 613.1e, CR 613.1f, CR 613.
 | `keywords` | list of keywords it gains |
 | `base_power_toughness` | {"power": n, "toughness": n} |
 | `abilities` | list of abilities it gains |
-| `duration` | end_of_turn | indefinite | while_source_on_battlefield | while_you_control_source |
+| `duration` | end_of_turn | until_your_next_turn | indefinite | while_source_on_battlefield | while_you_control_source |
 | `to` | selector |
 
 ```json
@@ -461,9 +461,9 @@ Rules: CR 205.2a, CR 607.2d, CR 608.2c
 
 ## choose_cards
 
-You choose `count` (default 1; "any": any number) cards matching `for` from `from`: a selector (e.g. {"result": 0}, the cards an earlier effect milled) or a player's zone, {"hand": selector} / {"graveyard": selector}. `optional`: you may choose fewer. Then they are put into `put` (`tapped` onto the battlefield, under your control; exiled cards `link`ed to the source). `look`: you look at the whole zone first; `reveal`: "chosen" reveals what you chose, "all" the whole set. `then` runs if a card was chosen, `otherwise` if none was ("if you can't"). `random: true`: the cards are picked at random (the game's random number generator) instead of chosen.
+You choose `count` (default 1; "any": any number) cards matching `for` from `from`: a selector (e.g. {"result": 0}, the cards an earlier effect milled) or a player's zone, {"hand": selector} / {"graveyard": selector}. `optional`: you may choose fewer. Then they are put into `put` (`discard`: from a hand, its owner discards them; `tapped` onto the battlefield, under your control; exiled cards `link`ed to the source). `look`: you look at the whole zone first; `reveal`: "chosen" reveals what you chose, "all" the whole set. `then` runs if a card was chosen, `otherwise` if none was ("if you can't"). `random: true`: the cards are picked at random (the game's random number generator) instead of chosen.
 
-Rules: CR 701.20a, CR 701.20e, CR 400.7j, CR 608.2c, CR 607.2a, CR 118.12, CR 701.9b
+Rules: CR 701.20a, CR 701.20e, CR 400.7j, CR 608.2c, CR 607.2a, CR 118.12, CR 701.9a, CR 701.9b
 
 | Parameter | Description |
 | --- | --- |
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ Rules: CR 701.20a, CR 701.20e, CR 400.7j, CR 608.2c, CR 607.2a, CR 118.12, CR 70
 | `for` | card spec |
 | `count` | integer or "any" |
 | `optional` | boolean |
-| `put` | hand | graveyard | exile | battlefield | library_top | library_bottom |
+| `put` | hand | graveyard | exile | battlefield | library_top | library_bottom | discard |
 | `tapped` | boolean |
 | `link` | boolean |
 | `look` | boolean |
@@ -1361,14 +1361,15 @@ Rules: CR 119.3
 
 ## grant
 
-Each referenced permanent (or spell on the stack) gains the `keywords` until end of turn.
+Each referenced permanent (or spell on the stack) gains the `keywords` until end of turn (`duration: "until_your_next_turn"`: until its controller's next turn begins).
 
-Rules: CR 611.2a, CR 611.2c, CR 613.1f, CR 514.2
+Rules: CR 611.2a, CR 611.2c, CR 613.1f, CR 514.2, CR 500.1
 
 | Parameter | Description |
 | --- | --- |
 | `keywords` | list of keywords |
 | `to` | selector |
+| `duration` | end_of_turn | until_your_next_turn |
 
 ```json
 {
@@ -1657,6 +1658,26 @@ Rules: CR 702.11c, CR 115.4, CR 508.1c, CR 402.2, CR 514.1, CR 615.1, CR 615.1a,
 }
 ```
 
+## plot
+
+Each referenced card or spell is exiled (if it isn't already) and becomes plotted: its owner may cast it from exile without paying its mana cost during their main phase while the stack is empty, on any later turn (cast option `via: "plotted"`).
+
+Rules: CR 702.170c, CR 702.170d, CR 406.1
+
+| Parameter | Description |
+| --- | --- |
+| `to` | selector (a spell, a card, or an exiled card such as {"result": 0}) |
+
+```json
+{
+  "plot": {
+    "to": {
+      "target": 0
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
 ## prepare
 
 Each referenced permanent (default: this one) becomes prepared, if it has a prepare spell and isn't prepared already: its controller creates a copy of the prepare spell in exile and may cast that copy while the permanent stays prepared. Casting it unprepares the permanent.
@@ -2054,7 +2075,7 @@ Rules: CR 701.22a
 
 ## search_library
 
-Search your library for up to `count` cards matching `for`, then put them into your hand (or onto the battlefield, tapped if `tapped`, with `counters`) and shuffle. With a stated quality you may find fewer (or none); a search for just "a card" must find one if it can. `reveal` shows the found cards to every player. `searcher` names another player who searches their own library (e.g. {"controller_of": {"target": 0}}); `may: true` lets the searcher decline (then nothing is shuffled). `different_names: true`: the cards found must all have different names ("basic land cards with different names").
+Search your library for up to `count` cards matching `for`, then put them into your hand (or onto the battlefield, tapped if `tapped`, with `counters`; or into your graveyard) and shuffle. `put: library_top`: shuffle, then put the found card (one) on top. Computed bounds in `for` are worked out as the effect resolves. With a stated quality you may find fewer (or none); a search for just "a card" must find one if it can. `reveal` shows the found cards to every player. `searcher` names another player who searches their own library (e.g. {"controller_of": {"target": 0}}); `may: true` lets the searcher decline (then nothing is shuffled). `different_names: true`: the cards found must all have different names ("basic land cards with different names").
 
 Rules: CR 701.23a, CR 701.23b, CR 701.23d, CR 701.23e, CR 701.20a, CR 701.24a, CR 701.24b, CR 118.12, CR 110.2a
 
@@ -2062,7 +2083,7 @@ Rules: CR 701.23a, CR 701.23b, CR 701.23d, CR 701.23e, CR 701.20a, CR 701.24a, C
 | --- | --- |
 | `for` | card spec: "card" (default), {"types"|"subtypes"|"supertypes": [...], "name": "..."} or {"any_of": [spec, ...]} |
 | `count` | integer (default 1), "any" (any number), "x" or an amount ("up to that many") |
-| `put` | "hand" (default) or "battlefield" |
+| `put` | "hand" (default), "battlefield", "graveyard" or "library_top" (count 1) |
 | `tapped` | true: the cards enter tapped (with put: battlefield) |
 | `counters` | {counter name: n}: the cards enter with these counters (with put: battlefield) |
 | `reveal` | true: reveal the found cards |

data/docs/reference/triggers.md

@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ Rules: CR 603.2, CR 603.3b, CR 508.1, CR 707.10
 
 ## activates_ability
 
-A player (`controller`: you (default) | opponent | any) activates an ability that isn't a mana ability. `source`: optional filter on the source's card; `name: "chosen"`: only a source with the name chosen as this permanent entered. `exhaust: true`: only an exhaust ability ("whenever you activate an exhaust ability", CR 702.177). `boast: true`: only a boast ability ("whenever a creature you control boasts", CR 702.142b).
+A player (`controller`: you (default) | opponent | any) activates an ability that isn't a mana ability. `source`: optional filter on the source's card; `name: "chosen"`: only a source with the name chosen as this permanent entered. `exhaust: true`: only an exhaust ability ("whenever you activate an exhaust ability", CR 702.177). `boast: true`: only a boast ability ("whenever a creature you control boasts", CR 702.142b). `loyalty: true`: only a loyalty ability (CR 606).
 
-Rules: CR 602.2, CR 605.1a, CR 603.2, CR 201.4, CR 702.177a, CR 702.142b
+Rules: CR 602.2, CR 605.1a, CR 603.2, CR 201.4, CR 702.177a, CR 702.142b, CR 606.1
 
 | Parameter | Description |
 | --- | --- |
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ Rules: CR 602.2, CR 605.1a, CR 603.2, CR 201.4, CR 702.177a, CR 702.142b
 | `name` | "chosen" |
 | `exhaust` | true: only exhaust abilities |
 | `boast` | true: only boast abilities |
+| `loyalty` | true: only loyalty abilities |
 
 ```json
 {

data/lib/enjine/actions/special_action.rb

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 
 module Enjine
   module Actions
-    # CR 116.2f, 116.2h: special actions that pay a cost and exile a card from your hand (foretell, suspend).
+    # CR 116.2f, 116.2h, 116.2k: special actions that pay a cost and exile a card from your hand (foretell,
+    # suspend, plot).
     # The card's ability names the cost, when the action is allowed and what it does; the cost is paid in a
     # "pay" frame (Engine::Payment#begin_payment!), which can be cancelled, and the player gets priority
     # again afterwards (CR 116.3).
@@ -10,7 +11,8 @@ module Enjine
       def self.doc
         '`{type: "special_action", object: id, ability: ref}` — a special action of a card in your hand: foretell ' \
           "(during your turn, pay {2} and exile it face down, CR 116.2h) or suspend (when you could begin to cast it, " \
-          "pay its suspend cost and exile it with time counters, CR 116.2f)."
+          "pay its suspend cost and exile it with time counters, CR 116.2f) or plot (in your main phase with an empty " \
+          "stack, pay its plot cost and exile it, CR 116.2k)."
       end
 
       def self.options(engine, index)

data/lib/enjine/engine/casting/alt_casting.rb

@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ module Enjine
     #   {"via" => "alt:<ref>", "play" => "cast" | "play", "keyword" => "flashback", "instant" => true (sneak),
     #    "alt" => {"cost" => "{2}{R}", "ref" => ref, "exile" => true, "returns" => "tapped" | "unblocked",
     #              "harmonize" => true}}
-    # and a warped card in exile has the method {"via" => "warped", "play" => "cast"} (CR 702.185a).
+    # and a warped card in exile has the method {"via" => "warped", "play" => "cast"} (CR 702.185a); a plotted one
+    # {"via" => "plotted", "play" => "cast", "alt" => {"free" => true}, "sorcery" => true} (CR 702.170d).
     #
     # How a spell was cast is remembered on the spell (memory "cast_from": the zone, "cast_with": the keyword)
     # and on the permanent it becomes (CR 400.7d), and each player's turn log keeps the keywords of the
@@ -32,7 +33,14 @@ module Enjine
           ability = inst.ability
           ability.method_for(inst.ref) if ability.kind == :alternative_cost && ability.functions?(self, obj, index)
         end
-        own + warped_methods(index, obj)
+        own + warped_methods(index, obj) + plotted_methods(obj)
+      end
+
+      # CR 702.170d: a plotted card may be cast without paying its mana cost during its owner's main phase while
+      # the stack is empty, on any turn after the one it became plotted in (a sorcery's timing, whatever its type).
+      def plotted_methods(obj)
+        turn = obj.zone == :exile && obj.memory["plotted"]
+        turn && state.turn > turn ? [{ "via" => "plotted", "play" => "cast", "alt" => Permissions::FREE, "sorcery" => true }] : []
       end
 
       # CR 702.185a: "Its owner may cast this card after the current turn has ended for as long as it remains
@@ -42,6 +50,14 @@ module Enjine
         turn && state.turn > turn ? [{ "via" => "warped", "play" => "cast" }] : []
       end
 
+      # CR 304.1, 307.1: an instant or flash spell (or a method cast "any time you could cast an instant") at
+      # instant timing; anything else, and a plotted card whatever its type (CR 702.170d), at sorcery timing.
+      def method_timing?(index, chars, method)
+        return true if sorcery_timing?(index)
+
+        !method["sorcery"] && (chars.type?(:instant) || chars.keyword?(:flash) || method["instant"])
+      end
+
       # CR 702.187b: mayhem needs the card to have been discarded this turn (TurnHistory stamps it).
       def discarded_this_turn?(obj) = !turned_memory(obj, "discarded").nil?
 

data/lib/enjine/engine/casting/casting.rb

@@ -277,18 +277,18 @@ module Enjine
       end
 
       # The non-mana costs (CR 602.2b): its own ({T}, sacrifice it, exile it from the graveyard), then
-      # the chosen ones (sacrifice another creature, remove counters). A source sacrificed as a cost is
+      # the chosen ones (sacrifice another creature, remove counters). A source sacrificed or exiled as a cost is
       # remembered as it last existed (its counters, CR 608.2h).
       def pay_ability_costs!(ctx, obj)
         source = object(ctx["source"])
         ability = chars(source).ability(ctx["ability"])
-        obj.memory["source_counters"] = source.counters.dup if ability.costs.any?(Mechanics::Costs::SacrificeSelf)
+        obj.memory["source_counters"] = source.counters.dup if ability.costs.any? { Mechanics::Costs::LEAVING_SELF.include?(it.class) }
         frame_costs(ctx).reject(&:mana?).each { it.pay!(self, source) } # the chosen option of a one_of (CR 601.2b)
         pay_chosen_costs!(ctx)
         return unless ability.kind == :loyalty
 
         source.loyalty_turn = state.turn
-        cost = ability.loyalty_cost
+        cost = ability.x_loyalty? ? -ctx["x"].to_i : ability.loyalty_cost
         cost.negative? ? remove_counters!(source, "loyalty", -cost) : add_counters!(source, "loyalty", cost)
       end
 

data/lib/enjine/engine/casting/costs.rb

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ module Enjine
       # the mana cost or a cost such as "pay X life" or "exile X cards", X is 0.
       def ask_x!(ctx)
         return false unless ctx["x"].nil?
-        return (ctx["x"] = 0) && false unless base_cost(ctx)&.x_symbols.to_i.positive? || x_costs(ctx).any?
+        return (ctx["x"] = 0) && false unless base_cost(ctx)&.x_symbols.to_i.positive? || x_costs(ctx).any? || x_loyalty?(ctx)
 
         ask!("kind" => "choose_x", "player" => ctx["player"], "max" => x_limit(ctx))
         true
@@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ module Enjine
       # graveyard" (Costs::CardsCost).
       def x_costs(ctx) = casting_costs(ctx).select { it.respond_to?(:x?) && it.x? }
 
+      # A "-X" loyalty ability being activated (CR 606.4, 107.3).
+      def x_loyalty?(ctx) = ctx["kind"] == "ability" && casting_ability.respond_to?(:x_loyalty?) && casting_ability.x_loyalty?
+
       # A {T} ability's own source can't pay for it.
       def payment_excluded_source(ctx)
         ctx["type"] == "cast" && ctx["kind"] == "ability" && needs_tap?(casting_ability) ? ctx["source"] : nil
@@ -94,6 +97,7 @@ module Enjine
       # "pay X life" no more than their life total (CR 119.4), for "exile X cards" no more than there are (CR 118.3).
       def x_limit(ctx)
         limits = x_costs(ctx).map { it.x_limit(self, cost_payer(ctx)) }
+        limits << loyalty(object(ctx["source"])) if x_loyalty?(ctx) # CR 118.3: no more counters than it has
         symbols = base_cost(ctx)&.x_symbols.to_i
         return limits.min if symbols.zero?
 

data/lib/enjine/engine/casting/permissions.rb

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ module Enjine
 
         c = chars(obj)
         return false if c.land? || (method["alt"].nil? && c.mana_cost.nil?) # CR 305.9
-        return false unless c.type?(:instant) || c.keyword?(:flash) || method["instant"] || sorcery_timing?(index)
+        return false unless method_timing?(index, c, method)
         return false if cast_forbidden?(index, obj) # CR 101.2
         return false if returns_creature?(method["alt"]) && return_candidates(index, method["alt"]).empty?
         return false unless additional_costs_payable?(obj) && alt_parts_payable?(obj, method) # CR 601.2f

data/lib/enjine/engine/characteristics.rb

@@ -134,12 +134,6 @@ module Enjine
         granted.empty? ? base : base.with(abilities: (base.abilities + granted).freeze)
       end
 
-      # CR 604.3, 707.9d: a characteristic-defining power/toughness, unless a copy exception sets them.
-      def defined_pt_copied?(obj)
-        except = copy_exceptions(obj)
-        definition(obj).defined_pt? && !(except&.key?("power") || except&.key?("toughness"))
-      end
-
       # Layers 1-4: the object's own changes and resolved effects that add types (#own_layers),
       # then static abilities that add card types ("this Vehicle is an artifact creature", CR 205.1b), then effects
       # that set its creature types (CR 205.1a, 613.1d), statics before resolved effects, each in timestamp order.
@@ -239,13 +233,6 @@ module Enjine
         sets.max_by(&:first)&.last
       end
 
-      # CR 604.3, 613.4a: power/toughness from a characteristic-defining ability, in every zone.
-      def defined_power_toughness(obj, base, defn)
-        ctx = Mechanics::EffectContext.new(obj.controller, obj.id, obj.id, [], [])
-        base.with(power: defn.power_amount ? defn.power_amount.value(self, ctx) : base.power,
-                  toughness: defn.toughness_amount ? defn.toughness_amount.value(self, ctx) : base.toughness)
-      end
-
       # [[source object, StaticAbility], ...] for permanents on the battlefield (printed abilities:
       # an ability granting static abilities would need layer dependencies, CR 613.8).
       def static_sources

data/lib/enjine/engine/defined_power_toughness.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Enjine
+  class Engine
+    # Power and toughness defined by a characteristic-defining ability ("*", CR 604.3), used by the layer pass
+    # (Engine::Characteristics) on the battlefield and in every other zone.
+    module DefinedPowerToughness
+      # CR 604.3, 707.9d: a characteristic-defining power/toughness, unless a copy exception sets them.
+      def defined_pt_copied?(obj)
+        except = copy_exceptions(obj)
+        definition(obj).defined_pt? && !(except&.key?("power") || except&.key?("toughness"))
+      end
+
+      # CR 604.3, 613.4a: the defined power/toughness. Its amount may count the object itself ("card types among
+      # cards in all graveyards" while it's in one); it can't read power or toughness (CardDefinition#read_pt), so
+      # a nested look at the object while it's being computed skips the definition.
+      def defined_power_toughness(obj, base, defn)
+        return base if (defining = (@defining_pt ||= {})).key?(obj.id)
+
+        defining[obj.id] = ctx = Mechanics::EffectContext.new(obj.controller, obj.id, obj.id, [], [])
+        base.with(power: defn.power_amount ? defn.power_amount.value(self, ctx) : base.power,
+                  toughness: defn.toughness_amount ? defn.toughness_amount.value(self, ctx) : base.toughness)
+      ensure
+        @defining_pt.delete(obj.id) if ctx
+      end
+    end
+
+    include DefinedPowerToughness
+  end
+end

data/lib/enjine/engine/mana_sources.rb

@@ -94,11 +94,17 @@ module Enjine
           obj = object(id)
           next unless obj.controller == index && !mana_abilities_forbidden?(obj) # Engine::Rules
 
-          chars(obj).mana_abilities.each { |inst| out << [id, inst.ref] if inst.ability.activatable?(self, obj) }
+          chars(obj).mana_abilities.each { |inst| out << [id, inst.ref] if mana_ability_usable?(obj, inst) }
         end
         out
       end
 
+      # CR 602.5b: "Activate only once each turn" counts on the source, as for other activated abilities.
+      def mana_ability_usable?(obj, inst)
+        per_turn = inst.ability.per_turn
+        (per_turn.nil? || activations_this_turn(obj, inst.ref) < per_turn) && inst.ability.activatable?(self, obj)
+      end
+
       # Activation options for mana abilities: one per source, or one per mana it could add when the
       # mana is chosen as it's activated (`mana`: e.g. "{G}{G}", CR 605.3b).
       def mana_activation_options(sources)
@@ -118,6 +124,7 @@ module Enjine
         ability = chars(obj).ability(ability_ref) or raise ArgumentError, "#{id} has no ability #{ability_ref}"
         chosen = mana && Mana.parse_produce(mana, [], "mana")
         from = mana_provenance(id) # before a cost sacrifices it (a Treasure)
+        record_activation!("source" => id, "ability" => ability_ref) if ability.per_turn
         pay_from_pool!(index, ability.mana_cost, id) if ability.mana_cost
         ability.costs.each { |cost| cost.pay!(self, obj) }
         produced = chosen || ability.outcomes(self, obj).first # CR 605.3b: a fixed amount is counted as it resolves

data/lib/enjine/engine/resolution.rb

@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ module Enjine
                          "object" => obj.id, "targets" => targets, "results" => {} }
         frame["ctx"]["linked"] = obj.memory["results"] if obj.memory.key?("results") # a delayed trigger's (CR 603.7c)
         frame["ctx"]["linked_amounts"] = obj.memory["amounts"] if obj.memory.key?("amounts") # a reflexive trigger's
+        frame["ctx"].merge!(Snapshot.deep_copy(obj.memory["departed"])) if obj.memory.key?("departed") # and its LKI
       end
 
       # CR 400.7j / 608.2c: objects an effect moves or creates, so later effects can refer to them

data/lib/enjine/engine/triggers.rb

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ module Enjine
         current = chars(obj)
         { "controller" => obj.controller, "card" => obj.card, "types" => current.types, "subtypes" => current.subtypes,
           "power" => current.power, "toughness" => current.toughness, "counters" => obj.counters.dup,
+          "mana_value" => Mechanics::Amount.mana_value(self, obj), # CR 202.3
           "keywords" => current.keywords.map(&:to_s), # deathtouch, lifelink, wither (CR 702.2e, 702.15c, 702.80b)
           "token" => token?(obj), "except" => copy_exceptions(obj), "abilities" => current.abilities }
           .merge(obj.memory.slice(Mechanics::Linked::EXILED)) # the cards exiled with it (CR 607.2a)

data/lib/enjine/engine/turn_history.rb

@@ -109,7 +109,8 @@ module Enjine
       # The part of last known information an ability keeps in its memory ("source_lki"): plain data.
       def last_known_memory(lki)
         info = { "controller" => lki["controller"], "power" => lki["power"], "toughness" => lki["toughness"],
-                 "counters" => lki["counters"].dup, "card" => lki["card"], "keywords" => lki["keywords"].dup }
+                 "mana_value" => lki["mana_value"], "counters" => lki["counters"].dup, "card" => lki["card"],
+                 "keywords" => lki["keywords"].dup }
         info["except"] = lki["except"] if lki["except"] # what a copy of it copies (CR 707.2, Engine::Copies)
         info.merge(lki.slice(Mechanics::Linked::EXILED).transform_values(&:dup)) # CR 607.2a (Linked.exiled_with)
       end
@@ -117,6 +118,29 @@ module Enjine
       # What the resolving spell or ability remembers about an object that left the battlefield during it.
       def resolving_last_known(id) = state.frames.rfind { it["type"] == "resolve" && it["ctx"] }&.dig("ctx", "lki", id)
 
+      # A permanent that left the battlefield while a spell or ability resolves becomes a new object (CR 400.7);
+      # the resolving one links the new object to the permanent it was, so "the sacrificed creature's power"
+      # ({"power": {"result": n}}) is read as the permanent last existed (CR 608.2h).
+      def remember_departed!(new_id, old_id)
+        resolving = state.frames.rfind { it["type"] == "resolve" && it["ctx"] } or return
+        (resolving["ctx"]["departed"] ||= {})[new_id] = old_id
+      end
+
+      # What the resolving spell or ability knows of permanents that left (their last known information and the
+      # new objects they became), for a reflexive trigger it creates ("when you do", CR 603.12, 608.2h).
+      def departed_snapshot
+        ctx = state.frames.rfind { it["type"] == "resolve" && it["ctx"] }&.fetch("ctx") or return nil
+        snapshot = ctx.slice("lki", "departed")
+        snapshot.empty? ? nil : Snapshot.deep_copy(snapshot)
+      end
+
+      # The last known information of the permanent a new object was, if it left the battlefield during the
+      # resolving spell or ability.
+      def departed_last_known(new_id)
+        ctx = state.frames.rfind { it["type"] == "resolve" && it["ctx"] }&.fetch("ctx") or return nil
+        (old_id = ctx.dig("departed", new_id)) && ctx.dig("lki", old_id)
+      end
+
       # CR 702.171b: a permanent becomes saddled until the end of the turn; leaving the battlefield ends it (the
       # card is a new object, CR 400.7), and it isn't copiable (it lives on the object, not its characteristics).
       def saddle!(id) = object_memory!(id, "saddled")

data/lib/enjine/engine/zones.rb

@@ -120,10 +120,7 @@ module Enjine
         face_down = to == :exile ? data["face_down"] : nil
         fresh = create_object(card_after_move(old, to), old.owner, to, hidden: !face_down.nil?) # front face up (Engine::Faces)
         carry_copy_status!(fresh, old, to) # a token or copy stays one (Engine::Copies)
-        if old.zone == :battlefield
-          leave_combat!(id)
-          end_while_source_effects!(id) # CR 611.2b
-        end
+        left_battlefield!(fresh, old) if lki
         arrive!(fresh, old, data)
         fresh.memory.merge!("face_down" => true, "may_look" => face_down.uniq.sort) if face_down
         list = state.zone_list(to, old.owner)
@@ -140,6 +137,14 @@ module Enjine
         fresh
       end
 
+      # A permanent that left the battlefield: the resolving spell or ability links the new object to it (CR 400.7,
+      # 608.2h; Engine::TurnHistory), it leaves combat, and effects lasting while it stays end (CR 611.2b).
+      def left_battlefield!(fresh, old)
+        remember_departed!(fresh.id, old.id)
+        leave_combat!(old.id)
+        end_while_source_effects!(old.id)
+      end
+
       # Status of the new object in its new zone (CR 110.2, 614.12 entering status).
       def arrive!(fresh, old, data)
         case data["to"]
@@ -225,8 +230,13 @@ module Enjine
         end
       end
 
-      def shuffle_library!(index)
-        state.rng.shuffle!(player(index).library)
+      # `then_on_top`: cards set aside while the rest is shuffled, then put on top in that order ("then shuffle and
+      # put that card on top"; they stay in the library, CR 701.24a).
+      def shuffle_library!(index, then_on_top: [])
+        library = player(index).library
+        library.reject! { then_on_top.include?(it) }
+        state.rng.shuffle!(library)
+        library.unshift(*then_on_top)
         emit Events::LibraryShuffled.new(player: name(index))
       end