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- data/README.md +6 -4
- data/elephrame.gemspec +2 -1
- data/examples/ebooks.rb +24 -0
- data/examples/getting_started.org +484 -0
- data/examples/markov.rb +20 -0
- data/examples/markov_files/manifesto.txt +1886 -0
- data/examples/{combined.rb → periodic_interact.rb} +0 -0
- data/examples/tracery_simple.rb +2 -0
- data/lib/elephrame/mix/bots.rb +317 -7
- data/lib/elephrame/mix/generative.rb +244 -0
- data/lib/elephrame/mix/tracery.rb +15 -12
- data/lib/elephrame/rest/rest.rb +1 -1
- data/lib/elephrame/streaming/command.rb +1 -1
- data/lib/elephrame/streaming/reply.rb +1 -1
- data/lib/elephrame/streaming/streaming.rb +3 -2
- data/lib/elephrame/util/account.rb +16 -0
- data/lib/elephrame/util/status.rb +16 -5
- data/lib/elephrame/version.rb +1 -1
- data/lib/elephrame.rb +1 -1
- metadata +38 -4
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The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Communist Manifesto
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by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
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This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
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almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
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re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
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with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net
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Title: The Communist Manifesto
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Author: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
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Release Date: January 25, 2005 [EBook #61]
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Language: English
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*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO ***
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Transcribed by Allen Lutins with assistance from Jim Tarzia.
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MANIFESTO OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY
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[From the English edition of 1888, edited by Friedrich Engels]
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A spectre is haunting Europe--the spectre of Communism.
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All the Powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to
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exorcise this spectre: Pope and Czar, Metternich and Guizot,
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French Radicals and German police-spies.
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Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as
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Communistic by its opponents in power? Where is the Opposition
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that has not hurled back the branding reproach of Communism,
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against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against
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its reactionary adversaries?
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Two things result from this fact.
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I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European Powers
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to be itself a Power.
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II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the
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face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their
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tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the Spectre of
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Communism with a Manifesto of the party itself.
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To this end, Communists of various nationalities have
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assembled in London, and sketched the following Manifesto, to be
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published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and
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Danish languages.
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I. BOURGEOIS AND PROLETARIANS
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The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history
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of class struggles.
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Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf,
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guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed,
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stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an
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uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time
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ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at
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large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.
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In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a
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complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a
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manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have
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patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves; in the Middle Ages,
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feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices,
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serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate
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gradations.
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The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins
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of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It
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has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression,
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new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the
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epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive
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feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms. Society as a
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whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps,
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into two great classes, directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie
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and Proletariat.
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From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers
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of the earliest towns. From these burgesses the first elements
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of the bourgeoisie were developed.
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The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up
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fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie. The East-Indian and
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Chinese markets, the colonisation of America, trade with
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the colonies, the increase in the means of exchange and in
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commodities generally, gave to commerce, to navigation, to
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industry, an impulse never before known, and thereby, to the
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revolutionary element in the tottering feudal society, a rapid
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development.
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The feudal system of industry, under which industrial production
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was monopolised by closed guilds, now no longer sufficed for the
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growing wants of the new markets. The manufacturing system took
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its place. The guild-masters were pushed on one side by the
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manufacturing middle class; division of labour between the
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different corporate guilds vanished in the face of division of
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labour in each single workshop.
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Meantime the markets kept ever growing, the demand ever rising.
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Even manufacture no longer sufficed. Thereupon, steam and
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machinery revolutionised industrial production. The place of
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manufacture was taken by the giant, Modern Industry, the place of
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the industrial middle class, by industrial millionaires, the
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leaders of whole industrial armies, the modern bourgeois.
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Modern industry has established the world-market, for which the
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discovery of America paved the way. This market has given an
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immense development to commerce, to navigation, to communication
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by land. This development has, in its time, reacted on the
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extension of industry; and in proportion as industry, commerce,
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navigation, railways extended, in the same proportion the
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bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital, and pushed into the
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background every class handed down from the Middle Ages.
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We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the
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product of a long course of development, of a series of
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revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.
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Each step in the development of the bourgeoisie was accompanied
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by a corresponding political advance of that class. An
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oppressed class under the sway of the feudal nobility, an
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armed and self-governing association in the mediaeval commune;
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here independent urban republic (as in Italy and Germany),
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there taxable "third estate" of the monarchy (as in France),
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afterwards, in the period of manufacture proper, serving either
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the semi-feudal or the absolute monarchy as a counterpoise
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against the nobility, and, in fact, corner-stone of the great
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monarchies in general, the bourgeoisie has at last, since the
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establishment of Modern Industry and of the world-market,
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conquered for itself, in the modern representative State,
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exclusive political sway. The executive of the modern State is
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but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole
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bourgeoisie.
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The bourgeoisie, historically, has played a most revolutionary
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part.
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The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an
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end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has
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pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to
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his "natural superiors," and has left remaining no other nexus
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between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous "cash
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payment." It has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of
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religious fervour, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine
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sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation. It
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has resolved personal worth into exchange value, and in place of
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the numberless and indefeasible chartered freedoms, has set up that
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single, unconscionable freedom--Free Trade. In one word, for
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exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, naked,
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shameless, direct, brutal exploitation.
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The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation
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hitherto honoured and looked up to with reverent awe. It has
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converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the
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man of science, into its paid wage labourers.
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The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental
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veil, and has reduced the family relation to a mere money
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relation.
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The bourgeoisie has disclosed how it came to pass that the
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brutal display of vigour in the Middle Ages, which Reactionists
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so much admire, found its fitting complement in the most slothful
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indolence. It has been the first to show what man's activity can
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bring about. It has accomplished wonders far surpassing Egyptian
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pyramids, Roman aqueducts, and Gothic cathedrals; it has
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conducted expeditions that put in the shade all former Exoduses
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of nations and crusades.
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The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionising
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the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of
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production, and with them the whole relations of society.
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Conservation of the old modes of production in unaltered form,
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was, on the contrary, the first condition of existence for all
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earlier industrial classes. Constant revolutionising of
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production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions,
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everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois
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epoch from all earlier ones. All fixed, fast-frozen relations,
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with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and
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opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated
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before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all
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that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face
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with sober senses, his real conditions of life, and his
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relations with his kind.
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The need of a constantly expanding market for its products
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chases the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe. It
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must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connexions
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everywhere.
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The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world-market
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given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in
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every country. To the great chagrin of Reactionists, it has
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drawn from under the feet of industry the national ground on
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which it stood. All old-established national industries have
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been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. They are dislodged
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by new industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death
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question for all civilised nations, by industries that no longer
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work up indigenous raw material, but raw material drawn from the
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remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only
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at home, but in every quarter of the globe. In place of the old
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wants, satisfied by the productions of the country, we find new
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wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant
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lands and climes. In place of the old local and national
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seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every
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direction, universal inter-dependence of nations. And as in
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material, so also in intellectual production. The intellectual
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creations of individual nations become common property. National
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one-sidedness and narrow-mindedness become more and more
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impossible, and from the numerous national and local literatures,
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there arises a world literature.
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The bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of
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production, by the immensely facilitated means of communication,
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draws all, even the most barbarian, nations into civilisation.
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The cheap prices of its commodities are the heavy artillery with
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which it batters down all Chinese walls, with which it forces the
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barbarians' intensely obstinate hatred of foreigners to
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capitulate. It compels all nations, on pain of extinction, to
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adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels them to
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introduce what it calls civilisation into their midst, i.e., to
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become bourgeois themselves. In one word, it creates a world
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after its own image.
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The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the
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towns. It has created enormous cities, has greatly increased the
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urban population as compared with the rural, and has thus rescued
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a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural
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life. Just as it has made the country dependent on the towns, so
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it has made barbarian and semi-barbarian countries dependent on
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the civilised ones, nations of peasants on nations of bourgeois,
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the East on the West.
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The bourgeoisie keeps more and more doing away with the
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scattered state of the population, of the means of production,
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and of property. It has agglomerated production, and has
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concentrated property in a few hands. The necessary consequence
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of this was political centralisation. Independent, or but
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loosely connected provinces, with separate interests, laws,
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governments and systems of taxation, became lumped together into
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one nation, with one government, one code of laws, one national
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class-interest, one frontier and one customs-tariff. The
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bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has
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created more massive and more colossal productive forces than
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have all preceding generations together. Subjection of Nature's
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forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry
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and agriculture, steam-navigation, railways, electric telegraphs,
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clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalisation of
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rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground--what
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earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive
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forces slumbered in the lap of social labour?
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We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose
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foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in
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feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these
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means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which
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feudal society produced and exchanged, the feudal organisation of
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agriculture and manufacturing industry, in one word, the feudal
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relations of property became no longer compatible with the
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already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters.
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They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder.
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Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a
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social and political constitution adapted to it, and by the
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economical and political sway of the bourgeois class.
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A similar movement is going on before our own eyes. Modern
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bourgeois society with its relations of production, of exchange
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and of property, a society that has conjured up such gigantic
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means of production and of exchange, is like the sorcerer, who is
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no longer able to control the powers of the nether world whom he
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has called up by his spells. For many a decade past the history
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of industry and commerce is but the history of the revolt of
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modern productive forces against modern conditions of production,
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against the property relations that are the conditions for the
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existence of the bourgeoisie and of its rule. It is enough to
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mention the commercial crises that by their periodical return put
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on its trial, each time more threateningly, the existence of the
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entire bourgeois society. In these crises a great part not only
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of the existing products, but also of the previously created
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productive forces, are periodically destroyed. In these crises
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there breaks out an epidemic that, in all earlier epochs, would
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have seemed an absurdity--the epidemic of over-production.
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Society suddenly finds itself put back into a state of momentary
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barbarism; it appears as if a famine, a universal war of
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devastation had cut off the supply of every means of subsistence;
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industry and commerce seem to be destroyed; and why? Because
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there is too much civilisation, too much means of subsistence,
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too much industry, too much commerce. The productive forces at
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the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development
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of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they
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have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are
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fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring
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disorder into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the
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existence of bourgeois property. The conditions of bourgeois
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society are too narrow to comprise the wealth created by them.
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And how does the bourgeoisie get over these crises? On the one
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hand inforced destruction of a mass of productive forces; on the
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other, by the conquest of new markets, and by the more thorough
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exploitation of the old ones. That is to say, by paving the
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way for more extensive and more destructive crises, and by
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diminishing the means whereby crises are prevented.
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The weapons with which the bourgeoisie felled feudalism to the
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ground are now turned against the bourgeoisie itself.
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But not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring
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death to itself; it has also called into existence the men who
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are to wield those weapons--the modern working class--the
|
328
|
+
proletarians.
|
329
|
+
|
330
|
+
In proportion as the bourgeoisie, i.e., capital, is developed,
|
331
|
+
in the same proportion is the proletariat, the modern working
|
332
|
+
class, developed--a class of labourers, who live only so long
|
333
|
+
as they find work, and who find work only so long as their labour
|
334
|
+
increases capital. These labourers, who must sell themselves
|
335
|
+
piece-meal, are a commodity, like every other article of
|
336
|
+
commerce, and are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes of
|
337
|
+
competition, to all the fluctuations of the market.
|
338
|
+
|
339
|
+
Owing to the extensive use of machinery and to division of
|
340
|
+
labour, the work of the proletarians has lost all individual
|
341
|
+
character, and consequently, all charm for the workman. He
|
342
|
+
becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most
|
343
|
+
simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack, that is
|
344
|
+
required of him. Hence, the cost of production of a workman is
|
345
|
+
restricted, almost entirely, to the means of subsistence that he
|
346
|
+
requires for his maintenance, and for the propagation of his
|
347
|
+
race. But the price of a commodity, and therefore also of
|
348
|
+
labour, is equal to its cost of production. In proportion
|
349
|
+
therefore, as the repulsiveness of the work increases, the wage
|
350
|
+
decreases. Nay more, in proportion as the use of machinery and
|
351
|
+
division of labour increases, in the same proportion the burden
|
352
|
+
of toil also increases, whether by prolongation of the working
|
353
|
+
hours, by increase of the work exacted in a given time or by
|
354
|
+
increased speed of the machinery, etc.
|
355
|
+
|
356
|
+
Modern industry has converted the little workshop of the
|
357
|
+
patriarchal master into the great factory of the industrial
|
358
|
+
capitalist. Masses of labourers, crowded into the factory, are
|
359
|
+
organised like soldiers. As privates of the industrial army they
|
360
|
+
are placed under the command of a perfect hierarchy of officers
|
361
|
+
and sergeants. Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class,
|
362
|
+
and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by
|
363
|
+
the machine, by the over-looker, and, above all, by the
|
364
|
+
individual bourgeois manufacturer himself. The more openly this
|
365
|
+
despotism proclaims gain to be its end and aim, the more petty,
|
366
|
+
the more hateful and the more embittering it is.
|
367
|
+
|
368
|
+
The less the skill and exertion of strength implied in manual
|
369
|
+
labour, in other words, the more modern industry becomes
|
370
|
+
developed, the more is the labour of men superseded by that of
|
371
|
+
women. Differences of age and sex have no longer any distinctive
|
372
|
+
social validity for the working class. All are instruments of
|
373
|
+
labour, more or less expensive to use, according to their age
|
374
|
+
and sex.
|
375
|
+
|
376
|
+
No sooner is the exploitation of the labourer by the manufacturer,
|
377
|
+
so far at an end, that he receives his wages in cash, than he is
|
378
|
+
set upon by the other portions of the bourgeoisie, the landlord,
|
379
|
+
the shopkeeper, the pawnbroker, etc.
|
380
|
+
|
381
|
+
The lower strata of the middle class--the small tradespeople,
|
382
|
+
shopkeepers, retired tradesmen generally, the handicraftsmen and
|
383
|
+
peasants--all these sink gradually into the proletariat, partly
|
384
|
+
because their diminutive capital does not suffice for the scale
|
385
|
+
on which Modern Industry is carried on, and is swamped in the
|
386
|
+
competition with the large capitalists, partly because their
|
387
|
+
specialized skill is rendered worthless by the new methods of
|
388
|
+
production. Thus the proletariat is recruited from all classes
|
389
|
+
of the population.
|
390
|
+
|
391
|
+
The proletariat goes through various stages of development.
|
392
|
+
With its birth begins its struggle with the bourgeoisie. At
|
393
|
+
first the contest is carried on by individual labourers, then by
|
394
|
+
the workpeople of a factory, then by the operatives of one trade,
|
395
|
+
in one locality, against the individual bourgeois who directly
|
396
|
+
exploits them. They direct their attacks not against the
|
397
|
+
bourgeois conditions of production, but against the instruments
|
398
|
+
of production themselves; they destroy imported wares that
|
399
|
+
compete with their labour, they smash to pieces machinery, they
|
400
|
+
set factories ablaze, they seek to restore by force the vanished
|
401
|
+
status of the workman of the Middle Ages.
|
402
|
+
|
403
|
+
At this stage the labourers still form an incoherent mass
|
404
|
+
scattered over the whole country, and broken up by their mutual
|
405
|
+
competition. If anywhere they unite to form more compact bodies,
|
406
|
+
this is not yet the consequence of their own active union, but of
|
407
|
+
the union of the bourgeoisie, which class, in order to attain its
|
408
|
+
own political ends, is compelled to set the whole proletariat in
|
409
|
+
motion, and is moreover yet, for a time, able to do so. At this
|
410
|
+
stage, therefore, the proletarians do not fight their enemies,
|
411
|
+
but the enemies of their enemies, the remnants of absolute
|
412
|
+
monarchy, the landowners, the non-industrial bourgeois, the petty
|
413
|
+
bourgeoisie. Thus the whole historical movement is concentrated
|
414
|
+
in the hands of the bourgeoisie; every victory so obtained is a
|
415
|
+
victory for the bourgeoisie.
|
416
|
+
|
417
|
+
But with the development of industry the proletariat not only
|
418
|
+
increases in number; it becomes concentrated in greater masses,
|
419
|
+
its strength grows, and it feels that strength more. The various
|
420
|
+
interests and conditions of life within the ranks of the
|
421
|
+
proletariat are more and more equalised, in proportion as
|
422
|
+
machinery obliterates all distinctions of labour, and nearly
|
423
|
+
everywhere reduces wages to the same low level. The growing
|
424
|
+
competition among the bourgeois, and the resulting commercial
|
425
|
+
crises, make the wages of the workers ever more fluctuating. The
|
426
|
+
unceasing improvement of machinery, ever more rapidly developing,
|
427
|
+
makes their livelihood more and more precarious; the collisions
|
428
|
+
between individual workmen and individual bourgeois take more and
|
429
|
+
more the character of collisions between two classes. Thereupon
|
430
|
+
the workers begin to form combinations (Trades Unions) against
|
431
|
+
the bourgeois; they club together in order to keep up the rate of
|
432
|
+
wages; they found permanent associations in order to make
|
433
|
+
provision beforehand for these occasional revolts. Here and
|
434
|
+
there the contest breaks out into riots.
|
435
|
+
|
436
|
+
Now and then the workers are victorious, but only for a time.
|
437
|
+
The real fruit of their battles lies, not in the immediate
|
438
|
+
result, but in the ever-expanding union of the workers. This
|
439
|
+
union is helped on by the improved means of communication that
|
440
|
+
are created by modern industry and that place the workers of
|
441
|
+
different localities in contact with one another. It was just
|
442
|
+
this contact that was needed to centralise the numerous local
|
443
|
+
struggles, all of the same character, into one national struggle
|
444
|
+
between classes. But every class struggle is a political
|
445
|
+
struggle. And that union, to attain which the burghers of the
|
446
|
+
Middle Ages, with their miserable highways, required centuries,
|
447
|
+
the modern proletarians, thanks to railways, achieve in a few
|
448
|
+
years.
|
449
|
+
|
450
|
+
This organisation of the proletarians into a class, and
|
451
|
+
consequently into a political party, is continually being upset
|
452
|
+
again by the competition between the workers themselves. But it
|
453
|
+
ever rises up again, stronger, firmer, mightier. It compels
|
454
|
+
legislative recognition of particular interests of the workers,
|
455
|
+
by taking advantage of the divisions among the bourgeoisie
|
456
|
+
itself. Thus the ten-hours' bill in England was carried.
|
457
|
+
|
458
|
+
Altogether collisions between the classes of the old society
|
459
|
+
further, in many ways, the course of development of the
|
460
|
+
proletariat. The bourgeoisie finds itself involved in a constant
|
461
|
+
battle. At first with the aristocracy; later on, with those
|
462
|
+
portions of the bourgeoisie itself, whose interests have become
|
463
|
+
antagonistic to the progress of industry; at all times, with the
|
464
|
+
bourgeoisie of foreign countries. In all these battles it sees
|
465
|
+
itself compelled to appeal to the proletariat, to ask for its
|
466
|
+
help, and thus, to drag it into the political arena. The
|
467
|
+
bourgeoisie itself, therefore, supplies the proletariat with its
|
468
|
+
own instruments of political and general education, in other
|
469
|
+
words, it furnishes the proletariat with weapons for fighting
|
470
|
+
the bourgeoisie.
|
471
|
+
|
472
|
+
Further, as we have already seen, entire sections of the ruling
|
473
|
+
classes are, by the advance of industry, precipitated into the
|
474
|
+
proletariat, or are at least threatened in their conditions of
|
475
|
+
existence. These also supply the proletariat with fresh elements
|
476
|
+
of enlightenment and progress.
|
477
|
+
|
478
|
+
Finally, in times when the class struggle nears the decisive
|
479
|
+
hour, the process of dissolution going on within the ruling
|
480
|
+
class, in fact within the whole range of society, assumes such a
|
481
|
+
violent, glaring character, that a small section of the ruling
|
482
|
+
class cuts itself adrift, and joins the revolutionary class, the
|
483
|
+
class that holds the future in its hands. Just as, therefore, at
|
484
|
+
an earlier period, a section of the nobility went over to the
|
485
|
+
bourgeoisie, so now a portion of the bourgeoisie goes over to the
|
486
|
+
proletariat, and in particular, a portion of the bourgeois
|
487
|
+
ideologists, who have raised themselves to the level of
|
488
|
+
comprehending theoretically the historical movement as a whole.
|
489
|
+
|
490
|
+
Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie
|
491
|
+
today, the proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class.
|
492
|
+
The other classes decay and finally disappear in the face of
|
493
|
+
Modern Industry; the proletariat is its special and essential
|
494
|
+
product. The lower middle class, the small manufacturer, the
|
495
|
+
shopkeeper, the artisan, the peasant, all these fight against the
|
496
|
+
bourgeoisie, to save from extinction their existence as fractions
|
497
|
+
of the middle class. They are therefore not revolutionary, but
|
498
|
+
conservative. Nay more, they are reactionary, for they try
|
499
|
+
to roll back the wheel of history. If by chance they are
|
500
|
+
revolutionary, they are so only in view of their impending
|
501
|
+
transfer into the proletariat, they thus defend not their
|
502
|
+
present, but their future interests, they desert their own
|
503
|
+
standpoint to place themselves at that of the proletariat.
|
504
|
+
|
505
|
+
The "dangerous class," the social scum, that passively rotting
|
506
|
+
mass thrown off by the lowest layers of old society, may,
|
507
|
+
here and there, be swept into the movement by a proletarian
|
508
|
+
revolution; its conditions of life, however, prepare it far more
|
509
|
+
for the part of a bribed tool of reactionary intrigue.
|
510
|
+
|
511
|
+
In the conditions of the proletariat, those of old society at
|
512
|
+
large are already virtually swamped. The proletarian is without
|
513
|
+
property; his relation to his wife and children has no longer
|
514
|
+
anything in common with the bourgeois family-relations; modern
|
515
|
+
industrial labour, modern subjection to capital, the same in
|
516
|
+
England as in France, in America as in Germany, has stripped him
|
517
|
+
of every trace of national character. Law, morality, religion,
|
518
|
+
are to him so many bourgeois prejudices, behind which lurk in
|
519
|
+
ambush just as many bourgeois interests.
|
520
|
+
|
521
|
+
All the preceding classes that got the upper hand, sought to
|
522
|
+
fortify their already acquired status by subjecting society at
|
523
|
+
large to their conditions of appropriation. The proletarians
|
524
|
+
cannot become masters of the productive forces of society, except
|
525
|
+
by abolishing their own previous mode of appropriation, and
|
526
|
+
thereby also every other previous mode of appropriation. They
|
527
|
+
have nothing of their own to secure and to fortify; their mission
|
528
|
+
is to destroy all previous securities for, and insurances of,
|
529
|
+
individual property.
|
530
|
+
|
531
|
+
All previous historical movements were movements of minorities,
|
532
|
+
or in the interests of minorities. The proletarian movement is
|
533
|
+
the self-conscious, independent movement of the immense majority,
|
534
|
+
in the interests of the immense majority. The proletariat, the
|
535
|
+
lowest stratum of our present society, cannot stir, cannot raise
|
536
|
+
itself up, without the whole superincumbent strata of official
|
537
|
+
society being sprung into the air.
|
538
|
+
|
539
|
+
Though not in substance, yet in form, the struggle of the
|
540
|
+
proletariat with the bourgeoisie is at first a national struggle.
|
541
|
+
The proletariat of each country must, of course, first of all
|
542
|
+
settle matters with its own bourgeoisie.
|
543
|
+
|
544
|
+
In depicting the most general phases of the development of the
|
545
|
+
proletariat, we traced the more or less veiled civil war, raging
|
546
|
+
within existing society, up to the point where that war breaks
|
547
|
+
out into open revolution, and where the violent overthrow of the
|
548
|
+
bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the sway of the proletariat.
|
549
|
+
|
550
|
+
Hitherto, every form of society has been based, as we have
|
551
|
+
already seen, on the antagonism of oppressing and oppressed
|
552
|
+
classes. But in order to oppress a class, certain conditions
|
553
|
+
must be assured to it under which it can, at least, continue its
|
554
|
+
slavish existence. The serf, in the period of serfdom, raised
|
555
|
+
himself to membership in the commune, just as the petty
|
556
|
+
bourgeois, under the yoke of feudal absolutism, managed to
|
557
|
+
develop into a bourgeois. The modern laborer, on the contrary,
|
558
|
+
instead of rising with the progress of industry, sinks deeper and
|
559
|
+
deeper below the conditions of existence of his own class. He
|
560
|
+
becomes a pauper, and pauperism develops more rapidly than
|
561
|
+
population and wealth. And here it becomes evident, that the
|
562
|
+
bourgeoisie is unfit any longer to be the ruling class in
|
563
|
+
society, and to impose its conditions of existence upon society
|
564
|
+
as an over-riding law. It is unfit to rule because it is
|
565
|
+
incompetent to assure an existence to its slave within his
|
566
|
+
slavery, because it cannot help letting him sink into such a
|
567
|
+
state, that it has to feed him, instead of being fed by him.
|
568
|
+
Society can no longer live under this bourgeoisie, in other
|
569
|
+
words, its existence is no longer compatible with society.
|
570
|
+
|
571
|
+
The essential condition for the existence, and for the sway of
|
572
|
+
the bourgeois class, is the formation and augmentation of
|
573
|
+
capital; the condition for capital is wage-labour. Wage-labour
|
574
|
+
rests exclusively on competition between the laborers. The
|
575
|
+
advance of industry, whose involuntary promoter is the bourgeoisie,
|
576
|
+
replaces the isolation of the labourers, due to competition,
|
577
|
+
by their revolutionary combination, due to association. The
|
578
|
+
development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its
|
579
|
+
feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and
|
580
|
+
appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces,
|
581
|
+
above all, is its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of
|
582
|
+
the proletariat are equally inevitable.
|
583
|
+
|
584
|
+
|
585
|
+
|
586
|
+
II. PROLETARIANS AND COMMUNISTS
|
587
|
+
|
588
|
+
In what relation do the Communists stand to the proletarians as a
|
589
|
+
whole?
|
590
|
+
|
591
|
+
The Communists do not form a separate party opposed to other
|
592
|
+
working-class parties.
|
593
|
+
|
594
|
+
They have no interests separate and apart from those of the
|
595
|
+
proletariat as a whole.
|
596
|
+
|
597
|
+
They do not set up any sectarian principles of their own,
|
598
|
+
by which to shape and mould the proletarian movement.
|
599
|
+
|
600
|
+
The Communists are distinguished from the other working-class parties
|
601
|
+
by this only: (1) In the national struggles of the proletarians
|
602
|
+
of the different countries, they point out and bring to the front
|
603
|
+
the common interests of the entire proletariat, independently of
|
604
|
+
all nationality. (2) In the various stages of development which the
|
605
|
+
struggle of the working class against the bourgeoisie has to pass
|
606
|
+
through, they always and everywhere represent the interests of the
|
607
|
+
movement as a whole.
|
608
|
+
|
609
|
+
The Communists, therefore, are on the one hand, practically,
|
610
|
+
the most advanced and resolute section of the working-class
|
611
|
+
parties of every country, that section which pushes forward
|
612
|
+
all others; on the other hand, theoretically, they have over
|
613
|
+
the great mass of the proletariat the advantage of clearly
|
614
|
+
understanding the line of march, the conditions, and the ultimate
|
615
|
+
general results of the proletarian movement.
|
616
|
+
|
617
|
+
The immediate aim of the Communist is the same as that of all
|
618
|
+
the other proletarian parties: formation of the proletariat into
|
619
|
+
a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of
|
620
|
+
political power by the proletariat.
|
621
|
+
|
622
|
+
The theoretical conclusions of the Communists are in no way
|
623
|
+
based on ideas or principles that have been invented, or
|
624
|
+
discovered, by this or that would-be universal reformer. They
|
625
|
+
merely express, in general terms, actual relations springing from
|
626
|
+
an existing class struggle, from a historical movement going on
|
627
|
+
under our very eyes. The abolition of existing property
|
628
|
+
relations is not at all a distinctive feature of Communism.
|
629
|
+
|
630
|
+
All property relations in the past have continually been subject
|
631
|
+
to historical change consequent upon the change in historical
|
632
|
+
conditions.
|
633
|
+
|
634
|
+
The French Revolution, for example, abolished feudal property in
|
635
|
+
favour of bourgeois property.
|
636
|
+
|
637
|
+
The distinguishing feature of Communism is not the abolition of
|
638
|
+
property generally, but the abolition of bourgeois property. But
|
639
|
+
modern bourgeois private property is the final and most complete
|
640
|
+
expression of the system of producing and appropriating products,
|
641
|
+
that is based on class antagonisms, on the exploitation of the
|
642
|
+
many by the few.
|
643
|
+
|
644
|
+
In this sense, the theory of the Communists may be summed up in
|
645
|
+
the single sentence: Abolition of private property.
|
646
|
+
|
647
|
+
We Communists have been reproached with the desire of abolishing
|
648
|
+
the right of personally acquiring property as the fruit of a
|
649
|
+
man's own labour, which property is alleged to be the groundwork
|
650
|
+
of all personal freedom, activity and independence.
|
651
|
+
|
652
|
+
Hard-won, self-acquired, self-earned property! Do you mean the
|
653
|
+
property of the petty artisan and of the small peasant, a form of
|
654
|
+
property that preceded the bourgeois form? There is no need to
|
655
|
+
abolish that; the development of industry has to a great extent
|
656
|
+
already destroyed it, and is still destroying it daily.
|
657
|
+
|
658
|
+
Or do you mean modern bourgeois private property?
|
659
|
+
|
660
|
+
But does wage-labour create any property for the labourer? Not
|
661
|
+
a bit. It creates capital, i.e., that kind of property which
|
662
|
+
exploits wage-labour, and which cannot increase except upon
|
663
|
+
condition of begetting a new supply of wage-labour for fresh
|
664
|
+
exploitation. Property, in its present form, is based on the
|
665
|
+
antagonism of capital and wage-labour. Let us examine both sides
|
666
|
+
of this antagonism.
|
667
|
+
|
668
|
+
To be a capitalist, is to have not only a purely personal, but a
|
669
|
+
social status in production. Capital is a collective product,
|
670
|
+
and only by the united action of many members, nay, in the last
|
671
|
+
resort, only by the united action of all members of society,
|
672
|
+
can it be set in motion.
|
673
|
+
|
674
|
+
Capital is, therefore, not a personal, it is a social power.
|
675
|
+
|
676
|
+
When, therefore, capital is converted into common property, into
|
677
|
+
the property of all members of society, personal property is not
|
678
|
+
thereby transformed into social property. It is only the social
|
679
|
+
character of the property that is changed. It loses its
|
680
|
+
class-character.
|
681
|
+
|
682
|
+
Let us now take wage-labour.
|
683
|
+
|
684
|
+
The average price of wage-labour is the minimum wage, i.e.,
|
685
|
+
that quantum of the means of subsistence, which is absolutely
|
686
|
+
requisite in bare existence as a labourer. What, therefore, the
|
687
|
+
wage-labourer appropriates by means of his labour, merely
|
688
|
+
suffices to prolong and reproduce a bare existence. We by no
|
689
|
+
means intend to abolish this personal appropriation of the
|
690
|
+
products of labour, an appropriation that is made for the
|
691
|
+
maintenance and reproduction of human life, and that leaves no
|
692
|
+
surplus wherewith to command the labour of others. All that we
|
693
|
+
want to do away with, is the miserable character of this
|
694
|
+
appropriation, under which the labourer lives merely to increase
|
695
|
+
capital, and is allowed to live only in so far as the interest of
|
696
|
+
the ruling class requires it.
|
697
|
+
|
698
|
+
In bourgeois society, living labour is but a means to increase
|
699
|
+
accumulated labour. In Communist society, accumulated labour
|
700
|
+
is but a means to widen, to enrich, to promote the existence
|
701
|
+
of the labourer.
|
702
|
+
|
703
|
+
In bourgeois society, therefore, the past dominates the present;
|
704
|
+
in Communist society, the present dominates the past. In
|
705
|
+
bourgeois society capital is independent and has individuality,
|
706
|
+
while the living person is dependent and has no individuality.
|
707
|
+
|
708
|
+
And the abolition of this state of things is called by the
|
709
|
+
bourgeois, abolition of individuality and freedom! And rightly
|
710
|
+
so. The abolition of bourgeois individuality, bourgeois
|
711
|
+
independence, and bourgeois freedom is undoubtedly aimed at.
|
712
|
+
|
713
|
+
By freedom is meant, under the present bourgeois conditions of
|
714
|
+
production, free trade, free selling and buying.
|
715
|
+
|
716
|
+
But if selling and buying disappears, free selling and buying
|
717
|
+
disappears also. This talk about free selling and buying, and
|
718
|
+
all the other "brave words" of our bourgeoisie about freedom in
|
719
|
+
general, have a meaning, if any, only in contrast with restricted
|
720
|
+
selling and buying, with the fettered traders of the Middle Ages,
|
721
|
+
but have no meaning when opposed to the Communistic abolition of
|
722
|
+
buying and selling, of the bourgeois conditions of production,
|
723
|
+
and of the bourgeoisie itself.
|
724
|
+
|
725
|
+
You are horrified at our intending to do away with private
|
726
|
+
property. But in your existing society, private property is
|
727
|
+
already done away with for nine-tenths of the population; its
|
728
|
+
existence for the few is solely due to its non-existence in the
|
729
|
+
hands of those nine-tenths. You reproach us, therefore, with
|
730
|
+
intending to do away with a form of property, the necessary
|
731
|
+
condition for whose existence is the non-existence of any
|
732
|
+
property for the immense majority of society.
|
733
|
+
|
734
|
+
In one word, you reproach us with intending to do away with your
|
735
|
+
property. Precisely so; that is just what we intend.
|
736
|
+
|
737
|
+
From the moment when labour can no longer be converted into
|
738
|
+
capital, money, or rent, into a social power capable of being
|
739
|
+
monopolised, i.e., from the moment when individual property can
|
740
|
+
no longer be transformed into bourgeois property, into capital,
|
741
|
+
from that moment, you say individuality vanishes.
|
742
|
+
|
743
|
+
You must, therefore, confess that by "individual" you mean no
|
744
|
+
other person than the bourgeois, than the middle-class owner of
|
745
|
+
property. This person must, indeed, be swept out of the way, and
|
746
|
+
made impossible.
|
747
|
+
|
748
|
+
Communism deprives no man of the power to appropriate the
|
749
|
+
products of society; all that it does is to deprive him of the
|
750
|
+
power to subjugate the labour of others by means of such
|
751
|
+
appropriation.
|
752
|
+
|
753
|
+
It has been objected that upon the abolition of private property
|
754
|
+
all work will cease, and universal laziness will overtake us.
|
755
|
+
|
756
|
+
According to this, bourgeois society ought long ago to have gone
|
757
|
+
to the dogs through sheer idleness; for those of its members who
|
758
|
+
work, acquire nothing, and those who acquire anything, do not
|
759
|
+
work. The whole of this objection is but another expression of
|
760
|
+
the tautology: that there can no longer be any wage-labour when
|
761
|
+
there is no longer any capital.
|
762
|
+
|
763
|
+
All objections urged against the Communistic mode of producing
|
764
|
+
and appropriating material products, have, in the same way,
|
765
|
+
been urged against the Communistic modes of producing and
|
766
|
+
appropriating intellectual products. Just as, to the bourgeois,
|
767
|
+
the disappearance of class property is the disappearance of
|
768
|
+
production itself, so the disappearance of class culture is to
|
769
|
+
him identical with the disappearance of all culture.
|
770
|
+
|
771
|
+
That culture, the loss of which he laments, is, for the enormous
|
772
|
+
majority, a mere training to act as a machine.
|
773
|
+
|
774
|
+
But don't wrangle with us so long as you apply, to our intended
|
775
|
+
abolition of bourgeois property, the standard of your bourgeois
|
776
|
+
notions of freedom, culture, law, etc. Your very ideas are but
|
777
|
+
the outgrowth of the conditions of your bourgeois production and
|
778
|
+
bourgeois property, just as your jurisprudence is but the will of
|
779
|
+
your class made into a law for all, a will, whose essential
|
780
|
+
character and direction are determined by the economical
|
781
|
+
conditions of existence of your class.
|
782
|
+
|
783
|
+
The selfish misconception that induces you to transform into
|
784
|
+
eternal laws of nature and of reason, the social forms
|
785
|
+
springing from your present mode of production and form of
|
786
|
+
property--historical relations that rise and disappear in the
|
787
|
+
progress of production--this misconception you share with every
|
788
|
+
ruling class that has preceded you. What you see clearly in the
|
789
|
+
case of ancient property, what you admit in the case of feudal
|
790
|
+
property, you are of course forbidden to admit in the case of
|
791
|
+
your own bourgeois form of property.
|
792
|
+
|
793
|
+
Abolition of the family! Even the most radical flare up at this
|
794
|
+
infamous proposal of the Communists.
|
795
|
+
|
796
|
+
On what foundation is the present family, the bourgeois family,
|
797
|
+
based? On capital, on private gain. In its completely developed
|
798
|
+
form this family exists only among the bourgeoisie. But this
|
799
|
+
state of things finds its complement in the practical absence of
|
800
|
+
the family among the proletarians, and in public prostitution.
|
801
|
+
|
802
|
+
The bourgeois family will vanish as a matter of course when its
|
803
|
+
complement vanishes, and both will vanish with the vanishing of
|
804
|
+
capital.
|
805
|
+
|
806
|
+
Do you charge us with wanting to stop the exploitation of
|
807
|
+
children by their parents? To this crime we plead guilty.
|
808
|
+
|
809
|
+
But, you will say, we destroy the most hallowed of relations,
|
810
|
+
when we replace home education by social.
|
811
|
+
|
812
|
+
And your education! Is not that also social, and determined by the
|
813
|
+
social conditions under which you educate, by the intervention,
|
814
|
+
direct or indirect, of society, by means of schools, etc.? The
|
815
|
+
Communists have not invented the intervention of society in
|
816
|
+
education; they do but seek to alter the character of that
|
817
|
+
intervention, and to rescue education from the influence of the
|
818
|
+
ruling class.
|
819
|
+
|
820
|
+
The bourgeois clap-trap about the family and education, about
|
821
|
+
the hallowed co-relation of parent and child, becomes all the
|
822
|
+
more disgusting, the more, by the action of Modern Industry, all
|
823
|
+
family ties among the proletarians are torn asunder, and their
|
824
|
+
children transformed into simple articles of commerce and
|
825
|
+
instruments of labour.
|
826
|
+
|
827
|
+
But you Communists would introduce community of women, screams
|
828
|
+
the whole bourgeoisie in chorus.
|
829
|
+
|
830
|
+
The bourgeois sees in his wife a mere instrument of production.
|
831
|
+
He hears that the instruments of production are to be exploited
|
832
|
+
in common, and, naturally, can come to no other conclusion than
|
833
|
+
that the lot of being common to all will likewise fall to the
|
834
|
+
women.
|
835
|
+
|
836
|
+
He has not even a suspicion that the real point is to do away
|
837
|
+
with the status of women as mere instruments of production.
|
838
|
+
|
839
|
+
For the rest, nothing is more ridiculous than the
|
840
|
+
virtuous indignation of our bourgeois at the community of women
|
841
|
+
which, they pretend, is to be openly and officially established
|
842
|
+
by the Communists. The Communists have no need to introduce
|
843
|
+
community of women; it has existed almost from time immemorial.
|
844
|
+
|
845
|
+
Our bourgeois, not content with having the wives and daughters
|
846
|
+
of their proletarians at their disposal, not to speak of common
|
847
|
+
prostitutes, take the greatest pleasure in seducing each other's
|
848
|
+
wives.
|
849
|
+
|
850
|
+
Bourgeois marriage is in reality a system of wives in common
|
851
|
+
and thus, at the most, what the Communists might possibly
|
852
|
+
be reproached with, is that they desire to introduce, in
|
853
|
+
substitution for a hypocritically concealed, an openly legalised
|
854
|
+
community of women. For the rest, it is self-evident that the
|
855
|
+
abolition of the present system of production must bring with it
|
856
|
+
the abolition of the community of women springing from that
|
857
|
+
system, i.e., of prostitution both public and private.
|
858
|
+
|
859
|
+
The Communists are further reproached with desiring to abolish
|
860
|
+
countries and nationality.
|
861
|
+
|
862
|
+
The working men have no country. We cannot take from them what
|
863
|
+
they have not got. Since the proletariat must first of all
|
864
|
+
acquire political supremacy, must rise to be the leading class of
|
865
|
+
the nation, must constitute itself the nation, it is, so far,
|
866
|
+
itself national, though not in the bourgeois sense of the word.
|
867
|
+
|
868
|
+
National differences and antagonisms between peoples are daily
|
869
|
+
more and more vanishing, owing to the development of the
|
870
|
+
bourgeoisie, to freedom of commerce, to the world-market, to
|
871
|
+
uniformity in the mode of production and in the conditions of
|
872
|
+
life corresponding thereto.
|
873
|
+
|
874
|
+
The supremacy of the proletariat will cause them to vanish still
|
875
|
+
faster. United action, of the leading civilised countries at
|
876
|
+
least, is one of the first conditions for the emancipation of
|
877
|
+
the proletariat.
|
878
|
+
|
879
|
+
In proportion as the exploitation of one individual by another
|
880
|
+
is put an end to, the exploitation of one nation by another will
|
881
|
+
also be put an end to. In proportion as the antagonism between
|
882
|
+
classes within the nation vanishes, the hostility of one nation
|
883
|
+
to another will come to an end.
|
884
|
+
|
885
|
+
The charges against Communism made from a religious, a
|
886
|
+
philosophical, and, generally, from an ideological standpoint,
|
887
|
+
are not deserving of serious examination.
|
888
|
+
|
889
|
+
Does it require deep intuition to comprehend that man's ideas,
|
890
|
+
views and conceptions, in one word, man's consciousness, changes
|
891
|
+
with every change in the conditions of his material existence, in
|
892
|
+
his social relations and in his social life?
|
893
|
+
|
894
|
+
What else does the history of ideas prove, than that
|
895
|
+
intellectual production changes its character in proportion as
|
896
|
+
material production is changed? The ruling ideas of each age
|
897
|
+
have ever been the ideas of its ruling class.
|
898
|
+
|
899
|
+
When people speak of ideas that revolutionise society, they do
|
900
|
+
but express the fact, that within the old society, the elements
|
901
|
+
of a new one have been created, and that the dissolution of the
|
902
|
+
old ideas keeps even pace with the dissolution of the old
|
903
|
+
conditions of existence.
|
904
|
+
|
905
|
+
When the ancient world was in its last throes, the ancient
|
906
|
+
religions were overcome by Christianity. When Christian ideas
|
907
|
+
succumbed in the 18th century to rationalist ideas, feudal
|
908
|
+
society fought its death battle with the then revolutionary
|
909
|
+
bourgeoisie. The ideas of religious liberty and freedom of
|
910
|
+
conscience merely gave expression to the sway of free competition
|
911
|
+
within the domain of knowledge.
|
912
|
+
|
913
|
+
"Undoubtedly," it will be said, "religious, moral, philosophical
|
914
|
+
and juridical ideas have been modified in the course of
|
915
|
+
historical development. But religion, morality philosophy,
|
916
|
+
political science, and law, constantly survived this change."
|
917
|
+
|
918
|
+
"There are, besides, eternal truths, such as Freedom, Justice,
|
919
|
+
etc. that are common to all states of society. But Communism
|
920
|
+
abolishes eternal truths, it abolishes all religion, and all
|
921
|
+
morality, instead of constituting them on a new basis; it
|
922
|
+
therefore acts in contradiction to all past historical experience."
|
923
|
+
|
924
|
+
What does this accusation reduce itself to? The history of
|
925
|
+
all past society has consisted in the development of class
|
926
|
+
antagonisms, antagonisms that assumed different forms at
|
927
|
+
different epochs.
|
928
|
+
|
929
|
+
But whatever form they may have taken, one fact is common to all
|
930
|
+
past ages, viz., the exploitation of one part of society by the
|
931
|
+
other. No wonder, then, that the social consciousness of past
|
932
|
+
ages, despite all the multiplicity and variety it displays,
|
933
|
+
moves within certain common forms, or general ideas, which
|
934
|
+
cannot completely vanish except with the total disappearance of
|
935
|
+
class antagonisms.
|
936
|
+
|
937
|
+
The Communist revolution is the most radical rupture with
|
938
|
+
traditional property relations; no wonder that its development
|
939
|
+
involves the most radical rupture with traditional ideas.
|
940
|
+
|
941
|
+
But let us have done with the bourgeois objections to Communism.
|
942
|
+
|
943
|
+
We have seen above, that the first step in the revolution by the
|
944
|
+
working class, is to raise the proletariat to the position of
|
945
|
+
ruling as to win the battle of democracy.
|
946
|
+
|
947
|
+
The proletariat will use its political supremacy to wrest, by
|
948
|
+
degrees, all capital from the bourgeoisie, to centralise all
|
949
|
+
instruments of production in the hands of the State, i.e., of the
|
950
|
+
proletariat organised as the ruling class; and to increase the
|
951
|
+
total of productive forces as rapidly as possible.
|
952
|
+
|
953
|
+
Of course, in the beginning, this cannot be effected except by
|
954
|
+
means of despotic inroads on the rights of property, and on
|
955
|
+
the conditions of bourgeois production; by means of measures,
|
956
|
+
therefore, which appear economically insufficient and untenable,
|
957
|
+
but which, in the course of the movement, outstrip themselves,
|
958
|
+
necessitate further inroads upon the old social order, and are
|
959
|
+
unavoidable as a means of entirely revolutionising the mode of
|
960
|
+
production.
|
961
|
+
|
962
|
+
These measures will of course be different in different
|
963
|
+
countries.
|
964
|
+
|
965
|
+
Nevertheless in the most advanced countries, the following will
|
966
|
+
be pretty generally applicable.
|
967
|
+
|
968
|
+
1. Abolition of property in land and application of all rents
|
969
|
+
of land to public purposes.
|
970
|
+
|
971
|
+
2. A heavy progressive or graduated income tax.
|
972
|
+
|
973
|
+
3. Abolition of all right of inheritance.
|
974
|
+
|
975
|
+
4. Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels.
|
976
|
+
|
977
|
+
5. Centralisation of credit in the hands of the State, by means
|
978
|
+
of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive
|
979
|
+
monopoly.
|
980
|
+
|
981
|
+
6. Centralisation of the means of communication and transport
|
982
|
+
in the hands of the State.
|
983
|
+
|
984
|
+
7. Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by
|
985
|
+
the State; the bringing into cultivation of waste-lands, and
|
986
|
+
the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a
|
987
|
+
common plan.
|
988
|
+
|
989
|
+
8. Equal liability of all to labour. Establishment of
|
990
|
+
industrial armies, especially for agriculture.
|
991
|
+
|
992
|
+
9. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries;
|
993
|
+
gradual abolition of the distinction between town and
|
994
|
+
country, by a more equable distribution of the population
|
995
|
+
over the country.
|
996
|
+
|
997
|
+
10. Free education for all children in public schools.
|
998
|
+
Abolition of children's factory labour in its present form.
|
999
|
+
Combination of education with industrial production, &c., &c.
|
1000
|
+
|
1001
|
+
When, in the course of development, class distinctions have
|
1002
|
+
disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the
|
1003
|
+
hands of a vast association of the whole nation, the public power
|
1004
|
+
will lose its political character. Political power, properly so
|
1005
|
+
called, is merely the organised power of one class for oppressing
|
1006
|
+
another. If the proletariat during its contest with the
|
1007
|
+
bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circumstances, to
|
1008
|
+
organise itself as a class, if, by means of a revolution, it
|
1009
|
+
makes itself the ruling class, and, as such, sweeps away by force
|
1010
|
+
the old conditions of production, then it will, along with these
|
1011
|
+
conditions, have swept away the conditions for the existence of
|
1012
|
+
class antagonisms and of classes generally, and will thereby have
|
1013
|
+
abolished its own supremacy as a class.
|
1014
|
+
|
1015
|
+
In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and
|
1016
|
+
class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which
|
1017
|
+
the free development of each is the condition for the free
|
1018
|
+
development of all.
|
1019
|
+
|
1020
|
+
|
1021
|
+
|
1022
|
+
III. SOCIALIST AND COMMUNIST LITERATURE
|
1023
|
+
|
1024
|
+
|
1025
|
+
1. REACTIONARY SOCIALISM
|
1026
|
+
|
1027
|
+
|
1028
|
+
A. Feudal Socialism
|
1029
|
+
|
1030
|
+
Owing to their historical position, it became the vocation of the
|
1031
|
+
aristocracies of France and England to write pamphlets against
|
1032
|
+
modern bourgeois society. In the French revolution of July 1830,
|
1033
|
+
and in the English reform agitation, these aristocracies again
|
1034
|
+
succumbed to the hateful upstart. Thenceforth, a serious political
|
1035
|
+
contest was altogether out of the question. A literary battle
|
1036
|
+
alone remained possible. But even in the domain of literature
|
1037
|
+
the old cries of the restoration period had become impossible.
|
1038
|
+
|
1039
|
+
In order to arouse sympathy, the aristocracy were obliged to
|
1040
|
+
lose sight, apparently, of their own interests, and to formulate
|
1041
|
+
their indictment against the bourgeoisie in the interest of the
|
1042
|
+
exploited working class alone. Thus the aristocracy took their
|
1043
|
+
revenge by singing lampoons on their new master, and whispering
|
1044
|
+
in his ears sinister prophecies of coming catastrophe.
|
1045
|
+
|
1046
|
+
In this way arose Feudal Socialism: half lamentation, half
|
1047
|
+
lampoon; half echo of the past, half menace of the future; at
|
1048
|
+
times, by its bitter, witty and incisive criticism, striking the
|
1049
|
+
bourgeoisie to the very heart's core; but always ludicrous in
|
1050
|
+
its effect, through total incapacity to comprehend the march of
|
1051
|
+
modern history.
|
1052
|
+
|
1053
|
+
The aristocracy, in order to rally the people to them, waved the
|
1054
|
+
proletarian alms-bag in front for a banner. But the people, so
|
1055
|
+
often as it joined them, saw on their hindquarters the old feudal
|
1056
|
+
coats of arms, and deserted with loud and irreverent laughter.
|
1057
|
+
|
1058
|
+
One section of the French Legitimists and "Young England"
|
1059
|
+
exhibited this spectacle.
|
1060
|
+
|
1061
|
+
In pointing out that their mode of exploitation was different to
|
1062
|
+
that of the bourgeoisie, the feudalists forget that they
|
1063
|
+
exploited under circumstances and conditions that were quite
|
1064
|
+
different, and that are now antiquated. In showing that, under
|
1065
|
+
their rule, the modern proletariat never existed, they forget
|
1066
|
+
that the modern bourgeoisie is the necessary offspring of their
|
1067
|
+
own form of society.
|
1068
|
+
|
1069
|
+
For the rest, so little do they conceal the reactionary
|
1070
|
+
character of their criticism that their chief accusation against
|
1071
|
+
the bourgeoisie amounts to this, that under the bourgeois regime
|
1072
|
+
a class is being developed, which is destined to cut up root and
|
1073
|
+
branch the old order of society.
|
1074
|
+
|
1075
|
+
What they upbraid the bourgeoisie with is not so much that it
|
1076
|
+
creates a proletariat, as that it creates a revolutionary
|
1077
|
+
proletariat.
|
1078
|
+
|
1079
|
+
In political practice, therefore, they join in all coercive
|
1080
|
+
measures against the working class; and in ordinary life,
|
1081
|
+
despite their high falutin phrases, they stoop to pick up the
|
1082
|
+
golden apples dropped from the tree of industry, and to barter
|
1083
|
+
truth, love, and honour for traffic in wool, beetroot-sugar, and
|
1084
|
+
potato spirits.
|
1085
|
+
|
1086
|
+
As the parson has ever gone hand in hand with the landlord,
|
1087
|
+
so has Clerical Socialism with Feudal Socialism.
|
1088
|
+
|
1089
|
+
Nothing is easier than to give Christian asceticism a Socialist
|
1090
|
+
tinge. Has not Christianity declaimed against private property,
|
1091
|
+
against marriage, against the State? Has it not preached in the
|
1092
|
+
place of these, charity and poverty, celibacy and mortification
|
1093
|
+
of the flesh, monastic life and Mother Church? Christian
|
1094
|
+
Socialism is but the holy, water with which the priest consecrates
|
1095
|
+
the heart-burnings of the aristocrat.
|
1096
|
+
|
1097
|
+
|
1098
|
+
B. Petty-Bourgeois Socialism
|
1099
|
+
|
1100
|
+
The feudal aristocracy was not the only class that was ruined by
|
1101
|
+
the bourgeoisie, not the only class whose conditions of existence
|
1102
|
+
pined and perished in the atmosphere of modern bourgeois society.
|
1103
|
+
The mediaeval burgesses and the small peasant proprietors were
|
1104
|
+
the precursors of the modern bourgeoisie. In those countries
|
1105
|
+
which are but little developed, industrially and commercially,
|
1106
|
+
these two classes still vegetate side by side with the rising
|
1107
|
+
bourgeoisie.
|
1108
|
+
|
1109
|
+
In countries where modern civilisation has become fully
|
1110
|
+
developed, a new class of petty bourgeois has been formed,
|
1111
|
+
fluctuating between proletariat and bourgeoisie and ever renewing
|
1112
|
+
itself as a supplementary part of bourgeois society. The
|
1113
|
+
individual members of this class, however, are being constantly
|
1114
|
+
hurled down into the proletariat by the action of competition,
|
1115
|
+
and, as modern industry develops, they even see the moment
|
1116
|
+
approaching when they will completely disappear as an independent
|
1117
|
+
section of modern society, to be replaced, in manufactures,
|
1118
|
+
agriculture and commerce, by overlookers, bailiffs and shopmen.
|
1119
|
+
|
1120
|
+
In countries like France, where the peasants constitute far more
|
1121
|
+
than half of the population, it was natural that writers who
|
1122
|
+
sided with the proletariat against the bourgeoisie, should use,
|
1123
|
+
in their criticism of the bourgeois regime, the standard of the
|
1124
|
+
peasant and petty bourgeois, and from the standpoint of these
|
1125
|
+
intermediate classes should take up the cudgels for the working
|
1126
|
+
class. Thus arose petty-bourgeois Socialism. Sismondi was the
|
1127
|
+
head of this school, not only in France but also in England.
|
1128
|
+
|
1129
|
+
This school of Socialism dissected with great acuteness the
|
1130
|
+
contradictions in the conditions of modern production. It laid
|
1131
|
+
bare the hypocritical apologies of economists. It proved,
|
1132
|
+
incontrovertibly, the disastrous effects of machinery and
|
1133
|
+
division of labour; the concentration of capital and land in a
|
1134
|
+
few hands; overproduction and crises; it pointed out the
|
1135
|
+
inevitable ruin of the petty bourgeois and peasant, the misery
|
1136
|
+
of the proletariat, the anarchy in production, the crying
|
1137
|
+
inequalities in the distribution of wealth, the industrial war of
|
1138
|
+
extermination between nations, the dissolution of old moral
|
1139
|
+
bonds, of the old family relations, of the old nationalities.
|
1140
|
+
|
1141
|
+
In its positive aims, however, this form of Socialism aspires
|
1142
|
+
either to restoring the old means of production and of exchange,
|
1143
|
+
and with them the old property relations, and the old society, or
|
1144
|
+
to cramping the modern means of production and of exchange,
|
1145
|
+
within the framework of the old property relations that have
|
1146
|
+
been, and were bound to be, exploded by those means. In either
|
1147
|
+
case, it is both reactionary and Utopian.
|
1148
|
+
|
1149
|
+
Its last words are: corporate guilds for manufacture,
|
1150
|
+
patriarchal relations in agriculture.
|
1151
|
+
|
1152
|
+
Ultimately, when stubborn historical facts had dispersed all
|
1153
|
+
intoxicating effects of self-deception, this form of Socialism
|
1154
|
+
ended in a miserable fit of the blues.
|
1155
|
+
|
1156
|
+
|
1157
|
+
C. German, or "True," Socialism
|
1158
|
+
|
1159
|
+
The Socialist and Communist literature of France, a literature
|
1160
|
+
that originated under the pressure of a bourgeoisie in power, and
|
1161
|
+
that was the expression of the struggle against this power, was
|
1162
|
+
introduced into Germany at a time when the bourgeoisie, in that
|
1163
|
+
country, had just begun its contest with feudal absolutism.
|
1164
|
+
|
1165
|
+
German philosophers, would-be philosophers, and beaux esprits,
|
1166
|
+
eagerly seized on this literature, only forgetting, that when
|
1167
|
+
these writings immigrated from France into Germany, French social
|
1168
|
+
conditions had not immigrated along with them. In contact with
|
1169
|
+
German social conditions, this French literature lost all its
|
1170
|
+
immediate practical significance, and assumed a purely literary
|
1171
|
+
aspect. Thus, to the German philosophers of the eighteenth
|
1172
|
+
century, the demands of the first French Revolution were nothing
|
1173
|
+
more than the demands of "Practical Reason" in general, and the
|
1174
|
+
utterance of the will of the revolutionary French bourgeoisie
|
1175
|
+
signified in their eyes the law of pure Will, of Will as it was
|
1176
|
+
bound to be, of true human Will generally.
|
1177
|
+
|
1178
|
+
The world of the German literate consisted solely in bringing
|
1179
|
+
the new French ideas into harmony with their ancient philosophical
|
1180
|
+
conscience, or rather, in annexing the French ideas without
|
1181
|
+
deserting their own philosophic point of view.
|
1182
|
+
|
1183
|
+
This annexation took place in the same way in which a foreign
|
1184
|
+
language is appropriated, namely, by translation.
|
1185
|
+
|
1186
|
+
It is well known how the monks wrote silly lives of Catholic
|
1187
|
+
Saints over the manuscripts on which the classical works of
|
1188
|
+
ancient heathendom had been written. The German literate
|
1189
|
+
reversed this process with the profane French literature. They
|
1190
|
+
wrote their philosophical nonsense beneath the French original.
|
1191
|
+
For instance, beneath the French criticism of the economic
|
1192
|
+
functions of money, they wrote "Alienation of Humanity," and
|
1193
|
+
beneath the French criticism of the bourgeois State they wrote
|
1194
|
+
"dethronement of the Category of the General," and so forth.
|
1195
|
+
|
1196
|
+
The introduction of these philosophical phrases at the back of
|
1197
|
+
the French historical criticisms they dubbed "Philosophy of
|
1198
|
+
Action," "True Socialism," "German Science of Socialism,"
|
1199
|
+
"Philosophical Foundation of Socialism," and so on.
|
1200
|
+
|
1201
|
+
The French Socialist and Communist literature was thus completely
|
1202
|
+
emasculated. And, since it ceased in the hands of the German to express
|
1203
|
+
the struggle of one class with the other, he felt conscious of having
|
1204
|
+
overcome "French one-sidedness" and of representing, not true
|
1205
|
+
requirements, but the requirements of truth; not the interests of the
|
1206
|
+
proletariat, but the interests of Human Nature, of Man in general, who
|
1207
|
+
belongs to no class, has no reality, who exists only in the misty realm
|
1208
|
+
of philosophical fantasy.
|
1209
|
+
|
1210
|
+
This German Socialism, which took its schoolboy task so seriously
|
1211
|
+
and solemnly, and extolled its poor stock-in-trade in such
|
1212
|
+
mountebank fashion, meanwhile gradually lost its pedantic
|
1213
|
+
innocence.
|
1214
|
+
|
1215
|
+
The fight of the German, and especially, of the Prussian bourgeoisie,
|
1216
|
+
against feudal aristocracy and absolute monarchy, in other words, the
|
1217
|
+
liberal movement, became more earnest.
|
1218
|
+
|
1219
|
+
By this, the long wished-for opportunity was offered to "True"
|
1220
|
+
Socialism of confronting the political movement with the
|
1221
|
+
Socialist demands, of hurling the traditional anathemas
|
1222
|
+
against liberalism, against representative government, against
|
1223
|
+
bourgeois competition, bourgeois freedom of the press, bourgeois
|
1224
|
+
legislation, bourgeois liberty and equality, and of preaching to
|
1225
|
+
the masses that they had nothing to gain, and everything to lose,
|
1226
|
+
by this bourgeois movement. German Socialism forgot, in the nick
|
1227
|
+
of time, that the French criticism, whose silly echo it was,
|
1228
|
+
presupposed the existence of modern bourgeois society, with its
|
1229
|
+
corresponding economic conditions of existence, and the political
|
1230
|
+
constitution adapted thereto, the very things whose attainment
|
1231
|
+
was the object of the pending struggle in Germany.
|
1232
|
+
|
1233
|
+
To the absolute governments, with their following of parsons,
|
1234
|
+
professors, country squires and officials, it served as a welcome
|
1235
|
+
scarecrow against the threatening bourgeoisie.
|
1236
|
+
|
1237
|
+
It was a sweet finish after the bitter pills of floggings and
|
1238
|
+
bullets with which these same governments, just at that time,
|
1239
|
+
dosed the German working-class risings.
|
1240
|
+
|
1241
|
+
While this "True" Socialism thus served the governments as a
|
1242
|
+
weapon for fighting the German bourgeoisie, it, at the same time,
|
1243
|
+
directly represented a reactionary interest, the interest of the
|
1244
|
+
German Philistines. In Germany the petty-bourgeois class, a
|
1245
|
+
relic of the sixteenth century, and since then constantly
|
1246
|
+
cropping up again under various forms, is the real social basis
|
1247
|
+
of the existing state of things.
|
1248
|
+
|
1249
|
+
To preserve this class is to preserve the existing state of
|
1250
|
+
things in Germany. The industrial and political supremacy of the
|
1251
|
+
bourgeoisie threatens it with certain destruction; on the one
|
1252
|
+
hand, from the concentration of capital; on the other, from the
|
1253
|
+
rise of a revolutionary proletariat. "True" Socialism appeared to
|
1254
|
+
kill these two birds with one stone. It spread like an epidemic.
|
1255
|
+
|
1256
|
+
The robe of speculative cobwebs, embroidered with flowers
|
1257
|
+
of rhetoric, steeped in the dew of sickly sentiment, this
|
1258
|
+
transcendental robe in which the German Socialists wrapped their
|
1259
|
+
sorry "eternal truths," all skin and bone, served to wonderfully
|
1260
|
+
increase the sale of their goods amongst such a public. And on
|
1261
|
+
its part, German Socialism recognised, more and more, its own
|
1262
|
+
calling as the bombastic representative of the petty-bourgeois
|
1263
|
+
Philistine.
|
1264
|
+
|
1265
|
+
It proclaimed the German nation to be the model nation, and the
|
1266
|
+
German petty Philistine to be the typical man. To every
|
1267
|
+
villainous meanness of this model man it gave a hidden, higher,
|
1268
|
+
Socialistic interpretation, the exact contrary of its real
|
1269
|
+
character. It went to the extreme length of directly opposing
|
1270
|
+
the "brutally destructive" tendency of Communism, and of
|
1271
|
+
proclaiming its supreme and impartial contempt of all class
|
1272
|
+
struggles. With very few exceptions, all the so-called Socialist
|
1273
|
+
and Communist publications that now (1847) circulate in Germany
|
1274
|
+
belong to the domain of this foul and enervating literature.
|
1275
|
+
|
1276
|
+
|
1277
|
+
2. CONSERVATIVE, OR BOURGEOIS, SOCIALISM
|
1278
|
+
|
1279
|
+
A part of the bourgeoisie is desirous of redressing social
|
1280
|
+
grievances, in order to secure the continued existence of
|
1281
|
+
bourgeois society.
|
1282
|
+
|
1283
|
+
To this section belong economists, philanthropists,
|
1284
|
+
humanitarians, improvers of the condition of the working class,
|
1285
|
+
organisers of charity, members of societies for the prevention of
|
1286
|
+
cruelty to animals, temperance fanatics, hole-and-corner
|
1287
|
+
reformers of every imaginable kind. This form of Socialism has,
|
1288
|
+
moreover, been worked out into complete systems.
|
1289
|
+
|
1290
|
+
We may cite Proudhon's Philosophie de la Misere as an example of
|
1291
|
+
this form.
|
1292
|
+
|
1293
|
+
The Socialistic bourgeois want all the advantages of modern
|
1294
|
+
social conditions without the struggles and dangers necessarily
|
1295
|
+
resulting therefrom. They desire the existing state of society
|
1296
|
+
minus its revolutionary and disintegrating elements. They wish
|
1297
|
+
for a bourgeoisie without a proletariat. The bourgeoisie
|
1298
|
+
naturally conceives the world in which it is supreme to be the
|
1299
|
+
best; and bourgeois Socialism develops this comfortable
|
1300
|
+
conception into various more or less complete systems. In
|
1301
|
+
requiring the proletariat to carry out such a system, and thereby
|
1302
|
+
to march straightway into the social New Jerusalem, it but
|
1303
|
+
requires in reality, that the proletariat should remain within
|
1304
|
+
the bounds of existing society, but should cast away all its
|
1305
|
+
hateful ideas concerning the bourgeoisie.
|
1306
|
+
|
1307
|
+
A second and more practical, but less systematic, form of this
|
1308
|
+
Socialism sought to depreciate every revolutionary movement in
|
1309
|
+
the eyes of the working class, by showing that no mere political
|
1310
|
+
reform, but only a change in the material conditions of
|
1311
|
+
existence, in economic relations, could be of any advantage to
|
1312
|
+
them. By changes in the material conditions of existence, this
|
1313
|
+
form of Socialism, however, by no means understands abolition of
|
1314
|
+
the bourgeois relations of production, an abolition that can be
|
1315
|
+
effected only by a revolution, but administrative reforms, based
|
1316
|
+
on the continued existence of these relations; reforms,
|
1317
|
+
therefore, that in no respect affect the relations between
|
1318
|
+
capital and labour, but, at the best, lessen the cost, and
|
1319
|
+
simplify the administrative work, of bourgeois government.
|
1320
|
+
|
1321
|
+
Bourgeois Socialism attains adequate expression, when, and only
|
1322
|
+
when, it becomes a mere figure of speech.
|
1323
|
+
|
1324
|
+
Free trade: for the benefit of the working class. Protective
|
1325
|
+
duties: for the benefit of the working class. Prison Reform: for
|
1326
|
+
the benefit of the working class. This is the last word and the
|
1327
|
+
only seriously meant word of bourgeois Socialism.
|
1328
|
+
|
1329
|
+
It is summed up in the phrase: the bourgeois is a bourgeois--for
|
1330
|
+
the benefit of the working class.
|
1331
|
+
|
1332
|
+
|
1333
|
+
3. CRITICAL-UTOPIAN SOCIALISM AND COMMUNISM
|
1334
|
+
|
1335
|
+
We do not here refer to that literature which, in every great
|
1336
|
+
modern revolution, has always given voice to the demands of the
|
1337
|
+
proletariat, such as the writings of Babeuf and others.
|
1338
|
+
|
1339
|
+
The first direct attempts of the proletariat to attain its own
|
1340
|
+
ends, made in times of universal excitement, when feudal society
|
1341
|
+
was being overthrown, these attempts necessarily failed, owing
|
1342
|
+
to the then undeveloped state of the proletariat, as well as to
|
1343
|
+
the absence of the economic conditions for its emancipation,
|
1344
|
+
conditions that had yet to be produced, and could be produced
|
1345
|
+
by the impending bourgeois epoch alone. The revolutionary
|
1346
|
+
literature that accompanied these first movements of the
|
1347
|
+
proletariat had necessarily a reactionary character. It
|
1348
|
+
inculcated universal asceticism and social levelling in its
|
1349
|
+
crudest form.
|
1350
|
+
|
1351
|
+
The Socialist and Communist systems properly so called, those of
|
1352
|
+
Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen and others, spring into existence in
|
1353
|
+
the early undeveloped period, described above, of the struggle
|
1354
|
+
between proletariat and bourgeoisie (see Section 1. Bourgeois
|
1355
|
+
and Proletarians).
|
1356
|
+
|
1357
|
+
The founders of these systems see, indeed, the class antagonisms, as
|
1358
|
+
well as the action of the decomposing elements, in the prevailing form
|
1359
|
+
of society. But the proletariat, as yet in its infancy, offers to them
|
1360
|
+
the spectacle of a class without any historical initiative or any
|
1361
|
+
independent political movement.
|
1362
|
+
|
1363
|
+
Since the development of class antagonism keeps even pace with
|
1364
|
+
the development of industry, the economic situation, as they find
|
1365
|
+
it, does not as yet offer to them the material conditions for the
|
1366
|
+
emancipation of the proletariat. They therefore search after a
|
1367
|
+
new social science, after new social laws, that are to create
|
1368
|
+
these conditions.
|
1369
|
+
|
1370
|
+
Historical action is to yield to their personal inventive
|
1371
|
+
action, historically created conditions of emancipation to
|
1372
|
+
fantastic ones, and the gradual, spontaneous class-organisation
|
1373
|
+
of the proletariat to the organisation of society specially
|
1374
|
+
contrived by these inventors. Future history resolves itself, in
|
1375
|
+
their eyes, into the propaganda and the practical carrying out of
|
1376
|
+
their social plans.
|
1377
|
+
|
1378
|
+
In the formation of their plans they are conscious of caring
|
1379
|
+
chiefly for the interests of the working class, as being the most
|
1380
|
+
suffering class. Only from the point of view of being the most
|
1381
|
+
suffering class does the proletariat exist for them.
|
1382
|
+
|
1383
|
+
The undeveloped state of the class struggle, as well as their
|
1384
|
+
own surroundings, causes Socialists of this kind to consider
|
1385
|
+
themselves far superior to all class antagonisms. They want to
|
1386
|
+
improve the condition of every member of society, even that of
|
1387
|
+
the most favoured. Hence, they habitually appeal to society at
|
1388
|
+
large, without distinction of class; nay, by preference, to the
|
1389
|
+
ruling class. For how can people, when once they understand
|
1390
|
+
their system, fail to see in it the best possible plan of the
|
1391
|
+
best possible state of society?
|
1392
|
+
|
1393
|
+
Hence, they reject all political, and especially all
|
1394
|
+
revolutionary, action; they wish to attain their ends by
|
1395
|
+
peaceful means, and endeavour, by small experiments, necessarily
|
1396
|
+
doomed to failure, and by the force of example, to pave the way
|
1397
|
+
for the new social Gospel.
|
1398
|
+
|
1399
|
+
Such fantastic pictures of future society, painted at a time
|
1400
|
+
when the proletariat is still in a very undeveloped state and has
|
1401
|
+
but a fantastic conception of its own position correspond with
|
1402
|
+
the first instinctive yearnings of that class for a general
|
1403
|
+
reconstruction of society.
|
1404
|
+
|
1405
|
+
But these Socialist and Communist publications contain also a
|
1406
|
+
critical element. They attack every principle of existing society.
|
1407
|
+
Hence they are full of the most valuable materials for the
|
1408
|
+
enlightenment of the working class. The practical measures
|
1409
|
+
proposed in them--such as the abolition of the distinction
|
1410
|
+
between town and country, of the family, of the carrying on of
|
1411
|
+
industries for the account of private individuals, and of the wage
|
1412
|
+
system, the proclamation of social harmony, the conversion of the
|
1413
|
+
functions of the State into a mere superintendence of production,
|
1414
|
+
all these proposals, point solely to the disappearance of class
|
1415
|
+
antagonisms which were, at that time, only just cropping up, and
|
1416
|
+
which, in these publications, are recognised in their earliest,
|
1417
|
+
indistinct and undefined forms only. These proposals, therefore,
|
1418
|
+
are of a purely Utopian character.
|
1419
|
+
|
1420
|
+
The significance of Critical-Utopian Socialism and Communism
|
1421
|
+
bears an inverse relation to historical development. In
|
1422
|
+
proportion as the modern class struggle develops and takes
|
1423
|
+
definite shape, this fantastic standing apart from the contest,
|
1424
|
+
these fantastic attacks on it, lose all practical value and all
|
1425
|
+
theoretical justification. Therefore, although the originators
|
1426
|
+
of these systems were, in many respects, revolutionary, their
|
1427
|
+
disciples have, in every case, formed mere reactionary sects.
|
1428
|
+
They hold fast by the original views of their masters, in
|
1429
|
+
opposition to the progressive historical development of the
|
1430
|
+
proletariat. They, therefore, endeavour, and that consistently,
|
1431
|
+
to deaden the class struggle and to reconcile the class antagonisms.
|
1432
|
+
They still dream of experimental realisation of their social
|
1433
|
+
Utopias, of founding isolated "phalansteres," of establishing
|
1434
|
+
"Home Colonies," of setting up a "Little Icaria"--duodecimo
|
1435
|
+
editions of the New Jerusalem--and to realise all these castles
|
1436
|
+
in the air, they are compelled to appeal to the feelings and
|
1437
|
+
purses of the bourgeois. By degrees they sink into the category
|
1438
|
+
of the reactionary conservative Socialists depicted above,
|
1439
|
+
differing from these only by more systematic pedantry, and
|
1440
|
+
by their fanatical and superstitious belief in the miraculous
|
1441
|
+
effects of their social science.
|
1442
|
+
|
1443
|
+
They, therefore, violently oppose all political action on the
|
1444
|
+
part of the working class; such action, according to them, can
|
1445
|
+
only result from blind unbelief in the new Gospel.
|
1446
|
+
|
1447
|
+
The Owenites in England, and the Fourierists in France,
|
1448
|
+
respectively, oppose the Chartists and the Reformistes.
|
1449
|
+
|
1450
|
+
|
1451
|
+
|
1452
|
+
IV. POSITION OF THE COMMUNISTS IN RELATION TO THE
|
1453
|
+
VARIOUS EXISTING OPPOSITION PARTIES
|
1454
|
+
|
1455
|
+
Section II has made clear the relations of the Communists to the
|
1456
|
+
existing working-class parties, such as the Chartists in England
|
1457
|
+
and the Agrarian Reformers in America.
|
1458
|
+
|
1459
|
+
The Communists fight for the attainment of the immediate aims,
|
1460
|
+
for the enforcement of the momentary interests of the working
|
1461
|
+
class; but in the movement of the present, they also represent
|
1462
|
+
and take care of the future of that movement. In France the
|
1463
|
+
Communists ally themselves with the Social-Democrats, against the
|
1464
|
+
conservative and radical bourgeoisie, reserving, however, the
|
1465
|
+
right to take up a critical position in regard to phrases and
|
1466
|
+
illusions traditionally handed down from the great Revolution.
|
1467
|
+
|
1468
|
+
In Switzerland they support the Radicals, without losing sight
|
1469
|
+
of the fact that this party consists of antagonistic elements,
|
1470
|
+
partly of Democratic Socialists, in the French sense, partly of
|
1471
|
+
radical bourgeois.
|
1472
|
+
|
1473
|
+
In Poland they support the party that insists on an agrarian
|
1474
|
+
revolution as the prime condition for national emancipation, that
|
1475
|
+
party which fomented the insurrection of Cracow in 1846.
|
1476
|
+
|
1477
|
+
In Germany they fight with the bourgeoisie whenever it acts in a
|
1478
|
+
revolutionary way, against the absolute monarchy, the feudal
|
1479
|
+
squirearchy, and the petty bourgeoisie.
|
1480
|
+
|
1481
|
+
But they never cease, for a single instant, to instil into the
|
1482
|
+
working class the clearest possible recognition of the hostile
|
1483
|
+
antagonism between bourgeoisie and proletariat, in order that the
|
1484
|
+
German workers may straightaway use, as so many weapons against
|
1485
|
+
the bourgeoisie, the social and political conditions that the
|
1486
|
+
bourgeoisie must necessarily introduce along with its supremacy,
|
1487
|
+
and in order that, after the fall of the reactionary classes in
|
1488
|
+
Germany, the fight against the bourgeoisie itself may immediately
|
1489
|
+
begin.
|
1490
|
+
|
1491
|
+
The Communists turn their attention chiefly to Germany, because
|
1492
|
+
that country is on the eve of a bourgeois revolution that
|
1493
|
+
is bound to be carried out under more advanced conditions
|
1494
|
+
of European civilisation, and with a much more developed
|
1495
|
+
proletariat, than that of England was in the seventeenth, and of
|
1496
|
+
France in the eighteenth century, and because the bourgeois
|
1497
|
+
revolution in Germany will be but the prelude to an immediately
|
1498
|
+
following proletarian revolution.
|
1499
|
+
|
1500
|
+
In short, the Communists everywhere support every revolutionary
|
1501
|
+
movement against the existing social and political order of
|
1502
|
+
things.
|
1503
|
+
|
1504
|
+
In all these movements they bring to the front, as the leading
|
1505
|
+
question in each, the property question, no matter what its
|
1506
|
+
degree of development at the time.
|
1507
|
+
|
1508
|
+
Finally, they labour everywhere for the union and agreement of
|
1509
|
+
the democratic parties of all countries.
|
1510
|
+
|
1511
|
+
The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims.
|
1512
|
+
They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by
|
1513
|
+
the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions.
|
1514
|
+
Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution.
|
1515
|
+
The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains.
|
1516
|
+
They have a world to win.
|
1517
|
+
|
1518
|
+
|
1519
|
+
WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!
|
1520
|
+
|
1521
|
+
|
1522
|
+
|
1523
|
+
|
1524
|
+
|
1525
|
+
|
1526
|
+
|
1527
|
+
|
1528
|
+
End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Communist Manifesto
|
1529
|
+
by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
|
1530
|
+
|
1531
|
+
*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO ***
|
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|
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