earl 0.3.0 → 2.0.0

data/spec/fixtures/cassettes/feed/is_atom_feed.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,2298 @@
+---
+http_interactions:
+- request:
+    method: get
+    uri: https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default
+    body:
+      encoding: US-ASCII
+      string: ''
+    headers:
+      Accept-Encoding:
+      - gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3
+      Accept:
+      - "*/*"
+      User-Agent:
+      - Ruby
+  response:
+    status:
+      code: 200
+      message: OK
+    headers:
+      Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy-Report-Only:
+      - same-origin; report-to=coop_reporting
+      Report-To:
+      - '{"group":"blogger-renderd","max_age":2592000,"endpoints":[{"url":"https://csp.withgoogle.com/csp/report-to/httpsserver2/blogger-renderd"}]}'
+      Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only:
+      - script-src 'none';form-action 'none';frame-src 'none'; report-uri https://csp.withgoogle.com/csp/httpsserver2/blogger-renderd
+      Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy:
+      - cross-origin
+      Server:
+      - blogger-renderd
+      X-Content-Type-Options:
+      - nosniff
+      X-Xss-Protection:
+      - '0'
+      Content-Length:
+      - '242401'
+      X-Frame-Options:
+      - SAMEORIGIN
+      Date:
+      - Tue, 29 Jul 2025 09:55:38 GMT
+      Expires:
+      - Tue, 29 Jul 2025 09:55:39 GMT
+      Cache-Control:
+      - public, must-revalidate, proxy-revalidate, max-age=1
+      Last-Modified:
+      - Mon, 09 Jun 2025 12:31:35 GMT
+      Etag:
+      - W/"25062ffaf404d65f81e2ad9745e540e9e672dadd034afd042f1aeba8f35ccb2b"
+      Content-Type:
+      - application/atom+xml; charset=UTF-8
+      Age:
+      - '0'
+      Alt-Svc:
+      - h3=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-29=":443"; ma=2592000
+    body:
+      encoding: ASCII-8BIT
+      string: "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href=\"http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css\"
+        type=\"text/css\"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/'
+        xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss'
+        xmlns:gd=\"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005\" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619</id><updated>2025-06-09T08:31:35.340-04:00</updated><category
+        term=\"vexflow\"/><category term=\"haskell\"/><category term=\"vim\"/><category
+        term=\"webaudio\"/><title type='text'>0xFE - 11111110b - 0376</title><subtitle
+        type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml'
+        href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml'
+        href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default'/><link rel='alternate'
+        type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link
+        rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator
+        version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>63</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-1927090407427133388</id><published>2023-12-22T13:33:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2023-12-22T13:33:16.974-05:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>The Firewall Guy</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;About 20
+        years ago, I worked as an independent consultant at a major telecom. I wrote
+        a program that did some stuff, and couldn&#39;t get it to communicate on the
+        network.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Developers there didn&#39;t get root on a machine,
+        and there was limited access to tooling, so I reached out to the sysadmin.
+        A day later he came back to me and said, &quot;everything here&#39;s good,
+        check with the firewall guy.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The firewall guy. It
+        took me a day to track down the firewall guy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Umm...
+        Mr. Firewall guy, can you help me out with this problem?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Firewall
+        guy was kinda grumpy. He begrudgingly collected some information, begrudgingly
+        looked at stuff. &quot;Firewall&#39;s fine. Talk to the network guy.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Two
+        days later, I found the network guy, who was nicer: &quot;Network&#39;s good.
+        Talk to the firewall guy.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&quot;I did a couple of
+        days ago. Firewall guy says everything&#39;s fine.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Okay,
+        then you&#39;re probably resolving to the wrong addresses. Talk to the DNS
+        guy.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;It took me many days to find the DNS guy. DNS
+        guy left six months ago. Firewall guy was now also DNS guy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I
+        did not like Firewall guy, but I didn&#39;t have a choice: &quot;So Mr. Firewall
+        guy, Network guy says it might be a DNS issue.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&quot;You
+        again. It definitely not a Firewall or DNS problem.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;At
+        this point I was kinda stuck. I was accountable for delivering something that
+        works, but had no agency to actually deliver the thing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;As
+        I was thinking about what to do next, Firewall guy called me on my desk phone:
+        &quot;try your thing again.&quot; I tried my thing again. &quot;Thanks very
+        much, that worked! What was wrong?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&quot;It&#39;s
+        complicated. &amp;lt;hangs up&amp;gt;&quot; I took a peek and saw the DNS
+        entries didn&#39;t change. It was probably the firewall.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;It
+        took me about two days to build the thing, and eight days to navigate their
+        bureaucracy. I billed them for ten days of my time, and apologized for taking
+        so long.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The manager replied back right away: &quot;Oh that
+        was quick! No need to apologize. Our regular consulting firm estimated 2 people
+        3 months. Can you come by next week for your next project?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link
+        rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/1927090407427133388/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-firewall-guy.html#comment-form'
+        title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/1927090407427133388'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/1927090407427133388'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-firewall-guy.html'
+        title='The Firewall Guy'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-1309421684262886131</id><published>2020-03-02T14:14:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2020-03-02T14:27:52.942-05:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>Generating Spectrograms with Neural Networks</title><content type='html'>&lt;div
+        dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;\nIn
+        a previous experiments, I used &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrogram&quot;&gt;spectrograms&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;instead
+        of raw audio as inputs to neural networks, while training them to recognize
+        pitches, intervals, and chords.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nI found that feeding
+        the networks raw audio data got nowhere. Training was extremely slow, and
+        losses seemed to be bounded at unacceptably high values. After switching to
+        spectrograms, the networks started learning almost immediately -- it was quite
+        remarkable!&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThis post is about &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;generating&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+        spectrograms with neural networks.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot;
+        cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot;
+        style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDM2rOgj22MvXc9tLVrlD3jey8LAzjuXVUJljzhyPgaqEOluN1Fmtta9Iubv_X3rmQHWTv6y236myxVY_Hv-XBEeb3zkSPVbTYSxoW3Gk18XsOf-o9e9nEUzKDmwLaj4K6McaXEg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-03-02+at+11.17.26+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;684&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1316&quot;
+        height=&quot;332&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDM2rOgj22MvXc9tLVrlD3jey8LAzjuXVUJljzhyPgaqEOluN1Fmtta9Iubv_X3rmQHWTv6y236myxVY_Hv-XBEeb3zkSPVbTYSxoW3Gk18XsOf-o9e9nEUzKDmwLaj4K6McaXEg/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-03-02+at+11.17.26+AM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;These
+        spectrograms were generated by a Neural Network&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\nOn Spectrograms&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\nSpectrograms are 2-dimensional visual representations of
+        slices of audio (or really, any signal.) On the &lt;i&gt;x-axis&lt;/i&gt;
+        of a spectrogram is time, and on the &lt;i&gt;y-axis&lt;/i&gt; is frequency.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;
+        cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:
+        auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggIrcRsL735uyROVhGVIftc7Yg8a_RMVsl50-0JS39fjJM50Oe8bemSs_009R_DDH-MYpc_8J3-T0V51mTAS5-ae785UKd4li91y_VWNg3BzNL8sZAv_3y_fXYB4uEp6esiYdJNg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+9.15.03+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;526&quot; data-original-width=&quot;820&quot;
+        height=&quot;256&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggIrcRsL735uyROVhGVIftc7Yg8a_RMVsl50-0JS39fjJM50Oe8bemSs_009R_DDH-MYpc_8J3-T0V51mTAS5-ae785UKd4li91y_VWNg3BzNL8sZAv_3y_fXYB4uEp6esiYdJNg/s400/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+9.15.03+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;A Violin
+        playing A4 (440hz)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nBecause the data is correlated well along both dimensions, spectrograms
+        lend themselves well to both human analysis and convolutional neural networks.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nSo, I wondered, why can&#39;t the networks learn the
+        spectrograms themselves? Under the covers, spectrograms are built with &lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-time_Fourier_transform&quot;&gt;STFTs&lt;/a&gt;,
+        which are entirely linear operations on data -- you slide a window over the
+        data at some stride length, then perform a discrete Fourier transform to get
+        the frequency components of the window.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nSince the
+        transformation is entirely linear, all you need is one network layer, no activations,
+        no biases. This should theoretically collapse down to a simple regression
+        problem. Right? Let&#39;s find out.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align:
+        left;&quot;&gt;\nGenerating Training Data&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\nWe start by synthesizing some training data. To keep things
+        simple, let&#39;s assume that we want to generate spectrograms of 25ms of
+        audio sampled at 8khz, which is 2000 samples. Round up (in binary) to 2048
+        to make things GPU friendly.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThe underlying &lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-time_Fourier_transform&quot;&gt;STFT&lt;/a&gt;
+        will use a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_function#Hann_and_Hamming_windows&quot;&gt;hanning
+        window&lt;/a&gt; of size 256, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform&quot;&gt;FFT&lt;/a&gt;
+        size of 256, and a stride length of 250, producing &lt;b&gt;33x129&lt;/b&gt;
+        images. That&#39;s 33 frequency-domain slices (along the time axis) capped
+        at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_frequency&quot;&gt;128hz&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;script src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/08204e72217ce29f06ac4c1ba7dd4d39.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\nNote
+        that the spectrograms return complex values. We want to make sure the networks
+        can learn to completely reconstruct both the magnitude and phase portions
+        of the signal. Also note that we&#39;re going to teach our network how to
+        compute hanning windows.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nHere&#39;s the code to
+        generate the training data -- we calculate &lt;i&gt;batch_size&lt;/i&gt; (15,000)
+        examples, each with 2048 samples and assign them to &lt;i&gt;xs&lt;/i&gt;.
+        We then calculate their spectrograms and assign them to &lt;i&gt;ys&lt;/i&gt;
+        (the targets.)&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;script src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/0da873c4ee32ff1bbb5d22b9f0b49817.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\nNote
+        that we separate the real and imaginary components of the spectrogram and
+        simply stack one atop the other. We also don&#39;t scale or normalize the
+        data in any way. &lt;b&gt;Let the network figure all that out! :-)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\nBuilding
+        the Model&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nNow the fun part. We build a single-layer
+        network with &lt;i&gt;2048&lt;/i&gt; inputs for the audio slice, and &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;row
+        * col&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; outputs for the image (&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;times two&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        to hold the real and imaginary components of the outputs.) Since the outputs
+        are strictly a linear function of the inputs, we don&#39;t need a bias term
+        or activation functions.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;script src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/bd8db7b878cbef048543e58d850bab67.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nAgain, this is really just linear regression. &lt;i&gt;With, oh, about
+        &lt;b&gt;17 million variables!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div
+        class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3_UJQowtAxQB2JF104bcDRY-rslxaO7XVXZWMD-vwkZ1aOrwi2NgneYOrACxPa_V8VtmtlZ-tTbsZH1amO8D_gubfAZJ-5K0KAMOuiNCv-Ze-O8WgPjOhDTCBpPbkMznMSat8zw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-03-01+at+8.36.20+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;320&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1140&quot;
+        height=&quot;176&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3_UJQowtAxQB2JF104bcDRY-rslxaO7XVXZWMD-vwkZ1aOrwi2NgneYOrACxPa_V8VtmtlZ-tTbsZH1amO8D_gubfAZJ-5K0KAMOuiNCv-Ze-O8WgPjOhDTCBpPbkMznMSat8zw/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-03-01+at+8.36.20+AM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThis model
+        trains very fast. In 4 epochs (about 80 seconds), the loss drops to 3.0e-08,
+        which is sufficient for our experiments, and in 10 epochs (about 7 minutes),
+        we can drop it all the way to 2.0e-15.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div
+        class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlCy70eiXOmrryOkFXTIj7wXf3u2krxBTDuG-L_1fquE6l-J9sRGFomBL0dG7-H691XH22nPuQrwt9Fklage-dbLNfxMnllhj2S-w9b2is7ipDtNE5MNuuTLSdSSkfOzTi8mxfTQ/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-03-02+at+11.34.06+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;686&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1390&quot;
+        height=&quot;313&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlCy70eiXOmrryOkFXTIj7wXf3u2krxBTDuG-L_1fquE6l-J9sRGFomBL0dG7-H691XH22nPuQrwt9Fklage-dbLNfxMnllhj2S-w9b2is7ipDtNE5MNuuTLSdSSkfOzTi8mxfTQ/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-03-02+at+11.34.06+AM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align:
+        left;&quot;&gt;\nThe Real Test&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nOur model is ready.
+        Let&#39;s see how well this does on unseen data. We generate a slice of audio
+        playing four tones, and compare scipy&#39;s spectrogram function with our
+        neural network.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;script src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/231d285b53f15b0ace08f93934100e6c.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
+        class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right:
+        auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:
+        center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-ASUhhLR9dlj1s5OCAKk0f341ND0VOaDihlVFDCxqF6nYBaQ0kUZA8DdplPiOCe0g7wlQU28KEk75bXY_7cbiK1zz6KHszHnhrit5AWwqaloynohIeJWKBR8Cg6RybvNIvYXF-w/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-03-01+at+12.28.19+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;384&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1444&quot;
+        height=&quot;170&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-ASUhhLR9dlj1s5OCAKk0f341ND0VOaDihlVFDCxqF6nYBaQ0kUZA8DdplPiOCe0g7wlQU28KEk75bXY_7cbiK1zz6KHszHnhrit5AWwqaloynohIeJWKBR8Cg6RybvNIvYXF-w/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-03-01+at+12.28.19+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Left:
+        SciPy, Right: Neural Network&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nWow, that&#39;s actually pretty good, however when we look at a log-scaled
+        version, you can see noise in the network-generated one.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;script src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/77110315b05d55bad70d9a20dcc2594e.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
+        class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right:
+        auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:
+        center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVkxUewAMYUH4TCma7eMbiYgKrY9dVsgrRaE_4yYizNhSg8sAStsvmBkuPtpakQBwpj_YP2jf6Z7PUsULu37T4nlDA8K1B-yArvWpHbjLoJkA5VXS0uvHvU0hWoGGRjPmenOoegA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-03-01+at+12.28.29+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;398&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1434&quot;
+        height=&quot;176&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVkxUewAMYUH4TCma7eMbiYgKrY9dVsgrRaE_4yYizNhSg8sAStsvmBkuPtpakQBwpj_YP2jf6Z7PUsULu37T4nlDA8K1B-yArvWpHbjLoJkA5VXS0uvHvU0hWoGGRjPmenOoegA/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-03-01+at+12.28.29+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span
+        style=&quot;font-size: 12.8px;&quot;&gt;Log-scaled spectrogram: Left: SciPy,
+        Right: Neural Network&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nMaybe we can train it for a bit longer and try again.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
+        class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right:
+        auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:
+        center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSVrD6v42Jo2FkXPdZBpxpVcmyh3NdobD8pE5hJka6FtshFQBWnI0NoBYZup-be4ME93Jc6r4POBCU4mSuv-s5WHEABdK-5f3pU6SfR0Eo16GawGAG4_G__TumqlC0ZLMJURIJcA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-03-01+at+12.34.27+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;392&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1434&quot;
+        height=&quot;174&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSVrD6v42Jo2FkXPdZBpxpVcmyh3NdobD8pE5hJka6FtshFQBWnI0NoBYZup-be4ME93Jc6r4POBCU4mSuv-s5WHEABdK-5f3pU6SfR0Eo16GawGAG4_G__TumqlC0ZLMJURIJcA/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-03-01+at+12.34.27+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Left:
+        SciPy, Right: Neural Network&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nOh yeah, that&#39;s way better!&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align:
+        left;&quot;&gt;\nPeeking into the Model&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nOkay, so
+        we know that this works pretty well. It&#39;s worth taking a little time to
+        dig in and see what exactly it learned. The best way to do this is by slicing
+        through the layers and examining the weight matrices.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;script src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/af81df7faaae90a217e2a48b5251b63a.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nLucky for us there&#39;s just one layer with (2048, 8514) weights.
+        The second dimension (8154) is just the flattened spectrogram for each sample
+        in the first. In the code above, we reshaped and transformed the data to make
+        it easy to visualize.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nHere it is below -- the weight
+        maps for the first, 11th, 21st, and 31st slices (out of 33) of the output.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear:
+        both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRV8G03H9-Xzc1giGrnxzWeq7O2NzAsJelVTkuFl6E0rHdYSBimnTcVrYDKZ8xKDb8nZA-eqqa6XYL7s9ImXVqElW_NNZnXP2721C9aaBDGws7FE_uv02rPmAgn9Az8FElCDtjyw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-03-02+at+11.43.05+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;836&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1444&quot;
+        height=&quot;370&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRV8G03H9-Xzc1giGrnxzWeq7O2NzAsJelVTkuFl6E0rHdYSBimnTcVrYDKZ8xKDb8nZA-eqqa6XYL7s9ImXVqElW_NNZnXP2721C9aaBDGws7FE_uv02rPmAgn9Az8FElCDtjyw/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-03-02+at+11.43.05+AM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThe vertical
+        bands represent activated neurons. You can see how the bands move from left
+        to right as they work on a 256-sample slice of the audio. But more interesting
+        is the spiral pattern of the windows. What&#39;s going on there? Let&#39;s
+        slice through one of the bands and plot just the inner dimension.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;script src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/a119bf4bfbe05eb4dc8e383f9355b37b.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nThis is actually pretty cool -- each of the graphs below is a Hanning-Windowed
+        sine wave of an integer frequency along each of the vertical bands. These
+        sinusoids are correlated with the audio, one-by-one, to tease out the active
+        frequencies in the slice of audio.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot;
+        cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot;
+        style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuBIsIVk6YKFkLN2Mn_j4yLWxqYNd8UV8W1l-lABrjd_tWEynRNCzQsX5JektI4FL6N0RgTyaEUTZNaILS0FTL1j5SlrxoSR_MydSeln0smNXQdk-7G9aBf3GnQYbMT_4priqZ9g/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-03-02+at+11.47.28+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;999&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1600&quot;
+        height=&quot;398&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuBIsIVk6YKFkLN2Mn_j4yLWxqYNd8UV8W1l-lABrjd_tWEynRNCzQsX5JektI4FL6N0RgTyaEUTZNaILS0FTL1j5SlrxoSR_MydSeln0smNXQdk-7G9aBf3GnQYbMT_4priqZ9g/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-03-02+at+11.47.28+AM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;1, 5,
+        and 10hz Sine Waves (Windowed)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nTo put it simply, those pretty spirally vertical bands are... &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Fourier
+        Transforms&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align:
+        left;&quot;&gt;\nLearning the Discrete Fourier Transform&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nExploring that network was fun, however we must go deeper. Let&#39;s
+        build a quick network to perform a 128-point DFT, without any windowing, and
+        see if there&#39;s more we can learn.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;script
+        src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/5a029d815b9a5f22985933cee1a71562.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\nThis
+        is a much simpler network, with only about 65k weights. It trains very fast,
+        and works like a charm!&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot;
+        style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOHIjjzVGyiyn58PQvtk4JzHPvx2opmuS_jPt118WaRlYTeIdrR6d1SnT-WiOdSg-XXlEBI4-C-iuSQmhDJd_mB6UDvnmVDQf09Hja9c51BfQ7VD-9o8aM59Rdmk2AlIREqRQmag/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-03-02+at+1.36.11+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;346&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1126&quot;
+        height=&quot;196&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOHIjjzVGyiyn58PQvtk4JzHPvx2opmuS_jPt118WaRlYTeIdrR6d1SnT-WiOdSg-XXlEBI4-C-iuSQmhDJd_mB6UDvnmVDQf09Hja9c51BfQ7VD-9o8aM59Rdmk2AlIREqRQmag/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-03-02+at+1.36.11+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nDigging into
+        the weights, you can clearly see the complex sinusoids used to calculate the
+        Fourier transform.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;script src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/89a0c10da18fef15602af5b2d59a66d6.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
+        class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right:
+        auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:
+        center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7-rQnX9r7yc1_mRLb0ffAINnImyrTJAbtAimvFgFb2u5GkTGK-jzfIVcq5NfQVRAlMd5UJaIq8ie42XhyphenhyphenG8dGHEzO2eo3AOnT3SiMUKChTA94ZI5LCfykpHQQbW1w7wrYlq-raA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-03-02+at+1.41.30+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1172&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1108&quot;
+        height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7-rQnX9r7yc1_mRLb0ffAINnImyrTJAbtAimvFgFb2u5GkTGK-jzfIVcq5NfQVRAlMd5UJaIq8ie42XhyphenhyphenG8dGHEzO2eo3AOnT3SiMUKChTA94ZI5LCfykpHQQbW1w7wrYlq-raA/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-03-02+at+1.41.30+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;603&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Real
+        (blue) and Imaginary (green) Components&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nIf you look at the weight matrix as a whole, you see the same pattern
+        we saw in the vertical bands of the spectrogram NN weights.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align:
+        center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMZpKg4uDe5zCWWXae8oWABbYGaVCSm-PeWz6UPu65ZpZ1lYzksc_LKPisXS91Ck8GbR7gKYRwiqyVcDO7fiow1UB28BuTe1FzpVrLBZlgqYCSXECqNaEBLFNuSiI8G6cmKbppLw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-03-02+at+1.59.01+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1376&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1440&quot;
+        height=&quot;610&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMZpKg4uDe5zCWWXae8oWABbYGaVCSm-PeWz6UPu65ZpZ1lYzksc_LKPisXS91Ck8GbR7gKYRwiqyVcDO7fiow1UB28BuTe1FzpVrLBZlgqYCSXECqNaEBLFNuSiI8G6cmKbppLw/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-03-02+at+1.59.01+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot;
+        style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\nThere&#39;s
+        a lot more we can explore in these networks, but I should probably end here...
+        this post is getting way too long.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align:
+        left;&quot;&gt;\nFinal Thoughts&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nIt&#39;s impressive
+        how well this works, and how quickly this works. The neural networks we trained
+        above are relatively crude, and there are techniques we can explore to optimize
+        them.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nFor example, with the spectrogram networks
+        -- instead of having it learn each FFT band independently for each window,
+        we could use a different network architecture (like recurrent networks), or
+        implement some kind of weight sharing strategy across multiple layers.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nEither way, let me be clear: using Neural Networks to
+        perform FFTs or generate spectrograms is &lt;b style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;completely
+        impractical, &lt;/b&gt;and you shouldn&#39;t do it. Really, don&#39;t do it!
+        It is, however, a great way to explore the guts of machine learning models
+        as they learn to perform complicated tasks.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml'
+        href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/1309421684262886131/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2020/03/generating-spectrograms-with-neural.html#comment-form'
+        title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/1309421684262886131'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/1309421684262886131'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2020/03/generating-spectrograms-with-neural.html'
+        title='Generating Spectrograms with Neural Networks'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail
+        xmlns:media=\"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/\" url=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDM2rOgj22MvXc9tLVrlD3jey8LAzjuXVUJljzhyPgaqEOluN1Fmtta9Iubv_X3rmQHWTv6y236myxVY_Hv-XBEeb3zkSPVbTYSxoW3Gk18XsOf-o9e9nEUzKDmwLaj4K6McaXEg/s72-c/Screen+Shot+2020-03-02+at+11.17.26+AM.png\"
+        height=\"72\" width=\"72\"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-6954953458036352732</id><published>2020-02-28T07:44:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2020-02-28T07:44:23.757-05:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>Time Frequency Duality</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot;
+        style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;\nAn particularly
+        interesting characteristic of Fourier transforms is &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;time-frequency
+        duality.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; This duality exposes a beautiful deep symmetry
+        between the time and frequency domains of a signal.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nFor
+        example, a sinusoid in the time domain is an impulse in the frequency domain,
+        &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;and vice versa&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nHere&#39;s what a 1-second 20hz sine wave looks like. If you play this
+        on your audio device, you&#39;ll hear a 20hz tone.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;script
+        src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/736216255e9bbcad5929350a29d1b6b6.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
+        class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right:
+        auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:
+        center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;
+        text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfuInGS7azSrsPIEHFf8IRLzX092heOhMA-TvyOl4EWhzTGibkGhEUt317yNEu0jSSE0OlKEQFtxeWHcHPF2GeSyRlN2R41kLaE4xGnwG6qJYqFEt1CHzCBKwfWvJvhvhjIlv6Sg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-02-27+at+5.24.39+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;388&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1212&quot;
+        height=&quot;204&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfuInGS7azSrsPIEHFf8IRLzX092heOhMA-TvyOl4EWhzTGibkGhEUt317yNEu0jSSE0OlKEQFtxeWHcHPF2GeSyRlN2R41kLaE4xGnwG6qJYqFEt1CHzCBKwfWvJvhvhjIlv6Sg/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-02-27+at+5.24.39+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;20hz
+        Sine Wave&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nWhen
+        you take the Fourier transform of the wave, and plot the frequency domain
+        representation of the signal, you get an impulse in the bin representing the
+        20hz. (Ignore the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_leakage&quot;&gt;tiny
+        neighbours&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;for now.)&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;script
+        src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/d5b29e9f9b987eeefce1148ec3698b60.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
+        class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right:
+        auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:
+        center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1Bs_O3s1cSwNgTZiRB0dTlIg5GsCMzVK3kCtvwJtNWtpjrmP1FLYNF5mGTLL5EgRHg8j5qvyBSvM0Fi9XTihdyXzNtBPcAsZqkDgOqJt9JnqvKg4UqK_NpVLF32Q-lI-2wNHS8g/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-02-27+at+5.30.35+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;396&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1224&quot;
+        height=&quot;206&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1Bs_O3s1cSwNgTZiRB0dTlIg5GsCMzVK3kCtvwJtNWtpjrmP1FLYNF5mGTLL5EgRHg8j5qvyBSvM0Fi9XTihdyXzNtBPcAsZqkDgOqJt9JnqvKg4UqK_NpVLF32Q-lI-2wNHS8g/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-02-27+at+5.30.35+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Frequency
+        Domain of 20hz Sine Wave&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nIf you play this transformed representation out to your audio device,
+        you&#39;ll hear a click, generated from the single impulse pushing the speaker&#39;s
+        diaphragm. This is effectively an impulse signal.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nOkay,
+        let&#39;s create an impulse signal by hand -- a string of zeros, with a 1
+        somewhere in the middle. Play this on your speaker, and, again, you&#39;ll
+        hear a click. This signal is no different from the the previous transformed
+        signal, except for maybe the position of the impulse.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;script src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/db8bbd3c1c8635e3b6fb8c2e28c93e20.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\nSo,
+        check this out. If you take the the FFT of the impulse and plot the frequency
+        domain representation, you get... &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a sinusoid&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;!&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;script src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/154b2a1b0be3fd92cdae206b829b38ba.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n&lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFWi8YhKu_nhS72RW8x_rcI2kuNQ4DqzZxYmd39x0KAtnA9PLrNaGEKSAOcTEuTvDOGnpM28adAauZqi26cMFi8MRJfCZJhVicEagWWkIlJXqP0ssEYHgdpDut5_hTAKckcJazMQ/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-02-28+at+6.39.56+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;392&quot;
+        data-original-width=&quot;1208&quot; height=&quot;208&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFWi8YhKu_nhS72RW8x_rcI2kuNQ4DqzZxYmd39x0KAtnA9PLrNaGEKSAOcTEuTvDOGnpM28adAauZqi26cMFi8MRJfCZJhVicEagWWkIlJXqP0ssEYHgdpDut5_hTAKckcJazMQ/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-02-28+at+6.39.56+AM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThis works
+        both ways. You can the the &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;inverse FFT&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;of
+        a sine wave in the frequency domain, to produce an impulse in the time domain.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;script src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/fe317c6a7357dea6f23d9968e98dea2e.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
+        class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right:
+        auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:
+        center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS4gwS_iQX8deUHZMtLPB4Vu4B5OzEvbDx2v8hHRzMbPEFeoEC2Qq6zDb863GrX3a09DYurSEjiAIELYexDHEjVndVw2fgQWVlp3kxft8SM1Cc8A7J0gkvL2rwfCquHr480IqMQQ/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-02-28+at+6.42.45+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;796&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1214&quot;
+        height=&quot;261&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS4gwS_iQX8deUHZMtLPB4Vu4B5OzEvbDx2v8hHRzMbPEFeoEC2Qq6zDb863GrX3a09DYurSEjiAIELYexDHEjVndVw2fgQWVlp3kxft8SM1Cc8A7J0gkvL2rwfCquHr480IqMQQ/s400/Screen+Shot+2020-02-28+at+6.42.45+AM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;\n&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Inverse
+        Fourier Transform of a Sine Wave&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nThis is a wonderfully striking phenomenon, which I think reveals a
+        lot about our perception of nature.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nFor example,
+        here&#39;s another property of time-frequency duality --&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution&quot;&gt;convolutions&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in
+        the time domain are multiplications in the frequency domain, and vice versa&lt;i&gt;.
+        &lt;/i&gt;Because &lt;i&gt;multiplications require far fewer operations than
+        convolutions&lt;/i&gt;, it&#39;s much simpler to operate on frequency domain
+        representations of signals.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nYour inner ear consists
+        of lots of tiny hairs that vary in thickness and resonate at different frequencies
+        sending frequency domain representations of sound to your brain -- i.e.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;your
+        ear evolved a little DSP chip in&lt;/i&gt; it to make it easier on your brain.&lt;/div&gt;\n</content><link
+        rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/6954953458036352732/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2020/02/time-frequency-duality.html#comment-form'
+        title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/6954953458036352732'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/6954953458036352732'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2020/02/time-frequency-duality.html'
+        title='Time Frequency Duality'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail
+        xmlns:media=\"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/\" url=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfuInGS7azSrsPIEHFf8IRLzX092heOhMA-TvyOl4EWhzTGibkGhEUt317yNEu0jSSE0OlKEQFtxeWHcHPF2GeSyRlN2R41kLaE4xGnwG6qJYqFEt1CHzCBKwfWvJvhvhjIlv6Sg/s72-c/Screen+Shot+2020-02-27+at+5.24.39+PM.png\"
+        height=\"72\" width=\"72\"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-1894211342385136711</id><published>2020-02-22T23:11:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2020-02-23T07:50:40.637-05:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>Pitch Detection with Convolutional Networks</title><content type='html'>&lt;div
+        dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;\nWhile
+        working on &lt;a href=&quot;https://pitchy.ninja/&quot;&gt;Pitchy Ninja&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and
+        &lt;a href=&quot;https://vexflow.com/&quot;&gt;Vexflow&lt;/a&gt;, I explored
+        a variety of different techniques for pitch detection that would also work
+        well in a browser. Although, I settled on a relatively well-known algorithm,
+        the exploration took me down an interesting path -- I wondered if you could
+        build neural networks to classify pitches, intervals, and chords in recorded
+        audio.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nTurns out the answer is &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;yes.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;To
+        all of them.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThis post details some of the techniques
+        I used to build a pitch-detection neural network. Although I focus on single-note
+        pitch estimation, these methods seem to work well for multi-note chords too.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\nOn Pitch
+        Estimation&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_detection_algorithm&quot;&gt;Pitch
+        detection&lt;/a&gt; (also called &lt;i&gt;fundamental frequency estimation&lt;/i&gt;)
+        is not an exact science. What your brain perceives as pitch is a function
+        of lots of different variables, from the physical materials that generate
+        the sounds to your body&#39;s physiological structure.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nOne would presume that you can simply transform a signal to its frequency
+        domain representation, and look at the peak frequencies. This would work for
+        a sine wave, but as soon as you introduce any kind of timbre (e.g., when you
+        sing, or play a note on a guitar), the spectrum is flooded with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone&quot;&gt;overtones&lt;/a&gt;
+        and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic&quot;&gt;harmonic
+        partials&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nHere&#39;s a 33ms spectrogram
+        of the note A4 (440hz) played on a piano. You can see a peak at 440hz, and
+        another around 1760hz.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot;
+        style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbd4u91YSFmMe3uUXT-tsjfSVygsHoRChlZKlFKRMkN11BNIFJsqrVhRRRxnC7hCeKEmkgiv3OYFjRo395zqpz_0zUBfl9R64ryL8Qdllg22ONbb4raIC5T1zW01BA3nOtzJG7Tw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+9.14.50+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;534&quot; data-original-width=&quot;828&quot;
+        height=&quot;257&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbd4u91YSFmMe3uUXT-tsjfSVygsHoRChlZKlFKRMkN11BNIFJsqrVhRRRxnC7hCeKEmkgiv3OYFjRo395zqpz_0zUBfl9R64ryL8Qdllg22ONbb4raIC5T1zW01BA3nOtzJG7Tw/s400/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+9.14.50+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nHere&#39;s
+        the same A4 (440hz), but on a violin.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot;
+        style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj61E0xsI4lmYpxhsVxaUh2k7woDBN220o6d_TjgnkEfDdo-yQkpUHq5hr1TYR_GCiGvKzmh9M205x2qbmeziTOydR6pRwyHp9j4X_gv4p2nfuJLPDvuVck8DR49mII0jmEAAABdA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+9.15.03+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;526&quot; data-original-width=&quot;820&quot;
+        height=&quot;256&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj61E0xsI4lmYpxhsVxaUh2k7woDBN220o6d_TjgnkEfDdo-yQkpUHq5hr1TYR_GCiGvKzmh9M205x2qbmeziTOydR6pRwyHp9j4X_gv4p2nfuJLPDvuVck8DR49mII0jmEAAABdA/s400/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+9.15.03+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nAnd here&#39;s
+        a trumpet.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot;
+        style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOL3_A1envcr3tirSEFs5-oOWWYFXg6bgIz5EFpI6w2cQjtP-QBr8KUx1QE9tzGNyi4LSylXsY-BZ-5Aczr1-Icd6VeNjxC_TO5fe09k0jGR8JV7LwTo8rSkLRnh1E1Jd4T4CrIg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+9.15.14+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;528&quot; data-original-width=&quot;826&quot;
+        height=&quot;255&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOL3_A1envcr3tirSEFs5-oOWWYFXg6bgIz5EFpI6w2cQjtP-QBr8KUx1QE9tzGNyi4LSylXsY-BZ-5Aczr1-Icd6VeNjxC_TO5fe09k0jGR8JV7LwTo8rSkLRnh1E1Jd4T4CrIg/s400/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+9.15.14+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nNotice how
+        the thicker instruments have rich harmonic spectrums? These harmonics are
+        what make them beautiful, and also what make pitch detection hard.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\nEstimation Techniques&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nA lot of the well understood pitch estimation algorithms resort to
+        transformations and heuristics which amplify the fundamental and cancel out
+        the overtones. Some, more advanced techniques work on (kind of) fingerprinting
+        timbres, and then attempting to correlate them with a signal.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nFor single tones, these techniques work well, but they do break down
+        in their own unique ways. After all, they&#39;re heuristics that try to &lt;i&gt;estimate
+        human perception&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align:
+        left;&quot;&gt;\nConvolutional Networks&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nDeep &lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network&quot;&gt;convolutional
+        networks&lt;/a&gt; have been winning image labeling challenges for nearly
+        a decade, starting with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlexNet&quot;&gt;AlexNet
+        in 2012&lt;/a&gt;. The key insight in these architectures is that detecting
+        objects require some level of locality in pattern recognition, i.e., learned
+        features should be agnostic to translations, rotations, intensities, etc.
+        Convolutional networks learn multiple layers of filters, each capturing some
+        perceptual element.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot;
+        style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2LwwE33Uu5V1Kjy9nZxOQZEbh8LIe4nyUp728tznKUIym01KXtfscXhi8ASVftIu-7wJ8FKfBs4YDvDCTLSl7x2kmn7QPoubI9aBJ8zajZCg9IzGcbXvRDF8DM-pO1r_7IseNqw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+9.36.01+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;488&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1458&quot;
+        height=&quot;214&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2LwwE33Uu5V1Kjy9nZxOQZEbh8LIe4nyUp728tznKUIym01KXtfscXhi8ASVftIu-7wJ8FKfBs4YDvDCTLSl7x2kmn7QPoubI9aBJ8zajZCg9IzGcbXvRDF8DM-pO1r_7IseNqw/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+9.36.01+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nFor
+        example, the bottom layer of an image recognition network might detect edges
+        and curves, the next might detect simple shapes, and the next would detect
+        objects, etc. Here&#39;s an example of extracted features from various layers
+        (via &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.groundai.com/project/deepfeat-a-bottom-up-and-top-down-saliency-model-based-on-deep-features-of-convolutional-neural-nets/&quot;&gt;DeepFeat&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear:
+        both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijkByp7Wt8FbaM2YIKun1mLOehy2NOU5Oj8xgSKXrky_FeIHYqFkuxjEbtamdj_X_sC5pnC41QRUtTpUJjRXneSK7N5y4X8PiNQAKfB1Uoblcqo94HXEavYWlYQ2zYofVZHIWrdg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+9.40.06+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1092&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1096&quot;
+        height=&quot;397&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijkByp7Wt8FbaM2YIKun1mLOehy2NOU5Oj8xgSKXrky_FeIHYqFkuxjEbtamdj_X_sC5pnC41QRUtTpUJjRXneSK7N5y4X8PiNQAKfB1Uoblcqo94HXEavYWlYQ2zYofVZHIWrdg/s400/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+9.40.06+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align:
+        left;&quot;&gt;\nConvolutional Networks for Audio&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nFor
+        audio feature extraction, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_domain&quot;&gt;time
+        domain&lt;/a&gt; representations don&#39;t seem to be very useful to convnets.
+        However, in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_domain&quot;&gt;frequency
+        domain&lt;/a&gt;, convnets learn features &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;extremely well&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.
+        Once networks start looking at spectrograms, all kinds of patterns start to
+        emerge.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nIn the next few sections, we&#39;ll build
+        a and train a simple convolutional network to detect fundamental frequencies
+        across six octaves.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align:
+        left;&quot;&gt;\nGetting Training Data&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nTo do this
+        well, we need data. Labeled. &lt;b&gt;Lots of it!&lt;/b&gt; There are a few
+        paths we can take:&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;b&gt;Option 1&lt;/b&gt;:
+        Go find a whole bunch of single-tone music online, slice it up into little
+        bits, transcribe and label.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;b&gt;Option 2&lt;/b&gt;:
+        Take out my trusty guitar, record, slice, and label. Then my keyboard, and
+        my trumpet, and my clarinet. And maybe sing too. Ugh!&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;b&gt;Option 3&lt;/b&gt;: Build synthetic samples with... code!&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nSince, you know, the ultimate programmer virtue is laziness,
+        let&#39;s go with Option 3.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align:
+        left;&quot;&gt;\nTools of the Trade&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThe goal is
+        to build a model that performs well, and &lt;i&gt;generalizes well&lt;/i&gt;,
+        so we&#39;ll need to make sure that we account for enough of the variability
+        in real audio as we can -- which means using a variety of instruments, velocities,
+        effects, envelopes, and noise profiles.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nWith a
+        good MIDI library, a patch bank, and some savvy, we can get this done. Here&#39;s
+        what we need:&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://pypi.org/project/MIDIUtil/&quot;&gt;MIDIUtil&lt;/a&gt;
+        - Python library to generate MIDI files.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fluidsynth.org/&quot;&gt;FluidSynth&lt;/a&gt;
+        - Renders MIDI files to raw audio.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.schristiancollins.com/generaluser.php&quot;&gt;GeneralUser
+        GS&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;- A bank of GM instrument patches for FluidSynth.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a
+        href=&quot;http://sox.sourceforge.net/sox.html&quot;&gt;sox&lt;/a&gt; - To
+        post-process the audio (resample, normalize, etc.)&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://www.scipy.org/&quot;&gt;scipy.io&lt;/a&gt; - For generating
+        spectrograms&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://tensorflow.org/&quot;&gt;Tensorflow&lt;/a&gt;
+        - For building and training the models.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ul&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nAll of these are open-source and freely available. Download and install
+        them before proceeding.&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;h3
+        style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align:
+        left;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\nSynthesizing
+        the Data&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nWe start with picking a bunch of instruments
+        encompassing a variety of different timbres and tonalities.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;script src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/39f374a4ec66a1dc6af2a622851b2e74.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nPick the notes and octaves you want to be
+        able to classify. I used all 12 tones between octaves 2 and 8 (and added some
+        random detunings.) Here&#39;s a handy class to deal with note to MIDI value
+        conversions.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;script src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/0b8b66bf4e34caedcacb5894164e7c7c.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\nThe
+        next section is where the meat of the synthesis happens. It does the following:&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;ul&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Renders the MIDI files to raw audio (wav) using
+        FluidSynth and a free GM sound font.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Resamples to single-channel,
+        unsigned 16-bit, at 44.1khz, normalized.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Slices the
+        sample up into its envelope components (attack, sustain, decay.)&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Detunes
+        some of the samples to cover more of the harmonic surface.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ul&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;script
+        src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/f01e3186b14543b42303e6af96286262.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\nFinally, we use the &lt;b&gt;Sample&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;class
+        to generate thousands of different 33ms long MIDI files, each playing a single
+        note.&amp;nbsp; The labels are part of the filename, and include the note,
+        octave, frequency, and envelope component.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;script
+        src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/29aedb7cc2733e7bde767eebcdd1d204.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\nBuilding
+        the Network&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\nNow
+        that we have the training data, let&#39;s design the network.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\nI experimented with a variety of different
+        architectures before I got here, starting with simple dense (non-convolution)
+        networks with time-domain inputs, then moving on to one-dimensional LSTMs,
+        then two-dimensional convolutional networks (convnets) with frequency-domain
+        inputs.&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\nAs
+        you can guess, the 2D networks with frequency-domain inputs worked &lt;b&gt;significantly
+        better.&lt;/b&gt; As soon as I got decent baseline performance with them,
+        I focused on incrementally improving accuracy by reducing validation loss.&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\nModel Inputs&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\nThe inputs to the network will be &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrogram&quot;&gt;spectrograms&lt;/a&gt;,
+        which are 2D images representing a slice of audio. The X-axis is usually time,
+        and the Y-axis is frequency. They&#39;re great for visualizing audio spectrums,
+        but also for more advanced audio analysis.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;table
+        align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
+        class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right:
+        auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:
+        center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfBj4NcA-QJtuTsDM3Rv6rNxZJumr7qXjNgspGKe9lOnv9XRUjsjfqZZ3GSa50F76ayZn7BMIPcjV6MWOsihu8z4Pb0vBijwEQrV5x8VEs8zhe5llGV766O1lmXrJS0VidEAisJw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+9.17.27+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;526&quot; data-original-width=&quot;840&quot;
+        height=&quot;250&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfBj4NcA-QJtuTsDM3Rv6rNxZJumr7qXjNgspGKe9lOnv9XRUjsjfqZZ3GSa50F76ayZn7BMIPcjV6MWOsihu8z4Pb0vBijwEQrV5x8VEs8zhe5llGV766O1lmXrJS0VidEAisJw/s400/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+9.17.27+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;A Church
+        Organ playing A4 (440hz)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\nSpectrograms
+        are typically generated with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-time_Fourier_transform&quot;&gt;Short
+        Time Fourier Transforms (STFTs)&lt;/a&gt;. In short, the algorithm slides
+        a window over the audio, running &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform&quot;&gt;FFTs&lt;/a&gt;
+        over the windowed data. Depending on the parameters of the STFT (and the associated
+        FFTs), the precision of the detected frequencies can be tweaked to match the
+        use case.&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nFor this experiment, we&#39;re working
+        with 44.1khz 16-bit samples, 33ms long -- which is about 14,500 data points
+        per sample. We first &lt;b&gt;downsample&lt;/b&gt; the audio to 16khz, yielding
+        5280 data points per sample.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;script src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/86a9c94f75bd06bde76cb6a612744d49.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\nThe
+        spectrogram will be generated via STFT, using a window size of 256, an overlap
+        of 200, and a 1024 point FFT zero-padded on both sides. This yields one &lt;b&gt;513x90&lt;/b&gt;
+        pixel image per sample.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThe 1024-point FFT also
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;caps the resolution&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; to about 19hz, which
+        isn&#39;t perfect, but fine for distinguishing pitches.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\n\nThe Network Model&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nOur network consists of 4 convolutional layers, with 64, 128, 128,
+        and 256 filters respectively, which are then immediately downsampled with
+        &lt;a href=&quot;https://computersciencewiki.org/index.php/Max-pooling_/_Pooling&quot;&gt;max-pooling&lt;/a&gt;
+        layers. The input layer reshapes the input tensors by adding a &lt;i&gt;channels&lt;/i&gt;
+        dimension for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/keras/layers/Conv2D&quot;&gt;Conv2D&lt;/a&gt;.
+        We close out the model with two densely connected layers, and a final output
+        node for the floating-point frequency.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nTo prevent
+        overfitting, we &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularization_(mathematics)&quot;&gt;regularize&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+        by aggressively adding &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/keras/layers/Dropout&quot;&gt;dropout&lt;/a&gt;
+        layers, including one right at the input which also doubles as an ad-hoc noise
+        generator.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;script src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/56f14b33ac8e09e94d65e77f50a61280.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\nAlthough we use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_squared_error&quot;&gt;mean-squared-error&lt;/a&gt;
+        as our loss function, it&#39;s the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_absolute_error&quot;&gt;mean-absolute-error&lt;/a&gt;
+        that we need to watch, since it&#39;s easier to reason about. Let&#39;s take
+        a look at the model summary.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot;
+        style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLUdV6YW8fwFUwMsC0TGRx55VxkPmtXTC8mmDgu8iqKbGveU6Yz3pyyNTSRpX5rvgA2dtL6948KcbyiO1-h52ryC_R7KXom92l89UwACMadN_J9EmD7fB5_i72_ai6QtLRDGufTg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+5.08.33+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1364&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1124&quot;
+        height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLUdV6YW8fwFUwMsC0TGRx55VxkPmtXTC8mmDgu8iqKbGveU6Yz3pyyNTSRpX5rvgA2dtL6948KcbyiO1-h52ryC_R7KXom92l89UwACMadN_J9EmD7fB5_i72_ai6QtLRDGufTg/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+5.08.33+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;524&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nWow,
+        &lt;b&gt;12 million&lt;/b&gt; parameters! Feels like a lot for an experiment,
+        but it turns out we can build a model in less than 10 minutes on a modern
+        GPU. Let&#39;s start training.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;script src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/6a7234fe6e368bbd346f5fdddd88fa12.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nAfter 100 epochs, we can achieve a validation MSE of 0.002, and a validation
+        MAE of 0.03.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot;
+        style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW4345UjhQ7l9tyvSRWymJ0Ic-usaJeM-C6VcBKpNU_Al2ur3xoDRFSjz-xtEOsfqiCUbTxn1yd91VDmWVvZAOWbS-0dGfV4gUtnH5sxDSHAdeZ_ToAK4c8L_kYPEDBZ9yS-MIYA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+11.03.15+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1066&quot; data-original-width=&quot;814&quot;
+        height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW4345UjhQ7l9tyvSRWymJ0Ic-usaJeM-C6VcBKpNU_Al2ur3xoDRFSjz-xtEOsfqiCUbTxn1yd91VDmWVvZAOWbS-0dGfV4gUtnH5sxDSHAdeZ_ToAK4c8L_kYPEDBZ9yS-MIYA/s400/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+11.03.15+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;305&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nYou may be
+        wondering why the validation MAE is so much better than the training MAE.
+        This is because of the aggressive dropout regularization. Dropout layers are
+        only activated during training, not prediction.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThese
+        results are quite promising for an experiment! For classification problems,
+        we could use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion_matrix&quot;&gt;confusion
+        matrices&lt;/a&gt; to see where the models mispredict. For regression problems
+        (like this one), we can explore the losses a bit more by plotting a graph
+        of errors by pitch.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;script src=&quot;https://gist.github.com/0xfe/3e4d90436dce46ec121b9f94948001a1.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align:
+        center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot;
+        style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;table
+        align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
+        class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right:
+        auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:
+        center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFvd_SBwOkcp64POT5Y_z7-tn1eNFhP4vMU8nPBGWtXkAv-Cn8XvQjzPc4VuFLgHNKSPSpPDJXB5MbwS0RmijcQoRiUtGZ4HZPAr_QM1mdBYaerG7V1OYCNXviTT0iJvDFF_6jGg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+10.25.46+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;512&quot; data-original-width=&quot;786&quot;
+        height=&quot;260&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFvd_SBwOkcp64POT5Y_z7-tn1eNFhP4vMU8nPBGWtXkAv-Cn8XvQjzPc4VuFLgHNKSPSpPDJXB5MbwS0RmijcQoRiUtGZ4HZPAr_QM1mdBYaerG7V1OYCNXviTT0iJvDFF_6jGg/s400/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+10.25.46+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Prediction
+        Errors by Pitch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nAlready, we can see that the prediction errors are on the highest octaves.
+        This is very likely due to our downsampling to 16khz, causing &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliasing&quot;&gt;aliasing&lt;/a&gt;
+        in the harmonics and confusing the model.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nAfter
+        discarding the last octave, we can take the mean of the prediction error,
+        and what do we see?&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fffffe;
+        font-family: monospace, Menlo, Monaco, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, monospace;
+        font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;\nnp.mean(np.nan_to_num(errors_by_key[&lt;span
+        style=&quot;color: #09885a;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;span style=&quot;color:
+        #09885a;&quot;&gt;80&lt;/span&gt;]))&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:
+        white; color: #212121; font-family: monospace; font-size: 14px; white-space:
+        pre;&quot;&gt;19.244542657486097&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nPretty
+        much exactly the resolution of the FFT we used. It&#39;s very hard to do better
+        given the inputs.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align:
+        left;&quot;&gt;\nThe Real Test&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\nSo,
+        how does this perform in the wild? To answer this question, I recorded a few
+        samples of myself playing single notes on the guitar, and pulled some youtube
+        videos of various instruments and sliced them up for analysis. I also crossed
+        my fingers and sacrificed a dozen goats.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nAs hoped,
+        the predictions were &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;right within the tolerances&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        of the model. Try it yourself and let me know how it works out.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\nImprovements and Variations&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nThere&#39;s a few things we can do to improve what we have -- larger
+        FFT and window sizes, higher sample rates, better data, etc. We can also turn
+        this into a classification problem by using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softmax_function&quot;&gt;softmax&lt;/a&gt;
+        at the bottom layer and training directly on musical pitches instead of frequencies.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThis experiment was part of a whole suite of models I
+        built for music recognition. In a future post I&#39;ll describe a more complex
+        set of models I built to recognize roots, intervals, and 2-4 note chords.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nUntil then, hope you enjoyed this post. If you did, drop
+        me a note at &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/11111110b&quot;&gt;@11111110b&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nAll the source code for these experiments will be available
+        on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe&quot;&gt;my Github page&lt;/a&gt;
+        as soon as it&#39;s in slightly better shape.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;/div&gt;\n</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml'
+        href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/1894211342385136711/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2020/02/pitch-detection-with-convolutional.html#comment-form'
+        title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/1894211342385136711'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/1894211342385136711'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2020/02/pitch-detection-with-convolutional.html'
+        title='Pitch Detection with Convolutional Networks'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail
+        xmlns:media=\"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/\" url=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbd4u91YSFmMe3uUXT-tsjfSVygsHoRChlZKlFKRMkN11BNIFJsqrVhRRRxnC7hCeKEmkgiv3OYFjRo395zqpz_0zUBfl9R64ryL8Qdllg22ONbb4raIC5T1zW01BA3nOtzJG7Tw/s72-c/Screen+Shot+2020-02-22+at+9.14.50+PM.png\"
+        height=\"72\" width=\"72\"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-541596065311835171</id><published>2020-02-19T13:26:00.005-05:00</published><updated>2020-02-20T08:38:01.568-05:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>No Servers, Just Buckets: Hosting Static Websites on the Cloud</title><content
+        type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;
+        trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nFor over two decades, I&#39;ve hosted
+        websites on managed servers. Starting with web hosting providers, going to
+        dedicated machines, then dedicated VMs, then cloud VMs. Maintaining these
+        servers tend to come at a high cognitive cost -- machine and network setup,
+        OS patches, web server configuration, replication and high-availability, TLS
+        and cert management, security... the list goes on.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nLast
+        year, I moved [&lt;a href=&quot;https://pitchy.ninja/&quot;&gt;almost&lt;/a&gt;]
+        [&lt;a href=&quot;https://muthanna.com/&quot;&gt;all&lt;/a&gt;]&amp;nbsp;[&lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://float64.dev/&quot;&gt;my&lt;/a&gt;]&amp;nbsp;[&lt;a href=&quot;https://vexflow.com/&quot;&gt;websites&lt;/a&gt;]
+        to cloud buckets, and it has been amazing! Life just got simpler. With just
+        a few commands I got:&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align:
+        left;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;A HTTP(s) web-server hosting my content.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Managed
+        TLS certificates.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Compression, Caching, and Content
+        Delivery.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Replication and High availability.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;IPv6!&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Fewer
+        headaches, and more spending money. :-)&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ul&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nIf
+        you don&#39;t need tight control over how your data is served, I would strongly
+        recommend that you host your sites on Cloud Buckets. (Yes, of course, servers
+        are still involved, you just don&#39;t need to worry about them.)&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nIn this post, I&#39;ll show you how I got the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://float64.dev/&quot;&gt;float64
+        website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;up and serving in almost no time.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\nWhat are Cloud Buckets?&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nBuckets are a storage abstraction for blobs of data offered by cloud
+        providers. E.g., &lt;a href=&quot;https://cloud.google.com/storage&quot;&gt;Google
+        Cloud Storage&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://aws.amazon.com/s3/&quot;&gt;Amazon
+        S3&lt;/a&gt;. Put simply, they&#39;re a place in the cloud where you can store
+        directories of files (typically called objects.)&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nData
+        in buckets are managed by cloud providers -- they take care of all the heavy
+        lifting around storing the data, replicating, backing up, and serving. You
+        can access this data with command line tools, via language APIs, or from the
+        browser. You can also manage permissions, ownership, replication, retention,
+        encryption, and audit controls.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align:
+        left;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\nHosting
+        Websites on Cloud Buckets&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nMany cloud providers now
+        allow you to serve files (sometimes called bucket objects) over the web, and
+        let you distribute content over their respective CDNs. For this post, we&#39;ll
+        upload a website to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://cloud.google.com/storage&quot;&gt;Google
+        Cloud Storage&lt;/a&gt; bucket and serve it over the web.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nMake sure you have your &lt;a href=&quot;https://cloud.google.com/&quot;&gt;Google
+        Cloud&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;account setup, &lt;a href=&quot;https://cloud.google.com/sdk&quot;&gt;command-line
+        tools installed&lt;/a&gt;, and are logged in on your terminal.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;code&gt;\ngcloud auth login&lt;br /&gt;\ngcloud config set project
+        &amp;lt;your-project-id&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;code&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;&lt;/code&gt;\n\nCreate your storage bucket with &lt;a href=&quot;https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/creating-buckets&quot;&gt;gsutil
+        mb&lt;/a&gt;. Bucket names must be globally unique, so you&#39;ll have to
+        pick something no one else has used. Here I&#39;m using &lt;i&gt;float64&lt;/i&gt;
+        as my bucket name.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;code&gt;gsutil mb gs://float64&lt;/code&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/code&gt;\nCopy your website content over
+        to the bucket. We specify &#39;-&lt;a href=&quot;https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/gsutil/commands/cp&quot;&gt;a
+        public-read&lt;/a&gt;&#39; to make the objects world-readable.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;code&gt;gsutil cp -a public-read index.html style.css index.AF4C.js
+        gs://float64&lt;/code&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/code&gt;\nThat&#39;s
+        it. Your content is now available at &lt;i&gt;https://storage.googleapis.com/&amp;lt;BUCKET&amp;gt;/index.html&lt;/i&gt;.
+        Like mine is here:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://storage.googleapis.com/float64/index.html&quot;&gt;https://storage.googleapis.com/float64/index.html&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;h3
+        style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\nUsing your own Domain&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nTo serve data over your own domain using HTTPS, you need to create
+        a &lt;a href=&quot;https://cloud.google.com/load-balancing&quot;&gt;Cloud
+        Load Balancer&lt;/a&gt; (or use an existing one.) Go to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://console.cloud.google.com/net-services/loadbalancing&quot;&gt;Load
+        Balancer Console&lt;/a&gt;, click &quot;Create Load Balancer&quot;, and select
+        the HTTP/HTTPS option.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot;
+        style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhipsKbza7Qsm2JCe2LJwWdOlpRexWoh8IwF0JVLK9BsUaaiV9jaUctCtiSiG6FNjoHpspbjVPED27FoXPYh8L671CzC-azbBzqp3LQ0LyJtMvQw78R3yLdjX963KIRUSd87b3Azg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-02-19+at+8.28.36+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;652&quot; data-original-width=&quot;878&quot;
+        height=&quot;295&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhipsKbza7Qsm2JCe2LJwWdOlpRexWoh8IwF0JVLK9BsUaaiV9jaUctCtiSiG6FNjoHpspbjVPED27FoXPYh8L671CzC-azbBzqp3LQ0LyJtMvQw78R3yLdjX963KIRUSd87b3Azg/s400/Screen+Shot+2020-02-19+at+8.28.36+AM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThe balancer
+        configuration has three main parts: backend, routing rules, and frontend.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nFor the backend, select &quot;backend buckets&quot;,
+        and pick the bucket that you just created. Check the &#39;Enable CDN&#39;
+        box if you want your content cached and delivered over Google&#39;s worldwide
+        Content Delivery Network.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot;
+        style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9YZ38AmPpWnQ2YCL3PGI9xzJSbPD4GgyN776Ha5bZ82BubM7CjwmJ7qexivA9WywQpWBsEmKoFYRLrlvIMA3tfRkt95YDp7bZUnQbMC_8vw_OxGg5xq0J7MGNC8FyLZyT5jq3wQ/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-02-19+at+8.31.48+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;100&quot; data-original-width=&quot;280&quot;
+        height=&quot;71&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9YZ38AmPpWnQ2YCL3PGI9xzJSbPD4GgyN776Ha5bZ82BubM7CjwmJ7qexivA9WywQpWBsEmKoFYRLrlvIMA3tfRkt95YDp7bZUnQbMC_8vw_OxGg5xq0J7MGNC8FyLZyT5jq3wQ/s200/Screen+Shot+2020-02-19+at+8.31.48+AM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nFor
+        the routing rules, simply use your domain name (float64.dev) in the host field,
+        your bucket (float64) in the backends field, and &lt;code&gt;&lt;b&gt;/*&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
+        in Paths to say that all paths get routed to your bucket.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nFinally, for the frontend, add a new IP address, and point your domain&#39;s
+        &lt;i&gt;A&lt;/i&gt; record at it. If you&#39;re with the times, you can also
+        add an IPv6 address, and point your domain&#39;s &lt;i&gt;AAAA&lt;/i&gt; record
+        at it.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear:
+        both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZYmJHBFv8QyXiXv30K_XVUf62MvxDLSmb4GijnBsHnc2vouiVM2bAqEtM0qpjfoj7_cCcg1p17ZVXntlwmSzctH0cWHKXAFRa38IfK5yS28Am_UCy1B140zhdfmzkB6AtPM0cKA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-02-19+at+8.29.55+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;272&quot; data-original-width=&quot;962&quot;
+        height=&quot;179&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZYmJHBFv8QyXiXv30K_XVUf62MvxDLSmb4GijnBsHnc2vouiVM2bAqEtM0qpjfoj7_cCcg1p17ZVXntlwmSzctH0cWHKXAFRa38IfK5yS28Am_UCy1B140zhdfmzkB6AtPM0cKA/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-02-19+at+8.29.55+AM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nIf
+        you&#39;re serving over HTTPS, you can create a new &lt;a href=&quot;https://cloud.google.com/load-balancing/docs/ssl-certificates&quot;&gt;managed
+        certificate&lt;/a&gt;. These certs are issued by Let&#39;s Encrypt and managed
+        by Google (i.e., Goole takes care of attaching, verifying, and renewing them.)
+        The certificates take about 30 minutes to propagate.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nSave
+        and apply your changes, and your custom HTTPS website is up! A few more odds
+        and ends before we call it a day.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align:
+        left;&quot;&gt;\nSetup Index and Error Pages&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\nYou probably don&#39;t want your users typing
+        in the name of the index HTML file (&lt;a href=&quot;https://float64.dev/index.html&quot;&gt;https://float64.dev/index.html&lt;/a&gt;)
+        every time they visit your site. You also probably want invalid URLs showing
+        a pretty error page.&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nYou can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/gsutil/commands/web&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;gsutil
+        web&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to configure the index and 404 pages for
+        the bucket.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;code&gt;gsutil web set gs://my-super-bucket
+        -m index.html -e 404.html&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align:
+        left;&quot;&gt;\nCaching, Compression, and Content Delivery&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nTo take advantage of Google&#39;s CDN (or even simply to improve bandwidth
+        usage and latency), you should set the &lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Cache-Control&quot;&gt;Cache-Control
+        headers&lt;/a&gt; on your files. I like to keep the expiries for the index
+        page short, and everything else long (of course, also adding content hashes
+        to frequently modified files.)&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nWe also want to
+        make sure that text files are served with &lt;i&gt;gzip&lt;/i&gt; compression
+        enabled. The &lt;code&gt;&lt;b&gt;-z&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/code&gt; flag compresses
+        the file, and sets the &lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Encoding&quot;&gt;content-encoding&lt;/a&gt;
+        to &lt;i&gt;gzip&lt;/i&gt; while serving over HTTP(s).&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;code&gt;\ngsutil -h &quot;Cache-control:public,max-age=86400&quot;
+        -m \\&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp; cp -a public-read -z
+        js,map,css,svg \\&lt;br /&gt;\n&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; $DIST/*.js $DIST/*.map
+        $DIST/*.css \\&lt;br /&gt;\n&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; $DIST/*.jpg $DIST/*.svg
+        $DIST/*.png $DIST/*.ico \\&lt;br /&gt;\n&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; gs://float64&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\ngsutil -h &quot;Cache-control:public,max-age=300&quot;
+        -m \\&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp; cp -a public-read -z
+        html \\&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;code&gt;&amp;nbsp; $DIST/index.html
+        gs://float64&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/code&gt;\nIf
+        you&#39;ve made it this far, you now have a (nearly) production-ready website
+        up and running. Congratulations!&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align:
+        left;&quot;&gt;\nSo, how much does it cost?&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nI have
+        about 8 different websites running on different domains, all using managed
+        certificates and the CDN, and I pay about $20 a month.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nI use a single load balancer ($18/mo) and one IP address ($2/mo) for
+        all of them. I get about 10 - 20k requests a day across all my sites, and
+        bandwidth costs are in the pennies.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nNot cheap,
+        but not expensive either given the cognitive savings. And there are cheaper
+        options (as you&#39;ll see in the next section).&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3
+        style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\nAlternatives&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\nThere are many ways to serve web content out of storage
+        buckets, and this is just one. Depending on your traffic, the number of sites
+        you&#39;re running, and what kinds of tradeoffs you&#39;re willing to make,
+        you can optimize costs further.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://firebase.google.com/docs/hosting&quot;&gt;Firebase
+        Hosting&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;sticks all of this into one pretty package, with
+        a lower upfront cost (however, the bandwidth costs are higher as your traffic
+        increases.)&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cloudflare.com/&quot;&gt;Cloudflare&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;has
+        a&amp;nbsp;free plan and lets you stick an SSL server and CDN in front of
+        your Cloud Storage bucket. However if you want dedicated certificates, they
+        charge you $5 each. Also, the minimum TTL on the free plan is 2 hours, which
+        is not great if you&#39;re building static Javascript applications.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nAnd there&#39;s &lt;a href=&quot;https://aws.amazon.com/cloudfront/&quot;&gt;CloudFront&lt;/a&gt;,
+        &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fastly.com/&quot;&gt;Fastly&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://netlify.com/&quot;&gt;Netlify&lt;/a&gt;,
+        all which provide various levels of managed infrastructure, still all better
+        than running your own servers.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align:
+        left;&quot;&gt;\nCaveats&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\nObviously,
+        there&#39;s no free lunch, and good engineering requires making tradeoffs,
+        and here are a few things to consider before you decide to migrate from servers
+        to buckets:&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;ul
+        style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Vendor lock-in.&lt;/b&gt;
+        Are you okay with using proprietary technologies for your stack. If not, you&#39;re
+        better off running your own servers.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Control
+        and Flexibility.&lt;/b&gt; Do you want advanced routing, URL rewriting, or
+        other custom behavior? If so you&#39;re better off running your own servers.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cost
+        transparency.&lt;/b&gt; Although both Google and Amazon do great jobs with
+        billing and detailed price breakdowns, they are super complicated and can
+        change on a whim.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ul&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\nFor a lot of what
+        I do, these downsides are well worth it. The vendor lock-in troubles me the
+        most, however it&#39;s not hard to migrate this stuff to other providers if
+        I need to.&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\nIf
+        you liked this, check out some of &lt;a href=&quot;https://0xfe.blogspot.com/&quot;&gt;my
+        other stuff&lt;/a&gt; on this blog.&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml'
+        href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/541596065311835171/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2020/02/no-servers-just-buckets-hosting-static.html#comment-form'
+        title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/541596065311835171'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/541596065311835171'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2020/02/no-servers-just-buckets-hosting-static.html'
+        title='No Servers, Just Buckets: Hosting Static Websites on the Cloud'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail
+        xmlns:media=\"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/\" url=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhipsKbza7Qsm2JCe2LJwWdOlpRexWoh8IwF0JVLK9BsUaaiV9jaUctCtiSiG6FNjoHpspbjVPED27FoXPYh8L671CzC-azbBzqp3LQ0LyJtMvQw78R3yLdjX963KIRUSd87b3Azg/s72-c/Screen+Shot+2020-02-19+at+8.28.36+AM.png\"
+        height=\"72\" width=\"72\"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-421690605020819859</id><published>2016-07-12T09:44:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2016-07-12T10:23:04.730-04:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>New in VexFlow: ES6, Visual Regression Tests, and more!</title><content
+        type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;
+        trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;\nLots of developments since the last time I posted
+        about VexFlow.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\nVexFlow
+        is ES6&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\nThanks to the heroics
+        of &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/SilverWolf90&quot;&gt;SilverWolf90&lt;/a&gt;
+        and &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/AaronMars&quot;&gt;AaronMars&lt;/a&gt;,
+        and the help from many others, VexFlow&#39;s entire &lt;code&gt;src/&lt;/code&gt;
+        tree has been migrated to ES6. This is a huge benefit to the project and to
+        the health of the codebase. Some of the wins are:&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;ul
+        style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Real modules, which allows
+        us to extract explicit dependency information and generate graphs like &lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe/vexflow/wiki/VexFlow-Dependency-Graph&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Const-correctness
+        and predictable variable scoping with &lt;code&gt;const&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;let&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Classes,
+        lambda functions, and lots of other structural enhancements that vastly improve
+        the clarity and conciseness of the codebase.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ul&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;div
+        class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3aiqkRZhH7qzKgGfHCA1yXvmcc4CvQwetLQEHvrQej3ugBVywShEIL3tPMIFw93rJU4Qf7yyerY2Ha60AgIvadGwq98fZLMrTLbzRg0h0y9v1XG_sIyFh4lVEmi2tq-HbikKDMg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-07-12+at+10.06.20+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;390&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3aiqkRZhH7qzKgGfHCA1yXvmcc4CvQwetLQEHvrQej3ugBVywShEIL3tPMIFw93rJU4Qf7yyerY2Ha60AgIvadGwq98fZLMrTLbzRg0h0y9v1XG_sIyFh4lVEmi2tq-HbikKDMg/s640/Screen+Shot+2016-07-12+at+10.06.20+AM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nPart
+        of the migration effort also involved making everything lint-clean, improving
+        the overall style and consistency of the codebase -- see &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/SilverWolf90&quot;&gt;SilverWolf90&lt;/a&gt;&#39;s
+        brief document on how &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe/vexflow/wiki/Migrating-to-ESLint&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;h3
+        style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\nVisual
+        Regression Tests&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\nVexFlow
+        now has a visual regression test system, and all image-generating QUnit tests
+        are automatically included.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThe goal of this system
+        is to detect differences in the rendered output without having to rely on
+        human eyeballs, especially given the huge number of tests that exist today.
+        It does this by calculating a perceptual hash (PHASH) of each test image and
+        comparing it with the hash of a good known blessed image. The larger the arithmetic
+        distance between the hashes, the more different are the two images.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThe system also generates a diff image, which is an overlay
+        of the two images, with the differences highlighted, to ease debugging. Here&#39;s
+        an example of a failing test:&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot;
+        style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxeptv0TDTSQB4_RFZOumVUFEhBNkP8P3mIiTWAJSVescGm8Fx5x0-qqZYZiPSfK8Vfrc9GiNxsjhdTzalnb243CDZ_LmqI8Y-TvxblFvAxOKT_aK_j7I4q6SZ8DcdUqIGuZlSvA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-07-12+at+9.46.16+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxeptv0TDTSQB4_RFZOumVUFEhBNkP8P3mIiTWAJSVescGm8Fx5x0-qqZYZiPSfK8Vfrc9GiNxsjhdTzalnb243CDZ_LmqI8Y-TvxblFvAxOKT_aK_j7I4q6SZ8DcdUqIGuZlSvA/s640/Screen+Shot+2016-07-12+at+9.46.16+AM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;600&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div
+        class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;/div&gt;\nThese
+        tests are run automatically for all PRs, commits, and releases. Props to &lt;a
+        href=&quot;http://github.com/panarch&quot;&gt;Taehoon Moon&lt;/a&gt; for migrating
+        the regression tests from NodeJS to SlimerJS, giving us headless support and
+        Travis CI integration. To find out more, read the Wiki page on &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe/vexflow/wiki/Visual-Regression-Tests&quot;&gt;Visual
+        Regression Tests&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\nNative
+        SVG&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\nThanks to the awesome
+        contribution of &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/gristow&quot;&gt;Gregory
+        Ristow&lt;/a&gt;, VexFlow now has a native SVG rendering backend, and the
+        &lt;a href=&quot;http://raphaeljs.com/&quot;&gt;RaphaelJS&lt;/a&gt; backend
+        has been deprecated. This not only reduces the overall size and bloat, but
+        also hugely improves rendering performance.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThe
+        new backend is called &lt;code&gt;Rendering.Backends.SVG&lt;/code&gt; with
+        the code at&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe/vexflow/blob/master/src/svgcontext.js&quot;&gt;Vex.Flow.SVGContext&lt;/a&gt;.
+        Here is a quick example of how to use the new backend:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jsfiddle.net/nL0cn3vL/2/&quot;&gt;https://jsfiddle.net/nL0cn3vL/2/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\nImproved
+        Microtonal Support&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nVexFlow now has better support
+        for Arabic, Turkish, and other microtonal music via accidentals and key signatures.
+        Thanks to &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/infojunkie&quot;&gt;infojunkie&lt;/a&gt;
+        for a lot of the heavy lifting here, and to all the contributors in the &lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe/vexflow/issues/318&quot;&gt;GitHub issue&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear:
+        both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKqsOnWIHkdB5VVqFfq6gj2wgiwJXzN1Sk8XR2qJX_6EZ-2xnrzBYL5eZy23MiDbm5GCvgNA_TBzjFQ8JOCoA2JlOVMD7rw3jQxk4YphClucw6TQGtnc1-ZJgNhWYtX18BKHKMcQ/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-07-12+at+9.50.40+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;212&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKqsOnWIHkdB5VVqFfq6gj2wgiwJXzN1Sk8XR2qJX_6EZ-2xnrzBYL5eZy23MiDbm5GCvgNA_TBzjFQ8JOCoA2JlOVMD7rw3jQxk4YphClucw6TQGtnc1-ZJgNhWYtX18BKHKMcQ/s640/Screen+Shot+2016-07-12+at+9.50.40+AM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot;
+        style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYh59DufskkVVEVorHw4Of9VzlaEjU2i2GG8p8q3-PpWfFZrbEcWs8rvfyiEvJ1gfJwvRoEjzkW88AzO4O2LUo-Vs3PU97AmA6ZINyvz5zm4vwfU_s89qNFNrcf56tys6hDXVN6w/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-07-12+at+9.50.52+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;272&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYh59DufskkVVEVorHw4Of9VzlaEjU2i2GG8p8q3-PpWfFZrbEcWs8rvfyiEvJ1gfJwvRoEjzkW88AzO4O2LUo-Vs3PU97AmA6ZINyvz5zm4vwfU_s89qNFNrcf56tys6hDXVN6w/s640/Screen+Shot+2016-07-12+at+9.50.52+AM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nMicrotonal
+        support is by no means complete, but this is a noteworthy step forward in
+        the space.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\nOther
+        Stuff&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nLots of other stuff worth mentioning:&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Support
+        for user interactivity in SVG notation. You can attach event-handlers to elements
+        (or groups of elements) and dynamically modify various properties of the score.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Improved
+        bounding-box support.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Alignment of clef, timesignature,
+        and other stave modifiers during mid-measure changes.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Lots
+        of improvements to the build system and Travis CI integration.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Lots
+        of bug fixes related to beaming, tuplets, annotations, etc.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ul&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\nMany thanks to all the contributors involved!&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;/div&gt;\n</content><link
+        rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/421690605020819859/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2016/07/new-in-vexflow-es6-visual-regression.html#comment-form'
+        title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/421690605020819859'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/421690605020819859'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2016/07/new-in-vexflow-es6-visual-regression.html'
+        title='New in VexFlow: ES6, Visual Regression Tests, and more!'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail
+        xmlns:media=\"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/\" url=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3aiqkRZhH7qzKgGfHCA1yXvmcc4CvQwetLQEHvrQej3ugBVywShEIL3tPMIFw93rJU4Qf7yyerY2Ha60AgIvadGwq98fZLMrTLbzRg0h0y9v1XG_sIyFh4lVEmi2tq-HbikKDMg/s72-c/Screen+Shot+2016-07-12+at+10.06.20+AM.png\"
+        height=\"72\" width=\"72\"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-2970930225553638408</id><published>2014-05-02T11:18:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2014-05-02T11:18:34.873-04:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>New in VexFlow (May 2014)</title><content type='html'>Lots of
+        commits into the repository lately. Thanks to Cyril Silverman for may of these.
+        Here are some of the highlights:\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\n\n&lt;h3&gt;Chord Symbols&lt;/h3&gt;\nThis
+        includes subscript/superscript support in &lt;code&gt;TextNote&lt;/code&gt;
+        and support for common symbols (dim, half-dim, maj7, etc.)\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;div
+        class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhARWln9YaHdtVL5iBAiFKZHcGI85eDMyNLhN3USobfFRbFuq6FAZPsXK746YLJHrXEcb0Hpkbza1giiZ8sCb6I-1BVwuPTCNwkY8boODT0d1x7hYEnbys1OzHbdVRmwGwEYMSaSw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.51.12+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhARWln9YaHdtVL5iBAiFKZHcGI85eDMyNLhN3USobfFRbFuq6FAZPsXK746YLJHrXEcb0Hpkbza1giiZ8sCb6I-1BVwuPTCNwkY8boODT0d1x7hYEnbys1OzHbdVRmwGwEYMSaSw/s400/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.51.12+AM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\n\n&lt;h3&gt;Stave Line Arrows&lt;/h3&gt;\nThis
+        is typically used in instructional material.\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot;
+        style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNZTalVSVd5H_a4RBTaURK2A7MhCwpKTZDwqEC6j3ZALkCB3TFv4jfVQyX6GoiALkwsTkxnRK_Ntw7HuRm3S7n6ehmw8M1xa1qqysNo7HVxG06zc1y2TNE09PNp41kaGqiHo32tg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.50.57+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNZTalVSVd5H_a4RBTaURK2A7MhCwpKTZDwqEC6j3ZALkCB3TFv4jfVQyX6GoiALkwsTkxnRK_Ntw7HuRm3S7n6ehmw8M1xa1qqysNo7HVxG06zc1y2TNE09PNp41kaGqiHo32tg/s400/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.50.57+AM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear:
+        both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdoHUP3nNvIHRvV0nF_w0sv1dI7Lrir4jLiyzMNMQgMUrsgH-HkATiIUUjoYYprV9rOSCkX8-UyUCRT-331MsHJ-BTkjuBh3k-Zqq019RbKHpYP3vOjZcd3mKY7p_xiUmPkJlK5Q/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.51.06+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdoHUP3nNvIHRvV0nF_w0sv1dI7Lrir4jLiyzMNMQgMUrsgH-HkATiIUUjoYYprV9rOSCkX8-UyUCRT-331MsHJ-BTkjuBh3k-Zqq019RbKHpYP3vOjZcd3mKY7p_xiUmPkJlK5Q/s400/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.51.06+AM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\n\n&lt;h3&gt;Slurs&lt;/h3&gt;\nFinally,
+        we have slurs. This uses a new VexFlow class called &lt;code&gt;Curve&lt;/code&gt;.
+        Slurs are highly configurable.\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot;
+        style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwVjQOCOtb9K1roaI9Fkpdjer-LJGK_ItJNjilN5fxykR6nkpjO_ZG_Ows3HH20ix8sIOZrzb0jm5Z-VmqP2JjwAB_KuRQgvIXF618OUC7R4T6r5WfPzFq_E4ogC_Lak_wYGIkhg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.51.24+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwVjQOCOtb9K1roaI9Fkpdjer-LJGK_ItJNjilN5fxykR6nkpjO_ZG_Ows3HH20ix8sIOZrzb0jm5Z-VmqP2JjwAB_KuRQgvIXF618OUC7R4T6r5WfPzFq_E4ogC_Lak_wYGIkhg/s400/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.51.24+AM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear:
+        both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhatECDRLVFWQyBskqVOcVUOZg66Jcywok5t9qyAfIVcqHoUfCZa1J2Ga1Gxrp3dpiFA7Zbm6I1XGGRrWBMX6fcZ5oZDxlWZu0hR1UVipMdAgmEf-96gHbWgppln4Dp2DOsBhIAxg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.51.29+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhatECDRLVFWQyBskqVOcVUOZg66Jcywok5t9qyAfIVcqHoUfCZa1J2Ga1Gxrp3dpiFA7Zbm6I1XGGRrWBMX6fcZ5oZDxlWZu0hR1UVipMdAgmEf-96gHbWgppln4Dp2DOsBhIAxg/s400/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.51.29+AM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear:
+        both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc_eVlyXPeFIevIo9au9bCa75PKtHctY2oRecgdQl15Gspn0s_i7uZK_7t6UclD-UAqCXFCJrozYETXUqg45BobYrgRGs0EZkTpCMriR21P0CdLfaH5sDfSVljgqHokOQwHM7Kbw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.51.36+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc_eVlyXPeFIevIo9au9bCa75PKtHctY2oRecgdQl15Gspn0s_i7uZK_7t6UclD-UAqCXFCJrozYETXUqg45BobYrgRGs0EZkTpCMriR21P0CdLfaH5sDfSVljgqHokOQwHM7Kbw/s400/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.51.36+AM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear:
+        both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiedlG-ypZuwWHvQl6PNXpcjXV-qnrHI4QbHCX4b-xPrLfwm7i9JJjhDTORtXX2WYL-N5hzGEuGK0PFvdifZmnqU-QjRA9L1HeZ2LDC5XLe0SpiprIkafTO1_CS-66aWyGiSZpNsw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.51.45+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiedlG-ypZuwWHvQl6PNXpcjXV-qnrHI4QbHCX4b-xPrLfwm7i9JJjhDTORtXX2WYL-N5hzGEuGK0PFvdifZmnqU-QjRA9L1HeZ2LDC5XLe0SpiprIkafTO1_CS-66aWyGiSZpNsw/s400/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.51.45+AM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\n\n&lt;h3&gt;Improved auto-positioning
+        of Annotations and Articulations&lt;/h3&gt;\nAnnotations and Articulations
+        now self-position based on note, stem, and beam configuration.\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;div
+        class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU13FCOX7XCOL9mnXofqMUGuOmGJbJvbCtUIixCdxqASZmSCLZNmPQ773x2hY5lWiPHorbJak3YtUg1BuhcV1HajHha3ryLrlId4AczhzrqALlOhdvm2wyBiz7ha8SZwRliBj11A/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.54.03+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU13FCOX7XCOL9mnXofqMUGuOmGJbJvbCtUIixCdxqASZmSCLZNmPQ773x2hY5lWiPHorbJak3YtUg1BuhcV1HajHha3ryLrlId4AczhzrqALlOhdvm2wyBiz7ha8SZwRliBj11A/s400/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.54.03+AM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\n\n&lt;h3&gt;Grace Notes&lt;/h3&gt;\nVexFlow
+        now has full support for Grace Notes. Grace Note groups can contain complex
+        rhythmic elements, and are formatted using the same code as regular notes.\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;div
+        class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSotGzQBCA_ljoJpIQM6N011kQTZ5AhkdoLgqO8ORq42h05hh82Rs_q9HBUN5lEkkba8_TbMNhx04aJ48K0GyPzsH1BHXG-1cNljOjvZgVfz7qGhcHD-N8KhS1juvDqSu7ECcd6g/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.54.30+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSotGzQBCA_ljoJpIQM6N011kQTZ5AhkdoLgqO8ORq42h05hh82Rs_q9HBUN5lEkkba8_TbMNhx04aJ48K0GyPzsH1BHXG-1cNljOjvZgVfz7qGhcHD-N8KhS1juvDqSu7ECcd6g/s400/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.54.30+AM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear:
+        both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZOxD9_LTKefUh0Vs9iqFpzlLI55B7tYSYKx79Zv43GL0BhyMqmfi63i7ulWmY1FrXmN_5HnFmORvMqCNA0yUX-jQEi6MJOv4cO3HBBvde5m1VOeRPzEXxvEO_FwR2qceVl1Zixg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.54.37+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZOxD9_LTKefUh0Vs9iqFpzlLI55B7tYSYKx79Zv43GL0BhyMqmfi63i7ulWmY1FrXmN_5HnFmORvMqCNA0yUX-jQEi6MJOv4cO3HBBvde5m1VOeRPzEXxvEO_FwR2qceVl1Zixg/s400/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.54.37+AM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\n\n&lt;h3&gt;Auto-Beam Imnprovements&lt;/h3&gt;\nLots
+        more beaming options, including beaming over rests, stemlet rendering, and
+        time-signature aware beaming.\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot;
+        style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjULM-Ju99byoC-ygScvma7aMv67b6ruuqb27v6rZiaQf-kvPep0n_nn8SSmm1XFFdML16g8vhXjFNaJu3gfNDCqiQ5UD69eWnvx0IFj9lfC6RRhHLcmv_v8C0MeHdwizCb01XJTg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.54.58+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjULM-Ju99byoC-ygScvma7aMv67b6ruuqb27v6rZiaQf-kvPep0n_nn8SSmm1XFFdML16g8vhXjFNaJu3gfNDCqiQ5UD69eWnvx0IFj9lfC6RRhHLcmv_v8C0MeHdwizCb01XJTg/s400/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.54.58+AM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear:
+        both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgovZ5gaOWJyLcc9DxyQX0yI54NK-hy3hSgukICa5-gMrGTaFbVR1OXhoWjS7TkX5CDtoiBRQC4S88QBNv_IHsnRU5U8nKB0H8xHPEuU2o3goALytt_ayQgkMyCNicq7dCJ8qmgQg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.55.15+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgovZ5gaOWJyLcc9DxyQX0yI54NK-hy3hSgukICa5-gMrGTaFbVR1OXhoWjS7TkX5CDtoiBRQC4S88QBNv_IHsnRU5U8nKB0H8xHPEuU2o3goALytt_ayQgkMyCNicq7dCJ8qmgQg/s400/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.55.15+AM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear:
+        both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihdUTDYtKZhcd-HQjXBxzNPfL0VycfORZBI7xoQWZ3Re4VpaLb9Ka59EL1WivBVfmt1cERK5RhN7zs0mbvxFwzbucMkfL50UYk7epEViA7L3UDk5ihFNJIGVdHmNTgZQ0gjPGrHg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.55.25+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihdUTDYtKZhcd-HQjXBxzNPfL0VycfORZBI7xoQWZ3Re4VpaLb9Ka59EL1WivBVfmt1cERK5RhN7zs0mbvxFwzbucMkfL50UYk7epEViA7L3UDk5ihFNJIGVdHmNTgZQ0gjPGrHg/s400/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.55.25+AM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear:
+        both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7hzcAqJ2cabV3VXA9JCKovDSwx5yKTJB8lKEOmOmHZ_VKoM9uTktsiIR6f2ulKVShwrOm7v7dUuPvNPM3E5EZ-YupxVdfz9EXHRr_FMaOlhsoP5At99tKHoVBmU9CX9-YpIMjhA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.55.35+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7hzcAqJ2cabV3VXA9JCKovDSwx5yKTJB8lKEOmOmHZ_VKoM9uTktsiIR6f2ulKVShwrOm7v7dUuPvNPM3E5EZ-YupxVdfz9EXHRr_FMaOlhsoP5At99tKHoVBmU9CX9-YpIMjhA/s400/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.55.35+AM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;h3&gt;Tab-Stem Features&lt;/h3&gt;\n\nYou
+        can (optionally) render Tab Stems through stave lines.\n&lt;p/&gt;\n\n&lt;div
+        class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfsQjfpN66Lpyq_IC4dTlXCypbUy3s8wEOE1Tf-j0hRUS3JkAYk2C5topEC4P0cA2ZgQ2A7gxP1djMAp8ecedWzJgaO_lHOELzrFZq8EebqIO3Y7QZxa67UAKluCDHNhv-QgNkWQ/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.57.42+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfsQjfpN66Lpyq_IC4dTlXCypbUy3s8wEOE1Tf-j0hRUS3JkAYk2C5topEC4P0cA2ZgQ2A7gxP1djMAp8ecedWzJgaO_lHOELzrFZq8EebqIO3Y7QZxa67UAKluCDHNhv-QgNkWQ/s400/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.57.42+AM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\n\nThat&#39;s all, Folks!</content><link
+        rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/2970930225553638408/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2014/05/new-in-vexflow.html#comment-form'
+        title='19 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/2970930225553638408'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/2970930225553638408'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2014/05/new-in-vexflow.html'
+        title='New in VexFlow (May 2014)'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail
+        xmlns:media=\"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/\" url=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhARWln9YaHdtVL5iBAiFKZHcGI85eDMyNLhN3USobfFRbFuq6FAZPsXK746YLJHrXEcb0Hpkbza1giiZ8sCb6I-1BVwuPTCNwkY8boODT0d1x7hYEnbys1OzHbdVRmwGwEYMSaSw/s72-c/Screen+Shot+2014-05-02+at+10.51.12+AM.png\"
+        height=\"72\" width=\"72\"/><thr:total>19</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-6880188793332322250</id><published>2012-01-02T13:34:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2012-01-02T13:34:24.100-05:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>More K-Means Clustering Experiments on Images</title><content
+        type='html'>I spent a little more time experimenting with &lt;a href=&quot;http://0xfe.blogspot.com/2011/12/k-means-clustering-and-art.html&quot;&gt;k-means
+        clustering&lt;/a&gt; on images and realized that I could use these clusters
+        to recolor the image in interesting ways.\n&lt;p/&gt;\nI wrote the function
+        &lt;code&gt;save_recolor&lt;/code&gt; to replace pixels from the given clusters
+        (&lt;code&gt;replacements&lt;/code&gt;) with new ones of equal intensity,
+        as specified by the &lt;code&gt;rgb_factors&lt;/code&gt; vector. For example,
+        the following code will convert pixels of the first two clusters to greyscale.\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;pre
+        class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;\n&amp;gt; save_recolor(&quot;baby.jpeg&quot;,
+        &quot;baby_new.jpg&quot;, replacements=c(1,2),\n               rgb_factors=c(1/3,
+        1/3, 1/3))\n&lt;/pre&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;\nIt&#39;s greyscale because the &lt;code&gt;rgb_factors&lt;/code&gt;
+        distributes the pixel intensity evenly among the channels. A factor of &lt;code&gt;c(20/100,
+        60/100, 20/100)&lt;/code&gt; would make pixels from the cluster 60% more green.\n&lt;p/&gt;\nLet&#39;s
+        get to some examples. Here&#39;s an unprocessed image, alongside its color
+        clusters. I picked &lt;code&gt;k=10&lt;/code&gt;. You can set &lt;code&gt;k&lt;/code&gt;
+        by specifying the &lt;code&gt;palette_size&lt;/code&gt; parameter to &lt;code&gt;save_recolor&lt;/code&gt;.\n\n&lt;div
+        class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnRdj14UpXHdCnqTwLonrOWUuqLfH09kzSImmQpt8gaPgq8udoZZCtbCcvejK2mvW0u9RKzC355jFpINb2sxNvMccNBy5z8j477Vx0HLeTB87Mww1nldLP6aQ7qZn5mOalIi7-Tw/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-01-01+at+12.16.45+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;274&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnRdj14UpXHdCnqTwLonrOWUuqLfH09kzSImmQpt8gaPgq8udoZZCtbCcvejK2mvW0u9RKzC355jFpINb2sxNvMccNBy5z8j477Vx0HLeTB87Mww1nldLP6aQ7qZn5mOalIi7-Tw/s400/Screen+shot+2012-01-01+at+12.16.45+PM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\nHere&#39;s what happens when I
+        remove the red (the first cluster).\n\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot;
+        style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj21ggbKmvK0T2hmbK5tWykQeThSTgl-n-NtJnxUF0v7xQf0DAQV6IXutPz2DuPxFVqBNim_dAvmKQ3xWcGOXrN1tc9NSb-LM2rj-1sAMVV_W6YLkX3dVST_CnlzaE6D4IzfwMUFw/s1600/arkin_recolor_nored.jpg&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj21ggbKmvK0T2hmbK5tWykQeThSTgl-n-NtJnxUF0v7xQf0DAQV6IXutPz2DuPxFVqBNim_dAvmKQ3xWcGOXrN1tc9NSb-LM2rj-1sAMVV_W6YLkX3dVST_CnlzaE6D4IzfwMUFw/s400/arkin_recolor_nored.jpg&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;\n&amp;gt;
+        save_recolor(&quot;baby.jpeg&quot;, &quot;baby_new.jpg&quot;, replacements=1)\n&lt;/pre&gt;\n\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\nIn
+        the next image, I keep the red, and remove everything else.\n\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot;
+        style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA27bcS661NHy3BNusm97m9j8-jR-DYdF-rRYXgjwfZcSE08rY8qwFakOGzHk35tbuanWAJBf4QRySbcDvzE0vmDvlM0S4l1AOGHb8J6NIjCeBWAaDIZNfp8WH3puF_uqPN7K4DA/s1600/arkin_recolor_red.jpeg&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA27bcS661NHy3BNusm97m9j8-jR-DYdF-rRYXgjwfZcSE08rY8qwFakOGzHk35tbuanWAJBf4QRySbcDvzE0vmDvlM0S4l1AOGHb8J6NIjCeBWAaDIZNfp8WH3puF_uqPN7K4DA/s400/arkin_recolor_red.jpeg&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;\n&amp;gt;
+        save_recolor(&quot;baby.jpeg&quot;, &quot;baby_new.jpg&quot;, replacements=2:10)\n&lt;/pre&gt;\n\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\nBelow,
+        I replace the red cluster pixels, with green ones of corresponding intensity.\n\n&lt;div
+        class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwxVeNhcer-um9mLCAKIdpVqaI5GsohQzeHECRjZ7bI6gDEHzsp45SuCy7GjANE9IYAXdI0qBmf4ZEO8yWwgPWWy8MOW_O8MGnr1BDR1A3P4U90SXaYy1fmBlQU8pRiSNHXZdKug/s1600/arkin_recolor_green.jpg&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwxVeNhcer-um9mLCAKIdpVqaI5GsohQzeHECRjZ7bI6gDEHzsp45SuCy7GjANE9IYAXdI0qBmf4ZEO8yWwgPWWy8MOW_O8MGnr1BDR1A3P4U90SXaYy1fmBlQU8pRiSNHXZdKug/s400/arkin_recolor_green.jpg&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;\n&amp;gt;
+        save_recolor(&quot;baby.jpeg&quot;, &quot;baby_new.jpg&quot;, replacements=1,\n
+        \              rgb_factors=c(10/100, 80/100, 10/100))\n&lt;/pre&gt;\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\nAnd
+        this is a fun one: Get rid of everything, keep just the grass.\n\n&lt;div
+        class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSuSiJ8ulDFAstlCFQkYTAJIRIhYSVl_jrUYMaC-G4D9hmpIEBMnkl3DI4B54Kvi28b5q4qJPBS8M9w0OBPqLebGd5-nNN32MUJioCg-cFx3hhoEwARmexWb9kLyd20u8NIAu_Aw/s1600/arkin_recolor_grass.jpg&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSuSiJ8ulDFAstlCFQkYTAJIRIhYSVl_jrUYMaC-G4D9hmpIEBMnkl3DI4B54Kvi28b5q4qJPBS8M9w0OBPqLebGd5-nNN32MUJioCg-cFx3hhoEwARmexWb9kLyd20u8NIAu_Aw/s400/arkin_recolor_grass.jpg&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;\n&amp;gt;
+        save_recolor(&quot;baby.jpeg&quot;, &quot;baby_new.jpg&quot;, replacements=c(1,3:10))\n&lt;/pre&gt;\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\nI
+        tried this on various images, using different cluster sizes, replacements,
+        and RGB factors, with lots of interesting results. Anyhow, you should experiment
+        with this yourselves and let me know what you find.\n&lt;p/&gt;\nI should
+        point out that nothing here is novel or new -- it&#39;s all well known in
+        image processing circles. It&#39;s still pretty impressive what you can do
+        when you apply simple machine learning algorithms to other areas.\n\n&lt;p&gt;\nOkay,
+        as in all my posts, the code is available in my &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/0xfe&quot;&gt;GitHub
+        repository&lt;/a&gt;:\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe/experiments/blob/master/r/recolor.rscript&quot;&gt;https://github.com/0xfe/experiments/blob/master/r/recolor.rscript&lt;/a&gt;\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\nHappy
+        new year!</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/6880188793332322250/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2012/01/more-k-means-clustering-experiments-on.html#comment-form'
+        title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/6880188793332322250'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/6880188793332322250'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2012/01/more-k-means-clustering-experiments-on.html'
+        title='More K-Means Clustering Experiments on Images'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail
+        xmlns:media=\"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/\" url=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnRdj14UpXHdCnqTwLonrOWUuqLfH09kzSImmQpt8gaPgq8udoZZCtbCcvejK2mvW0u9RKzC355jFpINb2sxNvMccNBy5z8j477Vx0HLeTB87Mww1nldLP6aQ7qZn5mOalIi7-Tw/s72-c/Screen+shot+2012-01-01+at+12.16.45+PM.png\"
+        height=\"72\" width=\"72\"/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-8650024762996646704</id><published>2011-12-31T10:27:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2011-12-31T14:14:34.568-05:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>K-Means Clustering and Art</title><content type='html'>&lt;i&gt;Cross
+        posted from &lt;a href=&quot;https://plus.google.com/u/0/111867441083313519234/posts/dxp5w3R7ts3&quot;&gt;Google+&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;\nMy
+        coworker at Google, Tony Rippy, has for a while been working on a fascinating
+        problem. Take all the pixels of a photograph, and rearrange them so that the
+        final image looks like an artist&#39;s palette -- something to which you can
+        take a paintbrush and recreate the original image.\n&lt;p/&gt;\nHe&#39;s got
+        some really good looking solutions which he might post if you ask him nicely.
+        :-)\n&lt;p/&gt;\nThis turns out to be a tricky problem, and its hard to come
+        up with an objective measure of the quality of any given solution. In fact,
+        the quality is very subjective.\n&lt;p/&gt;\nAnyhow, while studying the &lt;a
+        href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-means_clustering&quot;&gt;K-means
+        clustering algorithm&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ml-class.org&quot;&gt;ml-class&lt;/a&gt;,
+        it struck me that &lt;i&gt;k-means&lt;/i&gt; could be used to help with extracting
+        a small palette of colors from an image. For example, by using each of the
+        RGB channels as features, and euclidian distance as the similarity metric,
+        one could run stock &lt;i&gt;k-means&lt;/i&gt; to generate clusters of similar
+        colors.\n&lt;p/&gt;\nI coded up a quick R script to test this and got some
+        interesting results. Here is an example of an image with its potential palette.
+        Recall that the second image is simply the first image with the pixels rearranged.\n&lt;p/&gt;\n\n&lt;div
+        class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxNbcvY4I9RIAU91lzjK2m8HR9V5o9fhVa8AYncnYU1uhzq6uHAB3r0NgMlndNIw_TZG5S0gqcZmf-cV6A0A5ll8v66DqrHqoC9nPSWGVpfdAW1qGMape3yvvrC5_q019LmHJ74g/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-12-30+at+1.58.13+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxNbcvY4I9RIAU91lzjK2m8HR9V5o9fhVa8AYncnYU1uhzq6uHAB3r0NgMlndNIw_TZG5S0gqcZmf-cV6A0A5ll8v66DqrHqoC9nPSWGVpfdAW1qGMape3yvvrC5_q019LmHJ74g/s400/Screen+shot+2011-12-30+at+1.58.13+PM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\nI experimented with various values
+        of &lt;i&gt;k&lt;/i&gt; (number of clusters) for the different images. It
+        turns out that it&#39;s pretty hard to algorithmically pre-determine this
+        number (although there are various techniques that do exist.) The water villa
+        pic above has 15 clusters, the nursery pic below has 20, and the cartoon has
+        6.\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;
+        text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-MFHMYHmP27nm5qteBSwvHnYI6jfyLCVledC8UBk9t8tjffNwLd4jldB691bTfQmNuBkQaQXQ-bEuEFYo-Z09908pU09B1VrhQmccYFw9hyphenhyphen0WL69_XQXRn2GnnWppDi64dVW_lg/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-12-30+at+1.57.12+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;235&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-MFHMYHmP27nm5qteBSwvHnYI6jfyLCVledC8UBk9t8tjffNwLd4jldB691bTfQmNuBkQaQXQ-bEuEFYo-Z09908pU09B1VrhQmccYFw9hyphenhyphen0WL69_XQXRn2GnnWppDi64dVW_lg/s400/Screen+shot+2011-12-30+at+1.57.12+PM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\nNote that this is only one subproblem
+        of the original one; there is also the subproblem of placement, which I skirted
+        around by simply arranging the colors in vertical bands across the final image.
+        I&#39;m pretty sure no artist&#39;s palette looks like this.\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;div
+        class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlwZAhtmIefeK5li5WDXi9R8ieeu1d9aKww6_JScrZ9IbPnQqT1um3HKhpVcsH7X7yG-T0j873HOt-t0kOz3W4UryfCA_qzFFYNzbVv66X0zBGUzx_rP7dZiKnSXd8RkWNhGreQg/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-12-30+at+1.57.49+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;182&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlwZAhtmIefeK5li5WDXi9R8ieeu1d9aKww6_JScrZ9IbPnQqT1um3HKhpVcsH7X7yG-T0j873HOt-t0kOz3W4UryfCA_qzFFYNzbVv66X0zBGUzx_rP7dZiKnSXd8RkWNhGreQg/s400/Screen+shot+2011-12-30+at+1.57.49+PM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\nAlso, these palettes aren&#39;t
+        very &quot;clean&quot;. Since the original pictures themselves are noisy,
+        some of this noise arbitrarily creep into the various clusters. Working with
+        a filtered version of the picture would be cheating, so we won&#39;t do that.
+        But we might be able to extract the noisy pixels, put them in a special cluster,
+        and run &lt;i&gt;k-means&lt;/i&gt; on the remaining pixels.\n&lt;p/&gt;\nOkay,
+        enough talk. Here&#39;s the code: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe/experiments/blob/master/r/palette.rscript&quot;&gt;https://github.com/0xfe/experiments/blob/master/r/palette.rscript&lt;/a&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;\nFirst
+        install &lt;code&gt;cclust&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;ReadImages&lt;/code&gt;
+        packages from &lt;a href=&quot;http://cran.r-project.org&quot;&gt;CRAN&lt;/a&gt;,
+        and try out the algorithm in an R console:\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;\n&amp;gt;
+        source(&#39;/path/to/palette.rscript&#39;)\n&amp;gt; plot_palette(&#39;/path/to/some/image.jpg&#39;)\n&lt;/pre&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;\nThis
+        will produce a plot with the original image and the transformed one next to
+        each other, like the attached pics below. It uses 10 clusters by default,
+        for a palette of 10 colors. You can change this by passing the cluster count
+        as the second parameter to &lt;code&gt;plot_palette&lt;/code&gt;.\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;pre
+        class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;\n&amp;gt; plot_palette(&#39;/path/to/some/image.jpg&#39;,
+        20)\n&lt;/pre&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;\nThat&#39;s all folks!</content><link rel='replies'
+        type='application/atom+xml' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/8650024762996646704/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2011/12/k-means-clustering-and-art.html#comment-form'
+        title='18 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/8650024762996646704'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/8650024762996646704'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2011/12/k-means-clustering-and-art.html'
+        title='K-Means Clustering and Art'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail
+        xmlns:media=\"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/\" url=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxNbcvY4I9RIAU91lzjK2m8HR9V5o9fhVa8AYncnYU1uhzq6uHAB3r0NgMlndNIw_TZG5S0gqcZmf-cV6A0A5ll8v66DqrHqoC9nPSWGVpfdAW1qGMape3yvvrC5_q019LmHJ74g/s72-c/Screen+shot+2011-12-30+at+1.58.13+PM.png\"
+        height=\"72\" width=\"72\"/><thr:total>18</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-7852661428465635210</id><published>2011-08-21T11:15:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2011-08-21T21:37:53.266-04:00</updated><category
+        scheme=\"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#\" term=\"webaudio\"/><title type='text'>A
+        Web Audio Spectrum Analyzer</title><content type='html'>In my last post, I
+        went over some of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://0xfe.blogspot.com/2011/08/generating-tones-with-web-audio-api.html&quot;&gt;basics
+        of the Web Audio API&lt;/a&gt; and showed you how to generate &lt;a href=&quot;http://0xfe.muthanna.com/tone&quot;&gt;sine
+        waves&lt;/a&gt; of various frequencies and amplitudes. We were introduced
+        to some key &lt;a href=&quot;https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/audio/raw-file/tip/webaudio/specification.html&quot;&gt;Web
+        Audio classes&lt;/a&gt;, such as &lt;code&gt;AudioContext&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;AudioNode&lt;/code&gt;,
+        and &lt;code&gt;JavaScriptAudioNode&lt;/code&gt;.\n&lt;p/&gt;\nThis time,
+        I&#39;m going to go take things a little further and build a realtime spectrum
+        analyzer with Web Audio and HTML5 Canvas. The final product plays a remote
+        music file, and displays the frequency spectrum overlaid with a time domain
+        graph.\n&lt;p/&gt;\n\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear:
+        both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpX14OzEMC3DnQ74e2TZUz2RSTwgECiV182MM7scAFYjkJTdyT5xMNYngRGYwOy-FaaGIcnO-geVMsVzpfgcG0smJChWAWouNtkZMxUCWIT7LJdIq7JojMIpsAmfMOD5MMIx0lAg/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-08-20+at+11.47.10+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;234&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpX14OzEMC3DnQ74e2TZUz2RSTwgECiV182MM7scAFYjkJTdyT5xMNYngRGYwOy-FaaGIcnO-geVMsVzpfgcG0smJChWAWouNtkZMxUCWIT7LJdIq7JojMIpsAmfMOD5MMIx0lAg/s400/Screen+shot+2011-08-20+at+11.47.10+AM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\nThe demo is here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://0xfe.muthanna.com/wavebox&quot;&gt;JavaScript
+        Spectrum Analyzer&lt;/a&gt;. The code for the demo is in my &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe/experiments/tree/master/www/wavebox&quot;&gt;GitHub&lt;/a&gt;
+        repository.\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;h3&gt;The New Classes&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;\nIn
+        this post we introduce three new Web Audio classes: &lt;code&gt;AudioBuffer&lt;/code&gt;,
+        &lt;code&gt;AudioBufferSourceNode&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;RealtimeAnalyzerNode&lt;/code&gt;.\n&lt;p/&gt;\nAn
+        &lt;code&gt;AudioBuffer&lt;/code&gt; represents an in-memory audio asset.
+        It is usually used to store short audio clips and can contain multiple channels.\n&lt;p/&gt;\nAn
+        &lt;code&gt;AudioBufferSourceNode&lt;/code&gt; is a specialization of &lt;code&gt;AudioNode&lt;/code&gt;
+        that serves audio from &lt;code&gt;AudioBuffer&lt;/code&gt;s.\n&lt;p/&gt;\nA
+        &lt;code&gt;RealtimeAnalyzerNode&lt;/code&gt; is an &lt;code&gt;AudioNode&lt;/code&gt;
+        that returns time- and frequency-domain analysis information in real time.\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;h3&gt;The
+        Plumbing&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;\n\nTo begin, we need to acquire some audio.
+        The API supports a number of different formats, including MP3 and raw PCM-encoded
+        audio. In our demo, we retrieve a remote audio asset (an MP3 file) using AJAX,
+        and use it to populate a new &lt;code&gt;AudioBuffer&lt;/code&gt;. This is
+        implemented in the &lt;code&gt;RemoteAudioPlayer&lt;/code&gt; class (&lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe/experiments/blob/master/www/wavebox/js/remoteaudioplayer.js&quot;&gt;js/remoteaudioplayer.js&lt;/a&gt;)
+        like so:\n\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;\nRemoteAudioPlayer.prototype.load
+        = function(callback) {\n  var request = new XMLHttpRequest();\n  var that
+        = this;\n  request.open(&quot;GET&quot;, this.url, true);\n  request.responseType
+        = &quot;arraybuffer&quot;;\n  request.onload = function() {\n    that.buffer
+        = that.context.createBuffer(request.response, true);\n    that.reload();\n
+        \   callback(request.response);\n  }\n\n  request.send();\n}\n&lt;/pre&gt;\n\nNotice
+        that the &lt;i&gt;jQuery&lt;/i&gt;&#39;s AJAX calls aren&#39;t used here.
+        This is because jQuery does not support the &lt;i&gt;arraybuffer&lt;/i&gt;
+        response type, which is required for loading binary data from the server.
+        The &lt;code&gt;AudioBuffer&lt;/code&gt; is created with the &lt;code&gt;AudioContext&lt;/code&gt;&#39;s
+        &lt;code&gt;createBuffer&lt;/code&gt; function. The second parameter, &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;,
+        tells it to mix down all the channels to a single mono channel.\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\nThe
+        &lt;code&gt;AudioBuffer&lt;/code&gt; is then provided to an &lt;code&gt;AudioBufferSourceNode&lt;/code&gt;,
+        which will be the context&#39;s audio source. This source node is then connected
+        to a &lt;code&gt;RealTimeAnalyzerNode&lt;/code&gt;, which in turn is connected
+        to the context&#39;s destination, i.e, the computer&#39;s output device.\n\n&lt;pre
+        class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;\nvar source_node = context.createBufferSource();\nsource_node.buffer
+        = audio_buffer;\n\nvar analyzer = context.createAnalyser();\nanalyzer.fftSize
+        = 2048; // 2048-point FFT\nsource_node.connect(analyzer);\nanalyzer.connect(context.destination);\n&lt;/pre&gt;\n\nTo
+        start playing the music, call the &lt;code&gt;noteOn&lt;/code&gt; method of
+        the source node. &lt;code&gt;noteOn&lt;/code&gt; takes one parameter: a timestamp
+        indicating when to start playing. If set to &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt;, it
+        plays immediately. To start playing the music 0.5 seconds from now, you can
+        use &lt;code&gt;context.currentTime&lt;/code&gt; to get the reference point.\n\n&lt;pre
+        class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;\n// Play music 0.5 seconds from now\nsource_node.noteOn(context.currentTime
+        + 0.5);\n&lt;/pre&gt;\n\nIt&#39;s also worth noting that we specified the
+        granularity of the FFT to 2048 by setting the &lt;code&gt;analyzer.fftSize&lt;/code&gt;
+        variable. For those unfamiliar with DSP theory, this breaks the frequency
+        spectrum of the audio into 2048 points, each point representing the magnitude
+        of the &lt;i&gt;n/2048th&lt;/i&gt; frequency bin.\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\n\n&lt;div
+        class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_sZlkl6rt9eyhJSC6_Veh4Q5eYipuxoAac_7G56fMnENz4dVXrfYXwQsjKX6ewUoj5GEvnE5JIpAh9iMuhFyR2OJw3AoQAe7vkd7XclMC7Mo0NO_QwSIDaQVmYa2QEnhrjLv5_A/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-08-20+at+11.38.45+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_sZlkl6rt9eyhJSC6_Veh4Q5eYipuxoAac_7G56fMnENz4dVXrfYXwQsjKX6ewUoj5GEvnE5JIpAh9iMuhFyR2OJw3AoQAe7vkd7XclMC7Mo0NO_QwSIDaQVmYa2QEnhrjLv5_A/s400/Screen+shot+2011-08-20+at+11.38.45+AM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;h3&gt;The Pretty Graphs&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;\n\nOkay,
+        it&#39;s now all wired up -- how do I get the pretty graphs? The general strategy
+        is to poll the analyzer every few milliseconds (e.g., with &lt;code&gt;window.setInterval&lt;/code&gt;),
+        request the time- or frequency-domain data, and then render it onto a HTML5
+        Canvas element. The analyzer exports a few different methods to access the
+        analysis data: &lt;code&gt;getFloatFrequencyData&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;getByteFrequencyData&lt;/code&gt;,
+        &lt;code&gt;getByteTimeDomainData&lt;/code&gt;. Each of these methods populate
+        a given &lt;code&gt;ArrayBuffer&lt;/code&gt; with the appropriate analysis
+        data.\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\nIn the below snippet, we schedule an &lt;code&gt;update()&lt;/code&gt;
+        function every 50ms, which breaks the frequency-domain data points into 30
+        bins, and renders a bar representing the average magnitude of the points in
+        each bin.\n\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;\ncanvas = document.getElementById(canvas_id);\ncanvas_context
+        = canvas.getContext(&quot;2d&quot;);\n\nfunction update() {\n  // This graph
+        has 30 bars.\n  var num_bars = 30;\n\n  // Get the frequency-domain data\n
+        \ var data = new Uint8Array(2048);\n  analyzer.getByteFrequencyData(data);\n\n
+        \ // Clear the canvas\n  canvas_context.clearRect(0, 0, this.width, this.height);\n\n
+        \ // Break the samples up into bins\n  var bin_size = Math.floor(length /
+        num_bars);\n  for (var i=0; i &lt; num_bars; ++i) {\n    var sum = 0;\n    for
+        (var j=0; j &lt; bin_size; ++j) {\n      sum += data[(i * bin_size) + j];\n
+        \   }\n\n    // Calculate the average frequency of the samples in the bin\n
+        \   var average = sum / bin_size;\n\n    // Draw the bars on the canvas\n
+        \   var bar_width = canvas.width / num_bars;\n    var scaled_average = (average
+        / 256) * canvas.height;\n\n    canvas_context.fillRect(i * bar_width, canvas.height,
+        bar_width - 2,\n                         -scaled_average);\n}\n\n// Render
+        every 50ms\nwindow.setInterval(update, 50);\n\n// Start the music\nsource_node.noteOn(0);\n&lt;/pre&gt;\n\nA
+        similar strategy can be employed for time-domain data, except for a few minor
+        differences: Time-domain data is usually rendered as waves, so you might want
+        to use lot more bins and plot pixels instead of drawing bars. The code that
+        renders the time and frequency domain graphs in the demo is encapsulated in
+        the &lt;code&gt;SpectrumBox&lt;/code&gt; class in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe/experiments/blob/master/www/wavebox/js/spectrum.js&quot;&gt;js/spectrum.js&lt;/a&gt;.\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;h3&gt;The
+        Minutiae&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;\nI glossed over a number of things in this
+        post, mostly with respect to the details of the demo. You can learn it all
+        from the source code, but here&#39;s a summary for the impatient: \n&lt;p/&gt;\nThe
+        graphs are actually two HTML5 Canvas elements overlaid using CSS absolute
+        positioning. Each element is used by its own &lt;code&gt;SpectrumBox&lt;/code&gt;
+        class, one which displays the frequency spectrum, the other which displays
+        the time-domain wave. \n&lt;p/&gt;\nThe routing of the nodes is done in the
+        &lt;code&gt;onclick&lt;/code&gt; handler to the &lt;code&gt;#play&lt;/code&gt;
+        button -- it takes the &lt;code&gt;AudioSourceNode&lt;/code&gt; from the &lt;code&gt;RemoteAudioPlayer&lt;/code&gt;,
+        routes it to node of the frequency analyzer, routes &lt;i&gt;that&lt;/i&gt;
+        to the node of the time-domain analyzer, and then finally to the destination.\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;h3&gt;Bonus:
+        Another Demo&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;\n\nThat&#39;s all folks! You now have
+        the knowhow to build yourself a fancy new graphical spectrum analyzer. If
+        all you want to do is play with the waves and stare at the graphs, check out
+        my other demo: The &lt;a href=&quot;http://0xfe.muthanna.com/analyzer&quot;&gt;Web
+        Audio Tone Analyzer&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe/experiments/tree/master/www/analyzer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;).
+        This is really just the same spectrum analyzer from the first demo, connected
+        to the tone generator from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe/experiments/tree/master/www/wavebox&quot;&gt;last
+        post&lt;/a&gt;.\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear:
+        both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBgJGcbHueNFzV57A0hNmHy5pgk8CujXroKhFGrDgfpHQhVqkpcJbA3n11VSR-BJw6voEuyJubfEoUQXhyeisdk4h9Mwgap66UU4ivhRiJY_mKPESde1aquV7NsQt1gcbsY5ALdg/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-08-20+at+10.13.15+AM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;127&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBgJGcbHueNFzV57A0hNmHy5pgk8CujXroKhFGrDgfpHQhVqkpcJbA3n11VSR-BJw6voEuyJubfEoUQXhyeisdk4h9Mwgap66UU4ivhRiJY_mKPESde1aquV7NsQt1gcbsY5ALdg/s320/Screen+shot+2011-08-20+at+10.13.15+AM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\n\n&lt;h3&gt;References&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;/p&gt;\n\nAs
+        a reminder, all the code for my posts is available at my GitHub repository:
+        &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/0xfe&quot;&gt;github.com/0xfe&lt;/a&gt;.\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\nThe
+        audio track used in the demo is a discarded take of  &lt;a href=&quot;http://captainstarr.bandcamp.com/track/who-da-man&quot;&gt;Who-Da-Man&lt;/a&gt;,
+        which I recorded with my previous band &lt;a href=&quot;http://captainstarr.bandcamp.com/album/ep&quot;&gt;Captain
+        Starr&lt;/a&gt; many many years ago.\n&lt;p/&gt;\nFinally, don&#39;t forget
+        to read the &lt;a href=&quot;https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/audio/raw-file/tip/webaudio/specification.html&quot;&gt;Web
+        Audio API&lt;/a&gt; draft specification for more information.\n&lt;p/&gt;\nEnjoy!</content><link
+        rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/7852661428465635210/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2011/08/web-audio-spectrum-analyzer.html#comment-form'
+        title='9 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/7852661428465635210'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/7852661428465635210'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2011/08/web-audio-spectrum-analyzer.html'
+        title='A Web Audio Spectrum Analyzer'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail
+        xmlns:media=\"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/\" url=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpX14OzEMC3DnQ74e2TZUz2RSTwgECiV182MM7scAFYjkJTdyT5xMNYngRGYwOy-FaaGIcnO-geVMsVzpfgcG0smJChWAWouNtkZMxUCWIT7LJdIq7JojMIpsAmfMOD5MMIx0lAg/s72-c/Screen+shot+2011-08-20+at+11.47.10+AM.png\"
+        height=\"72\" width=\"72\"/><thr:total>9</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-6394151762251429282</id><published>2011-08-13T20:58:00.005-04:00</published><updated>2011-08-22T07:12:12.828-04:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>Generating Tones with the Web Audio API</title><content type='html'>The
+        Web Audio API is a W3C draft standard interface for building in-browser audio
+        applications. Although the draft is well specified, it is almost impossible
+        to find useful documentation on building applications with it. &lt;p/&gt;In
+        my quest to deeper understand HTML5 audio, I spent some time figuring out
+        how the API works, and decided to write up this quick tutorial on doing useful
+        things with it. &lt;p/&gt;We will build a sine wave tone-generator entirely
+        in JavaScript. The final product looks like this: &lt;a href=&quot;http://0xfe.muthanna.com/tone&quot;&gt;Web
+        Audio Tone Generator&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;p/&gt;The full code is available in my
+        GitHub repository: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe/experiments/tree/master/www/tone&quot;&gt;https://github.com/0xfe/experiments/tree/master/www/tone&lt;/a&gt;
+        &lt;p/&gt;&lt;h3&gt;\nCaveats&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;The Web Audio API is draft,
+        is likely to change, and does not work on all browsers. Right now, only the
+        latest versions of Chrome and Safari support it. &lt;p/&gt;&lt;h3&gt;\nOnwards
+        We Go&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;Getting started making sounds with the Web Audio
+        API is straightforward so long as you take the time to study the plumbing,
+        most of which exists to allow for real-time audio processing and synthesis.
+        The complete specification is available on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/audio/raw-file/tip/webaudio/specification.html&quot;&gt;W3C
+        Web Audio API&lt;/a&gt; page, and I&#39;d strongly recommend that you read
+        it thoroughly if you&#39;re interested in building advanced applications with
+        the API. &lt;p/&gt;To produce any form of sound, you need an &lt;code&gt;AudioContext&lt;/code&gt;
+        and a few &lt;code&gt;AudioNode&lt;/code&gt;s. The &lt;code&gt;AudioContext&lt;/code&gt;
+        is sort of like an environment for audio processing -- it&#39;s where various
+        attributes such as the sample rate, the clock status, and other environment-global
+        state reside. Most applications will need no more than a single instance of
+        &lt;code&gt;AudioContext&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;p/&gt;The &lt;code&gt;AudioNode&lt;/code&gt;
+        is probably the most important component in the API, and is responsible for
+        synthesizing or processing audio. An &lt;code&gt;AudioNode&lt;/code&gt; instance
+        can be an input source, an output destination, or a mid-stream processor.
+        These nodes can be linked together to form processing pipelines to render
+        a complete audio stream. &lt;p/&gt;One kind of &lt;code&gt;AudioNode&lt;/code&gt;
+        is &lt;code&gt;JavaScriptAudioNode&lt;/code&gt;, which is used to generate
+        sounds in JavaScript. This is what what we will use in this tutorial to build
+        a tone generator. &lt;p/&gt;Let us begin by instantiating an &lt;code&gt;AudioContext&lt;/code&gt;
+        and creating a &lt;code&gt;JavaScriptAudioNode&lt;/code&gt;.  &lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;var
+        context = new webkitAudioContext();\nvar node = context.createJavaScriptNode(1024,
+        1, 1);\n&lt;/pre&gt;\nThe parameters to &lt;code&gt;createJavaScriptNode&lt;/code&gt;
+        refer to the buffer size, the number of input channels, and the number of
+        output channels. The buffer size must be in units of sample frames, i.e.,
+        one of: 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192, or 16384. It controls the frequency
+        of callbacks asking for a buffer refill. Smaller sizes allow for lower latency
+        and higher for better overall quality. &lt;p/&gt;We&#39;re going to use the
+        &lt;code&gt;JavaScriptNode&lt;/code&gt; as the source node along with a bit
+        of code to create sine waves. To actually &lt;i&gt;hear&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;anything,
+        it must be connected to an output node. It turns out that &lt;code&gt;context.destination&lt;/code&gt;
+        gives us just that -- a node that maps to the speaker on your machine. &lt;p/&gt;&lt;h3&gt;\nThe
+        SineWave Class&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;To start off our tone generator, we create
+        a &lt;code&gt;SineWave&lt;/code&gt; class, which wraps the &lt;code&gt;AudioNode&lt;/code&gt;
+        and wave generation logic into one cohesive package. This class will be responsible
+        for creating the &lt;code&gt;JavaScriptNode&lt;/code&gt; instances, generating
+        the sine waves, and managing the connection to the destination node. &lt;pre
+        class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;SineWave = function(context) {\n  var that
+        = this;\n  this.x = 0; // Initial sample number\n  this.context = context;\n
+        \ this.node = context.createJavaScriptNode(1024, 1, 1);\n  this.node.onaudioprocess
+        = function(e) { that.process(e) };\n}\n\nSineWave.prototype.process = function(e)
+        {\n  var data = e.outputBuffer.getChannelData(0);\n  for (var i = 0; i &amp;lt;
+        data.length; ++i) {\n    data[i] = Math.sin(this.x++);\n  }\n}\n\nSineWave.prototype.play
+        = function() {\n  this.node.connect(this.context.destination);\n}\n\nSineWave.prototype.pause
+        = function() {\n  this.node.disconnect();\n}\n&lt;/pre&gt;\nUpon instantiation,
+        this class creates a &lt;code&gt;JavaScriptAudioNode&lt;/code&gt; and attaches
+        an event handler to &lt;code&gt;onaudioprocess&lt;/code&gt; for buffer refills.
+        The event handler requests a reference to the output buffer for the first
+        channel, and fills it with a sine wave. Notice that the handler does not know
+        the buffer size in advance, and gets it from &lt;code&gt;data.length&lt;/code&gt;.
+        &lt;p/&gt;The buffer is of type &lt;code&gt;ArrayBuffer&lt;/code&gt; which
+        is a JavaScript Typed Array. These arrays allow for high throughput processing
+        of raw binary data. To learn more about Typed Arrays, check out the &lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://developer.mozilla.org/en/javascript_typed_arrays&quot;&gt;Mozilla
+        Developer Documentation on Typed Arrays&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;p/&gt;To try out a
+        quick demo of the &lt;code&gt;SineWave&lt;/code&gt; class, add the following
+        code to the &lt;code&gt;onload&lt;/code&gt; handler for your page: &lt;pre
+        class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;var context = new webkitAudioContext();\nvar
+        sinewave = new SineWave(context);\nsinewave.play();\n&lt;/pre&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\nNotice
+        that &lt;code&gt;sinewave.play()&lt;/code&gt; works by wiring up the node
+        to the &lt;code&gt;AudioContext&lt;/code&gt;&#39;s destination (the speakers).
+        To stop the tone, call &lt;code&gt;sinewave.pause()&lt;/code&gt;, which unplugs
+        this connection.&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;h3&gt;\nGenerating
+        Specific Tones&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt; &lt;div&gt;\nSo, now you
+        have yourself a tone. Are we done yet?&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\nNot
+        quite. How does one know what the frequency of the generated wave is? How
+        does one generate tones of arbitrary frequencies?&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\nTo
+        answer these questions, we must find out the sample rate of the audio. Each
+        data value we stuff into the buffer in out handler is a sample, and the sample
+        rate is the number of samples processed per second. We can calculate the frequency
+        of the tone by dividing the sample rate by the length of a full wave cycle.&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\nHow
+        do we get the sample rate? Via the &lt;code&gt;getSampleRate()&lt;/code&gt;
+        method of &lt;code&gt;AudioContext&lt;/code&gt;. On my machine, the default
+        sample rate is 44KHz, i.e., 44100 samples per second. This means that the
+        frequency of the generated tone in our above code is:&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;pre
+        class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;freq = context.getSampleRate() / 2 * Math.PI\n&lt;/pre&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\nThat&#39;s
+        about 7KHz. Ouch! Lets use our newfound knowledge to generate less spine-curdling
+        tones. To generate a tone of a specific frequency, you can change &lt;code&gt;SineWave.process&lt;/code&gt;
+        to:&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;SineWave.prototype.process
+        = function(e) {\n  var data = e.outputBuffer.getChannelData(0);\n  for (var
+        i = 0; i &amp;lt; data.length; ++i) {\n    data[i] = Math.sin(this.x++ / (this.sample_rate
+        / 2 * Math.PI * this.frequency));\n  }\n}\n&lt;/pre&gt;\nAlso make sure you
+        add the following two lines to &lt;code&gt;SineWave&lt;/code&gt;&#39;s constructor:
+        \ &lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;this.sample_rate = this.context.getSampleRate();\nthis.frequency
+        = 440;\n&lt;/pre&gt;\nThis initializes the frequency to &lt;i&gt;pitch standard
+        A440&lt;/i&gt;, i.e., the A above &lt;i&gt;middle C.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;p/&gt;&lt;h3&gt;\nThe
+        Theremin Effect&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;Now that we can generate tones of arbitrary
+        frequencies, it&#39;s only natural that we connect our class to some sort
+        of slider widget so we can experience the entire spectrum right in our browsers.
+        Turns out that &lt;a href=&quot;http://jqueryui.com/&quot;&gt;JQueryUI&lt;/a&gt;
+        already has such a &lt;a href=&quot;http://jqueryui.com/demos/slider/&quot;&gt;slider&lt;/a&gt;,
+        leaving us only a little plumbing to do. &lt;p/&gt;We add a setter function
+        to our &lt;code&gt;SineWave&lt;/code&gt; class, and call it from our slider
+        widget&#39;s change handler. &lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;SineWave.prototype.setFrequency
+        = function(freq) {\n  this.next_frequency = freq;\n}\n&lt;/pre&gt;\nA JQueryUI
+        snippet would look like this: &lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;$(&quot;#slider&quot;).slider({\n
+        \   value: 440,\n    min: 1,\n    max: 2048,\n    slide: function(event, ui)
+        { sinewave.setFrequency(ui.value); }\n});\n&lt;/pre&gt;\n&lt;h3&gt;\nGoing
+        up to Eleven&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;Adding support for volume is straightforward.
+        Add an amplitude member to the &lt;code&gt;SineWave&lt;/code&gt; constructor
+        along with a setter method, just like we did for frequency, and change &lt;code&gt;SineWave.process&lt;/code&gt;
+        to:  &lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;SineWave.prototype.process =
+        function(e) {\n  var data = e.outputBuffer.getChannelData(0);\n  for (var
+        i = 0; i &amp;lt; data.length; ++i) {\n    data[i] = this.amplitude * Math.sin(this.x++
+        / (this.sample_rate / 2 * Math.PI * this.frequency));\n  }\n}\n&lt;/pre&gt;\nFolks,
+        we now have a full fledged sine wave generator! &lt;p/&gt;&lt;h3&gt;\nBoo
+        Hiss Crackle&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;But, we&#39;re not done yet. You&#39;ve
+        probably noticed that changing the frequency causes mildly annoying crackling
+        sounds. This happens because when the frequency changes, discontinuity occurs
+        in the wave, causing a high-frequency &lt;i&gt;pop&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;in the
+        audio stream. &lt;p/&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;
+        cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:
+        auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhalpMImRBOQHBmOscmOwmDAlyeLBL3bJ-unGATwmWuxUWy1OggewBKAyp4ckF67vY4RODDhgK1J0inVUaE0gcE4SG9s-bbQE7kOm5sdtIcTjvHi7jl99iV4XPXhnv-QqqehGBKPQ/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-08-13+at+8.45.06+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;137&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhalpMImRBOQHBmOscmOwmDAlyeLBL3bJ-unGATwmWuxUWy1OggewBKAyp4ckF67vY4RODDhgK1J0inVUaE0gcE4SG9s-bbQE7kOm5sdtIcTjvHi7jl99iV4XPXhnv-QqqehGBKPQ/s320/Screen+shot+2011-08-13+at+8.45.06+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Discontinuity
+        when Changing Frequencies&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;We
+        try to eliminate the discontinuity by only shifting frequencies when the cycle
+        of the previous frequency completes, i.e., the sample value is (approximately)
+        zero. (There are better ways to do this, e.g., windowing, LPFs, etc., but
+        these techniques are out of the scope of this tutorial.) &lt;p/&gt;Although
+        this complicates the code a little bit, waiting for the cycle to end significantly
+        reduces the noise upon frequency shifts.  &lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;SineWave.prototype.setFrequency
+        = function(freq) {\n  this.next_frequency = freq;\n}\n\nSineWave.prototype.process
+        = function(e) {\n  // Get a reference to the output buffer and fill it up.\n
+        \ var data = e.outputBuffer.getChannelData(0);\n\n  // We need to be careful
+        about filling up the entire buffer and not\n  // overflowing.\n  for (var
+        i = 0; i &amp;lt; data.length; ++i) {\n    data[i] = this.amplitude * Math.sin(\n
+        \       this.x++ / (this.sampleRate / (this.frequency * 2 * Math.PI)));\n\n
+        \   // This reduces high-frequency blips while switching frequencies. It works\n
+        \   // by waiting for the sine wave to hit 0 (on it&#39;s way to positive
+        territory)\n    // before switching frequencies.\n    if (this.next_frequency
+        != this.frequency) {\n      // Figure out what the next point is.\n      next_data
+        = this.amplitude * Math.sin(\n        this.x / (this.sampleRate / (this.frequency
+        * 2 * Math.PI)));\n\n      // If the current point approximates 0, and the
+        direction is positive,\n      // switch frequencies.\n      if (data[i] &amp;lt;
+        0.001 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; data[i] &amp;gt; -0.001 &amp;amp;&amp;amp; data[i]
+        &amp;lt; next_data) {\n        this.frequency = this.next_frequency;\n        this.x
+        = 0;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n&lt;/pre&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;h3&gt;\nThe
+        End&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\nAs
+        mentioned in the beginning of this tutorial, a demo of the full code is available
+        at&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://0xfe.muthanna.com/tone/&quot;&gt;http://0xfe.muthanna.com/tone/&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and
+        the entire source code is available at&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe/experiments/tree/master/www/tone&quot;&gt;https://github.com/0xfe/experiments/tree/master/www/tone&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;
+        &lt;div&gt;\nDo check out the &lt;a href=&quot;https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/audio/raw-file/tip/webaudio/specification.html&quot;&gt;W3C
+        Web Audio API&lt;/a&gt; specification. Do check out the &lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.mozilla.org/en/javascript_typed_arrays&quot;&gt;Mozilla
+        document on JavaScript Typed Arrays&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt; &lt;div&gt;\nComments,
+        criticism, and error reports welcome. Enjoy!&lt;/div&gt;\n</content><link
+        rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/6394151762251429282/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2011/08/generating-tones-with-web-audio-api.html#comment-form'
+        title='11 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/6394151762251429282'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/6394151762251429282'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2011/08/generating-tones-with-web-audio-api.html'
+        title='Generating Tones with the Web Audio API'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail
+        xmlns:media=\"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/\" url=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhalpMImRBOQHBmOscmOwmDAlyeLBL3bJ-unGATwmWuxUWy1OggewBKAyp4ckF67vY4RODDhgK1J0inVUaE0gcE4SG9s-bbQE7kOm5sdtIcTjvHi7jl99iV4XPXhnv-QqqehGBKPQ/s72-c/Screen+shot+2011-08-13+at+8.45.06+PM.png\"
+        height=\"72\" width=\"72\"/><thr:total>11</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-1841038669655438377</id><published>2011-03-31T13:50:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2011-03-31T13:50:44.471-04:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>A Music Theory API</title><content type='html'>Most of my work
+        last week consisted of writing music theory code. &lt;a href=&quot;http://vexflow.com/&quot;&gt;VexFlow&lt;/a&gt;
+        now has a neat little music theory API, that gives you answers to questions
+        like the following:&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;What note
+        is a minor 3rd above a B?&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;What are the scale tones of
+        a Gb Harmonic Minor?&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;What relation is the C# note to
+        an A Major scale? (Major 3rd)&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;What accidentals should
+        be displayed for the perfect 4th note of a G Major scale?&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;etc.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nThe API is part of VexFlow, and can be used independently of the rendering
+        API. Take a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe/vexflow/blob/master/src/music.js&quot;&gt;music.js&lt;/a&gt;
+        in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/0xfe/vexflow&quot;&gt;VexFlow GitHub
+        repository&lt;/a&gt; for the complete reference. There&#39;s also a handy
+        key management library for building scores in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe/vexflow/blob/master/src/keymanager.js&quot;&gt;keymanager.js&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nI&#39;m currently working on updating the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a
+        href=&quot;http://vexflow.com/docs/tutorial.html&quot;&gt;VexFlow Tutorial&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;with
+        a quickstart on the music theory API, but meanwhile, here are some teasers
+        (pulled straight out of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe/vexflow/blob/master/tests/music_tests.js&quot;&gt;tests&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;// What does
+        C note consist of?\nvar parts = music.getNoteParts(&quot;c&quot;);\nequals(parts.root,
+        &quot;c&quot;);\nequals(parts.accidental, null);\n\n// What does C# note consist
+        of?\nvar parts = music.getNoteParts(&quot;c#&quot;);\nequals(parts.root, &quot;c&quot;);\nequals(parts.accidental,
+        &quot;#&quot;);\n\n// What is a flat-5th above C?\nvar value = music.getRelativeNoteValue(music.getNoteValue(&quot;c&quot;),\n
+        \                                      music.getIntervalValue(&quot;b5&quot;));\nequals(value,
+        music.getNoteValue(&quot;gb&quot;);\nequals(value, music.getNoteValue(&quot;f#&quot;);\n\n//
+        What is the C quality of a Db?\nequals(music.getRelativeNoteName(&quot;c&quot;,
+        music.getNoteValue(&quot;db&quot;)), &quot;c#&quot;);\n\n// What are the tones
+        of a C major scale?\nvar c_major = music.getScaleTones(\n      music.getNoteValue(&quot;c&quot;),
+        Vex.Flow.Music.scales.major);\n// result: [&quot;c&quot;, &quot;d&quot;, &quot;e&quot;,
+        &quot;f&quot;, &quot;g&quot;, &quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;]\n\n// What is
+        the interval between a C and a D?\nequals(music.getCanonicalIntervalName(music.getIntervalBetween(\n
+        \    music.getNoteValue(&quot;c&quot;), music.getNoteValue(&quot;d&quot;))),
+        &quot;M2&quot;);\n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;
+        style=&quot;line-height: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Thanks
+        to the theory support, we now have smarter Accidentals in the standard notation
+        stave that VexTab generates.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot;
+        cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot;
+        style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN1ilwcTQy81IgS1-R_nl7tp4oG0agi_Q3jvBZvwvFH3qq3Ktm7ikP87TY-S_YqrZx8cfd6-I21BeYfkqe2cidfztdCK1YLOC4Kb_z0OX2oKsVgdOlDsobtYqiSvBEc-9_lGAp4A/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+1.03.07+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN1ilwcTQy81IgS1-R_nl7tp4oG0agi_Q3jvBZvwvFH3qq3Ktm7ikP87TY-S_YqrZx8cfd6-I21BeYfkqe2cidfztdCK1YLOC4Kb_z0OX2oKsVgdOlDsobtYqiSvBEc-9_lGAp4A/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+1.03.07+PM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot;
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Smarter Accidentals&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nNotice how the accidentals are correctly picked according to the rules
+        of standard notation? Yep, so do I.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nWe also have
+        lots more tests -- over 750 of them! &lt;a href=&quot;http://vexflow.com/tests&quot;&gt;Try
+        running them on your browser&lt;/a&gt; and tell me how long it takes.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThat&#39;s all folks!</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml'
+        href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/1841038669655438377/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2011/03/music-theory-api.html#comment-form'
+        title='19 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/1841038669655438377'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/1841038669655438377'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2011/03/music-theory-api.html'
+        title='A Music Theory API'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail
+        xmlns:media=\"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/\" url=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN1ilwcTQy81IgS1-R_nl7tp4oG0agi_Q3jvBZvwvFH3qq3Ktm7ikP87TY-S_YqrZx8cfd6-I21BeYfkqe2cidfztdCK1YLOC4Kb_z0OX2oKsVgdOlDsobtYqiSvBEc-9_lGAp4A/s72-c/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+1.03.07+PM.png\"
+        height=\"72\" width=\"72\"/><thr:total>19</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-6538091093974991528</id><published>2011-03-27T14:48:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2011-03-27T14:48:07.944-04:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>Prettier Tablature</title><content type='html'>Spot the difference:&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;
+        cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:
+        auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvDxctz41t8lkakd87vv6buAIPudM5HtxgjG12vGWh6yZ3Qe3keTOSaVtvJHYwxOHmqpm911ybd8t4jW-A4SFn6MzBOdCOaK1ZsOA29iPPif-UudHxuIpN5WJFLUfb_b9WIILBtA/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-27+at+2.34.14+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvDxctz41t8lkakd87vv6buAIPudM5HtxgjG12vGWh6yZ3Qe3keTOSaVtvJHYwxOHmqpm911ybd8t4jW-A4SFn6MzBOdCOaK1ZsOA29iPPif-UudHxuIpN5WJFLUfb_b9WIILBtA/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-27+at+2.34.14+PM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot;
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Before&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
+        class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right:
+        auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:
+        center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3EiDHCEJfygzSLmLpnBqYC8yjLl4LMjkrlNFDhqQi5HO6TOpSUrOsOi2I3u1BRrNfVeGg8cz-NMIsdednVAHu-lxEA5yRwunWuoE06EbEyeNXYy_VBRqrw3gvJ2GOT7PHvn8rkA/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-27+at+2.32.23+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3EiDHCEJfygzSLmLpnBqYC8yjLl4LMjkrlNFDhqQi5HO6TOpSUrOsOi2I3u1BRrNfVeGg8cz-NMIsdednVAHu-lxEA5yRwunWuoE06EbEyeNXYy_VBRqrw3gvJ2GOT7PHvn8rkA/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-27+at+2.32.23+PM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot;
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;After&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div&gt;Still
+        can&#39;t tell? Let me help you out. We have:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Slightly
+        greater spacing between the tablature stave lines. This makes it more consistent
+        in appearance with printed tablature.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Stave lines are
+        cleared before fret numbers are rendered, vastly improving readability.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Font
+        sizes for fret numbers and annotations are bigger.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Associated
+        notation and tablature staves are connected with a vertical bar on the left.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Micro-changes
+        in spacing between fret numbers, effects, annotations, etc.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;All
+        these changes have been incorporated into &lt;a href=&quot;http://vexflow.com/tabdiv&quot;&gt;TabDiv&lt;/a&gt;,
+        and pushed to &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/0xfe/vexflow&quot;&gt;GitHub&lt;/a&gt;.
+        See more on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://vexflow.com/vextab/tutorial.html&quot;&gt;VexTab
+        Tutorial&lt;/a&gt; page. Enjoy!&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml'
+        href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/6538091093974991528/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2011/03/prettier-tablature.html#comment-form'
+        title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/6538091093974991528'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/6538091093974991528'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2011/03/prettier-tablature.html'
+        title='Prettier Tablature'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail
+        xmlns:media=\"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/\" url=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvDxctz41t8lkakd87vv6buAIPudM5HtxgjG12vGWh6yZ3Qe3keTOSaVtvJHYwxOHmqpm911ybd8t4jW-A4SFn6MzBOdCOaK1ZsOA29iPPif-UudHxuIpN5WJFLUfb_b9WIILBtA/s72-c/Screen+shot+2011-03-27+at+2.34.14+PM.png\"
+        height=\"72\" width=\"72\"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-1929109118059060998</id><published>2011-03-24T16:44:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2011-03-24T16:44:47.737-04:00</updated><category
+        scheme=\"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#\" term=\"vexflow\"/><title type='text'>The
+        VexFlow Tutorial (...and other goodies)</title><content type='html'>Finally...
+        finally... finally... we have the humble beginnings of what could be considered
+        &quot;documentation&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nI present to you &lt;a
+        href=&quot;http://vexflow.com/docs/tutorial.html&quot;&gt;The VexFlow Tutorial&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nAlthough still in its infancy, the tutorial covers everything
+        you need to &lt;i&gt;start&lt;/i&gt; using VexFlow in your own code. My plan
+        for the next few weeks is to make this document as comprehensive as possible,
+        and write up a separate API reference.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nI hope that
+        this tutorial will help developers understand VexFlow better, and enable them
+        to build new and interesting libraries, parsers, and applications.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nThe entire tutorial is stored in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe/vexflow/blob/master/docs/tutorial.html&quot;&gt;Git
+        repo&lt;/a&gt;; feel free to send me your corrections or other updates.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nAbout time, I know.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nIn other
+        news, we have had a few contributions to both VexFlow and VexTab. A big thanks
+        to &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/airfrog&quot;&gt;airfrog&lt;/a&gt;,
+        &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/wiseleyb&quot;&gt;wiseleyb&lt;/a&gt;,
+        and &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/adamf&quot;&gt;adamf&lt;/a&gt; for
+        getting these done.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nFirst, we have the ability
+        to render dotted notes.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot;
+        cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot;
+        style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJvi0zGz6LnMaUlGrYTQQCtHK5qDwop451cOBsWGXLwSaSUGrHs6UpuBK95zj-fRdph9w6ez4pzLuQIMze2owizc3Ly9Ja8Br3Va3KV-8J9Do0w6e0gb5W3La87_5sBro9mmEmA/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-24+at+4.29.01+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJvi0zGz6LnMaUlGrYTQQCtHK5qDwop451cOBsWGXLwSaSUGrHs6UpuBK95zj-fRdph9w6ez4pzLuQIMze2owizc3Ly9Ja8Br3Va3KV-8J9Do0w6e0gb5W3La87_5sBro9mmEmA/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-24+at+4.29.01+PM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot;
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Dotted Notes&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nThen we have key signatures.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot;
+        cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot;
+        style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheUE2y0VoCdcCgZCE32Gwj4JCEFDx8hh7b2TjjwV42XamUDvNNhQX5Xq6RypmUawFxFo0zf9zBoQATGJXO_g3JPbYpzG5dDEzhm7zibHJ9eZnlWc0hKzmAFFi164GazKoULiI8Eg/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-24+at+4.30.42+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;131&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheUE2y0VoCdcCgZCE32Gwj4JCEFDx8hh7b2TjjwV42XamUDvNNhQX5Xq6RypmUawFxFo0zf9zBoQATGJXO_g3JPbYpzG5dDEzhm7zibHJ9eZnlWc0hKzmAFFi164GazKoULiI8Eg/s320/Screen+shot+2011-03-24+at+4.30.42+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Key
+        Signatures&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nWe
+        also have time signatures.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot;
+        cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot;
+        style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg27y5Z87WaSWtfaCNXHl9HVU0W9gH9Aso7krjOZS4QF0qaNfqJSiftWZcPNvnGmTe19-LS4rbPPyBaOnJCKE7s5vQEnA85ZnGC8RDbP8oqxOIraHn835bZ9lUe-0CmyElU8tAAXQ/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-24+at+4.30.53+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg27y5Z87WaSWtfaCNXHl9HVU0W9gH9Aso7krjOZS4QF0qaNfqJSiftWZcPNvnGmTe19-LS4rbPPyBaOnJCKE7s5vQEnA85ZnGC8RDbP8oqxOIraHn835bZ9lUe-0CmyElU8tAAXQ/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-24+at+4.30.53+PM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot;
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Time Signatures&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nThis includes the really crazy time signatures too.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
+        class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right:
+        auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:
+        center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6onDHjQYycBooCK4HNjeECNfDU6s5UcPQai7Ab8ybP-vmVd2iZijJkoOb0H3-RZdS8-IdHCNQbPlyhsa6_s61YWGa0M6UkvTuy1zGGdaNkf_xYRJEiFKK92fb1v1-SQKXjBK0_w/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-24+at+4.31.03+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6onDHjQYycBooCK4HNjeECNfDU6s5UcPQai7Ab8ybP-vmVd2iZijJkoOb0H3-RZdS8-IdHCNQbPlyhsa6_s61YWGa0M6UkvTuy1zGGdaNkf_xYRJEiFKK92fb1v1-SQKXjBK0_w/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-24+at+4.31.03+PM.png&quot;
+        /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot;
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Whacky Time Signatures&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nFinally, we have support for different types of clefs.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
+        class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right:
+        auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:
+        center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUXGZKV-uwG5IG2PIILUssE5giARboG92nDQDdlC3CJt-zu3QicRDirgKZxx_1geAMV_YHG-8QdEFP1hE6ek9_jTXdPUVNlQn0QOUsTh_81yimLMQ0mazZCGL0_p-YYRkfG3vWPg/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-24+at+4.31.40+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;92&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUXGZKV-uwG5IG2PIILUssE5giARboG92nDQDdlC3CJt-zu3QicRDirgKZxx_1geAMV_YHG-8QdEFP1hE6ek9_jTXdPUVNlQn0QOUsTh_81yimLMQ0mazZCGL0_p-YYRkfG3vWPg/s320/Screen+shot+2011-03-24+at+4.31.40+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Alternate
+        Clefs&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nBut
+        wait... there&#39;s more.&amp;nbsp;All of this is supported in &lt;a href=&quot;http://vexflow.com/vextab/tutorial.html&quot;&gt;VexTab&lt;/a&gt;
+        by way of new &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family:
+        &#39;Courier New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;tabstave&lt;/span&gt;
+        parameters. Take a look at the updated &lt;a href=&quot;http://vexflow.com/vextab/tutorial.html&quot;&gt;VexTab
+        Tutorial&lt;/a&gt; for the details.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml'
+        href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/1929109118059060998/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2011/03/vexflow-tutorial-and-other-goodies.html#comment-form'
+        title='5 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/1929109118059060998'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/1929109118059060998'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2011/03/vexflow-tutorial-and-other-goodies.html'
+        title='The VexFlow Tutorial (...and other goodies)'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail
+        xmlns:media=\"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/\" url=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJvi0zGz6LnMaUlGrYTQQCtHK5qDwop451cOBsWGXLwSaSUGrHs6UpuBK95zj-fRdph9w6ez4pzLuQIMze2owizc3Ly9Ja8Br3Va3KV-8J9Do0w6e0gb5W3La87_5sBro9mmEmA/s72-c/Screen+shot+2011-03-24+at+4.29.01+PM.png\"
+        height=\"72\" width=\"72\"/><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-6639885962680967449</id><published>2011-03-23T13:26:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2011-09-10T11:05:46.322-04:00</updated><category
+        scheme=\"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#\" term=\"vim\"/><title type='text'>Editing
+        XML and HTML in Vim</title><content type='html'>I just discovered the Vim
+        &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/sukima/xmledit/&quot;&gt;xmledit&lt;/a&gt;
+        plugin.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nWith features like tag-completion, auto-wrapping
+        and unwrapping, quick navigation, etc., it has, in a matter of minutes, measurably
+        decreased my level of frustration while editing markup in Vim.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;h3&gt;Installation&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;p/&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;The quickest
+        way to install the plugin is by downloading the latest .&lt;code&gt;vba&lt;/code&gt;
+        from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://vim.sourceforge.net/scripts/script.php?script_id=301&quot;&gt;plugin
+        site&lt;/a&gt;, and run the following commands:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre
+        class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;$ vim xmledit.vba\n:so %\n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nYou also need to edit your&amp;nbsp;&lt;code&gt;.vimrc&lt;/code&gt;
+        and add the following:&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;filetype
+        plugin on\n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;This installs the plugin into
+        your &lt;code&gt;.vim/ftplugin&lt;/code&gt; directory, and enables it for
+        &lt;code&gt;.xml&lt;/code&gt; files. To enable it for other file types, create
+        a link to the file with the new extension name in the same directory. (Copying
+        the file also works.)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;$
+        cd ~/.vim/ftplugin\n$ ln -s xml.vim html.vim\n$ ln -s xml.vim xhtml.vim\n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;h3&gt;Usage&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nThe plugin supports the various
+        Vim modes in interesting ways.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nIn insert mode,
+        when you finish a tag (with the &lt;code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;
+        style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&amp;nbsp;character),
+        it will be autocompleted and the cursor placed in-between the tags.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nIf you immediately type another &lt;code&gt;&lt;span
+        class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;,
+        Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, it will close
+        the tag on its own line, and place the cursor on a new line right in between.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThe &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; key jumps between the
+        start and end of a tag.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThe &lt;code&gt;\\%&lt;/code&gt;
+        combination jumps between opening and closing tags. (Note that backslash is
+        the default key-prefix for scripts and plugins to use. You can change this
+        prefix with the &lt;code&gt;mapleader&lt;/code&gt; setting.)&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nIf you select text (for example with &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt;), and
+        type &lt;code&gt;\\x&lt;/code&gt;, it will prompt you to wrap the text with
+        a custom tag.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nTyping in &lt;code&gt;\\d&lt;/code&gt;
+        unwraps surrounding tags from the cursor.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3&gt;Learning
+        More&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nType &lt;code&gt;:help xml-plugin&lt;/code&gt;
+        for help and more information.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nYay for another
+        awesome Vim plugin. You can see my entire Vim profile in my &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/0xfe/evil/tree/master/dotfiles/vim_local&quot;&gt;Evil
+        Tomato GitHub Repository&lt;/a&gt;.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml'
+        href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/6639885962680967449/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2011/03/editing-xml-and-html-in-vim.html#comment-form'
+        title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/6639885962680967449'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/6639885962680967449'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2011/03/editing-xml-and-html-in-vim.html'
+        title='Editing XML and HTML in Vim'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-4947829838430309691</id><published>2011-03-20T08:43:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2011-03-20T08:43:13.268-04:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>On Twitter</title><content type='html'>It turns out I&#39;m on
+        twitter. I have absolutely no idea what I&#39;m going to do with it.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nMaybe I&#39;ll tweet every time time the compiler yells
+        at me... or when my kernel panics... or when my browser &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiAOC6OcErm77z3wo9yVSCI1strQm99Ap5KQOXC7JYi1P1YdC0CMaaUWfpUh-0pZzGyodL1WA7AcdRp0WLDJ-kCTFmHDtGtAkKc5HmY6ohmqYVV0ZCFZ1-NYxKBB5FG1iuj1mZ/s400/aw,+snap.png&quot;&gt;frowns&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nWhatever it is, I&#39;m on twitter: &lt;a href=&quot;http://twitter.com/11111110b&quot;&gt;twitter.com/11111110b&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThat&#39;s seven ones and a zero, followed by a bee.</content><link
+        rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/4947829838430309691/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2011/03/on-twitter.html#comment-form'
+        title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/4947829838430309691'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/4947829838430309691'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2011/03/on-twitter.html'
+        title='On Twitter'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-5987592118110172726</id><published>2010-09-13T11:03:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-09-13T11:03:44.098-04:00</updated><category
+        scheme=\"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#\" term=\"haskell\"/><title type='text'>Regex
+        Substitution in Haskell</title><content type='html'>I&#39;m shocked and appalled
+        at the fact that there is no generic regex substitution function in the GHC
+        libraries. All I&#39;m looking for is a simple function equivalent to perl&#39;s
+        &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier
+        New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;s/.../.../&lt;/span&gt; expression.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nAfter digging around a bit, I found &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;
+        style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;subRegex&lt;/span&gt;
+        in &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier
+        New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;regex-compat&lt;/span&gt;. While this
+        works well, it does not use PCRE, and as far as I can tell, there&#39;s no
+        support for &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family:
+        &#39;Courier New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;ByteString&lt;/span&gt;s.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nGrrr.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nAnyhow, I took the &lt;span
+        class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;,
+        Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;subRegex&lt;/span&gt; implementation from &lt;span
+        class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;,
+        Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;regex-compat&lt;/span&gt; and mangled it slightly
+        to work with &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family:
+        &#39;Courier New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;Text.Regex.PCRE&lt;/span&gt;.
+        I also added the &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family:
+        &#39;Courier New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;(=~$)&lt;/span&gt; function
+        which feels a bit more familiar to perl users. For example:&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre
+        class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;Prelude PCRESub&amp;gt; &quot;me boo&quot;
+        =~$ (&quot;(me) boo&quot;, &quot;he \\\\1&quot;)\n&quot;he me&quot;&lt;/pre&gt;The
+        above is equivalent to perl&#39;s:&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;$text
+        = &quot;me boo&quot;;\n$text =~ s/(me) boo/he $1/;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;
+        style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;(~=$)&lt;/span&gt;
+        is implemented with &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family:
+        &#39;Courier New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;reSub&lt;/span&gt; (which
+        is also exported by &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family:
+        &#39;Courier New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;PCRESub&lt;/span&gt;).
+        &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier
+        New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;reSub&lt;/span&gt; allows you to provide
+        your own &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family:
+        &#39;Courier New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;CompOption&lt;/span&gt;
+        and &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier
+        New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;ExecOption&lt;/span&gt; options.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nHere&#39;s the &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;
+        style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;PCRESub&lt;/span&gt;
+        module:&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;-- PCRE-based
+        Regex Substitution\n-- Mohit Muthanna Cheppudira\n--\n-- Based off code by
+        Chris Kuklewicz from regex-compat library.\n--\n-- Requires Text.Regex.PCRE
+        from regex-pcre.\n\nmodule PCRESub(\n  (=~$),\n  reSub\n) where\n\nimport
+        Data.Array((!))\nimport Text.Regex.PCRE\n\nsubRegex :: Regex                          --
+        ^ Search pattern\n         -&gt; String                         -- ^ Input
+        string\n         -&gt; String                         -- ^ Replacement text\n
+        \        -&gt; String                         -- ^ Output string\nsubRegex
+        _ &quot;&quot; _ = &quot;&quot;\nsubRegex regexp inp repl =\n  let compile
+        _i str [] = \\ _m -&gt;  (str++)\n      compile i str ((&quot;\\\\&quot;,(off,len)):rest)
+        =\n        let i&#39; = off+len\n            pre = take (off-i) str\n            str&#39;
+        = drop (i&#39;-i) str\n        in if null str&#39; then \\ _m -&gt; (pre ++)
+        . (&#39;\\\\&#39;:)\n             else \\  m -&gt; (pre ++) . (&#39;\\\\&#39;
+        :) . compile i&#39; str&#39; rest m\n      compile i str ((xstr,(off,len)):rest)
+        =\n        let i&#39; = off+len\n            pre = take (off-i) str\n            str&#39;
+        = drop (i&#39;-i) str\n            x = read xstr\n        in if null str&#39;
+        then \\ m -&gt; (pre++) . ((fst (m!x))++)\n             else \\ m -&gt; (pre++)
+        . ((fst (m!x))++) . compile i&#39; str&#39; rest m\n      compiled :: MatchText
+        String -&gt; String -&gt; String\n      compiled = compile 0 repl findrefs
+        where\n        bre = makeRegexOpts defaultCompOpt execBlank &quot;\\\\\\\\(\\\\\\\\|[0-9]+)&quot;\n
+        \       findrefs = map (\\m -&gt; (fst (m!1),snd (m!0))) (matchAllText bre
+        repl)\n      go _i str [] = str\n      go i str (m:ms) =\n        let (_,(off,len))
+        = m!0\n            i&#39; = off+len\n            pre = take (off-i) str\n
+        \           str&#39; = drop (i&#39;-i) str\n        in if null str&#39; then
+        pre ++ (compiled m &quot;&quot;)\n             else pre ++ (compiled m (go
+        i&#39; str&#39; ms))\n  in go 0 inp (matchAllText regexp inp)\n\n-- Substitue
+        re with sub in str using options copts and eopts.\nreSub :: String -&gt; String
+        -&gt; String -&gt; CompOption -&gt; ExecOption -&gt; String\nreSub str re
+        sub copts eopts = subRegex (makeRegexOpts copts eopts re) str sub\n\n-- Substitute
+        re with sub in str, e.g.,\n--\n-- The perl expression:\n--\n--   $text = &quot;me
+        boo&quot;;\n--   $text =~ s/(me) boo/he $1/;\n--\n-- can be written as:\n--\n--
+        \  text = &quot;me boo&quot; =~$ (&quot;(me) boo&quot;, &quot;he \\\\1&quot;)\n--\n(=~$)
+        :: String -&gt; (String, String) -&gt; String\n(=~$) str (re, sub) = reSub
+        str re sub defaultCompOpt defaultExecOpt&lt;/pre&gt;Example usage:&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;import PCRESub\n\nmain = do\n
+        \ let text = &quot;me boo&quot; =~$ (&quot;(me) boo&quot;, &quot;he \\\\1&quot;)\n
+        \ print text&lt;/pre&gt;Paste this code in, or browse the source at my GitHub
+        repo: &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/0xfe/experiments/blob/master/haskell/PCRESub.hs&quot;&gt;PCRESub.hs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nSomeone please make this work across all the regex backends
+        (and add support for &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family:
+        &#39;Courier New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;ByteString&lt;/span&gt;s)!</content><link
+        rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/5987592118110172726/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2010/09/regex-substitution-in-haskell.html#comment-form'
+        title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/5987592118110172726'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/5987592118110172726'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2010/09/regex-substitution-in-haskell.html'
+        title='Regex Substitution in Haskell'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-5809791720055478982</id><published>2010-09-12T12:24:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-09-12T12:24:22.308-04:00</updated><category
+        scheme=\"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#\" term=\"vexflow\"/><title type='text'>VexFlow
+        Google Group</title><content type='html'>I&#39;ve been out of touch for a
+        while, and it took me way too long to set this up; but hey - better late than
+        never. :-)&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nAfter looking into various options for
+        the VexFlow mailing list, I eventually decided to use Google Groups. It&#39;s
+        super easy to setup and manage, and has all the features I&#39;ll ever need.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nIf you&#39;re interested in hacking, discussing, or simply
+        keeping up with VexFlow, sign up here:&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div
+        style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://groups.google.com/group/vexflow&quot;&gt;http://groups.google.com/group/vexflow&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nUnfortunately, I haven&#39;t had the time lately to hack on VexFlow,
+        but I assure you that it&#39;s only temporary. I have a bunch of partial changes
+        in the works, along with some interesting ideas floating around.&amp;nbsp;More
+        later.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/5809791720055478982/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2010/09/vexflow-google-group.html#comment-form'
+        title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/5809791720055478982'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/5809791720055478982'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2010/09/vexflow-google-group.html'
+        title='VexFlow Google Group'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-3059590296733853422</id><published>2010-08-03T18:04:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-08-03T18:04:26.454-04:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>VexFlow is Open Source</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom:
+        0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;That&#39;s
+        right folks! All the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vexflow.com/&quot;&gt;VexFlow&lt;/a&gt;
+        code is now available in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/0xfe/vexflow&quot;&gt;VexFlow
+        GitHub Repository&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom:
+        0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px;
+        margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;It&#39;s distributed under the
+        OSI approved MIT License, so feel free to tinker, tweak, hack, fix, fork,
+        and redistribute it.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left:
+        0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div
+        class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+        href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCCX_uGvdpHI6QDxV6euNvnnKUFw7lBIkbPcBqlyD75_J7RsVW5qbWjSK9qCbeQNe9i_UwEPvWSCOSNnpEunNPcA4TyAO2-FPX77mdDwUhFYe6JSYmFEVHAedxT0oOF5_iVGqooQ/s1600/Screen+shot+2010-08-03+at+5.36.09+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;187&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCCX_uGvdpHI6QDxV6euNvnnKUFw7lBIkbPcBqlyD75_J7RsVW5qbWjSK9qCbeQNe9i_UwEPvWSCOSNnpEunNPcA4TyAO2-FPX77mdDwUhFYe6JSYmFEVHAedxT0oOF5_iVGqooQ/s320/Screen+shot+2010-08-03+at+5.36.09+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom:
+        0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px;
+        margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div
+        style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top:
+        0px;&quot;&gt;A lot of the core infrastructure (e.g., contexts, formatting,
+        etc.) is ready and stable, and most of the work that needs to be done is adding
+        support for various types of modifiers, effects, and annotations. I&#39;ve
+        worked on some of the trickier ones, like accidentals and beams, and have
+        left the easier ones out so interested coders can learn by contributing.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div
+        style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top:
+        0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom:
+        0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;This said,
+        algorithms-enthusiasts need not feel left out - there are some hard problems
+        to solve as well :-)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left:
+        0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div
+        style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top:
+        0px;&quot;&gt;Here&#39;s where I would like help from the community:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div
+        style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top:
+        0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Dots (Easy)&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Trills
+        (Easy)&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Grace Notes (Moderate)&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Slurs
+        (Easy)&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Glyphs for time signatures (Easy)&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Key
+        signature (Easy if you reuse the accidental placement code from accidentals.js)&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Guitar
+        effects: Palm Muting, Scratches, Whammy, Harmonics, etc. (Easy)&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Chord
+        Stave with Rhythm Slashes (Moderate to Hard)&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Lyrics
+        (Easy)&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom:
+        0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Here&#39;s
+        what I&#39;m working on right now (and also wouldn&#39;t mind some help with):&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div
+        style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top:
+        0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Tuplets / Triplets&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;VexTab
+        parser support for rests, alternate keys, and multiple voices.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Alternate
+        tunings and support for arbitrary-string instruments.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;There
+        isn&#39;t much developer documentation right now, but a good place to start
+        is by going through the &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/0xfe/vexflow/tree/master/tests/&quot;&gt;code&lt;/a&gt;
+        for &lt;a href=&quot;http://vexflow.com/tests/&quot;&gt;the tests&lt;/a&gt;.
+        You may notice that some files are commented better than others - a great
+        way to help is by adding better comments along with more thorough tests.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If you&#39;re not a coder and would like to
+        help, you can do so by testing and &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/0xfe/vexflow/issues&quot;&gt;reporting
+        bugs&lt;/a&gt;, helping with documentation, spending $7 on a &lt;a href=&quot;http://vexflow.com/tabdiv/&quot;&gt;TabDiv
+        license&lt;/a&gt;, or simply spreading the word.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Thanks for all the support and help over the
+        past few months. &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/0xfe/vexflow&quot;&gt;Dive
+        in&lt;/a&gt; and enjoy!&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml'
+        href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/3059590296733853422/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2010/08/vexflow-is-open-source.html#comment-form'
+        title='15 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/3059590296733853422'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/3059590296733853422'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2010/08/vexflow-is-open-source.html'
+        title='VexFlow is Open Source'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail
+        xmlns:media=\"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/\" url=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCCX_uGvdpHI6QDxV6euNvnnKUFw7lBIkbPcBqlyD75_J7RsVW5qbWjSK9qCbeQNe9i_UwEPvWSCOSNnpEunNPcA4TyAO2-FPX77mdDwUhFYe6JSYmFEVHAedxT0oOF5_iVGqooQ/s72-c/Screen+shot+2010-08-03+at+5.36.09+PM.png\"
+        height=\"72\" width=\"72\"/><thr:total>15</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-7961142667231282175</id><published>2010-07-20T21:54:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-07-20T21:54:23.905-04:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>More Durations and Better Beaming</title><content type='html'>I
+        finally got most of the duration and beaming support worked out last weekend,
+        and I gotta say that the generated scores by &lt;a href=&quot;http://vexflow.com/&quot;&gt;VexFlow&lt;/a&gt;
+        (and &lt;a href=&quot;http://vexflow.com/vextab&quot;&gt;VexTab&lt;/a&gt;)
+        are starting to look pretty good.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nIn VexTab notation,
+        you can now set the duration of the subsequent notes using the colon (&lt;span
+        class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;,
+        Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;) character. By default, note durations
+        are set to eighth notes.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nHere&#39;s an example
+        of a line that generates a half-note followed by two quarter-notes.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;
+        cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:
+        auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4SokXKqQO6IN0lEH3D2PlyQERmbOVipuHNHDG4r-kmDdSPdJDz8hH38O8SKUyg1Xafi9Sp0jljjnPayVNJ1ta8Ez8H_c1PJwrLdqq5WtE7UXf7RgWWQXDmXmMlpSbf0llA1537Q/s1600/Screen+shot+2010-07-20+at+9.17.44+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;328&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4SokXKqQO6IN0lEH3D2PlyQERmbOVipuHNHDG4r-kmDdSPdJDz8hH38O8SKUyg1Xafi9Sp0jljjnPayVNJ1ta8Ez8H_c1PJwrLdqq5WtE7UXf7RgWWQXDmXmMlpSbf0llA1537Q/s400/Screen+shot+2010-07-20+at+9.17.44+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Basic
+        Duration Support&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nValid duration values (currently) are: &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;
+        style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;,
+        &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier
+        New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;
+        style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;q&lt;/span&gt;,
+        &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier
+        New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;
+        style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;,
+        and &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier
+        New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;. Support for dots and
+        tuplets/triplets is not yet implemented.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nDurations
+        can be specified inside slides, bends, and other types of ties by prefixing
+        the fret with the duration value enclosed within colon characters.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
+        class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right:
+        auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:
+        center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIJDWT5dvihx_d6pAC88xRKSznZvATNRSTXth6Kc3-UZgerT7Mg5t3F8z__X8uZGQ8dfHAAbkGSf1vXEvnEdG9J3CKzDuZvo5FLcCoiJyWDEasHpooW296n-xj1X8YNoCwTS1Vg/s1600/Screen+shot+2010-07-20+at+9.18.50+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;330&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIJDWT5dvihx_d6pAC88xRKSznZvATNRSTXth6Kc3-UZgerT7Mg5t3F8z__X8uZGQ8dfHAAbkGSf1vXEvnEdG9J3CKzDuZvo5FLcCoiJyWDEasHpooW296n-xj1X8YNoCwTS1Vg/s400/Screen+shot+2010-07-20+at+9.18.50+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Durations
+        within Ties&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nAlso,
+        I spent time working on some of the tricker beam configurations, where notes
+        with varying durations are beamed.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot;
+        cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot;
+        style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCpz_M1ppQZsOebHxPliRfXzxugqHBkSBmNjXQlEZg4HUFaAL3JI6G2WsM7aUnqn-lp0mi7r0Z14frYzVcyn5SB2YuJ08zOVyuSVA-d5JbFqx3qV_7v493PTGFmgeflHrKHLgAkA/s1600/Screen+shot+2010-07-20+at+9.20.49+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;127&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCpz_M1ppQZsOebHxPliRfXzxugqHBkSBmNjXQlEZg4HUFaAL3JI6G2WsM7aUnqn-lp0mi7r0Z14frYzVcyn5SB2YuJ08zOVyuSVA-d5JbFqx3qV_7v493PTGFmgeflHrKHLgAkA/s200/Screen+shot+2010-07-20+at+9.20.49+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Crazy
+        Beaming&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nIn
+        VexTab, you can create beams by enclosing your notes within brackets (separated
+        by spaces).&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot;
+        cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot;
+        style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY52epYKi4fdr_f1eQQRr2uzjG0H6qW1oKc-ND8x9U9129pIzxGd0bmW5RonRIfGnZ279nUOcOJ37X_iZiO7HaZSL3ESQKwnqHPpM1GroFHSzO7ByHIzfdkEdTBun3rBEBGxnbHw/s1600/Screen+shot+2010-07-20+at+9.25.47+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;332&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY52epYKi4fdr_f1eQQRr2uzjG0H6qW1oKc-ND8x9U9129pIzxGd0bmW5RonRIfGnZ279nUOcOJ37X_iZiO7HaZSL3ESQKwnqHPpM1GroFHSzO7ByHIzfdkEdTBun3rBEBGxnbHw/s400/Screen+shot+2010-07-20+at+9.25.47+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Beaming
+        in VexTab&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nAnyhow,
+        I&#39;ve pushed out the latest revision, with support for standard notation,
+        durations, and beaming to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://vexflow.com/tabdiv&quot;&gt;TabDiv
+        website&lt;/a&gt;. Feel free to &lt;a href=&quot;http://vexflow.com/vextab/tutorial.html&quot;&gt;toy
+        with it&lt;/a&gt; and report any issues you come across.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nHere&#39;s a screenshot of a bluesy guitar lick written in VexTab.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;
+        cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:
+        auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR7GuMPHx-SaGfRCOiB-3FL9pkFaDKuocLuIiJigPH6MP91HqMsTHMpFXhg5jx5XhNa2yo7QuBvLQ3nbI3z2-mYHwtqSEfJQp5TvfqwtxqmRV0Hmv-OUtIM0-rkqYkYlf4omfg0A/s1600/Screen+shot+2010-07-20+at+9.50.07+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR7GuMPHx-SaGfRCOiB-3FL9pkFaDKuocLuIiJigPH6MP91HqMsTHMpFXhg5jx5XhNa2yo7QuBvLQ3nbI3z2-mYHwtqSEfJQp5TvfqwtxqmRV0Hmv-OUtIM0-rkqYkYlf4omfg0A/s640/Screen+shot+2010-07-20+at+9.50.07+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;408&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;A Blues
+        Lick in VexTab&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nThat&#39;s all for this week, folks! There are a lot more interesting
+        things coming up. Check out the &lt;a href=&quot;http://vexflow.com/vextab/tutorial.html&quot;&gt;VexTab
+        tutorial&lt;/a&gt; to play around in the sandboxes, and stay in touch.</content><link
+        rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/7961142667231282175/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2010/07/more-durations-and-better-beaming.html#comment-form'
+        title='10 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/7961142667231282175'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/7961142667231282175'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2010/07/more-durations-and-better-beaming.html'
+        title='More Durations and Better Beaming'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail
+        xmlns:media=\"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/\" url=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4SokXKqQO6IN0lEH3D2PlyQERmbOVipuHNHDG4r-kmDdSPdJDz8hH38O8SKUyg1Xafi9Sp0jljjnPayVNJ1ta8Ez8H_c1PJwrLdqq5WtE7UXf7RgWWQXDmXmMlpSbf0llA1537Q/s72-c/Screen+shot+2010-07-20+at+9.17.44+PM.png\"
+        height=\"72\" width=\"72\"/><thr:total>10</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-7789963467582961010</id><published>2010-07-14T11:51:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-07-14T11:51:00.426-04:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>Migrating VexFlow to SCons</title><content type='html'>I love
+        tools. Tools keep my projects predictable and smooth. Tools help me code fast
+        and release fast.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vexflow.com/&quot;&gt;VexFlow&lt;/a&gt;
+        has gone through many iterations of design, implementation, and deployment,
+        and I couldn&#39;t have brought it this far so quickly without my tools. (Well,
+        automated testing had a lot to do with it too, but that&#39;s for another
+        post.)&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nYesterday, I added a new tool to my toolbox
+        - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scons.org/&quot;&gt;SCons&lt;/a&gt;. I migrated
+        all my building, packaging, test driving, and deployment code to SCons. Compared
+        to the ugly shell scripts I previously used, SCons is a lot cleaner, a lot
+        faster, and significantly easier to manage.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nI chose
+        SCons for two reasons:&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Simplicity. It&#39;s
+        Python-based and super-easy to work with.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Familiarity.
+        I&#39;ve used it before, so already know my way around it.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div&gt;Since
+        I use the &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/closure/compiler/&quot;&gt;Google
+        Closure Compiler&lt;/a&gt; to build and minimize my JavaScript code, I had
+        to write a new builder for SCons. That turned out to be pretty straightforward
+        to implement.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;def
+        js_builder(target, source, env):\n  &quot;&quot;&quot; A JavaScript builder
+        using Google Closure Compiler. &quot;&quot;&quot;\n\n  cmd = env.subst(\n
+        \     &quot;$JAVA -jar $JS_COMPILER --compilation_level $JS_COMPILATION_LEVEL&quot;);\n\n
+        \ # Add defines to the command\n  for define in env[&#39;JS_DEFINES&#39;].keys():\n
+        \   cmd += &quot; --define=\\&quot;%s=%s\\&quot;&quot; % (define, env[&#39;JS_DEFINES&#39;][define])\n\n
+        \ # Add the source files\n  for file in source:\n    cmd += &quot; --js &quot;
+        + str(file)\n\n  # Add the output file\n  cmd += &quot; --js_output_file &quot;
+        + str(target[0])\n\n  # Log the command and run\n  print env.subst(cmd)\n
+        \ os.system(env.subst(cmd))\n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nI also needed a new
+        builder to stamp my output with the relevant build information. So, I created
+        a &lt;i&gt;Stamper, &lt;/i&gt;which is just a builder that runs some string
+        substitution on files with &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family:
+        &#39;Courier New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;sed&lt;/span&gt;. The
+        stamper looks like this:&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;def
+        vexflow_stamper(target, source, env):\n  &quot;&quot;&quot; A Build Stamper
+        for VexFlow &quot;&quot;&quot;\n\n  cmd =  &quot;sed &quot;\n  cmd += &quot;
+        -e s/__VEX_BUILD_PREFIX__/$VEX_BUILD_PREFIX/&quot;\n  cmd += &quot; -e s/__VEX_VERSION__/$VEX_VERSION/&quot;\n
+        \ cmd += &#39; -e &quot;s/__VEX_BUILD_DATE__/${VEX_BUILD_DATE}/&quot;&#39;\n
+        \ cmd += &quot; -e s/__VEX_GIT_SHA1__/`git rev-list --max-count=1 HEAD`/ &quot;\n
+        \ cmd += (&quot;%s &amp;gt; %s&quot; % (source[0], target[0]))\n\n  print
+        env.subst(cmd)\n  os.system(env.subst(cmd))\n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nBefore
+        you can use these builders, you need to add them to your environment:&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;env.Append(BUILDERS
+        = {&#39;JavaScript&#39;: Builder(action = js_builder),\n                       &#39;VexFlowStamp&#39;:
+        Builder(action = vexflow_stamper)})\n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nOnce this is
+        done, you can add build JavaScript targets with the &lt;i&gt;JavaScript&lt;/i&gt;
+        command.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;env[&#39;JAVA&#39;]
+        = &quot;/usr/bin/java&quot;\nenv[&#39;JS_COMPILER&#39;] = &quot;support/compiler.jar&quot;\nenv[&#39;JS_DEFINES&#39;
+        ] = {\n  &quot;Vex.Debug&quot;: &quot;true&quot;,\n  &quot;Vex.LogLevel&quot;:
+        &quot;4&quot;\n}\n\nsources = [&quot;src1.js&quot;, &quot;src2.js&quot;, &quot;src3.js&quot;]\n\nenv.JavaScript(&quot;src.min.js&quot;,
+        sources)\n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nThis really is just scratching the surface.
+        There&#39;s a lot more you can do with SCons to automate and streamline your
+        builds. To learn more, take a look at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scons.org/doc/2.0.0.final.0/HTML/scons-user/index.html&quot;&gt;user
+        guide&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nI added support for testing, packaging,
+        and deployment (of the web pages and demos) to my SCons scripts in a matter
+        of hours, and finally purged all my nasty shell scripts from the VexFlow codebase.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nGive it a try. I guarantee you&#39;ll be happier.</content><link
+        rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/7789963467582961010/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2010/07/migrating-vexflow-to-scons.html#comment-form'
+        title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/7789963467582961010'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/7789963467582961010'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2010/07/migrating-vexflow-to-scons.html'
+        title='Migrating VexFlow to SCons'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-6514910752490146447</id><published>2010-07-12T14:50:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-07-12T14:50:31.885-04:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>Durations, Code, and Posters</title><content type='html'>The last
+        few weeks have been relatively quiet on the VexFlow side. I&#39;ve been vacationing
+        in Cape Cod with my wife and 3-month-old.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nObviously,
+        vacation is never fun without a few good coding sprints. I started work on
+        incorporating standard notation into &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vexflow.com/vextab&quot;&gt;VexTab&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThe first thing I needed to do was create a class to
+        convert fret-string pairs to notes. In order to support alternate tunings,
+        I created a &lt;i&gt;Tuning&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;class, whose sole responsibility
+        is to return the correct note for a given fret-string pair, based on the instrument
+        type and tuning.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nSo, to convert the fret-string
+        pair &quot;5/2&quot; on a 5-string bass to standard notation, all I need to
+        do is:&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;var
+        tuning = new Vex.Flow.Tuning(&quot;G/4,D/4,A/3,E/3,B/2&quot;);\nvar note =
+        tuning.getNoteForFret(5, 2);\n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nThe next part was
+        augmenting the language to render standard notation when requested. I modified
+        &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier
+        New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;tabstave&lt;/span&gt; to accept &lt;span
+        class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;key=value&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+        parameters, and added a parameter called &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;
+        style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;notation&lt;/span&gt;.
+        When set to &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family:
+        &#39;Courier New&#39;, Courier, monospace;&quot;&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;, it
+        renders standard notation above the guitar tab.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;table
+        align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
+        class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right:
+        auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:
+        center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOfzb0VTihrFnDXvA642NRGLuWU45tUoukDnqlFYI5bF-J_CBAWHriN3qroiWKRqWYDoOPFNKfgDoZp5jmRwRqYjla4YEQ2Chd0yL_O6bJAFow9mG6-kUlCNHTbrFvHpupX02O3g/s1600/Screen+shot+2010-07-12+at+2.20.47+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;276&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOfzb0VTihrFnDXvA642NRGLuWU45tUoukDnqlFYI5bF-J_CBAWHriN3qroiWKRqWYDoOPFNKfgDoZp5jmRwRqYjla4YEQ2Chd0yL_O6bJAFow9mG6-kUlCNHTbrFvHpupX02O3g/s320/Screen+shot+2010-07-12+at+2.20.47+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;VexTab
+        with Standard Notation&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nI also started work on basic duration support and auto-beaming. I don&#39;t
+        have much to show for this yet, because they&#39;re currently a bit intertwined,
+        and automatic beaming is harder than I anticipated (yet again!)&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nIn other news, I &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/0xfe/vex/blob/master/vextab/vextab.js&quot;&gt;open
+        sourced&lt;/a&gt; the VexTab parser, so you can learn more about the language
+        or use it in your own rendering engines. It is currently slightly coupled
+        to VexFlow, but pretty trivial to decouple. (I&#39;m going to fully decouple
+        it as this project progresses.)&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThe parser is licensed
+        under the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php&quot;&gt;MIT
+        license&lt;/a&gt;, and is available on GitHub at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/0xfe/vex/tree/master/vextab/&quot;&gt;http://github.com/0xfe/vex/tree/master/vextab/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nFinally, some readers who liked my previous &lt;a href=&quot;http://0xfe.blogspot.com/2009/12/google-chrome-poster-from-source-code.html&quot;&gt;Chrome
+        Poster from Source Code&lt;/a&gt; post requested posters for other open-source
+        projects. I generated posters for Firefox, Linux, and FreeBSD, and made them
+        available on my other side project: &lt;a href=&quot;http://wickedmeanposters.com/&quot;&gt;Wicked
+        Mean Posters&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot;
+        cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot;
+        style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAD0NHLeE4x2HoXGDzW6pydG0jqBIb_bI1AzrlDohHGM14iu928BTzOftpGh0cHv4uKD47sphwVDgO1sbkX61XXvgeIU1F0He8VGp0Na_QoGFUtXfOXd-ItH6nITciSpGfCm-fHA/s1600/Screen+shot+2010-07-12+at+2.43.14+PM.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;198&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAD0NHLeE4x2HoXGDzW6pydG0jqBIb_bI1AzrlDohHGM14iu928BTzOftpGh0cHv4uKD47sphwVDgO1sbkX61XXvgeIU1F0He8VGp0Na_QoGFUtXfOXd-ItH6nITciSpGfCm-fHA/s320/Screen+shot+2010-07-12+at+2.43.14+PM.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Firefox
+        Poster from Source Code&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nMore next time!</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml'
+        href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/6514910752490146447/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2010/07/durations-code-and-posters.html#comment-form'
+        title='5 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/6514910752490146447'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/6514910752490146447'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2010/07/durations-code-and-posters.html'
+        title='Durations, Code, and Posters'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail
+        xmlns:media=\"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/\" url=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOfzb0VTihrFnDXvA642NRGLuWU45tUoukDnqlFYI5bF-J_CBAWHriN3qroiWKRqWYDoOPFNKfgDoZp5jmRwRqYjla4YEQ2Chd0yL_O6bJAFow9mG6-kUlCNHTbrFvHpupX02O3g/s72-c/Screen+shot+2010-07-12+at+2.20.47+PM.png\"
+        height=\"72\" width=\"72\"/><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-8369373862453509821</id><published>2010-06-25T17:25:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2011-09-10T11:20:07.098-04:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>Encrypted Incremental Backups to S3</title><content type='html'>I
+        spent some time this week trying to get secure online backups working for
+        all my machines.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nSo far, I&#39;ve been managing
+        most of my data and workspaces with replicated Git repositories. I have scripts
+        that allow me to maintain roaming profiles across my machines (almost) seamlessly,
+        and these scripts try to ensure that these profiles are consistently replicated.
+        My profiles include things like dot files (&lt;code&gt;.vimrc&lt;/code&gt;,
+        &lt;code&gt;.screenrc&lt;/code&gt;, etc.), startup scripts, tools, workspaces,
+        repositories, and other odds and ends.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nBecause
+        I tend to be ultra-paranoid about security and reliability, the replicas are
+        encrypted and distributed across different machines in different locations.
+        For encryption, I use &lt;a href=&quot;https://launchpad.net/ecryptfs&quot;&gt;ecryptfs&lt;/a&gt;
+        on Linux machines, and FileVault on the Mac.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nAnyhow,
+        this week I lost my Mac to a hardware failure, and my co-located Linux machine
+        to a service-provider &lt;i&gt;dismantling&lt;/i&gt;. That left me with one
+        replica... just waiting to fail.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nI decided that
+        I needed another replica, but didn&#39;t want to pay for, or have to setup
+        another co-located server. After spending some time researching various online-backup
+        providers, I decided to go with &lt;a href=&quot;http://aws.amazon.com/s3/&quot;&gt;Amazon&#39;s
+        S3 service&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nI chose S3 because - it&#39;s
+        cheap, it&#39;s tried and tested, it&#39;s built on an internal distributed
+        and replicated database, and there are some great tools that work with it.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3&gt;Brackup&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/brackup/&quot;&gt;Brackup&lt;/a&gt;,
+        by Brad Fitzpatrick, is one of those tools. It allows you to make encrypted
+        incremental backups to S3, without a lot of hair-pulling or teeth-gnashing.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nTo get Brackup running on your machine, you need to have
+        GPG, Perl 5, and the Net::Amazon::S3 Perl module installed. On the Mac, you
+        also need to get MacPorts.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3&gt;Installation&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nMost modern distributions come with Perl 5 pre-installed, but not with
+        GPG. The package name you want on both MacPorts and Ubuntu, is &lt;code&gt;gnupg&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThe first thing you need to do, if you don&#39;t already
+        have a GPG key, is to generate one.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;$
+        gpg --gen-keys&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nIf you need to backup multiple machines,
+        export your public key to a text file, and import it on the other machines.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;hostA$ gpg --export
+        -a &quot;User Name&quot; &amp;gt; public.key\nhostA$ scp public.key hostB:/tmp\nhostB$
+        gpg --import /tmp/public.key\n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nRemember that all
+        your backups will be encrypted with your public key, so if you lose your private
+        key, the only thing you can do with your backups is generate white noise.
+        Export your private key and save it in a safe place. (I suggest &lt;a href=&quot;http://vexcrypto.appspot.com/&quot;&gt;VexCrypto&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;$ gpg --export-secret-key
+        -a &quot;User Name&quot; &amp;gt; private.key\n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nNow
+        that you have your keys setup, download and install Brackup. The easiest way
+        to do this is by using the &lt;code&gt;cpan&lt;/code&gt; tool.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;$ sudo cpan Net::Amazon::S3\n$
+        sudo cpan Brackup\n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nNote that it&#39;s better (and
+        way faster) to use your distribution&#39;s package for Net::Amazon::S3. On
+        Ubuntu the package is &lt;code&gt;libnet-amazon-s3-perl&lt;/code&gt;, and
+        on MacPorts, the package is &lt;code&gt;p5-amazon-s3&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;h3&gt;Configuration&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nOnce this is done,
+        you can generate a template configuration file by typing in &lt;code&gt;brackup&lt;/code&gt;
+        on the command line. This file is stored in &lt;code&gt;$HOME/.brackup&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;$ &lt;b&gt;brackup&lt;/b&gt;\nError:
+        Your config file needs tweaking.  I put a commented-out template at: /home/muthanna/.brackup.conf\n\nbrackup
+        --from=[source_name] --to=[target_name] [--output=&lt;backup_metafile.brackup&gt;]\nbrackup
+        --help\n&lt;/backup_metafile.brackup&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nEdit the
+        configuration file and create your sources and targets. You will likely have
+        multiple sources, and one target. Here&#39;s a snip of my configuration:&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;[TARGET:amazon]\ntype
+        = Amazon\naws_access_key_id  = XXXXXXXXXXX\naws_secret_access_key = XXXXXXXXXXXXXX\nkeep_backups
+        = 10\n\n[SOURCE:mac_repos]\npath = /Users/0xfe/Local\nchunk_size = 5m\ngpg_recipient
+        = 79E44165\nignore = ^.*\\.(swp|swo|hi|o|a|pyc|svn|class|DS_Store|Trash|Trashes)$/\n\n[SOURCE:mac_desktop_books]\npath
+        = /Users/0xfe/Desktop/Books\ngpg_recipient = 79E44165\nignore = ^.*\\.(swp|swo|hi|o|a|pyc|svn|class|DS_Store|Trash|Trashes)$/\n\n[SOURCE:mac_desktop_workspace]\npath
+        = /Users/0xfe/Desktop/Workspace\ngpg_recipient = 79E44165\nignore = ^.*\\.(swp|swo|hi|o|a|pyc|svn|class|DS_Store|Trash|Trashes)$/\n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nThe configuration keys are pretty self explanatory. I should point
+        out that &lt;code&gt;gpg_recipient&lt;/code&gt; is your public key ID, as
+        shown by &lt;code&gt;gpg --list-keys&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre
+        class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;$ gpg --list-keys\n/Users/0xfe/.gnupg/pubring.gpg\n-----------------------------------\npub
+        \  2048R/79E44165 2010-06-24\nuid                  My Username &amp;lt;snip@snip.com&amp;gt;\nsub
+        \  2048R/43AD4B72 2010-06-24\n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nFor more details on
+        the various parameters, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://search.cpan.org/~bradfitz/Brackup/lib/Brackup/Manual/Overview.pod&quot;&gt;The
+        Brackup Manual&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3&gt;Start a Backup&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nTo backup one of your sources, use the &lt;code&gt;brackup&lt;/code&gt;
+        command, as so:&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;$
+        brackup -v --from=mac_repos --to=amazon\n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nIf you
+        now take a look at your &lt;a href=&quot;http://aws.amazon.com/&quot;&gt;AWS
+        Dashboard&lt;/a&gt;, you should see the buckets and chunks created for your
+        backup data.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nNotice that &lt;code&gt;brackup&lt;/code&gt;
+        creates an output file (with the extension &lt;code&gt;.brackup&lt;/code&gt;)
+        in the current directory. This file serves as an index, and maintains pointers
+        to the S3 chunks for each backed-up file. You will need this file to locate
+        and restore your data, and a copy of it is maintained on S3.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;h3&gt;Restoring&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&quot;&lt;i&gt;Test restores
+        regularly.&lt;/i&gt;&quot; -- a wise man.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nTo restore
+        your Brackup backups, you will need to have your private key handy on the
+        machine that you&#39;re restoring to. Brackup accesses your private key via
+        &lt;code&gt;gpg-agent&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;$
+        sudo port install gpg-agent\n$ eval $(gpg-agent --daemon)\n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nThe &lt;code&gt;brackup-restore&lt;/code&gt; command restores a source
+        tree to a path specified on the command line. It makes use of the output file
+        that brackup generated during the initial backup to locate and restore your
+        data. If you don&#39;t have a local copy of the output file, you can use &lt;code&gt;brackup-target&lt;/code&gt;
+        to retrieve a copy from S3.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;$
+        brackup-restore -v --from=mac_repos-20100624.brackup \\\n  --to=/Users/0xfe/temp/mac_repos
+        --all\n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nYou will be prompted for you AWS key, your
+        AWS secret key, and your GPG private key passphrase. Make sure that that the
+        restore completed successfully and correctly. Comparing the SHA1 hashes of
+        the restored data with those of the original data is a good way to validate
+        correctness.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;h3&gt;Garbage Collection&lt;/h3&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nYou will need to prune and garbage collect your data regularly to keep
+        backups from piling up and using up space in S3. The following commands delete
+        old backed up chunks based on the &lt;i&gt;keep_files &lt;/i&gt;configuration
+        value of the target.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;pre class=&quot;prettyprint&quot;&gt;$
+        brackup-target amazon prune\n$ brackup-target amazon gc\n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nThat&#39;s all folks! Secure, on-line, off-site, incremental, buzz-word-ridden
+        backups. Code safely!</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml'
+        href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/8369373862453509821/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2010/06/encrypted-incremental-backups-to-s3.html#comment-form'
+        title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/8369373862453509821'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/8369373862453509821'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2010/06/encrypted-incremental-backups-to-s3.html'
+        title='Encrypted Incremental Backups to S3'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-3313904850292755497</id><published>2010-06-21T14:12:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-06-21T14:12:11.700-04:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>On Parsing and Licenses</title><content type='html'>So I spent
+        this weekend rewriting the &lt;a href=&quot;http://vexflow.com/tabdiv/tutorial.html&quot;&gt;VexTab&lt;/a&gt;
+        parser. The original version, though it served its purpose as a quick prototype
+        for the language, was severely limited due to it being built primarily out
+        of regular expressions.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThe new parser uses a recursive-descent
+        algorithm, and fully supports the original grammar. Adding new syntactic elements
+        to the language is now simple, as is adding support for more complex grammars.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nSome new features I added to the language are support
+        for slides, hammer-ons, pull-offs, and tapping. Here&#39;s a blues lick written
+        in VexTab:&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;
+        cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:
+        auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOTpU652I2h8heK-MA-5nu0w1I70rvYWZDuPrcr2ufE663YB3DK-yexfnHSJz3BnbRSGvk8N3OpPwmu_ZIgDX0zHQkialvKR014n87LzrgUHY0vDCVutWBuAABvtU8yR3BFYY60g/s1600/Picture+11.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;262&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOTpU652I2h8heK-MA-5nu0w1I70rvYWZDuPrcr2ufE663YB3DK-yexfnHSJz3BnbRSGvk8N3OpPwmu_ZIgDX0zHQkialvKR014n87LzrgUHY0vDCVutWBuAABvtU8yR3BFYY60g/s320/Picture+11.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Blues
+        Lick in VexTab&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\nSome
+        readers have asked me about durations and how to specify rhythms in VexTab.
+        Although the VexFlow core has full support for durations and timing, I still
+        need a good way to represent them in the language. I&#39;m open to ideas here
+        if you have any.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;b&gt;Enter TabDiv&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nI also spent this weekend working on the release of the
+        first VexFlow-based product:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://vexflow.com/tabdiv/index.html&quot;&gt;TabDiv&lt;/a&gt;.
+        TabDiv lets you easily embed guitar tablature into your website or blog.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nAfter you&#39;ve included the TabDiv &lt;code&gt;.js&lt;/code&gt;
+        and &lt;code&gt;.css&lt;/code&gt; files in your HTML document (or blog template),
+        you can add tabs by simply creating DIV elements and setting the class to
+        vex-tabdiv.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nYou can get TabDiv here:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a
+        href=&quot;http://vexflow.com/tabdiv/index.html&quot;&gt;http://vexflow.com/tabdiv/index.html&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;b&gt;Why not Open-Source?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nI&#39;m no stranger to open-source. I&#39;ve been writing, maintaining,
+        and contributing to open-source software for over a decade.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nAlthough I hope to eventually open-source all the VexFlow source code,
+        I&#39;m going to hold off on it until I figure out where I want to take this
+        product. I&#39;ve invested a lot of time and effort into making VexFlow a
+        fast high-quality renderer, and I&#39;d like to find a way to cater to both
+        a commercial-audience, and the open-source community.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nSo, how does one find and maintain this delicate balance? Do I completely
+        open-source it? Should I keep it closed and charge for it? Dual-license maybe?</content><link
+        rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/3313904850292755497/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2010/06/on-parsing-and-licenses.html#comment-form'
+        title='16 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/3313904850292755497'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/3313904850292755497'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2010/06/on-parsing-and-licenses.html'
+        title='On Parsing and Licenses'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail
+        xmlns:media=\"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/\" url=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOTpU652I2h8heK-MA-5nu0w1I70rvYWZDuPrcr2ufE663YB3DK-yexfnHSJz3BnbRSGvk8N3OpPwmu_ZIgDX0zHQkialvKR014n87LzrgUHY0vDCVutWBuAABvtU8yR3BFYY60g/s72-c/Picture+11.png\"
+        height=\"72\" width=\"72\"/><thr:total>16</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19544619.post-7599469828136185502</id><published>2010-06-17T15:01:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-06-17T15:01:57.156-04:00</updated><title
+        type='text'>Benchmarking VexFlow</title><content type='html'>I have about
+        340 tests now for VexFlow, and one of the things I find really impressive
+        is the speed at which browsers currently load, execute, and render web-pages.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nSince the code exercises the browser on a few different
+        dimensions (heavy JavaScript, lots of DOM manipulation, a few new HTML5 features),
+        I decided to pit the major browsers against each other and run a few benchmarks.&lt;br
+        /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;
+        cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:
+        auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYbJtGgfxWbAZNnhARDNSNFhsLELRdCUQC9AJgQVTSxMrw0AcWkLlOZYuhzbxW5wUGHjptKYm1Ul758647rbb2p2hdn8ItTxlQN4qJe8CzrLH01dzwV248vhoP27vsIFWikAo0nA/s1600/Picture+9.png&quot;
+        imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+        border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;127&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYbJtGgfxWbAZNnhARDNSNFhsLELRdCUQC9AJgQVTSxMrw0AcWkLlOZYuhzbxW5wUGHjptKYm1Ul758647rbb2p2hdn8ItTxlQN4qJe8CzrLH01dzwV248vhoP27vsIFWikAo0nA/s320/Picture+9.png&quot;
+        width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td
+        class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Test
+        Suite on Chrome 5.0.375&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;\n&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;I
+        ran the 340 tests in a loop a 1000 times on each browser, and calculated the
+        mean runtime in milliseconds. Here are the results:&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Chrome
+        5.0.375: &lt;b&gt;754ms&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Safari 4.0.4: &lt;b&gt;1118ms&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Opera
+        10.53: &lt;b&gt;1511ms&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Firefox 3.6.3: &lt;b&gt;3209ms&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nThe difference between the Chrome and Firefox numbers is quite surprising.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br
+        /&gt;\nI also ran some SVG vs. Canvas benchmarks and found that SVG was about
+        3 times slower than Canvas. This factor increased significantly as the number
+        of elements in the SVG image grew. That said, SVG rendered much more consistently
+        across the different browsers.&lt;br /&gt;\n&lt;br /&gt;\nThe test machine
+        used was a dual-core MacBook Pro with a 2.53 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo processor
+        and 4GB of DDR3 RAM.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml'
+        href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/feeds/7599469828136185502/comments/default'
+        title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2010/06/benchmarking-vexflow.html#comment-form'
+        title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/7599469828136185502'/><link
+        rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/19544619/posts/default/7599469828136185502'/><link
+        rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://0xfe.blogspot.com/2010/06/benchmarking-vexflow.html'
+        title='Benchmarking VexFlow'/><author><name>0xfe</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11179501091623983192</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image
+        rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail
+        xmlns:media=\"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/\" url=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYbJtGgfxWbAZNnhARDNSNFhsLELRdCUQC9AJgQVTSxMrw0AcWkLlOZYuhzbxW5wUGHjptKYm1Ul758647rbb2p2hdn8ItTxlQN4qJe8CzrLH01dzwV248vhoP27vsIFWikAo0nA/s72-c/Picture+9.png\"
+        height=\"72\" width=\"72\"/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry></feed>"
+  recorded_at: Tue, 29 Jul 2025 09:55:38 GMT
+recorded_with: VCR 6.3.1