dydx 0.1.3 → 0.1.4

data/spec/lib/algebra/operator/parts/inverse_spec.rb

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 require 'spec_helper'
 
 describe Dydx::Algebra::Operator::Parts::Inverse do
-  it{ expect(inverse(:x, :+).to_s).to eq('( - x )') }
-  it{ expect(inverse(:x, :*).to_s).to eq('( 1 / x )') }
+  it { expect(inverse(x, :+).to_s).to eq('( - x )') }
+  it { expect(inverse(x, :*).to_s).to eq('( 1 / x )') }
 
-  it{ expect(inverse(:x, :+)).to eq(inverse(:x, :+)) }
-  it{ expect(inverse(:x, :*)).to eq(inverse(:x, :*)) }
+  it { expect(inverse(x, :+)).to eq(inverse(x, :+)) }
+  it { expect(inverse(x, :*)).to eq(inverse(x, :*)) }
 
-  it{ expect(:x - :x).to eq(e0) }
-  it{ expect(:x / :x).to eq(e1) }
-  it{ expect(inverse(:x, :+) + :x).to eq(e0) }
-  it{ expect(inverse(:x, :*) * :x).to eq(e1) }
+  it { expect(x - x).to eq(0) }
+  it { expect(x / x).to eq(1) }
+  it { expect(inverse(x, :+) + x).to eq(0) }
+  it { expect(inverse(x, :*) * x).to eq(1) }
 end

data/spec/lib/algebra/set_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+# HOTFIX: Refactor by using context or describe
+describe Dydx::Algebra::Set do
+  it { expect(_(1)).to eq(_(1)) }
+  it { expect(_(-1)).to eq(_(-1)) }
+  it { expect(e0).to eq(e0) }
+  it { expect(e1).to eq(e1) }
+
+  it { expect(e).to eq(e) }
+  it { expect(pi).to eq(pi) }
+
+  it { expect(log10(1)).to eq(e0) }
+  it { expect(log10(10)).to eq(e1) }
+  it { expect(log10(10 ** n)).to eq(n) }
+  it { expect(log10(3 ** n)).to eq(n * log10( 3 )) }
+
+  it { expect(log2(1)).to eq(e0) }
+  it { expect(log2(2)).to eq(e1) }
+  it { expect(log2(2 ** n)).to eq(n) }
+  it { expect(log2(3 ** n)).to eq(n * log2( 3 )) }
+
+  it { expect(log(1)).to eq(0) }
+  it { expect(log(e)).to eq(1) }
+  it { expect(log(e ** n)).to eq(n) }
+
+  it { expect(sin(pi)).to eq(0) }
+
+  it { expect(cos(0)).to eq(1) }
+  it { expect(cos(pi)).to eq(-1) }
+  it { expect(cos(2 * pi)).to eq(1) }
+
+  describe '#to_s' do
+    it { expect(e.to_s).to eq('e') }
+
+    it { expect(1.to_s).to eq('1') }
+
+    it { expect(1.0.to_s).to eq('1.0') }
+
+    it { expect(e1.to_s).to eq('1') }
+
+    it { expect(pi.to_s).to eq('pi') }
+
+    it { expect(cos(x).to_s).to eq('cos( x )') }
+    it { expect(sin(x).to_s).to eq('sin( x )') }
+    it { expect(tan(x).to_s).to eq('tan( x )') }
+
+    it { expect(x.to_s).to eq('x') }
+  end
+
+  describe '#==' do
+    it { expect(_(1) == _(1)).to be true }
+  end
+
+  describe '#subst' do
+    it { expect(1.subst).to eq(1) }
+    it { expect(1.0.subst).to eq(1.0) }
+    it { expect(e.subst).to eq(e) }
+    it { expect(pi.subst).to eq(pi) }
+    it { expect(sin(x).subst(x: 3)).to eq(sin(3)) }
+    it { expect(cos(x).subst(x: pi)).to eq(-1) }
+    it { expect(tan(0).subst(x: pi)).to eq(0) }
+    it { expect(log(x).subst(x: e)).to eq(1) }
+    it { expect(log10(x).subst(x: 7)).to eq(log10(7)) }
+    it { expect(log2(2).subst(x: 2)).to eq(1) }
+    it { expect(x.subst(x: 2)).to eq(2) }
+    it { expect(x.subst(y: 2)).to eq(x) }
+  end
+
+  describe '#differentiate' do
+    it { expect(e.d).to eq(0) }
+    it { expect((e ** x).d).to eq(e ** x) }
+    it { expect((e ** (x + y)).d).to eq(e ** ( x + y )) }
+
+    it { expect(pi.d(x)).to eq(0) }
+
+    it { expect(1.d).to eq(0) }
+    it { expect(3.d).to eq(0) }
+    it { expect(3.0.d).to eq(0) }
+
+    it { expect(sin(x).d).to eq(cos(x)) }
+    it { expect(cos(x).d).to eq(- sin(x)) }
+    it { expect(tan(x).d).to eq(1 / cos(x) ** 2) }
+
+    it { expect(log(x).d).to eq(1 / x) }
+    it { expect(log10(x).d).to eq(1 / ( x * log( 10 ) )) }
+    it { expect(log2(x).d).to eq(1 / ( x * log( 2 ) )) }
+
+    it { expect(x.d(x)).to eq(1) }
+  end
+
+  describe 'Calculate' do
+    context 'E with Fixnum' do
+      it { expect(e + 0).to eq(e) }
+      it { expect(e - 0).to eq(e) }
+      it { expect((e * 0).to_s).to eq('0') }
+      it { expect(e * 1).to eq(e) }
+      it { expect { (e / 0).to_s }.to raise_error(ZeroDivisionError) }
+      it { expect(e / 1).to eq(e) }
+      it { expect((e ** 0).to_s).to eq('1') }
+    end
+
+    context 'Fixnum with Formula' do
+      let(:formula) { (x + y) }
+      it { expect(0 + formula).to eq(formula) }
+      it { expect(0 - formula).to eq( - ( x + y ) ) }
+      it { expect(0 * formula).to eq(0) }
+      it { expect(1 * formula).to eq(formula) }
+      it { expect(0 / formula).to eq(0) }
+      it { expect(1 / formula).to eq( 1 / ( x + y ) ) }
+      it { expect(0 ** formula).to eq(0) }
+      it { expect(1 ** formula).to eq(1) }
+    end
+
+    context 'Fixnum with Symbol' do
+      it { expect(0 + x).to eq(x) }
+      it { expect(0 - x).to eq(- x) }
+      it { expect(0 * x).to eq(0) }
+      it { expect(1 * x).to eq(x) }
+      it { expect(0 / x).to eq(0) }
+      it { expect(1 / x).to eq( 1 / x ) }
+      it { expect(0 ** x).to eq(0) }
+      it { expect(1 ** x).to eq(1) }
+    end
+
+    context 'Fixnum with Fixnum' do
+      it { expect(0 + 3).to eq(3) }
+      it { expect(3 + 0).to eq(3) }
+      it { expect(2 + 3).to eq(5) }
+
+      it { expect(0 - 3).to eq(-3) }
+      it { expect(3 - 0).to eq(3) }
+      it { expect(2 - 3).to eq(-1) }
+
+      it { expect(0 * 3).to eq(0) }
+      it { expect(3 * 0).to eq(0) }
+      it { expect(1 * 3).to eq(3) }
+      it { expect(3 * 1).to eq(3) }
+      it { expect(3 * 2).to eq(6) }
+
+      it { expect((0 / 3).to_s).to eq('0') }
+      it { expect { (3 / 0).to_s }.to raise_error(ZeroDivisionError) }
+      it { expect((3 / 1).to_s).to eq('3') }
+      # TODO:
+      it { expect((2 / 3).to_s).to eq('0') }
+
+      it { expect((0 ** 3).to_s).to eq('0') }
+      it { expect((3 ** 0).to_s).to eq('1') }
+      it { expect((1 ** 3).to_s).to eq('1') }
+      it { expect((3 ** 1).to_s).to eq('3') }
+      it { expect((3 ** 2).to_s).to eq('9') }
+    end
+
+    context 'Float with Formula' do
+      let(:formula) { (:x + :y) }
+      it { expect((0.0 + formula).to_s).to eq(formula.to_s) }
+      it { expect((0.0 - formula).to_s).to eq('( - ( x + y ) )') }
+      it { expect((0.0 * formula).to_s).to eq('0') }
+      it { expect((1.0 * formula).to_s).to eq(formula.to_s) }
+      it { expect((0.0 / formula).to_s).to eq('0') }
+      it { expect((1.0 / formula).to_s).to eq('( 1 / ( x + y ) )') }
+      it { expect((0.0 ** formula).to_s).to eq('0') }
+      it { expect((1.0 ** formula).to_s).to eq('1') }
+    end
+
+    context 'Float with Symbol' do
+      it { expect(0.0 + :x).to eq(:x) }
+      it { expect((0.0 - :x).to_s).to eq('( - x )') }
+      it { expect((0.0 * :x).to_s).to eq('0') }
+      it { expect(1.0 * :x).to eq(:x) }
+      it { expect((0.0 / :x).to_s).to eq('0') }
+      it { expect((1.0 / :x).to_s).to eq('( 1 / x )') }
+      it { expect((0.0 ** :x).to_s).to eq('0') }
+      it { expect((1.0 ** :x).to_s).to eq('1') }
+    end
+
+    context 'Float with Float' do
+      it { expect(0.0 + 3.0).to eq(3.0) }
+      it { expect(3.0 + 0.0).to eq(3.0) }
+      it { expect(2.0 + 3.0).to eq(5.0) }
+
+      it { expect(0.0 - 3.0).to eq(-3.0) }
+      it { expect(3.0 - 0.0).to eq(3.0) }
+      it { expect(2.0 - 3.0).to eq(-1.0) }
+
+      it { expect(0.0 * 3.0).to eq(0.0) }
+      it { expect(3.0 * 0.0).to eq(0.0) }
+      it { expect(1.0 * 3.0).to eq(3.0) }
+      it { expect(3.0 * 1.0).to eq(3.0) }
+      it { expect(3.0 * 2.0).to eq(6.0) }
+
+      it { expect(0.0 / 3.0).to eq(0.0) }
+      it { expect(3.0 / 0.0).to eq(oo) }
+      it { expect(3.0 / 1.0).to eq(3.0) }
+      # TODO:
+      it { expect(2.0 / 3.0).to eq(0.6666666666666666) }
+
+      it { expect(0.0 ** 3.0).to eq(0.0) }
+      it { expect(3.0 ** 0.0).to eq(1.0) }
+      it { expect(1.0 ** 3.0).to eq(1.0) }
+      it { expect(3.0 ** 1.0).to eq(3.0) }
+      it { expect(3.0 ** 2.0).to eq(9.0) }
+    end
+
+    context 'Pi with Fixnum' do
+      it { expect(pi + 0).to eq(pi) }
+      it { expect(pi - 0).to eq(pi) }
+      it { expect((pi * 0).to_s).to eq('0') }
+      it { expect(pi * 1).to eq(pi) }
+      it { expect { (pi / 0).to_s }.to raise_error(ZeroDivisionError) }
+      it { expect(pi / 1).to eq(pi) }
+      it { expect((pi ** 0).to_s).to eq('1') }
+    end
+
+    context 'Symbol with Fixnum' do
+      it { expect(x + 0).to eq(x) }
+      it { expect(x - 0).to eq(x) }
+      it { expect(x * 0).to eq(0) }
+      it { expect(x * 1).to eq(x) }
+      it { expect { x / 0 }.to raise_error(ZeroDivisionError) }
+      it { expect(x / 1).to eq(x) }
+      it { expect(x ** 0).to eq(1) }
+      it { expect(x ** 1).to eq(x) }
+    end
+
+    context 'Num with Num' do
+      it { expect(_(1) + _(2)).to eq(3) }
+      it { expect(_(1) - _(2)).to eq(-1) }
+      it { expect(_(1) * _(2)).to eq(2) }
+      it { expect((_(1) / _(2)).to_s).to eq('( 1 / 2 )') }
+      it { expect(_(1) % _(2)).to eq(1) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe Dydx::Algebra::Set::Num do
+    describe :< do
+      it { expect(_(1) < _(2)).to be(true) }
+      it { expect(_(1) < 2).to be(true) }
+      it { expect(_(2) < _(1)).to be(false) }
+      it { expect(_(2) < 1).to be(false) }
+    end
+
+    describe :<= do
+      it { expect(_(1) <= _(2)).to be(true) }
+      it { expect(_(1) <= 2).to be(true) }
+      it { expect(_(2) <= _(1)).to be(false) }
+      it { expect(_(2) <= 1).to be(false) }
+    end
+
+    describe :> do
+      it { expect(_(1) > _(2)).to be(false) }
+      it { expect(_(1) > 2).to be(false) }
+      it { expect(_(2) > _(1)).to be(true) }
+      it { expect(_(2) > 1).to be(true) }
+    end
+
+    describe :>= do
+      it { expect(_(1) >= _(2)).to be(false) }
+      it { expect(_(1) >= 2).to be(false) }
+      it { expect(_(2) >= _(1)).to be(true) }
+      it { expect(_(2) >= 1).to be(true) }
+    end
+  end
+end

data/spec/lib/delta_spec.rb

@@ -1,11 +1,35 @@
 require 'spec_helper'
 
-describe Dydx:Delta do
-  it{ expect(d.class).to eq(Delta) }
-  it{ expect(dx.class).to eq(Delta) }
-  it{ expect(dx.var).to eq(:x) }
-  it{ expect(dx(y).class).to eq(Delta) }
-  it{ expect(dx(y).var).to eq(:x) }
-  it{ expect(dx(y).function).to eq(:y) }
-  it{ expect{dxy}.to raise_error(NameError) }
+describe Dydx::Delta do
+  it { expect(d.class).to eq(Delta) }
+  it { expect(dx.class).to eq(Delta) }
+  it { expect(dx.var).to eq(:x) }
+  it { expect(dx(y).class).to eq(Delta) }
+  it { expect(dx(y).var).to eq(:x) }
+  it { expect(dx(y).function).to eq(:y) }
+  it { expect { dxy }.to raise_error(NameError) }
+
+  before { reset }
+
+  it 'ex1' do
+    $y = x ** n
+    expect(dy/dx).to eq( n * ( x ** ( n - 1 ) ) )
+    expect(d/dx($y)).to eq( n * ( x ** ( n - 1 ) ) )
+  end
+
+  it 'ex2' do
+    $y = x ** (x * 2)
+    expect(dy/dx).to eq(( 2 * x ) * ( x ** ( ( 2 * x ) - 1 ) ))
+    expect(d/dx($y)).to eq(( 2 * x ) * ( x ** ( ( 2 * x ) - 1 ) ))
+  end
+
+  it 'ex3' do
+    $y = (t ** 2) / 2
+    expect(dy/dt).to eq(t)
+  end
+
+  it 'ex4' do
+    $y = 2 * (e ** (2 * z))
+    expect(dy/dz).to eq(4 * ( e ** ( 2 * z ) ))
+  end
 end

data/spec/lib/function_spec.rb

@@ -1,39 +1,65 @@
 require 'spec_helper'
 
-describe Dydx:Function do
-  # TODO: refactor
-  it{ expect(f(x, y)).to eq(f(x, y)) }
-  it{ expect(f(x, y)).to eq($f) }
-  it{ expect(f(x, y).algebra).to be_nil }
-  it{ expect(f(x, y).vars).to eq([:x, :y]) }
-  it{ expect{f(x, y, z)}.to raise_error(ArgumentError) }
-  it{ expect{f(x)}.to raise_error(ArgumentError) }
-  it{ expect(f(x, y) <= x * y ).to eq(f(x, y)) }
-  it{ expect(f(x, y)).to eq(f(x, y)) }
-  it{ expect(f(x, y)).to eq($f) }
-  it{ expect(f(x, y).algebra).to eq(x * y) }
-  it{ expect(f(x, y)).to eq(x * y) }
-  it{ expect(eval(f(x, y).to_s)).to eq(f(x, y)) }
-  it{ expect(f(x, y)).to eq(eval(f(x, y).to_s)) }
-  it{ expect(f(a, b)).to eq(a * b) }
-  it{ expect(f(2, 3)).to eq(6) }
-  it{ expect(f(a + b, c)).to eq((a + b) * c) }
-  it{ expect(d/dx(f(x, y))).to eq(y) }
-  it{ expect(d/dy(f(x, y))).to eq(x) }
-  it{ expect(d/dz(f(x, y))).to eq(0) }
-
-  it{ expect(g(a, b) <= f(a + b, b)).to eq(g(a, b)) }
-  it{ expect(g(a, b)).to eq($g) }
-  it{ expect(g(2, 3)).to eq(15) }
-
-  it{ expect(h(a, b, c) <= d/db(g(a, b))).to eq(h(a, b, c)) }
-  it{ expect(h(a, b, c) <= d/db(g(a, b))).to eq($h) }
-  it{ expect(h(a, b, c)).to eq(( a + ( 2 * b ) )) }
-  it{ expect(h(a, b, c).algebra).to eq(( a + ( 2 * b ) )) }
-
-  it 'ex.4' do
-    $f = nil
+describe Dydx::Function do
+  before { reset }
+
+  it 'ex1' do
+    expect(f(x, y)).to eq(f(x, y))
+    expect(f(x, y)).to eq($f)
+    expect(f(x, y).algebra).to be_nil
+    expect(f(x, y).vars).to eq([:x, :y])
+    expect { f(x, y, z) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    expect { f(x) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it 'ex2' do
+    expect(f(x, y) <= x * y ).to eq(f(x, y))
+    expect(f(x, y)).to eq(f(x, y))
+    expect(f(x, y)).to eq($f)
+    expect(f(x, y).algebra).to eq(x * y)
+    expect(f(x, y)).to eq(x * y)
+    expect(f(x, y)).to eq(eval(f(x, y).to_s))
+    expect(f(a, b)).to eq(a * b)
+    expect(f(2, x)).to eq(2 * x)
+    expect(f(2, 3)).to eq(6)
+    expect(f(a + b, c)).to eq((a + b) * c)
+    expect(d/dx(f(x, y))).to eq(y)
+    expect(d/dy(f(x, y))).to eq(x)
+    expect(d/dz(f(x, y))).to eq(0)
+  end
+
+  it 'ex3' do
+    f(x, y) <= x * y
+    g(a, b) <= f(a + b, b)
+    expect(g(a, b)).to eq((a + b) * b)
+    expect(g(a, 3)).to eq(9 + 3 * a)
+    expect(g(2, 3)).to eq(15)
+  end
+
+  it 'ex4' do
+    f(a, b) <= (a + b) * b
+    h(a, b, c) <= d/db(f(a, b))
+    expect(h(a, b, c)).to eq(( a + ( 2 * b ) ))
+    expect(h(a, b, c).algebra).to eq(( a + ( 2 * b ) ))
+  end
+
+  it 'ex5' do
     f(x) <= log(x)
-    expect(f(a)).to eq(log(a))
+    expect(f(e)).to eq(1)
+    expect(f(0)).to eq(-oo)
+    expect(f(y)).to eq(log(y))
+
+    g(x) <= d/dx(f(x))
+    expect(g(1)).to eq(1)
+  end
+
+  it 'ex6' do
+    f(x) <= sin(x)
+    expect(f(pi)).to eq(0)
+    expect(f(pi / 2)).to eq(1)
+    expect(f(y)).to eq(sin(y))
+
+    g(x) <= d/dx(f(x))
+    expect(g(pi)).to eq(-1)
   end
 end

data/spec/lib/helper_spec.rb

@@ -3,70 +3,63 @@ require 'spec_helper'
 describe Helper do
   include Helper
   context '#is_n?' do
-    it{ expect(0.is_0?).to be_true }
-    it{ expect(_(0).is_0?).to be_true }
-    it{ expect(inverse(0, :+).is_0?).to be_true }
-    it{ expect(1.is_1?).to be_true }
-    it{ expect(_(1).is_1?).to be_true }
-    it{ expect(inverse(1, :*).is_1?).to be_true }
-    it{ expect(-1.is_minus1?).to be_true }
-    it{ expect(_(-1).is_minus1?).to be_true }
+    it { expect(0.zero?).to be true }
+    it { expect(_(0).zero?).to be true }
+    it { expect(inverse(0, :+).zero?).to be true }
+    it { expect(1.one?).to be true }
+    it { expect(_(1).one?).to be true }
+    it { expect(inverse(1, :*).one?).to be true }
+    it { expect(-1.minus1?).to be true }
+    it { expect(_(-1).minus1?).to be true }
   end
 
-  context '#is_multiple_of' do
-    it{ expect(0.is_multiple_of(:x).to_s).to eq('0') }
-    it{ expect(_(0).is_multiple_of(:y).to_s).to eq('0')}
+  context '#multiple_of?' do
+    it { expect(0.multiple_of?(x)).to be(true) }
 
-    it{ expect(:x.is_multiple_of(:x).to_s).to eq('1') }
-    it{ expect(:x.is_multiple_of(:y)).to be_false }
+    it { expect(4.multiple_of?(_(2))).to be(true) }
+    it { expect(_(4).multiple_of?(2)).to be(true) }
+    it { expect(_(4).multiple_of?(_(2))).to be(true) }
 
-    it{ expect((:x * :y).is_multiple_of(:x)).to eq(:y) }
-    it{ expect((:x * :y).is_multiple_of(:y)).to eq(:x) }
-    it{ expect((:x * :y).is_multiple_of(:z)).to be_false }
+    it { expect(x.multiple_of?(x)).to be(true) }
+    it { expect(x.multiple_of?(y)).to be(false) }
+
+    it { expect((x * y).multiple_of?(x)).to be(true) }
+    it { expect((x * y).multiple_of?(x)).to be(true) }
+    it { expect((x * y).multiple_of?(z)).to be(false) }
   end
 
   context '#like_term?' do
-    it{ expect(x.like_term?(x)).to be_true }
-    it{ expect((2 * x).like_term?((3 * x))).to be_true }
+    it { expect(x.like_term?(x)).to be true }
+    it { expect((2 * x).like_term?((3 * x))).to be true }
   end
 
   context '#combinable?' do
-    it{ expect(:x.combinable?(:x, :+)).to be_true }
-    it{ expect(:x.combinable?(2 * :x, :+)).to be_true }
-    it{ expect((2 * :x).combinable?(:x, :+)).to be_true }
-    it{ expect((2 * :x).combinable?(2 * :x, :+)).to be_true }
-    it{ expect(:x.combinable?(:y, :+)).to be_false }
-    it{ expect(1.combinable?(2, :+)).to be_true }
-    it{ expect(:x.combinable?(:x, :*)).to be_true }
-    it{ expect(:x.combinable?(:y, :*)).to be_false }
-    it{ expect(1.combinable?(2, :*)).to be_true }
-    it{ expect(0.combinable?(:x, :^)).to be_true }
-    it{ expect(1.combinable?(:y, :^)).to be_true }
+    it { expect(:x.combinable?(:x, :+)).to be true }
+    it { expect(:x.combinable?(2 * :x, :+)).to be true }
+    it { expect((2 * :x).combinable?(:x, :+)).to be true }
+    it { expect((2 * :x).combinable?(2 * :x, :+)).to be true }
+    it { expect(:x.combinable?(:y, :+)).to be false }
+    it { expect(1.combinable?(2, :+)).to be true }
+    it { expect(:x.combinable?(:x, :*)).to be true }
+    it { expect(:x.combinable?(:y, :*)).to be false }
+    it { expect(1.combinable?(2, :*)).to be true }
+    it { expect(0.combinable?(:x, :**)).to be true }
+    it { expect(1.combinable?(:y, :**)).to be true }
   end
 
   context '#distributive?' do
-    it{ expect(distributive?(:+, :*)).to be_true }
-    it{ expect(distributive?(:+, :/)).to be_true }
-    it{ expect(distributive?(:-, :*)).to be_true }
-    it{ expect(distributive?(:-, :/)).to be_true }
-    it{ expect(distributive?(:*, :^)).to be_true }
-    it{ expect(distributive?(:/, :^)).to be_true }
-    it{ expect(distributive?(:*, :+)).to be_false }
-    it{ expect(distributive?(:^, :*)).to be_false }
+    it { expect(distributive?(:+, :*)).to be true }
+    it { expect(distributive?(:+, :/)).to be true }
+    it { expect(distributive?(:-, :*)).to be true }
+    it { expect(distributive?(:-, :/)).to be true }
+    it { expect(distributive?(:*, :**)).to be true }
+    it { expect(distributive?(:/, :**)).to be true }
+    it { expect(distributive?(:*, :+)).to be false }
+    it { expect(distributive?(:**, :*)).to be false }
   end
 
-  let(:addition)      { (:x + :y) }
-  let(:subtraction)   { (:x - :y) }
-  let(:multiplication){ (:x * :y) }
-  let(:division)      { (:x / :y) }
-  let(:exponentiation){ (:x ^ :y) }
-
-  it{ expect(addition.addition?).to be_true }
-  it{ expect(multiplication.multiplication?).to be_true }
-  it{ expect(exponentiation.exponentiation?).to be_true }
-
-  it{ expect(inverse(:x, :+).inverse?(:+, :x)).to be_true }
-  it{ expect(:x.inverse?(:+, inverse(:x, :+))).to be_true }
-  it{ expect(inverse(:x, :*).inverse?(:*, :x)).to be_true }
-  it{ expect(:x.inverse?(:*, inverse(:x, :*))).to be_true }
+  it { expect(inverse(x, :+).inverse?(:+, x)).to be true }
+  it { expect(x.inverse?(:+, inverse(x, :+))).to be true }
+  it { expect(inverse(x, :*).inverse?(:*, x)).to be true }
+  it { expect(x.inverse?(:*, inverse(x, :*))).to be true }
 end