dwolla_swagger 1.0.5 → 1.0.6

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.2.0/gems/ffi-1.9.10/ext/ffi_c/DynamicLibrary.c

@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2008-2010 Wayne Meissner
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2008-2013, Ruby FFI project contributors
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+ *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ *     * Neither the name of the Ruby FFI project nor the
+ *       names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
+ *       derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL <COPYRIGHT HOLDER> BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+ * DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+#  include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+#if (defined(_WIN32) || defined(__WIN32__)) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
+# include <winsock2.h>
+# define _WINSOCKAPI_
+# include <windows.h>
+#else
+# include <dlfcn.h>
+#endif
+#include <ruby.h>
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(INT8_MIN)
+#  include "win32/stdint.h"
+#endif
+
+#include <ffi.h>
+
+#include "rbffi.h"
+#include "compat.h"
+#include "AbstractMemory.h"
+#include "Pointer.h"
+#include "DynamicLibrary.h"
+
+typedef struct LibrarySymbol_ {
+    Pointer base;
+    VALUE library;
+    VALUE name;
+} LibrarySymbol;
+
+static VALUE library_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE libname, VALUE libflags);
+static void library_free(Library* lib);
+
+
+static VALUE symbol_allocate(VALUE klass);
+static VALUE symbol_new(VALUE library, void* address, VALUE name);
+static void symbol_mark(LibrarySymbol* sym);
+
+static VALUE LibraryClass = Qnil, SymbolClass = Qnil;
+
+#if (defined(_WIN32) || defined(__WIN32__)) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
+static void* dl_open(const char* name, int flags);
+static void dl_error(char* buf, int size);
+#define dl_sym(handle, name) GetProcAddress(handle, name)
+#define dl_close(handle) FreeLibrary(handle)
+#else
+# define dl_open(name, flags) dlopen(name, flags != 0 ? flags : RTLD_LAZY)
+# define dl_error(buf, size) do { snprintf(buf, size, "%s", dlerror()); } while(0)
+# define dl_sym(handle, name) dlsym(handle, name)
+# define dl_close(handle) dlclose(handle)
+#endif
+
+static VALUE
+library_allocate(VALUE klass)
+{
+    Library* library;
+    return Data_Make_Struct(klass, Library, NULL, library_free, library);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: DynamicLibrary.open(libname, libflags)
+ * @param libname (see #initialize)
+ * @param libflags (see #initialize)
+ * @return [FFI::DynamicLibrary]
+ * @raise {LoadError} if +libname+ cannot be opened
+ * Open a library.
+ */
+static VALUE
+library_open(VALUE klass, VALUE libname, VALUE libflags)
+{
+    return library_initialize(library_allocate(klass), libname, libflags);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: initialize(libname, libflags)
+ * @param [String] libname name of library to open
+ * @param [Fixnum] libflags flags for library to open
+ * @return [FFI::DynamicLibrary]
+ * @raise {LoadError} if +libname+ cannot be opened
+ * A new DynamicLibrary instance.
+ */
+static VALUE
+library_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE libname, VALUE libflags)
+{
+    Library* library;
+    int flags;
+
+    Check_Type(libflags, T_FIXNUM);
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Library, library);
+    flags = libflags != Qnil ? NUM2UINT(libflags) : 0;
+    
+    library->handle = dl_open(libname != Qnil ? StringValueCStr(libname) : NULL, flags);
+    if (library->handle == NULL) {
+        char errmsg[1024];
+        dl_error(errmsg, sizeof(errmsg));
+        rb_raise(rb_eLoadError, "Could not open library '%s': %s",
+                libname != Qnil ? StringValueCStr(libname) : "[current process]",
+                errmsg);
+    }
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+    // On Cygwin 1.7.17 "dlsym(dlopen(0,0), 'getpid')" fails. (dlerror: "No such process")
+    // As a workaround we can use "dlsym(RTLD_DEFAULT, 'getpid')" instead.
+    // Since 0 == RTLD_DEFAULT we won't call dl_close later.
+    if (libname == Qnil) {
+        dl_close(library->handle);
+        library->handle = RTLD_DEFAULT;
+    }
+#endif
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@name", libname != Qnil ? libname : rb_str_new2("[current process]"));
+    return self;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+library_dlsym(VALUE self, VALUE name)
+{
+    Library* library;
+    void* address = NULL;
+    Check_Type(name, T_STRING);
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Library, library);
+    address = dl_sym(library->handle, StringValueCStr(name));
+    
+    return address != NULL ? symbol_new(self, address, name) : Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: last_error
+ * @return [String] library's last error string
+ */
+static VALUE
+library_dlerror(VALUE self)
+{
+    char errmsg[1024];
+    dl_error(errmsg, sizeof(errmsg));
+    return rb_tainted_str_new2(errmsg);
+}
+
+static void
+library_free(Library* library)
+{
+    /* dlclose() on MacOS tends to segfault - avoid it */
+#ifndef __APPLE__
+    if (library->handle != NULL) {
+        dl_close(library->handle);
+    }
+#endif
+    xfree(library);
+}
+
+#if (defined(_WIN32) || defined(__WIN32__)) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
+static void*
+dl_open(const char* name, int flags)
+{
+    if (name == NULL) {
+        return GetModuleHandle(NULL);
+    } else {
+        return LoadLibraryExA(name, NULL, LOAD_WITH_ALTERED_SEARCH_PATH);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+dl_error(char* buf, int size)
+{
+    FormatMessageA(FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM, NULL, GetLastError(),
+            0, buf, size, NULL);
+}
+#endif
+
+static VALUE
+symbol_allocate(VALUE klass)
+{
+    LibrarySymbol* sym;
+    VALUE obj = Data_Make_Struct(klass, LibrarySymbol, NULL, -1, sym);
+    sym->name = Qnil;
+    sym->library = Qnil;
+    sym->base.rbParent = Qnil;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: initialize_copy(other)
+ * @param [Object] other
+ * @return [nil]
+ * DO NOT CALL THIS METHOD
+ */
+static VALUE
+symbol_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "cannot duplicate symbol");
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+symbol_new(VALUE library, void* address, VALUE name)
+{
+    LibrarySymbol* sym;
+    VALUE obj = Data_Make_Struct(SymbolClass, LibrarySymbol, symbol_mark, -1, sym);
+
+    sym->base.memory.address = address;
+    sym->base.memory.size = LONG_MAX;
+    sym->base.memory.typeSize = 1;
+    sym->base.memory.flags = MEM_RD | MEM_WR;
+    sym->library = library;
+    sym->name = name;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static void
+symbol_mark(LibrarySymbol* sym)
+{
+    rb_gc_mark(sym->library);
+    rb_gc_mark(sym->name);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: inspect
+ * @return [String]
+ * Inspect.
+ */
+static VALUE
+symbol_inspect(VALUE self)
+{
+    LibrarySymbol* sym;
+    char buf[256];
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, LibrarySymbol, sym);
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "#<FFI::Library::Symbol name=%s address=%p>",
+             StringValueCStr(sym->name), sym->base.memory.address);
+    return rb_str_new2(buf);
+}
+
+void
+rbffi_DynamicLibrary_Init(VALUE moduleFFI)
+{
+    /*
+     * Document-class: FFI::DynamicLibrary
+     */
+    LibraryClass = rb_define_class_under(moduleFFI, "DynamicLibrary", rb_cObject);
+    rb_global_variable(&LibraryClass);
+    /*
+     * Document-class: FFI::DynamicLibrary::Symbol < FFI::Pointer
+     *
+     * An instance of this class represents a library symbol. It may be a {Pointer pointer} to
+     * a function or to a variable.
+     */
+    SymbolClass = rb_define_class_under(LibraryClass, "Symbol", rbffi_PointerClass);
+    rb_global_variable(&SymbolClass);
+
+    /*
+     * Document-const: FFI::NativeLibrary
+     * Backward compatibility for FFI::DynamicLibrary
+     */
+    rb_define_const(moduleFFI, "NativeLibrary", LibraryClass); /* backwards compat library */
+    rb_define_alloc_func(LibraryClass, library_allocate);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(LibraryClass, "open", library_open, 2);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(LibraryClass, "last_error", library_dlerror, 0);
+    rb_define_method(LibraryClass, "initialize", library_initialize, 2);
+    /*
+     * Document-method: find_symbol
+     * call-seq: find_symbol(name)
+     * @param [String] name library symbol's name
+     * @return [FFI::DynamicLibrary::Symbol] library symbol
+     */
+    rb_define_method(LibraryClass, "find_symbol", library_dlsym, 1);
+    /*
+     * Document-method: find_function
+     * call-seq: find_function(name)
+     * @param [String] name library function's name
+     * @return [FFI::DynamicLibrary::Symbol] library function symbol
+     */
+    rb_define_method(LibraryClass, "find_function", library_dlsym, 1);
+    /*
+     * Document-method: find_variable
+     * call-seq: find_variable(name)
+     * @param [String] name library variable's name
+     * @return [FFI::DynamicLibrary::Symbol] library variable symbol
+     */
+    rb_define_method(LibraryClass, "find_variable", library_dlsym, 1);
+    rb_define_method(LibraryClass, "last_error", library_dlerror, 0);
+    rb_define_attr(LibraryClass, "name", 1, 0);
+
+    rb_define_alloc_func(SymbolClass, symbol_allocate);
+    rb_undef_method(SymbolClass, "new");
+    rb_define_method(SymbolClass, "inspect", symbol_inspect, 0);
+    rb_define_method(SymbolClass, "initialize_copy", symbol_initialize_copy, 1);
+
+#define DEF(x) rb_define_const(LibraryClass, "RTLD_" #x, UINT2NUM(RTLD_##x))
+    DEF(LAZY);
+    DEF(NOW);
+    DEF(GLOBAL);
+    DEF(LOCAL);
+    DEF(NOLOAD);
+    DEF(NODELETE);
+    DEF(FIRST);
+    DEF(DEEPBIND);
+    DEF(MEMBER);
+    DEF(BINDING_MASK);
+    DEF(LOCATION_MASK);
+    DEF(ALL_MASK);
+#undef DEF
+
+}
+

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.2.0/gems/ffi-1.9.10/ext/ffi_c/DynamicLibrary.h

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2008-2010 Wayne Meissner
+ * Copyright (c) 2008-2013, Ruby FFI project contributors
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+ *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ *     * Neither the name of the Ruby FFI project nor the
+ *       names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
+ *       derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL <COPYRIGHT HOLDER> BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+ * DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _LIBRARY_H
+#define	_LIBRARY_H
+
+#ifdef	__cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/* if these aren't defined (eg. windows), we need sensible defaults */
+#ifndef RTLD_LAZY
+#define RTLD_LAZY 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RTLD_NOW
+#define RTLD_NOW 2
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RTLD_LOCAL
+#define RTLD_LOCAL 4
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RTLD_GLOBAL
+#define RTLD_GLOBAL 8
+#endif
+
+/* If these aren't defined, they're not supported so define as 0 */
+#ifndef RTLD_NOLOAD
+#define RTLD_NOLOAD 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RTLD_NODELETE
+#define RTLD_NODELETE 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RTLD_FIRST
+#define RTLD_FIRST 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RTLD_DEEPBIND
+#define RTLD_DEEPBIND 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RTLD_MEMBER
+#define RTLD_MEMBER 0
+#endif
+
+/* convenience */
+#ifndef RTLD_BINDING_MASK
+#define RTLD_BINDING_MASK (RTLD_LAZY | RTLD_NOW)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RTLD_LOCATION_MASK
+#define RTLD_LOCATION_MASK (RTLD_LOCAL | RTLD_GLOBAL)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RTLD_ALL_MASK
+#define RTLD_ALL_MASK (RTLD_BINDING_MASK | RTLD_LOCATION_MASK | RTLD_NOLOAD | RTLD_NODELETE | RTLD_FIRST | RTLD_DEEPBIND | RTLD_MEMBER)
+#endif
+
+typedef struct Library {
+    void* handle;
+} Library;
+
+extern void rbffi_DynamicLibrary_Init(VALUE ffiModule);
+
+#ifdef	__cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif	/* _LIBRARY_H */
+

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.2.0/gems/ffi-1.9.10/ext/ffi_c/Function.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1000 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009-2011 Wayne Meissner
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2008-2013, Ruby FFI project contributors
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+ *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ *     * Neither the name of the Ruby FFI project nor the
+ *       names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
+ *       derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL <COPYRIGHT HOLDER> BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+ * DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#endif
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#ifndef _WIN32
+# include <sys/mman.h>
+# include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+# include <stdint.h>
+# include <stdbool.h>
+#else
+# include "win32/stdbool.h"
+# if !defined(INT8_MIN)
+#  include "win32/stdint.h"
+# endif
+#endif
+#include <ruby.h>
+
+#include <ffi.h>
+#if defined(HAVE_NATIVETHREAD) && !defined(_WIN32)
+#include <pthread.h>
+#endif
+#include <fcntl.h>
+
+#include "rbffi.h"
+#include "compat.h"
+
+#include "AbstractMemory.h"
+#include "Pointer.h"
+#include "Struct.h"
+#include "Platform.h"
+#include "Type.h"
+#include "LastError.h"
+#include "Call.h"
+#include "ClosurePool.h"
+#include "MappedType.h"
+#include "Thread.h"
+#include "LongDouble.h"
+#include "MethodHandle.h"
+#include "Function.h"
+
+typedef struct Function_ {
+    Pointer base;
+    FunctionType* info;
+    MethodHandle* methodHandle;
+    bool autorelease;
+    Closure* closure;
+    VALUE rbProc;
+    VALUE rbFunctionInfo;
+} Function;
+
+static void function_mark(Function *);
+static void function_free(Function *);
+static VALUE function_init(VALUE self, VALUE rbFunctionInfo, VALUE rbProc);
+static void callback_invoke(ffi_cif* cif, void* retval, void** parameters, void* user_data);
+static bool callback_prep(void* ctx, void* code, Closure* closure, char* errmsg, size_t errmsgsize);
+static void* callback_with_gvl(void* data);
+static VALUE invoke_callback(void* data);
+static VALUE save_callback_exception(void* data, VALUE exc);
+
+#define DEFER_ASYNC_CALLBACK 1
+
+
+#if defined(DEFER_ASYNC_CALLBACK)
+static VALUE async_cb_event(void *);
+static VALUE async_cb_call(void *);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_THREAD_CALL_WITH_GVL
+extern void *rb_thread_call_with_gvl(void *(*func)(void *), void *data1);
+#endif
+
+VALUE rbffi_FunctionClass = Qnil;
+
+#if defined(DEFER_ASYNC_CALLBACK)
+static VALUE async_cb_thread = Qnil;
+#endif
+
+static ID id_call = 0, id_to_native = 0, id_from_native = 0, id_cbtable = 0, id_cb_ref = 0;
+
+struct gvl_callback {
+    Closure* closure;
+    void*    retval;
+    void**   parameters;
+    bool done;
+    rbffi_frame_t *frame;
+#if defined(DEFER_ASYNC_CALLBACK)
+    struct gvl_callback* next;
+# ifndef _WIN32
+    pthread_cond_t async_cond;
+    pthread_mutex_t async_mutex;
+# else
+    HANDLE async_event;
+# endif
+#endif
+};
+
+
+#if defined(DEFER_ASYNC_CALLBACK)
+static struct gvl_callback* async_cb_list = NULL;
+# ifndef _WIN32
+    static pthread_mutex_t async_cb_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
+    static pthread_cond_t async_cb_cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
+#  if !(defined(HAVE_RB_THREAD_BLOCKING_REGION) || defined(HAVE_RB_THREAD_CALL_WITHOUT_GVL))
+    static int async_cb_pipe[2];
+#  endif
+# else
+    static HANDLE async_cb_cond;
+    static CRITICAL_SECTION async_cb_lock;
+#  if !(defined(HAVE_RB_THREAD_BLOCKING_REGION) || defined(HAVE_RB_THREAD_CALL_WITHOUT_GVL))
+    static int async_cb_pipe[2];
+#  endif
+# endif
+#endif
+
+
+static VALUE
+function_allocate(VALUE klass)
+{
+    Function *fn;
+    VALUE obj;
+
+    obj = Data_Make_Struct(klass, Function, function_mark, function_free, fn);
+
+    fn->base.memory.flags = MEM_RD;
+    fn->base.rbParent = Qnil;
+    fn->rbProc = Qnil;
+    fn->rbFunctionInfo = Qnil;
+    fn->autorelease = true;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static void
+function_mark(Function *fn)
+{
+    rb_gc_mark(fn->base.rbParent);
+    rb_gc_mark(fn->rbProc);
+    rb_gc_mark(fn->rbFunctionInfo);
+}
+
+static void
+function_free(Function *fn)
+{
+    if (fn->methodHandle != NULL) {
+        rbffi_MethodHandle_Free(fn->methodHandle);
+    }
+
+    if (fn->closure != NULL && fn->autorelease) {
+        rbffi_Closure_Free(fn->closure);
+    }
+
+    xfree(fn);
+}
+
+/*
+ * @param [Type, Symbol] return_type return type for the function
+ * @param [Array<Type, Symbol>] param_types array of parameters types
+ * @param [Hash] options see {FFI::FunctionType} for available options
+ * @return [self]
+ * A new Function instance.
+ *
+ * Define a function from a Proc or a block.
+ *
+ * @overload initialize(return_type, param_types, options = {}) { |i| ... }
+ *  @yieldparam i parameters for the function
+ * @overload initialize(return_type, param_types, proc, options = {})
+ *  @param [Proc] proc
+ */
+static VALUE
+function_initialize(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    
+    VALUE rbReturnType = Qnil, rbParamTypes = Qnil, rbProc = Qnil, rbOptions = Qnil;
+    VALUE rbFunctionInfo = Qnil;
+    VALUE infoArgv[3];
+    int nargs;
+
+    nargs = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "22", &rbReturnType, &rbParamTypes, &rbProc, &rbOptions);
+
+    /*
+     * Callback with block,
+     * e.g. Function.new(:int, [ :int ]) { |i| blah }
+     * or   Function.new(:int, [ :int ], { :convention => :stdcall }) { |i| blah }
+     */
+    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+        if (nargs > 3) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "cannot create function with both proc/address and block");
+        }
+        rbOptions = rbProc;
+        rbProc = rb_block_proc();
+    } else {
+        /* Callback with proc, or Function with address
+         * e.g. Function.new(:int, [ :int ], Proc.new { |i| })
+         *      Function.new(:int, [ :int ], Proc.new { |i| }, { :convention => :stdcall })
+         *      Function.new(:int, [ :int ], addr)
+         *      Function.new(:int, [ :int ], addr, { :convention => :stdcall })
+         */
+    }
+    
+    infoArgv[0] = rbReturnType;
+    infoArgv[1] = rbParamTypes;
+    infoArgv[2] = rbOptions;
+    rbFunctionInfo = rb_class_new_instance(rbOptions != Qnil ? 3 : 2, infoArgv, rbffi_FunctionTypeClass);
+
+    function_init(self, rbFunctionInfo, rbProc);
+    
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: initialize_copy(other)
+ * @return [nil]
+ * DO NOT CALL THIS METHOD
+ */
+static VALUE
+function_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "cannot duplicate function instances");
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rbffi_Function_NewInstance(VALUE rbFunctionInfo, VALUE rbProc)
+{
+    return function_init(function_allocate(rbffi_FunctionClass), rbFunctionInfo, rbProc);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rbffi_Function_ForProc(VALUE rbFunctionInfo, VALUE proc)
+{
+    VALUE callback, cbref, cbTable;
+    Function* fp;
+
+    cbref = RTEST(rb_ivar_defined(proc, id_cb_ref)) ? rb_ivar_get(proc, id_cb_ref) : Qnil;
+    /* If the first callback reference has the same function function signature, use it */
+    if (cbref != Qnil && CLASS_OF(cbref) == rbffi_FunctionClass) {
+        Data_Get_Struct(cbref, Function, fp);
+        if (fp->rbFunctionInfo == rbFunctionInfo) {
+            return cbref;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    cbTable = RTEST(rb_ivar_defined(proc, id_cbtable)) ? rb_ivar_get(proc, id_cbtable) : Qnil;
+    if (cbTable != Qnil && (callback = rb_hash_aref(cbTable, rbFunctionInfo)) != Qnil) {
+        return callback;
+    }
+    
+    /* No existing function for the proc with that signature, create a new one and cache it */
+    callback = rbffi_Function_NewInstance(rbFunctionInfo, proc);
+    if (cbref == Qnil) {
+        /* If there is no other cb already cached for this proc, we can use the ivar slot */
+        rb_ivar_set(proc, id_cb_ref, callback);
+    } else {
+        /* The proc instance has been used as more than one type of callback, store extras in a hash */
+        cbTable = rb_hash_new();
+        rb_ivar_set(proc, id_cbtable, cbTable);
+        rb_hash_aset(cbTable, rbFunctionInfo, callback);
+    }
+
+    return callback;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+function_init(VALUE self, VALUE rbFunctionInfo, VALUE rbProc)
+{
+    Function* fn = NULL;
+    
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Function, fn);
+
+    fn->rbFunctionInfo = rbFunctionInfo;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(fn->rbFunctionInfo, FunctionType, fn->info);
+
+    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(rbProc, rbffi_PointerClass)) {
+        Pointer* orig;
+        Data_Get_Struct(rbProc, Pointer, orig);
+        fn->base.memory = orig->memory;
+        fn->base.rbParent = rbProc;
+
+    } else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(rbProc, rb_cProc) || rb_respond_to(rbProc, id_call)) {
+        if (fn->info->closurePool == NULL) {
+            fn->info->closurePool = rbffi_ClosurePool_New(sizeof(ffi_closure), callback_prep, fn->info);
+            if (fn->info->closurePool == NULL) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eNoMemError, "failed to create closure pool");
+            }
+        }
+
+#if defined(DEFER_ASYNC_CALLBACK)
+        if (async_cb_thread == Qnil) {
+#if !(defined(HAVE_RB_THREAD_BLOCKING_REGION) || defined(HAVE_RB_THREAD_CALL_WITHOUT_GVL)) && defined(_WIN32)
+            _pipe(async_cb_pipe, 1024, O_BINARY);
+#elif !(defined(HAVE_RB_THREAD_BLOCKING_REGION) || defined(HAVE_RB_THREAD_CALL_WITHOUT_GVL))
+            pipe(async_cb_pipe);
+            fcntl(async_cb_pipe[0], F_SETFL, fcntl(async_cb_pipe[0], F_GETFL) | O_NONBLOCK);
+            fcntl(async_cb_pipe[1], F_SETFL, fcntl(async_cb_pipe[1], F_GETFL) | O_NONBLOCK);
+#endif
+            async_cb_thread = rb_thread_create(async_cb_event, NULL);
+        }
+
+#endif
+
+        fn->closure = rbffi_Closure_Alloc(fn->info->closurePool);
+        fn->closure->info = fn;
+        fn->base.memory.address = fn->closure->code;
+        fn->base.memory.size = sizeof(*fn->closure);
+        fn->autorelease = true;
+
+    } else {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %s, expected pointer or proc",
+                rb_obj_classname(rbProc));
+    }
+    
+    fn->rbProc = rbProc;
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: call(*args)
+ * @param [Array] args function arguments
+ * @return [FFI::Type]
+ * Call the function
+ */
+static VALUE
+function_call(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    Function* fn;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Function, fn);
+
+    return (*fn->info->invoke)(argc, argv, fn->base.memory.address, fn->info);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: attach(m, name)
+ * @param [Module] m
+ * @param [String] name
+ * @return [self]
+ * Attach a Function to the Module +m+ as +name+.
+ */
+static VALUE
+function_attach(VALUE self, VALUE module, VALUE name)
+{
+    Function* fn;
+    char var[1024];
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Function, fn);
+
+    if (fn->info->parameterCount == -1) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "cannot attach variadic functions");
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(module, rb_cModule)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "trying to attach function to non-module");
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    if (fn->methodHandle == NULL) {
+        fn->methodHandle = rbffi_MethodHandle_Alloc(fn->info, fn->base.memory.address);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Stash the Function in a module variable so it does not get garbage collected
+     */
+    snprintf(var, sizeof(var), "@@%s", StringValueCStr(name));
+    rb_cv_set(module, var, self);
+
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, StringValueCStr(name),
+            rbffi_MethodHandle_CodeAddress(fn->methodHandle), -1);
+
+    
+    rb_define_method(module, StringValueCStr(name),
+            rbffi_MethodHandle_CodeAddress(fn->methodHandle), -1);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: autorelease = autorelease
+ * @param [Boolean] autorelease
+ * @return [self]
+ * Set +autorelease+ attribute (See {Pointer}).
+ */
+static VALUE
+function_set_autorelease(VALUE self, VALUE autorelease)
+{
+    Function* fn;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Function, fn);
+
+    fn->autorelease = RTEST(autorelease);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+function_autorelease_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    Function* fn;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Function, fn);
+
+    return fn->autorelease ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: free
+ * @return [self]
+ * Free memory allocated by Function.
+ */
+static VALUE
+function_release(VALUE self)
+{
+    Function* fn;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, Function, fn);
+
+    if (fn->closure == NULL) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "cannot free function which was not allocated");
+    }
+    
+    rbffi_Closure_Free(fn->closure);
+    fn->closure = NULL;
+    
+    return self;
+}
+
+static void
+callback_invoke(ffi_cif* cif, void* retval, void** parameters, void* user_data)
+{
+    struct gvl_callback cb = { 0 };
+    
+    cb.closure = (Closure *) user_data;
+    cb.retval = retval;
+    cb.parameters = parameters;
+    cb.done = false;
+    cb.frame = rbffi_frame_current();
+    
+    if (cb.frame != NULL) cb.frame->exc = Qnil;
+    if (cb.frame != NULL && cb.frame->has_gvl) {
+        callback_with_gvl(&cb);
+
+#if defined(HAVE_RB_THREAD_CALL_WITH_GVL)
+    } else if (cb.frame != NULL) {
+        rb_thread_call_with_gvl(callback_with_gvl, &cb);
+#endif
+#if defined(DEFER_ASYNC_CALLBACK) && !defined(_WIN32)
+    } else {
+        bool empty = false;
+
+        pthread_mutex_init(&cb.async_mutex, NULL);
+        pthread_cond_init(&cb.async_cond, NULL);
+
+        /* Now signal the async callback thread */
+        pthread_mutex_lock(&async_cb_mutex);
+        empty = async_cb_list == NULL;
+        cb.next = async_cb_list;
+        async_cb_list = &cb;
+
+#if !(defined(HAVE_RB_THREAD_BLOCKING_REGION) || defined(HAVE_RB_THREAD_CALL_WITHOUT_GVL))
+        pthread_mutex_unlock(&async_cb_mutex);
+        /* Only signal if the list was empty */
+        if (empty) {
+            char c;
+            write(async_cb_pipe[1], &c, 1);
+        }
+#else
+        pthread_cond_signal(&async_cb_cond);
+        pthread_mutex_unlock(&async_cb_mutex);
+#endif
+
+        /* Wait for the thread executing the ruby callback to signal it is done */
+        pthread_mutex_lock(&cb.async_mutex);
+        while (!cb.done) {
+            pthread_cond_wait(&cb.async_cond, &cb.async_mutex);
+        }
+        pthread_mutex_unlock(&cb.async_mutex);
+        pthread_cond_destroy(&cb.async_cond);
+        pthread_mutex_destroy(&cb.async_mutex);
+
+#elif defined(DEFER_ASYNC_CALLBACK) && defined(_WIN32)
+    } else {
+        bool empty = false;
+
+        cb.async_event = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
+
+        /* Now signal the async callback thread */
+        EnterCriticalSection(&async_cb_lock);
+        empty = async_cb_list == NULL;
+        cb.next = async_cb_list;
+        async_cb_list = &cb;
+        LeaveCriticalSection(&async_cb_lock);
+
+#if !(defined(HAVE_RB_THREAD_BLOCKING_REGION) || defined(HAVE_RB_THREAD_CALL_WITHOUT_GVL))
+        /* Only signal if the list was empty */
+        if (empty) {
+            char c;
+            write(async_cb_pipe[1], &c, 1);
+        }
+#else
+        SetEvent(async_cb_cond);
+#endif
+
+        /* Wait for the thread executing the ruby callback to signal it is done */
+        WaitForSingleObject(cb.async_event, INFINITE);
+        CloseHandle(cb.async_event);
+#endif
+    }
+}
+
+#if defined(DEFER_ASYNC_CALLBACK)
+struct async_wait {
+    void* cb;
+    bool stop;
+};
+
+static VALUE async_cb_wait(void *);
+static void async_cb_stop(void *);
+
+#if defined(HAVE_RB_THREAD_BLOCKING_REGION) || defined(HAVE_RB_THREAD_CALL_WITHOUT_GVL)
+static VALUE
+async_cb_event(void* unused)
+{
+    struct async_wait w = { 0 };
+
+    w.stop = false;
+    while (!w.stop) {
+#if defined(HAVE_RB_THREAD_CALL_WITHOUT_GVL)
+        rb_thread_call_without_gvl(async_cb_wait, &w, async_cb_stop, &w);
+#else
+        rb_thread_blocking_region(async_cb_wait, &w, async_cb_stop, &w);
+#endif
+        if (w.cb != NULL) {
+            /* Start up a new ruby thread to run the ruby callback */
+            rb_thread_create(async_cb_call, w.cb);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+static VALUE
+async_cb_event(void* unused)
+{
+    while (true) {
+        struct gvl_callback* cb;
+        char buf[64];
+        fd_set rfds;
+
+        FD_ZERO(&rfds);
+        FD_SET(async_cb_pipe[0], &rfds);
+        rb_thread_select(async_cb_pipe[0] + 1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+        read(async_cb_pipe[0], buf, sizeof(buf));
+
+        EnterCriticalSection(&async_cb_lock);
+        cb = async_cb_list;
+        async_cb_list = NULL;
+        LeaveCriticalSection(&async_cb_lock);
+
+        while (cb != NULL) {
+            struct gvl_callback* next = cb->next;
+            /* Start up a new ruby thread to run the ruby callback */
+            rb_thread_create(async_cb_call, cb);
+            cb = next;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+#else
+static VALUE
+async_cb_event(void* unused)
+{
+    while (true) {
+        struct gvl_callback* cb;
+        char buf[64];
+
+        if (read(async_cb_pipe[0], buf, sizeof(buf)) < 0) {
+            rb_thread_wait_fd(async_cb_pipe[0]);
+            while (read(async_cb_pipe[0], buf, sizeof (buf)) < 0) {
+                if (rb_io_wait_readable(async_cb_pipe[0]) != Qtrue) {
+                    return Qfalse;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        pthread_mutex_lock(&async_cb_mutex);
+        cb = async_cb_list;
+        async_cb_list = NULL;
+        pthread_mutex_unlock(&async_cb_mutex);
+
+        while (cb != NULL) {
+            struct gvl_callback* next = cb->next;
+            /* Start up a new ruby thread to run the ruby callback */
+            rb_thread_create(async_cb_call, cb);
+            cb = next;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+static VALUE
+async_cb_wait(void *data)
+{
+    struct async_wait* w = (struct async_wait *) data;
+
+    w->cb = NULL;
+
+    EnterCriticalSection(&async_cb_lock);
+
+    while (!w->stop && async_cb_list == NULL) {
+        LeaveCriticalSection(&async_cb_lock);
+        WaitForSingleObject(async_cb_cond, INFINITE);
+        EnterCriticalSection(&async_cb_lock);
+    }
+    
+    if (async_cb_list != NULL) {
+        w->cb = async_cb_list;
+        async_cb_list = async_cb_list->next;
+    }
+
+    LeaveCriticalSection(&async_cb_lock);
+    
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static void
+async_cb_stop(void *data)
+{
+    struct async_wait* w = (struct async_wait *) data;
+
+    EnterCriticalSection(&async_cb_lock);
+    w->stop = true;
+    LeaveCriticalSection(&async_cb_lock);
+    SetEvent(async_cb_cond);
+}
+
+#else
+static VALUE
+async_cb_wait(void *data)
+{
+    struct async_wait* w = (struct async_wait *) data;
+
+    w->cb = NULL;
+
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&async_cb_mutex);
+
+    while (!w->stop && async_cb_list == NULL) {
+        pthread_cond_wait(&async_cb_cond, &async_cb_mutex);
+    }
+    
+    if (async_cb_list != NULL) {
+        w->cb = async_cb_list;
+        async_cb_list = async_cb_list->next;
+    }
+
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&async_cb_mutex);
+    
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static void
+async_cb_stop(void *data)
+{
+    struct async_wait* w = (struct async_wait *) data;
+
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&async_cb_mutex);
+    w->stop = true;
+    pthread_cond_signal(&async_cb_cond);
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&async_cb_mutex);
+}
+#endif
+
+static VALUE
+async_cb_call(void *data)
+{
+    struct gvl_callback* cb = (struct gvl_callback *) data;
+    
+    callback_with_gvl(data);
+        
+    /* Signal the original native thread that the ruby code has completed */
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    SetEvent(cb->async_event);
+#else
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&cb->async_mutex);
+    cb->done = true;
+    pthread_cond_signal(&cb->async_cond);
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&cb->async_mutex);
+#endif
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+static void *
+callback_with_gvl(void* data)
+{
+    rb_rescue2(invoke_callback, (VALUE) data, save_callback_exception, (VALUE) data, rb_eException, (VALUE) 0);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+invoke_callback(void* data)
+{
+    struct gvl_callback* cb = (struct gvl_callback *) data;
+
+    Function* fn = (Function *) cb->closure->info;
+    FunctionType *cbInfo = fn->info;
+    Type* returnType = cbInfo->returnType;
+    void* retval = cb->retval;
+    void** parameters = cb->parameters;
+    VALUE* rbParams;
+    VALUE rbReturnType = cbInfo->rbReturnType;
+    VALUE rbReturnValue;
+    int i;
+
+    rbParams = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, cbInfo->parameterCount);
+    for (i = 0; i < cbInfo->parameterCount; ++i) {
+        VALUE param;
+        Type* paramType = cbInfo->parameterTypes[i];
+        VALUE rbParamType = rb_ary_entry(cbInfo->rbParameterTypes, i);
+
+        if (unlikely(paramType->nativeType == NATIVE_MAPPED)) {
+            rbParamType = ((MappedType *) paramType)->rbType;
+            paramType = ((MappedType *) paramType)->type;
+        }
+
+        switch (paramType->nativeType) {
+            case NATIVE_INT8:
+                param = INT2NUM(*(int8_t *) parameters[i]);
+                break;
+            case NATIVE_UINT8:
+                param = UINT2NUM(*(uint8_t *) parameters[i]);
+                break;
+            case NATIVE_INT16:
+                param = INT2NUM(*(int16_t *) parameters[i]);
+                break;
+            case NATIVE_UINT16:
+                param = UINT2NUM(*(uint16_t *) parameters[i]);
+                break;
+            case NATIVE_INT32:
+                param = INT2NUM(*(int32_t *) parameters[i]);
+                break;
+            case NATIVE_UINT32:
+                param = UINT2NUM(*(uint32_t *) parameters[i]);
+                break;
+            case NATIVE_INT64:
+                param = LL2NUM(*(int64_t *) parameters[i]);
+                break;
+            case NATIVE_UINT64:
+                param = ULL2NUM(*(uint64_t *) parameters[i]);
+                break;
+            case NATIVE_LONG:
+                param = LONG2NUM(*(long *) parameters[i]);
+                break;
+            case NATIVE_ULONG:
+                param = ULONG2NUM(*(unsigned long *) parameters[i]);
+                break;
+            case NATIVE_FLOAT32:
+                param = rb_float_new(*(float *) parameters[i]);
+                break;
+            case NATIVE_FLOAT64:
+                param = rb_float_new(*(double *) parameters[i]);
+                break;
+            case NATIVE_LONGDOUBLE:
+	      param = rbffi_longdouble_new(*(long double *) parameters[i]);
+                break;
+            case NATIVE_STRING:
+                param = (*(void **) parameters[i] != NULL) ? rb_tainted_str_new2(*(char **) parameters[i]) : Qnil;
+                break;
+            case NATIVE_POINTER:
+                param = rbffi_Pointer_NewInstance(*(void **) parameters[i]);
+                break;
+            case NATIVE_BOOL:
+                param = (*(uint8_t *) parameters[i]) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+                break;
+
+            case NATIVE_FUNCTION:
+            case NATIVE_CALLBACK:
+            case NATIVE_STRUCT:
+                param = rbffi_NativeValue_ToRuby(paramType, rbParamType, parameters[i]);
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                param = Qnil;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        /* Convert the native value into a custom ruby value */
+        if (unlikely(cbInfo->parameterTypes[i]->nativeType == NATIVE_MAPPED)) {
+            VALUE values[] = { param, Qnil };
+            param = rb_funcall2(((MappedType *) cbInfo->parameterTypes[i])->rbConverter, id_from_native, 2, values);
+        }
+
+        rbParams[i] = param;
+    }
+
+    rbReturnValue = rb_funcall2(fn->rbProc, id_call, cbInfo->parameterCount, rbParams);
+    RB_GC_GUARD_PTR(rbParams);
+    
+    if (unlikely(returnType->nativeType == NATIVE_MAPPED)) {
+        VALUE values[] = { rbReturnValue, Qnil };
+        rbReturnValue = rb_funcall2(((MappedType *) returnType)->rbConverter, id_to_native, 2, values);
+        rbReturnType = ((MappedType *) returnType)->rbType;
+        returnType = ((MappedType* ) returnType)->type;
+    }
+
+    if (rbReturnValue == Qnil || TYPE(rbReturnValue) == T_NIL) {
+        memset(retval, 0, returnType->ffiType->size);
+    } else switch (returnType->nativeType) {
+        case NATIVE_INT8:
+        case NATIVE_INT16:
+        case NATIVE_INT32:
+            *((ffi_sarg *) retval) = NUM2INT(rbReturnValue);
+            break;
+        case NATIVE_UINT8:
+        case NATIVE_UINT16:
+        case NATIVE_UINT32:
+            *((ffi_arg *) retval) = NUM2UINT(rbReturnValue);
+            break;
+        case NATIVE_INT64:
+            *((int64_t *) retval) = NUM2LL(rbReturnValue);
+            break;
+        case NATIVE_UINT64:
+            *((uint64_t *) retval) = NUM2ULL(rbReturnValue);
+            break;
+        case NATIVE_LONG:
+            *((ffi_sarg *) retval) = NUM2LONG(rbReturnValue);
+            break;
+        case NATIVE_ULONG:
+            *((ffi_arg *) retval) = NUM2ULONG(rbReturnValue);
+            break;
+        case NATIVE_FLOAT32:
+            *((float *) retval) = (float) NUM2DBL(rbReturnValue);
+            break;
+        case NATIVE_FLOAT64:
+            *((double *) retval) = NUM2DBL(rbReturnValue);
+            break;
+        case NATIVE_POINTER:
+            if (TYPE(rbReturnValue) == T_DATA && rb_obj_is_kind_of(rbReturnValue, rbffi_PointerClass)) {
+                *((void **) retval) = ((AbstractMemory *) DATA_PTR(rbReturnValue))->address;
+            } else {
+                /* Default to returning NULL if not a value pointer object.  handles nil case as well */
+                *((void **) retval) = NULL;
+            }
+            break;
+
+        case NATIVE_BOOL:
+            *((ffi_arg *) retval) = rbReturnValue == Qtrue;
+            break;
+
+        case NATIVE_FUNCTION:
+        case NATIVE_CALLBACK:
+            if (TYPE(rbReturnValue) == T_DATA && rb_obj_is_kind_of(rbReturnValue, rbffi_PointerClass)) {
+
+                *((void **) retval) = ((AbstractMemory *) DATA_PTR(rbReturnValue))->address;
+
+            } else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(rbReturnValue, rb_cProc) || rb_respond_to(rbReturnValue, id_call)) {
+                VALUE function;
+
+                function = rbffi_Function_ForProc(rbReturnType, rbReturnValue);
+
+                *((void **) retval) = ((AbstractMemory *) DATA_PTR(function))->address;
+            } else {
+                *((void **) retval) = NULL;
+            }
+            break;
+
+        case NATIVE_STRUCT:
+            if (TYPE(rbReturnValue) == T_DATA && rb_obj_is_kind_of(rbReturnValue, rbffi_StructClass)) {
+                AbstractMemory* memory = ((Struct *) DATA_PTR(rbReturnValue))->pointer;
+
+                if (memory->address != NULL) {
+                    memcpy(retval, memory->address, returnType->ffiType->size);
+
+                } else {
+                    memset(retval, 0, returnType->ffiType->size);
+                }
+                
+            } else {
+                memset(retval, 0, returnType->ffiType->size);
+            }
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            *((ffi_arg *) retval) = 0;
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE 
+save_callback_exception(void* data, VALUE exc)
+{
+    struct gvl_callback* cb = (struct gvl_callback *) data;
+    
+    memset(cb->retval, 0, ((Function *) cb->closure->info)->info->returnType->ffiType->size);
+    if (cb->frame != NULL) cb->frame->exc = exc;
+    
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static bool
+callback_prep(void* ctx, void* code, Closure* closure, char* errmsg, size_t errmsgsize)
+{
+    FunctionType* fnInfo = (FunctionType *) ctx;
+    ffi_status ffiStatus;
+
+    ffiStatus = ffi_prep_closure(code, &fnInfo->ffi_cif, callback_invoke, closure);
+    if (ffiStatus != FFI_OK) {
+        snprintf(errmsg, errmsgsize, "ffi_prep_closure failed.  status=%#x", ffiStatus);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void
+rbffi_Function_Init(VALUE moduleFFI)
+{
+    rbffi_FunctionInfo_Init(moduleFFI);
+    /*
+     * Document-class: FFI::Function < FFI::Pointer
+     */
+    rbffi_FunctionClass = rb_define_class_under(moduleFFI, "Function", rbffi_PointerClass);
+    
+    rb_global_variable(&rbffi_FunctionClass);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rbffi_FunctionClass, function_allocate);
+
+    rb_define_method(rbffi_FunctionClass, "initialize", function_initialize, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rbffi_FunctionClass, "initialize_copy", function_initialize_copy, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rbffi_FunctionClass, "call", function_call, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rbffi_FunctionClass, "attach", function_attach, 2);
+    rb_define_method(rbffi_FunctionClass, "free", function_release, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rbffi_FunctionClass, "autorelease=", function_set_autorelease, 1);
+    /*
+     * call-seq: autorelease
+     * @return [Boolean]
+     * Get +autorelease+ attribute.
+     * Synonymous for {#autorelease?}.
+     */
+    rb_define_method(rbffi_FunctionClass, "autorelease", function_autorelease_p, 0);
+    /*
+     * call-seq: autorelease?
+     * @return [Boolean] +autorelease+ attribute
+     * Get +autorelease+ attribute.
+     */
+    rb_define_method(rbffi_FunctionClass, "autorelease?", function_autorelease_p, 0);
+
+    id_call = rb_intern("call");
+    id_cbtable = rb_intern("@__ffi_callback_table__");
+    id_cb_ref = rb_intern("@__ffi_callback__");
+    id_to_native = rb_intern("to_native");
+    id_from_native = rb_intern("from_native");
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    InitializeCriticalSection(&async_cb_lock);
+    async_cb_cond = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
+#endif
+}
+