depengine 0.0.1

data/etc/isolate/jruby-1.8/gems/radius-0.6.1/test/parser_test.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+require File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'test_helper')
+
+class RadiusParserTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  include RadiusTestHelper
+  
+  def setup
+    @context = new_context
+    @parser = Radius::Parser.new(@context, :tag_prefix => 'r')
+  end
+  
+  def test_initialize
+    @parser = Radius::Parser.new
+    assert_kind_of Radius::Context, @parser.context
+  end
+  
+  def test_initialize_with_params
+    @parser = Radius::Parser.new(TestContext.new)
+    assert_kind_of TestContext, @parser.context
+    
+    @parser = Radius::Parser.new(:context => TestContext.new)
+    assert_kind_of TestContext, @parser.context
+    
+    @parser = Radius::Parser.new('context' => TestContext.new)
+    assert_kind_of TestContext, @parser.context
+    
+    @parser = Radius::Parser.new(:tag_prefix => 'r')
+    assert_kind_of Radius::Context, @parser.context
+    assert_equal 'r', @parser.tag_prefix
+    
+    @parser = Radius::Parser.new(TestContext.new, :tag_prefix => 'r')
+    assert_kind_of TestContext, @parser.context
+    assert_equal 'r', @parser.tag_prefix
+  end
+  
+  def test_parse_individual_tags_and_parameters
+    define_tag "add" do |tag|
+      tag.attr["param1"].to_i + tag.attr["param2"].to_i
+    end
+    assert_parse_output "<3>", %{<<r:add param1="1" param2='2'/>>}
+  end
+  
+  def test_parse_attributes
+    attributes = %{{"a"=>"1", "b"=>"2", "c"=>"3", "d"=>"'"}}
+    assert_parse_output attributes, %{<r:attr a="1" b='2'c="3"d="'" />}
+    assert_parse_output attributes, %{<r:attr a="1" b='2'c="3"d="'"></r:attr>}
+  end
+  
+  def test_parse_attributes_with_slashes_or_angle_brackets
+    slash = %{{"slash"=>"/"}}
+    angle = %{{"angle"=>">"}}
+    assert_parse_output slash, %{<r:attr slash="/"></r:attr>}
+    assert_parse_output slash, %{<r:attr slash="/"><r:attr /></r:attr>}
+    assert_parse_output angle, %{<r:attr angle=">"></r:attr>}
+  end
+  
+  def test_parse_quotes
+    assert_parse_output "test []", %{<r:echo value="test" /> <r:wrap attr="test"></r:wrap>}
+  end
+  
+  def test_things_that_should_be_left_alone
+    [
+      %{ test="2"="4" },
+      %{="2" } 
+    ].each do |middle|
+      assert_parsed_is_unchanged "<r:attr#{middle}/>"
+      assert_parsed_is_unchanged "<r:attr#{middle}>"
+    end
+  end
+  
+  def test_tags_inside_html_tags
+    assert_parse_output %{<div class="xzibit">tags in yo tags</div>},
+      %{<div class="<r:reverse>tibizx</r:reverse>">tags in yo tags</div>}
+  end
+    
+  def test_parse_result_is_always_a_string
+    define_tag("twelve") { 12 }
+    assert_parse_output "12", "<r:twelve />"
+  end
+  
+  def test_parse_double_tags
+    assert_parse_output "test".reverse, "<r:reverse>test</r:reverse>"
+    assert_parse_output "tset TEST", "<r:reverse>test</r:reverse> <r:capitalize>test</r:capitalize>"
+  end
+  
+  def test_parse_tag_nesting
+    define_tag("parent", :for => '')
+    define_tag("parent:child", :for => '')
+    define_tag("extra", :for => '')
+    define_tag("nesting") { |tag| tag.nesting }
+    define_tag("extra:nesting") { |tag| tag.nesting.gsub(':', ' > ') }
+    define_tag("parent:child:nesting") { |tag| tag.nesting.gsub(':', ' * ') }
+    assert_parse_output "nesting", "<r:nesting />"
+    assert_parse_output "parent:nesting", "<r:parent:nesting />"
+    assert_parse_output "extra > nesting", "<r:extra:nesting />"
+    assert_parse_output "parent * child * nesting", "<r:parent:child:nesting />"
+    assert_parse_output "parent > extra > nesting", "<r:parent:extra:nesting />"
+    assert_parse_output "parent > child > extra > nesting", "<r:parent:child:extra:nesting />"
+    assert_parse_output "parent * extra * child * nesting", "<r:parent:extra:child:nesting />"
+    assert_parse_output "parent > extra > child > extra > nesting", "<r:parent:extra:child:extra:nesting />"
+    assert_parse_output "parent > extra > child > extra > nesting", "<r:parent><r:extra><r:child><r:extra><r:nesting /></r:extra></r:child></r:extra></r:parent>"
+    assert_parse_output "extra * parent * child * nesting", "<r:extra:parent:child:nesting />"
+    assert_parse_output "extra > parent > nesting", "<r:extra><r:parent:nesting /></r:extra>"
+    assert_parse_output "extra * parent * child * nesting", "<r:extra:parent><r:child:nesting /></r:extra:parent>"
+    assert_raises(Radius::UndefinedTagError) { @parser.parse("<r:child />") }
+  end
+  def test_parse_tag_nesting_2
+    define_tag("parent", :for => '')
+    define_tag("parent:child", :for => '')
+    define_tag("content") { |tag| tag.nesting }
+    assert_parse_output 'parent:child:content', '<r:parent><r:child:content /></r:parent>'
+  end
+  
+  def test_parse_tag__binding_do_missing
+    define_tag 'test' do |tag|
+      tag.missing!
+    end
+    e = assert_raises(Radius::UndefinedTagError) { @parser.parse("<r:test />") }
+    assert_equal "undefined tag `test'", e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_parse_chirpy_bird
+    # :> chirp chirp
+    assert_parse_output "<:", "<:"
+  end
+
+  def test_parse_tag__binding_render_tag
+    define_tag('test') { |tag| "Hello #{tag.attr['name']}!" }
+    define_tag('hello') { |tag| tag.render('test', tag.attr) }
+    assert_parse_output 'Hello John!', '<r:hello name="John" />'
+  end
+  
+  def test_accessing_tag_attributes_through_tag_indexer
+    define_tag('test') { |tag| "Hello #{tag['name']}!" }
+    assert_parse_output 'Hello John!', '<r:test name="John" />'
+  end
+  
+  def test_parse_tag__binding_render_tag_with_block
+    define_tag('test') { |tag| "Hello #{tag.expand}!" }
+    define_tag('hello') { |tag| tag.render('test') { tag.expand } }
+    assert_parse_output 'Hello John!', '<r:hello>John</r:hello>'
+  end
+  
+  def test_tag_locals
+    define_tag "outer" do |tag|
+      tag.locals.var = 'outer'
+      tag.expand
+    end
+    define_tag "outer:inner" do |tag|
+      tag.locals.var = 'inner'
+      tag.expand
+    end
+    define_tag "outer:var" do |tag|
+      tag.locals.var
+    end
+    assert_parse_output 'outer', "<r:outer><r:var /></r:outer>"
+    assert_parse_output 'outer:inner:outer', "<r:outer><r:var />:<r:inner><r:var /></r:inner>:<r:var /></r:outer>"
+    assert_parse_output 'outer:inner:outer:inner:outer', "<r:outer><r:var />:<r:inner><r:var />:<r:outer><r:var /></r:outer>:<r:var /></r:inner>:<r:var /></r:outer>"
+    assert_parse_output 'outer', "<r:outer:var />"
+  end
+  
+  def test_tag_globals
+    define_tag "set" do |tag|
+      tag.globals.var = tag.attr['value']
+      ''
+    end
+    define_tag "var" do |tag|
+      tag.globals.var
+    end
+    assert_parse_output "  true  false", %{<r:var /> <r:set value="true" /> <r:var /> <r:set value="false" /> <r:var />}
+  end
+  
+  def test_parse_loops
+    @item = nil
+    define_tag "each" do |tag|
+      result = []
+      ["Larry", "Moe", "Curly"].each do |item|
+        tag.locals.item = item
+        result << tag.expand
+      end
+      result.join(tag.attr["between"] || "")
+    end
+    define_tag "each:item" do |tag|
+      tag.locals.item
+    end
+    assert_parse_output %{Three Stooges: "Larry", "Moe", "Curly"}, %{Three Stooges: <r:each between=", ">"<r:item />"</r:each>}
+  end
+  
+  def test_parse_speed
+    define_tag "set" do |tag|
+      tag.globals.var = tag.attr['value']
+      ''
+    end
+    define_tag "var" do |tag|
+      tag.globals.var
+    end
+    parts = %w{decima nobis augue at facer processus commodo legentis odio lectorum dolore nulla esse lius qui nonummy ullamcorper erat ii notare}
+    multiplier = parts.map{|p| "#{p}=\"#{rand}\""}.join(' ')
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      Timeout.timeout(10) do
+        assert_parse_output " false", %{<r:set value="false" #{multiplier} /> <r:var />}
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  
+  def test_tag_option_for
+    define_tag 'fun', :for => 'just for kicks'
+    assert_parse_output 'just for kicks', '<r:fun />'
+  end
+  
+  def test_tag_expose_option
+    define_tag 'user', :for => users.first, :expose => ['name', :age]
+    assert_parse_output 'John', '<r:user:name />'
+    assert_parse_output '25', '<r:user><r:age /></r:user>'
+    e = assert_raises(Radius::UndefinedTagError) { @parser.parse "<r:user:email />" }
+    assert_equal "undefined tag `email'", e.message
+  end
+  
+  def test_tag_expose_attributes_option_on_by_default
+    define_tag 'user', :for => user_with_attributes
+    assert_parse_output 'John', '<r:user:name />'
+  end
+  def test_tag_expose_attributes_set_to_false
+    define_tag 'user_without_attributes', :for => user_with_attributes, :attributes => false
+    assert_raises(Radius::UndefinedTagError) { @parser.parse "<r:user_without_attributes:name />" }
+  end
+  
+  def test_tag_options_must_contain_a_for_option_if_methods_are_exposed
+    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { define_tag('fun', :expose => :today) { 'test' } }
+    assert_equal "tag definition must contain a :for option when used with the :expose option", e.message
+  end
+  
+  def test_parse_fail_on_missing_end_tag
+    assert_raises(Radius::MissingEndTagError) { @parser.parse("<r:reverse>") }
+  end
+  
+  def test_parse_fail_on_wrong_end_tag
+    assert_raises(Radius::WrongEndTagError) { @parser.parse("<r:reverse><r:capitalize></r:reverse>") }
+  end
+  
+  def test_parse_with_default_tag_prefix
+    define_tag("hello") { |tag| "Hello world!" }
+    @parser = Radius::Parser.new(@context)
+    assert_equal "<p>Hello world!</p>", @parser.parse('<p><radius:hello /></p>')
+  end
+  
+  def test_parse_with_other_radius_like_tags
+    define_tag('hello') { "hello" }
+    @parser = Radius::Parser.new(@context, :tag_prefix => "ralph")
+    assert_equal "<r:ralph:hello />", @parser.parse("<r:ralph:hello />")
+  end
+  
+  protected
+  
+    def assert_parse_output(output, input, message = nil)
+      r = @parser.parse(input)
+      assert_equal(output, r, message)
+    end
+    
+    def assert_parsed_is_unchanged(something)
+      assert_parse_output something, something
+    end
+    
+    class User
+      attr_accessor :name, :age, :email, :friend
+      def initialize(name, age, email)
+        @name, @age, @email = name, age, email
+      end
+      def <=>(other)
+        name <=> other.name
+      end
+    end
+    
+    class UserWithAttributes < User
+      def attributes
+        { :name => name, :age => age, :email => email }
+      end
+    end
+    
+    def users
+      [
+        User.new('John', 25, 'test@johnwlong.com'),
+        User.new('James', 27, 'test@jameslong.com')
+      ]
+    end
+    
+    def user_with_attributes
+      UserWithAttributes.new('John', 25, 'test@johnwlong.com')
+    end
+  
+end

data/etc/isolate/jruby-1.8/gems/radius-0.6.1/test/quickstart_test.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+require File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'test_helper')
+
+class QuickstartTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  def test_hello_world
+    context = Radius::Context.new
+    context.define_tag "hello" do |tag|
+      "Hello #{tag.attr['name'] || 'World'}!"
+    end
+    parser = Radius::Parser.new(context)
+    assert_equal "<p>Hello World!</p>", parser.parse('<p><radius:hello /></p>')
+    assert_equal "<p>Hello John!</p>", parser.parse('<p><radius:hello name="John" /></p>')
+  end
+  
+  def test_example_2
+    require 'redcloth'
+    context = Radius::Context.new
+    context.define_tag "textile" do |tag|
+      contents = tag.expand
+      RedCloth.new(contents).to_html
+    end
+    parser = Radius::Parser.new(context)
+    assert_equal "<h1>Hello <b>World</b>!</h1>", parser.parse('<radius:textile>h1. Hello **World**!</radius:textile>')
+  end
+  
+  def test_nested_example
+    context = Radius::Context.new
+    
+    context.define_tag "stooge" do |tag|
+      content = ''
+      ["Larry", "Moe", "Curly"].each do |name|
+        tag.locals.name = name
+        content << tag.expand
+      end
+      content
+    end
+    
+    context.define_tag "stooge:name" do |tag|
+      tag.locals.name
+    end
+    
+    parser = Radius::Parser.new(context)
+    
+    template = <<-TEMPLATE
+<ul>
+<radius:stooge>
+  <li><radius:name /></li>
+</radius:stooge>
+</ul>
+    TEMPLATE
+    
+    output = <<-OUTPUT
+<ul>
+
+  <li>Larry</li>
+
+  <li>Moe</li>
+
+  <li>Curly</li>
+
+</ul>
+    OUTPUT
+    
+    assert_equal output, parser.parse(template)
+  end
+  
+  class User
+    attr_accessor :name, :age, :email
+  end
+  def test_exposing_objects_example
+    context = Radius::Context.new
+    parser = Radius::Parser.new(context)
+    
+    context.define_tag "count", :for => 1
+    assert_equal "1", parser.parse("<radius:count />")
+    
+    user = User.new
+    user.name, user.age, user.email = "John", 29, "john@example.com"
+    context.define_tag "user", :for => user, :expose => [ :name, :age, :email ]
+    assert_equal "John", parser.parse("<radius:user><radius:name /></radius:user>")
+    
+    assert_equal "John", parser.parse("<radius:user:name />")
+  end
+  
+  class LazyContext < Radius::Context
+    def tag_missing(tag, attr, &block)
+      "<strong>ERROR: Undefined tag `#{tag}' with attributes #{attr.inspect}</strong>"
+    end
+  end
+  def test_tag_missing_example
+    parser = Radius::Parser.new(LazyContext.new, :tag_prefix => 'lazy')
+    output = %{<strong>ERROR: Undefined tag `weird' with attributes {"value"=>"true"}</strong>}
+    assert_equal output, parser.parse('<lazy:weird value="true" />')
+  end
+  
+  def test_tag_globals_example
+    context = Radius::Context.new
+    parser = Radius::Parser.new(context)
+    
+    context.define_tag "inc" do |tag|
+      tag.globals.count ||= 0
+      tag.globals.count += 1
+      ""
+    end
+    
+    context.define_tag "count" do |tag|
+      tag.globals.count || 0
+    end
+    
+    assert_equal "0 1", parser.parse("<radius:count /> <radius:inc /><radius:count />")
+  end
+  
+  class Person
+    attr_accessor :name, :friend
+    def initialize(name)
+      @name = name
+    end
+  end
+  def test_tag_locals_and_globals_example
+    jack = Person.new('Jack')
+    jill = Person.new('Jill')
+    jack.friend = jill
+    jill.friend = jack
+    
+    context = Radius::Context.new do |c|
+      c.define_tag "jack" do |tag|
+        tag.locals.person = jack
+        tag.expand
+      end
+      c.define_tag "jill" do |tag|
+        tag.locals.person = jill
+        tag.expand
+      end
+      c.define_tag "name" do |tag|
+        tag.locals.person.name rescue tag.missing!
+      end
+      c.define_tag "friend" do |tag|
+        tag.locals.person = tag.locals.person.friend rescue tag.missing!
+        tag.expand
+      end
+    end
+    
+    parser = Radius::Parser.new(context, :tag_prefix => 'r')
+    
+    assert_equal "Jack", parser.parse('<r:jack:name />') #=> "Jack"
+    assert_equal "Jill", parser.parse('<r:jill:name />') #=> "Jill"
+    assert_equal "Jack", parser.parse('<r:jill:friend:name />') #=> "Jack"
+    assert_equal "Jack", parser.parse('<r:jack:friend:friend:name />') #=> "Jack"
+    assert_equal "Jack and Jill", parser.parse('<r:jill><r:friend:name /> and <r:name /></r:jill>') #=> "Jack and Jill"
+    assert_raises(Radius::UndefinedTagError) { parser.parse('<r:name />') } # raises a Radius::UndefinedTagError exception
+  end
+  
+end

data/etc/isolate/jruby-1.8/gems/radius-0.6.1/test/test_helper.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+require 'timeout'
+
+unless defined? RADIUS_LIB
+  
+  RADIUS_LIB = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', 'lib')
+  $LOAD_PATH << RADIUS_LIB
+  
+  require 'radius'
+  require 'test/unit'
+  
+  module RadiusTestHelper
+    class TestContext < Radius::Context; end
+    
+    def new_context
+      Radius::Context.new do |c|
+        c.define_tag("reverse"   ) { |tag| tag.expand.reverse }
+        c.define_tag("capitalize") { |tag| tag.expand.upcase  }
+        c.define_tag("attr"      ) { |tag| tag.attr.inspect   }
+        c.define_tag("echo"      ) { |tag| tag.attr['value']  }
+        c.define_tag("wrap"      ) { |tag| "[#{tag.expand}]"  }
+      end
+    end
+    
+    def define_tag(name, options = {}, &block)
+      @context.define_tag name, options, &block
+    end
+  end
+end

data/etc/isolate/jruby-1.8/gems/treetop-1.4.8/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Copyright (c) 2007 Nathan Sobo.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.

data/etc/isolate/jruby-1.8/gems/treetop-1.4.8/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+Support
+=======
+
+Support for Treetop is provided through the mailing list you can join or browse here:
+http://groups.google.com/group/treetop-dev 
+
+Tutorial
+========
+Languages can be split into two components, their *syntax* and their *semantics*. It's your understanding of English syntax that tells you the stream of words "Sleep furiously green ideas colorless" is not a valid sentence. Semantics is deeper. Even if we rearrange the above sentence to be "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously", which is syntactically correct, it remains nonsensical on a semantic level. With Treetop, you'll be dealing with languages that are much simpler than English, but these basic concepts apply. Your programs will need to address both the syntax and the semantics of the languages they interpret.
+
+Treetop equips you with powerful tools for each of these two aspects of interpreter writing. You'll describe the syntax of your language with a *parsing expression grammar*. From this description, Treetop will generate a Ruby parser that transforms streams of characters written into your language into *abstract syntax trees* representing their structure. You'll then describe the semantics of your language in Ruby by defining methods on the syntax trees the parser generates.
+
+Parsing Expression Grammars, The Basics
+=======================================
+The first step in using Treetop is defining a grammar in a file with the `.treetop` extension. Here's a grammar that's useless because it's empty:
+    
+    # my_grammar.treetop
+    grammar MyGrammar
+    end
+
+Next, you start filling your grammar with rules. Each rule associates a name with a parsing expression, like the following:
+
+    # my_grammar.treetop
+    # You can use a .tt extension instead if you wish
+    grammar MyGrammar
+      rule hello
+        'hello chomsky'
+      end
+    end
+
+The first rule becomes the *root* of the grammar, causing its expression to be matched when a parser for the grammar is fed a string. The above grammar can now be used in a Ruby program. Notice how a string matching the first rule parses successfully, but a second nonmatching string does not.
+
+    # use_grammar.rb
+    require 'rubygems'
+    require 'treetop'
+    Treetop.load 'my_grammar'
+    # or just:
+    # require 'my_grammar'                     # This works because Polyglot hooks "require" to find and load Treetop files
+    
+    parser = MyGrammarParser.new
+    puts parser.parse('hello chomsky')         # => Treetop::Runtime::SyntaxNode
+    puts parser.parse('silly generativists!')  # => nil
+
+Users of *regular expressions* will find parsing expressions familiar. They share the same basic purpose, matching strings against patterns. However, parsing expressions can recognize a broader category of languages than their less expressive brethren. Before we get into demonstrating that, lets cover some basics. At first parsing expressions won't seem much different. Trust that they are.
+
+Terminal Symbols
+----------------
+The expression in the grammar above is a terminal symbol. It will only match a string that matches it exactly. There are two other kinds of terminal symbols, which we'll revisit later. Terminals are called *atomic expressions* because they aren't composed of smaller expressions.
+
+Ordered Choices
+---------------
+Ordered choices are *composite expressions*, which allow for any of several subexpressions to be matched. These should be familiar from regular expressions, but in parsing expressions, they are delimited by the `/` character. Its important to note that the choices are prioritized in the order they appear. If an earlier expression is matched, no subsequent expressions are tried. Here's an example:
+
+    # my_grammar.treetop
+    grammar MyGrammar
+      rule hello
+        'hello chomsky' / 'hello lambek'
+      end
+    end
+    
+    # fragment of use_grammar.rb
+    puts parser.parse('hello chomsky')         # => Treetop::Runtime::SyntaxNode
+    puts parser.parse('hello lambek')          # => Treetop::Runtime::SyntaxNode
+    puts parser.parse('silly generativists!')  # => nil
+
+Note that once a choice rule has matched the text using a particular alternative at a particular location in the input and hence has succeeded, that choice will never be reconsidered, even if the chosen alternative causes another rule to fail where a later alternative wouldn't have. It's always a later alternative, since the first to succeed is final - why keep looking when you've found what you wanted? This is a feature of PEG parsers that you need to understand if you're going to succeed in using Treetop. In order to memoize success and failures, such decisions cannot be reversed. Luckily Treetop provides a variety of clever ways you can tell it to avoid making the wrong decisions. But more on that later.
+
+Sequences
+---------
+Sequences are composed of other parsing expressions separated by spaces. Using sequences, we can tighten up the above grammar.
+
+    # my_grammar.treetop
+    grammar MyGrammar
+      rule hello
+        'hello ' ('chomsky' / 'lambek')
+      end
+    end
+
+Note the use of parentheses to override the default precedence rules, which bind sequences more tightly than choices.
+
+Once the whole sequence has been matched, the result is memoized and the details of the match will not be reconsidered for that location in the input.
+
+Nonterminal Symbols
+-------------------
+Here we leave regular expressions behind. Nonterminals allow expressions to refer to other expressions by name. A trivial use of this facility would allow us to make the above grammar more readable should the list of names grow longer.
+
+    # my_grammar.treetop
+    grammar MyGrammar
+      rule hello
+        'hello ' linguist
+      end
+      
+      rule linguist
+        'chomsky' / 'lambek' / 'jacobsen' / 'frege'
+      end
+    end
+
+The true power of this facility, however, is unleashed when writing *recursive expressions*. Here is a self-referential expression that can match any number of open parentheses followed by any number of closed parentheses. This is theoretically impossible with regular expressions due to the *pumping lemma*.
+
+    # parentheses.treetop
+    grammar Parentheses
+      rule parens
+        '(' parens ')' / ''
+      end
+    end
+
+
+The `parens` expression simply states that a `parens` is a set of parentheses surrounding another `parens` expression or, if that doesn't match, the empty string. If you are uncomfortable with recursion, its time to get comfortable, because it is the basis of language. Here's a tip: Don't try and imagine the parser circling round and round through the same rule. Instead, imagine the rule is *already* defined while you are defining it. If you imagine that `parens` already matches a string of matching parentheses, then its easy to think of `parens` as an open and closing parentheses around another set of matching parentheses, which conveniently, you happen to be defining. You know that `parens` is supposed to represent a string of matched parentheses, so trust in that meaning, even if you haven't fully implemented it yet.
+
+Repetition
+----------
+Any item in a rule may be followed by a '+' or a '*' character, signifying one-or-more and zero-or-more occurrences of that item. Beware though; the match is greedy, and if it matches too many items and causes subsequent items in the sequence to fail, the number matched will never be reconsidered. Here's a simple example of a rule that will never succeed:
+
+    # toogreedy.treetop
+    grammar TooGreedy
+      rule a_s
+      	'a'* 'a'
+      end
+    end
+
+The 'a'* will always eat up any 'a's that follow, and the subsequent 'a' will find none there, so the whole rule will fail. You might need to use lookahead to avoid matching too much. Alternatively, you can use an occurrence range:
+
+    # toogreedy.treetop
+    grammar TooGreedy
+      rule two_to_four_as
+      	'a' 2..4
+      end
+    end
+
+In an occurrence range, you may omit either the minimum count or the maximum count, so that "0.. " works like "*" and "1.. " works like '+'.
+
+Negative Lookahead
+------------------
+
+When you need to ensure that the following item *doesn't* match in some case where it might otherwise, you can use negat!ve lookahead, which is an item preceeded by a ! - here's an example:
+
+    # postcondition.treetop
+    grammar PostCondition
+      rule conditional_sentence
+        ( !conditional_keyword word )+ conditional_keyword [ \t]+ word*
+      end
+
+      rule word
+        ([a-zA-Z]+ [ \t]+) 
+      end
+
+      rule conditional_keyword
+        'if' / 'while' / 'until'
+      end
+    end
+
+Even though the rule `word` would match any of the conditional keywords, the first words of a conditional_sentence must not be conditional_keywords. The negative lookahead prevents that matching, and prevents the repetition from matching too much input. Note that the lookahead may be a grammar rule of any complexity, including one that isn't used elsewhere in your grammar.
+
+Positive lookahead
+------------------
+
+Sometimes you want an item to match, but only if the *following* text would match some pattern. You don't want to consume that following text, but if it's not there, you want this rule to fail. You can append a positive lookahead like this to a rule by appending the lookahead rule preceeded by an & character.
+
+Semantic predicates
+-------------------
+
+Warning: This is an advanced feature. You need to understand the way a packrat parser operates to use it correctly. The result of computing a rule containing a semantic predicate will be memoized, even if the same rule, applied later at the same location in the input, would work differently due to a semantic predicate returning a different value. If you don't understand the previous sentence yet still use this feature, you're on your own, so test carefully!
+
+Sometimes, you need to run external Ruby code to decide whether this syntax rule should continue or should fail. You can do this using either positive or negative semantic predicates. These are Ruby code blocks (lambdas) which are called when the parser reaches that location. For this rule to succeed, the value must be true for a positive predicate (a block like &{ ... }), or false for a negative predicate (a block like !{ ... }).
+
+The block is called with one argument, the array containing the preceding syntax nodes in the current sequence. Within the block, you cannot use node names or labels for the preceding nodes, as the node for the current rule does not yet exist. You must refer to preceding nodes using their position in the sequence.
+
+    grammar Keywords
+      rule sequence_of_reserved_and_nonreserved_words
+      	( reserved / word )*
+      end
+
+      rule reserved
+        word &{ |s| symbol_reserved?(s[0].text_value) }
+      end
+
+      rule word
+        ([a-zA-Z]+ [ \t]+) 
+      end
+    end
+
+One case where it is always safe to use a semantic predicate is to invoke the Ruby debugger, but don't forget to return true so the rule succeeds! Assuming you have required the 'ruby-debug' module somewhere, it looks like this:
+
+      rule problems
+        word &{ |s| debugger; true }
+      end
+
+When the debugger stops here, you can inspect the contents of the SyntaxNode for "word" by looking at s[0], and the stack trace will show how you got there.