decimal 0.1.0 → 0.1.1

data/inum200.h

@@ -0,0 +1,2350 @@
+/*
+ * Ruby's Integer part from ruby_2_0_0, r47627.
+ *
+ * These are hand copies (with few modifications) taken from original
+ * Ruby's code in "numeric.c" and "bignum.c," so the copyrights are
+ * held by matz and other contributors:
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 1993-2014 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+ *
+ */
+
+/*
+ * copied from internal.h
+ */
+
+#define MUL_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, min, max) ( \
+    (a) == 0 ? 0 : \
+    (a) == -1 ? (b) < -(max) : \
+    (a) > 0 ? \
+      ((b) > 0 ? (max) / (a) < (b) : (min) / (a) > (b)) : \
+      ((b) > 0 ? (min) / (a) < (b) : (max) / (a) > (b)))
+#define MUL_OVERFLOW_FIXNUM_P(a, b) MUL_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, FIXNUM_MIN, FIXNUM_MAX)
+
+/*
+ * copied from util.c
+ */
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
+#define IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#else
+#define IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __vax__
+#define VAX
+#undef IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#undef IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__arm__) && !defined(__VFP_FP__)
+#define IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#undef IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#undef Long
+#undef ULong
+
+#if SIZEOF_INT == 4
+#define Long int
+#define ULong unsigned int
+#elif SIZEOF_LONG == 4
+#define Long long int
+#define ULong unsigned long int
+#endif
+
+#if HAVE_LONG_LONG
+#define Llong LONG_LONG
+#endif
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+#include "stdio.h"
+#define Bug(x) {fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", (x)); exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}
+#endif
+
+#include "stdlib.h"
+#include "string.h"
+
+#ifdef USE_LOCALE
+#include "locale.h"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef MALLOC
+extern void *MALLOC(size_t);
+#else
+#define MALLOC malloc
+#endif
+#ifdef FREE
+extern void FREE(void*);
+#else
+#define FREE free
+#endif
+
+#ifndef Omit_Private_Memory
+#ifndef PRIVATE_MEM
+#define PRIVATE_MEM 2304
+#endif
+#define PRIVATE_mem ((PRIVATE_MEM+sizeof(double)-1)/sizeof(double))
+static double private_mem[PRIVATE_mem], *pmem_next = private_mem;
+#endif
+
+#undef IEEE_Arith
+#undef Avoid_Underflow
+#ifdef IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#define IEEE_Arith
+#endif
+#ifdef IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#define IEEE_Arith
+#endif
+
+#ifdef Bad_float_h
+
+#ifdef IEEE_Arith
+#define DBL_DIG 15
+#define DBL_MAX_10_EXP 308
+#define DBL_MAX_EXP 1024
+#define FLT_RADIX 2
+#endif /*IEEE_Arith*/
+
+#ifdef IBM
+#define DBL_DIG 16
+#define DBL_MAX_10_EXP 75
+#define DBL_MAX_EXP 63
+#define FLT_RADIX 16
+#define DBL_MAX 7.2370055773322621e+75
+#endif
+
+#ifdef VAX
+#define DBL_DIG 16
+#define DBL_MAX_10_EXP 38
+#define DBL_MAX_EXP 127
+#define FLT_RADIX 2
+#define DBL_MAX 1.7014118346046923e+38
+#endif
+
+#ifndef LONG_MAX
+#define LONG_MAX 2147483647
+#endif
+
+#else /* ifndef Bad_float_h */
+#include "float.h"
+#endif /* Bad_float_h */
+
+#ifndef __MATH_H__
+#include "math.h"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#if 0
+} /* satisfy cc-mode */
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN) + defined(IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN) + defined(VAX) + defined(IBM) != 1
+Exactly one of IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN, IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN, VAX, or IBM should be defined.
+#endif
+
+typedef union { double d; ULong L[2]; } U;
+
+#ifdef YES_ALIAS
+typedef double double_u;
+#  define dval(x) (x)
+#  ifdef IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#    define word0(x) (((ULong *)&(x))[1])
+#    define word1(x) (((ULong *)&(x))[0])
+#  else
+#    define word0(x) (((ULong *)&(x))[0])
+#    define word1(x) (((ULong *)&(x))[1])
+#  endif
+#else
+typedef U double_u;
+#  ifdef IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#    define word0(x) ((x).L[1])
+#    define word1(x) ((x).L[0])
+#  else
+#    define word0(x) ((x).L[0])
+#    define word1(x) ((x).L[1])
+#  endif
+#  define dval(x) ((x).d)
+#endif
+
+/* The following definition of Storeinc is appropriate for MIPS processors.
+ * An alternative that might be better on some machines is
+ * #define Storeinc(a,b,c) (*a++ = b << 16 | c & 0xffff)
+ */
+#if defined(IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN) + defined(VAX) + defined(__arm__)
+#define Storeinc(a,b,c) (((unsigned short *)(a))[1] = (unsigned short)(b), \
+((unsigned short *)(a))[0] = (unsigned short)(c), (a)++)
+#else
+#define Storeinc(a,b,c) (((unsigned short *)(a))[0] = (unsigned short)(b), \
+((unsigned short *)(a))[1] = (unsigned short)(c), (a)++)
+#endif
+
+/* #define P DBL_MANT_DIG */
+/* Ten_pmax = floor(P*log(2)/log(5)) */
+/* Bletch = (highest power of 2 < DBL_MAX_10_EXP) / 16 */
+/* Quick_max = floor((P-1)*log(FLT_RADIX)/log(10) - 1) */
+/* Int_max = floor(P*log(FLT_RADIX)/log(10) - 1) */
+
+#ifdef IEEE_Arith
+#define Exp_shift  20
+#define Exp_shift1 20
+#define Exp_msk1    0x100000
+#define Exp_msk11   0x100000
+#define Exp_mask  0x7ff00000
+#define P 53
+#define Bias 1023
+#define Emin (-1022)
+#define Exp_1  0x3ff00000
+#define Exp_11 0x3ff00000
+#define Ebits 11
+#define Frac_mask  0xfffff
+#define Frac_mask1 0xfffff
+#define Ten_pmax 22
+#define Bletch 0x10
+#define Bndry_mask  0xfffff
+#define Bndry_mask1 0xfffff
+#define LSB 1
+#define Sign_bit 0x80000000
+#define Log2P 1
+#define Tiny0 0
+#define Tiny1 1
+#define Quick_max 14
+#define Int_max 14
+#ifndef NO_IEEE_Scale
+#define Avoid_Underflow
+#ifdef Flush_Denorm	/* debugging option */
+#undef Sudden_Underflow
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef Flt_Rounds
+#ifdef FLT_ROUNDS
+#define Flt_Rounds FLT_ROUNDS
+#else
+#define Flt_Rounds 1
+#endif
+#endif /*Flt_Rounds*/
+
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+#define Rounding rounding
+#undef Check_FLT_ROUNDS
+#define Check_FLT_ROUNDS
+#else
+#define Rounding Flt_Rounds
+#endif
+
+#else /* ifndef IEEE_Arith */
+#undef Check_FLT_ROUNDS
+#undef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+#undef SET_INEXACT
+#undef  Sudden_Underflow
+#define Sudden_Underflow
+#ifdef IBM
+#undef Flt_Rounds
+#define Flt_Rounds 0
+#define Exp_shift  24
+#define Exp_shift1 24
+#define Exp_msk1   0x1000000
+#define Exp_msk11  0x1000000
+#define Exp_mask  0x7f000000
+#define P 14
+#define Bias 65
+#define Exp_1  0x41000000
+#define Exp_11 0x41000000
+#define Ebits 8	/* exponent has 7 bits, but 8 is the right value in b2d */
+#define Frac_mask  0xffffff
+#define Frac_mask1 0xffffff
+#define Bletch 4
+#define Ten_pmax 22
+#define Bndry_mask  0xefffff
+#define Bndry_mask1 0xffffff
+#define LSB 1
+#define Sign_bit 0x80000000
+#define Log2P 4
+#define Tiny0 0x100000
+#define Tiny1 0
+#define Quick_max 14
+#define Int_max 15
+#else /* VAX */
+#undef Flt_Rounds
+#define Flt_Rounds 1
+#define Exp_shift  23
+#define Exp_shift1 7
+#define Exp_msk1    0x80
+#define Exp_msk11   0x800000
+#define Exp_mask  0x7f80
+#define P 56
+#define Bias 129
+#define Exp_1  0x40800000
+#define Exp_11 0x4080
+#define Ebits 8
+#define Frac_mask  0x7fffff
+#define Frac_mask1 0xffff007f
+#define Ten_pmax 24
+#define Bletch 2
+#define Bndry_mask  0xffff007f
+#define Bndry_mask1 0xffff007f
+#define LSB 0x10000
+#define Sign_bit 0x8000
+#define Log2P 1
+#define Tiny0 0x80
+#define Tiny1 0
+#define Quick_max 15
+#define Int_max 15
+#endif /* IBM, VAX */
+#endif /* IEEE_Arith */
+
+#ifndef IEEE_Arith
+#define ROUND_BIASED
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RND_PRODQUOT
+#define rounded_product(a,b) ((a) = rnd_prod((a), (b)))
+#define rounded_quotient(a,b) ((a) = rnd_quot((a), (b)))
+extern double rnd_prod(double, double), rnd_quot(double, double);
+#else
+#define rounded_product(a,b) ((a) *= (b))
+#define rounded_quotient(a,b) ((a) /= (b))
+#endif
+
+#define Big0 (Frac_mask1 | Exp_msk1*(DBL_MAX_EXP+Bias-1))
+#define Big1 0xffffffff
+
+#ifndef Pack_32
+#define Pack_32
+#endif
+
+#define FFFFFFFF 0xffffffffUL
+
+#ifdef NO_LONG_LONG
+#undef ULLong
+#ifdef Just_16
+#undef Pack_32
+/* When Pack_32 is not defined, we store 16 bits per 32-bit Long.
+ * This makes some inner loops simpler and sometimes saves work
+ * during multiplications, but it often seems to make things slightly
+ * slower.  Hence the default is now to store 32 bits per Long.
+ */
+#endif
+#else	/* long long available */
+#ifndef Llong
+#define Llong long long
+#endif
+#ifndef ULLong
+#define ULLong unsigned Llong
+#endif
+#endif /* NO_LONG_LONG */
+
+#define MULTIPLE_THREADS 1
+
+#ifndef MULTIPLE_THREADS
+#define ACQUIRE_DTOA_LOCK(n)	/*nothing*/
+#define FREE_DTOA_LOCK(n)	/*nothing*/
+#else
+#define ACQUIRE_DTOA_LOCK(n)	/*unused right now*/
+#define FREE_DTOA_LOCK(n)	/*unused right now*/
+#endif
+
+#define Kmax 15
+
+struct Bigint {
+    struct Bigint *next;
+    int k, maxwds, sign, wds;
+    ULong x[1];
+};
+
+typedef struct Bigint Bigint;
+
+static Bigint *freelist[Kmax+1];
+
+static Bigint *
+Balloc(int k)
+{
+    int x;
+    Bigint *rv;
+#ifndef Omit_Private_Memory
+    size_t len;
+#endif
+
+    ACQUIRE_DTOA_LOCK(0);
+    if (k <= Kmax && (rv = freelist[k]) != 0) {
+        freelist[k] = rv->next;
+    }
+    else {
+        x = 1 << k;
+#ifdef Omit_Private_Memory
+        rv = (Bigint *)MALLOC(sizeof(Bigint) + (x-1)*sizeof(ULong));
+#else
+        len = (sizeof(Bigint) + (x-1)*sizeof(ULong) + sizeof(double) - 1)
+                /sizeof(double);
+        if (k <= Kmax && pmem_next - private_mem + len <= PRIVATE_mem) {
+            rv = (Bigint*)pmem_next;
+            pmem_next += len;
+        }
+        else
+            rv = (Bigint*)MALLOC(len*sizeof(double));
+#endif
+        rv->k = k;
+        rv->maxwds = x;
+    }
+    FREE_DTOA_LOCK(0);
+    rv->sign = rv->wds = 0;
+    return rv;
+}
+
+static void
+Bfree(Bigint *v)
+{
+    if (v) {
+        if (v->k > Kmax) {
+            FREE(v);
+            return;
+        }
+        ACQUIRE_DTOA_LOCK(0);
+        v->next = freelist[v->k];
+        freelist[v->k] = v;
+        FREE_DTOA_LOCK(0);
+    }
+}
+
+#define Bcopy(x,y) memcpy((char *)&(x)->sign, (char *)&(y)->sign, \
+(y)->wds*sizeof(Long) + 2*sizeof(int))
+
+static Bigint *
+multadd(Bigint *b, int m, int a)   /* multiply by m and add a */
+{
+    int i, wds;
+    ULong *x;
+#ifdef ULLong
+    ULLong carry, y;
+#else
+    ULong carry, y;
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    ULong xi, z;
+#endif
+#endif
+    Bigint *b1;
+
+    wds = b->wds;
+    x = b->x;
+    i = 0;
+    carry = a;
+    do {
+#ifdef ULLong
+        y = *x * (ULLong)m + carry;
+        carry = y >> 32;
+        *x++ = (ULong)(y & FFFFFFFF);
+#else
+#ifdef Pack_32
+        xi = *x;
+        y = (xi & 0xffff) * m + carry;
+        z = (xi >> 16) * m + (y >> 16);
+        carry = z >> 16;
+        *x++ = (z << 16) + (y & 0xffff);
+#else
+        y = *x * m + carry;
+        carry = y >> 16;
+        *x++ = y & 0xffff;
+#endif
+#endif
+    } while (++i < wds);
+    if (carry) {
+        if (wds >= b->maxwds) {
+            b1 = Balloc(b->k+1);
+            Bcopy(b1, b);
+            Bfree(b);
+            b = b1;
+        }
+        b->x[wds++] = (ULong)carry;
+        b->wds = wds;
+    }
+    return b;
+}
+
+/* removed: s2b() */
+
+static int
+hi0bits(register ULong x)
+{
+    register int k = 0;
+
+    if (!(x & 0xffff0000)) {
+        k = 16;
+        x <<= 16;
+    }
+    if (!(x & 0xff000000)) {
+        k += 8;
+        x <<= 8;
+    }
+    if (!(x & 0xf0000000)) {
+        k += 4;
+        x <<= 4;
+    }
+    if (!(x & 0xc0000000)) {
+        k += 2;
+        x <<= 2;
+    }
+    if (!(x & 0x80000000)) {
+        k++;
+        if (!(x & 0x40000000))
+            return 32;
+    }
+    return k;
+}
+
+static int
+lo0bits(ULong *y)
+{
+    register int k;
+    register ULong x = *y;
+
+    if (x & 7) {
+        if (x & 1)
+            return 0;
+        if (x & 2) {
+            *y = x >> 1;
+            return 1;
+        }
+        *y = x >> 2;
+        return 2;
+    }
+    k = 0;
+    if (!(x & 0xffff)) {
+        k = 16;
+        x >>= 16;
+    }
+    if (!(x & 0xff)) {
+        k += 8;
+        x >>= 8;
+    }
+    if (!(x & 0xf)) {
+        k += 4;
+        x >>= 4;
+    }
+    if (!(x & 0x3)) {
+        k += 2;
+        x >>= 2;
+    }
+    if (!(x & 1)) {
+        k++;
+        x >>= 1;
+        if (!x)
+            return 32;
+    }
+    *y = x;
+    return k;
+}
+
+static Bigint *
+i2b(int i)
+{
+    Bigint *b;
+
+    b = Balloc(1);
+    b->x[0] = i;
+    b->wds = 1;
+    return b;
+}
+
+static Bigint *
+mult(Bigint *a, Bigint *b)
+{
+    Bigint *c;
+    int k, wa, wb, wc;
+    ULong *x, *xa, *xae, *xb, *xbe, *xc, *xc0;
+    ULong y;
+#ifdef ULLong
+    ULLong carry, z;
+#else
+    ULong carry, z;
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    ULong z2;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+    if (a->wds < b->wds) {
+        c = a;
+        a = b;
+        b = c;
+    }
+    k = a->k;
+    wa = a->wds;
+    wb = b->wds;
+    wc = wa + wb;
+    if (wc > a->maxwds)
+        k++;
+    c = Balloc(k);
+    for (x = c->x, xa = x + wc; x < xa; x++)
+        *x = 0;
+    xa = a->x;
+    xae = xa + wa;
+    xb = b->x;
+    xbe = xb + wb;
+    xc0 = c->x;
+#ifdef ULLong
+    for (; xb < xbe; xc0++) {
+        if ((y = *xb++) != 0) {
+            x = xa;
+            xc = xc0;
+            carry = 0;
+            do {
+                z = *x++ * (ULLong)y + *xc + carry;
+                carry = z >> 32;
+                *xc++ = (ULong)(z & FFFFFFFF);
+            } while (x < xae);
+            *xc = (ULong)carry;
+        }
+    }
+#else
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    for (; xb < xbe; xb++, xc0++) {
+        if (y = *xb & 0xffff) {
+            x = xa;
+            xc = xc0;
+            carry = 0;
+            do {
+                z = (*x & 0xffff) * y + (*xc & 0xffff) + carry;
+                carry = z >> 16;
+                z2 = (*x++ >> 16) * y + (*xc >> 16) + carry;
+                carry = z2 >> 16;
+                Storeinc(xc, z2, z);
+            } while (x < xae);
+            *xc = (ULong)carry;
+        }
+        if (y = *xb >> 16) {
+            x = xa;
+            xc = xc0;
+            carry = 0;
+            z2 = *xc;
+            do {
+                z = (*x & 0xffff) * y + (*xc >> 16) + carry;
+                carry = z >> 16;
+                Storeinc(xc, z, z2);
+                z2 = (*x++ >> 16) * y + (*xc & 0xffff) + carry;
+                carry = z2 >> 16;
+            } while (x < xae);
+            *xc = z2;
+        }
+    }
+#else
+    for (; xb < xbe; xc0++) {
+        if (y = *xb++) {
+            x = xa;
+            xc = xc0;
+            carry = 0;
+            do {
+                z = *x++ * y + *xc + carry;
+                carry = z >> 16;
+                *xc++ = z & 0xffff;
+            } while (x < xae);
+            *xc = (ULong)carry;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+#endif
+    for (xc0 = c->x, xc = xc0 + wc; wc > 0 && !*--xc; --wc) ;
+    c->wds = wc;
+    return c;
+}
+
+static Bigint *p5s;
+
+static Bigint *
+pow5mult(Bigint *b, int k)
+{
+    Bigint *b1, *p5, *p51;
+    int i;
+    static int p05[3] = { 5, 25, 125 };
+
+    if ((i = k & 3) != 0)
+        b = multadd(b, p05[i-1], 0);
+
+    if (!(k >>= 2))
+        return b;
+    if (!(p5 = p5s)) {
+        /* first time */
+#ifdef MULTIPLE_THREADS
+        ACQUIRE_DTOA_LOCK(1);
+        if (!(p5 = p5s)) {
+            p5 = p5s = i2b(625);
+            p5->next = 0;
+        }
+        FREE_DTOA_LOCK(1);
+#else
+        p5 = p5s = i2b(625);
+        p5->next = 0;
+#endif
+    }
+    for (;;) {
+        if (k & 1) {
+            b1 = mult(b, p5);
+            Bfree(b);
+            b = b1;
+        }
+        if (!(k >>= 1))
+            break;
+        if (!(p51 = p5->next)) {
+#ifdef MULTIPLE_THREADS
+            ACQUIRE_DTOA_LOCK(1);
+            if (!(p51 = p5->next)) {
+                p51 = p5->next = mult(p5,p5);
+                p51->next = 0;
+            }
+            FREE_DTOA_LOCK(1);
+#else
+            p51 = p5->next = mult(p5,p5);
+            p51->next = 0;
+#endif
+        }
+        p5 = p51;
+    }
+    return b;
+}
+
+static Bigint *
+lshift(Bigint *b, int k)
+{
+    int i, k1, n, n1;
+    Bigint *b1;
+    ULong *x, *x1, *xe, z;
+
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    n = k >> 5;
+#else
+    n = k >> 4;
+#endif
+    k1 = b->k;
+    n1 = n + b->wds + 1;
+    for (i = b->maxwds; n1 > i; i <<= 1)
+        k1++;
+    b1 = Balloc(k1);
+    x1 = b1->x;
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+        *x1++ = 0;
+    x = b->x;
+    xe = x + b->wds;
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    if (k &= 0x1f) {
+        k1 = 32 - k;
+        z = 0;
+        do {
+            *x1++ = *x << k | z;
+            z = *x++ >> k1;
+        } while (x < xe);
+        if ((*x1 = z) != 0)
+            ++n1;
+    }
+#else
+    if (k &= 0xf) {
+        k1 = 16 - k;
+        z = 0;
+        do {
+            *x1++ = *x << k  & 0xffff | z;
+            z = *x++ >> k1;
+        } while (x < xe);
+        if (*x1 = z)
+            ++n1;
+    }
+#endif
+    else
+        do {
+            *x1++ = *x++;
+        } while (x < xe);
+    b1->wds = n1 - 1;
+    Bfree(b);
+    return b1;
+}
+
+/* renamed from cmp() */
+static int
+bicmp(Bigint *a, Bigint *b)
+{
+    ULong *xa, *xa0, *xb, *xb0;
+    int i, j;
+
+    i = a->wds;
+    j = b->wds;
+#ifdef DEBUG
+    if (i > 1 && !a->x[i-1])
+        Bug("bicmp called with a->x[a->wds-1] == 0");
+    if (j > 1 && !b->x[j-1])
+        Bug("bicmp called with b->x[b->wds-1] == 0");
+#endif
+    if (i -= j)
+        return i;
+    xa0 = a->x;
+    xa = xa0 + j;
+    xb0 = b->x;
+    xb = xb0 + j;
+    for (;;) {
+        if (*--xa != *--xb)
+            return *xa < *xb ? -1 : 1;
+        if (xa <= xa0)
+            break;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static Bigint *
+diff(Bigint *a, Bigint *b)
+{
+    Bigint *c;
+    int i, wa, wb;
+    ULong *xa, *xae, *xb, *xbe, *xc;
+#ifdef ULLong
+    ULLong borrow, y;
+#else
+    ULong borrow, y;
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    ULong z;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+    i = bicmp(a,b);
+    if (!i) {
+        c = Balloc(0);
+        c->wds = 1;
+        c->x[0] = 0;
+        return c;
+    }
+    if (i < 0) {
+        c = a;
+        a = b;
+        b = c;
+        i = 1;
+    }
+    else
+        i = 0;
+    c = Balloc(a->k);
+    c->sign = i;
+    wa = a->wds;
+    xa = a->x;
+    xae = xa + wa;
+    wb = b->wds;
+    xb = b->x;
+    xbe = xb + wb;
+    xc = c->x;
+    borrow = 0;
+#ifdef ULLong
+    do {
+        y = (ULLong)*xa++ - *xb++ - borrow;
+        borrow = y >> 32 & (ULong)1;
+        *xc++ = (ULong)(y & FFFFFFFF);
+    } while (xb < xbe);
+    while (xa < xae) {
+        y = *xa++ - borrow;
+        borrow = y >> 32 & (ULong)1;
+        *xc++ = (ULong)(y & FFFFFFFF);
+    }
+#else
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    do {
+        y = (*xa & 0xffff) - (*xb & 0xffff) - borrow;
+        borrow = (y & 0x10000) >> 16;
+        z = (*xa++ >> 16) - (*xb++ >> 16) - borrow;
+        borrow = (z & 0x10000) >> 16;
+        Storeinc(xc, z, y);
+    } while (xb < xbe);
+    while (xa < xae) {
+        y = (*xa & 0xffff) - borrow;
+        borrow = (y & 0x10000) >> 16;
+        z = (*xa++ >> 16) - borrow;
+        borrow = (z & 0x10000) >> 16;
+        Storeinc(xc, z, y);
+    }
+#else
+    do {
+        y = *xa++ - *xb++ - borrow;
+        borrow = (y & 0x10000) >> 16;
+        *xc++ = y & 0xffff;
+    } while (xb < xbe);
+    while (xa < xae) {
+        y = *xa++ - borrow;
+        borrow = (y & 0x10000) >> 16;
+        *xc++ = y & 0xffff;
+    }
+#endif
+#endif
+    while (!*--xc)
+        wa--;
+    c->wds = wa;
+    return c;
+}
+
+/* removed: ulp(), b2d() */
+
+static Bigint *
+d2b(double d_, int *e, int *bits)
+{
+    double_u d;
+    Bigint *b;
+    int de, k;
+    ULong *x, y, z;
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+    int i;
+#endif
+#ifdef VAX
+    ULong d0, d1;
+#endif
+    dval(d) = d_;
+#ifdef VAX
+    d0 = word0(d) >> 16 | word0(d) << 16;
+    d1 = word1(d) >> 16 | word1(d) << 16;
+#else
+#define d0 word0(d)
+#define d1 word1(d)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    b = Balloc(1);
+#else
+    b = Balloc(2);
+#endif
+    x = b->x;
+
+    z = d0 & Frac_mask;
+    d0 &= 0x7fffffff;   /* clear sign bit, which we ignore */
+#ifdef Sudden_Underflow
+    de = (int)(d0 >> Exp_shift);
+#ifndef IBM
+    z |= Exp_msk11;
+#endif
+#else
+    if ((de = (int)(d0 >> Exp_shift)) != 0)
+        z |= Exp_msk1;
+#endif
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    if ((y = d1) != 0) {
+        if ((k = lo0bits(&y)) != 0) {
+            x[0] = y | z << (32 - k);
+            z >>= k;
+        }
+        else
+            x[0] = y;
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+        i =
+#endif
+        b->wds = (x[1] = z) ? 2 : 1;
+    }
+    else {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+        if (!z)
+            Bug("Zero passed to d2b");
+#endif
+        k = lo0bits(&z);
+        x[0] = z;
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+        i =
+#endif
+        b->wds = 1;
+        k += 32;
+    }
+#else
+    if (y = d1) {
+        if (k = lo0bits(&y))
+            if (k >= 16) {
+                x[0] = y | z << 32 - k & 0xffff;
+                x[1] = z >> k - 16 & 0xffff;
+                x[2] = z >> k;
+                i = 2;
+            }
+            else {
+                x[0] = y & 0xffff;
+                x[1] = y >> 16 | z << 16 - k & 0xffff;
+                x[2] = z >> k & 0xffff;
+                x[3] = z >> k+16;
+                i = 3;
+            }
+        else {
+            x[0] = y & 0xffff;
+            x[1] = y >> 16;
+            x[2] = z & 0xffff;
+            x[3] = z >> 16;
+            i = 3;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+        if (!z)
+            Bug("Zero passed to d2b");
+#endif
+        k = lo0bits(&z);
+        if (k >= 16) {
+            x[0] = z;
+            i = 0;
+        }
+        else {
+            x[0] = z & 0xffff;
+            x[1] = z >> 16;
+            i = 1;
+        }
+        k += 32;
+    }
+    while (!x[i])
+        --i;
+    b->wds = i + 1;
+#endif
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+    if (de) {
+#endif
+#ifdef IBM
+        *e = (de - Bias - (P-1) << 2) + k;
+        *bits = 4*P + 8 - k - hi0bits(word0(d) & Frac_mask);
+#else
+        *e = de - Bias - (P-1) + k;
+        *bits = P - k;
+#endif
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+    }
+    else {
+        *e = de - Bias - (P-1) + 1 + k;
+#ifdef Pack_32
+        *bits = 32*i - hi0bits(x[i-1]);
+#else
+        *bits = (i+2)*16 - hi0bits(x[i]);
+#endif
+    }
+#endif
+    return b;
+}
+#undef d0
+#undef d1
+
+/* removed: ratio() */
+
+static const double
+tens[] = {
+    1e0, 1e1, 1e2, 1e3, 1e4, 1e5, 1e6, 1e7, 1e8, 1e9,
+    1e10, 1e11, 1e12, 1e13, 1e14, 1e15, 1e16, 1e17, 1e18, 1e19,
+    1e20, 1e21, 1e22
+#ifdef VAX
+    , 1e23, 1e24
+#endif
+};
+
+static const double
+#ifdef IEEE_Arith
+bigtens[] = { 1e16, 1e32, 1e64, 1e128, 1e256 };
+static const double tinytens[] = { 1e-16, 1e-32, 1e-64, 1e-128,
+#ifdef Avoid_Underflow
+    9007199254740992.*9007199254740992.e-256
+    /* = 2^106 * 1e-53 */
+#else
+    1e-256
+#endif
+};
+/* The factor of 2^53 in tinytens[4] helps us avoid setting the underflow */
+/* flag unnecessarily.  It leads to a song and dance at the end of strtod. */
+#define Scale_Bit 0x10
+#define n_bigtens 5
+#else
+#ifdef IBM
+bigtens[] = { 1e16, 1e32, 1e64 };
+static const double tinytens[] = { 1e-16, 1e-32, 1e-64 };
+#define n_bigtens 3
+#else
+bigtens[] = { 1e16, 1e32 };
+static const double tinytens[] = { 1e-16, 1e-32 };
+#define n_bigtens 2
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef IEEE_Arith
+#undef INFNAN_CHECK
+#endif
+
+#ifdef INFNAN_CHECK
+
+#ifndef NAN_WORD0
+#define NAN_WORD0 0x7ff80000
+#endif
+
+#ifndef NAN_WORD1
+#define NAN_WORD1 0
+#endif
+
+static int
+match(const char **sp, char *t)
+{
+    int c, d;
+    const char *s = *sp;
+
+    while (d = *t++) {
+        if ((c = *++s) >= 'A' && c <= 'Z')
+            c += 'a' - 'A';
+        if (c != d)
+            return 0;
+    }
+    *sp = s + 1;
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#ifndef No_Hex_NaN
+static void
+hexnan(double *rvp, const char **sp)
+{
+    ULong c, x[2];
+    const char *s;
+    int havedig, udx0, xshift;
+
+    x[0] = x[1] = 0;
+    havedig = xshift = 0;
+    udx0 = 1;
+    s = *sp;
+    while (c = *(const unsigned char*)++s) {
+        if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
+            c -= '0';
+        else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f')
+            c += 10 - 'a';
+        else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F')
+            c += 10 - 'A';
+        else if (c <= ' ') {
+            if (udx0 && havedig) {
+                udx0 = 0;
+                xshift = 1;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        else if (/*(*/ c == ')' && havedig) {
+            *sp = s + 1;
+            break;
+        }
+        else
+            return; /* invalid form: don't change *sp */
+        havedig = 1;
+        if (xshift) {
+            xshift = 0;
+            x[0] = x[1];
+            x[1] = 0;
+        }
+        if (udx0)
+            x[0] = (x[0] << 4) | (x[1] >> 28);
+        x[1] = (x[1] << 4) | c;
+    }
+    if ((x[0] &= 0xfffff) || x[1]) {
+        word0(*rvp) = Exp_mask | x[0];
+        word1(*rvp) = x[1];
+    }
+}
+#endif /*No_Hex_NaN*/
+#endif /* INFNAN_CHECK */
+
+/* removed: ruby_strtod() */
+
+static int
+quorem(Bigint *b, Bigint *S)
+{
+    int n;
+    ULong *bx, *bxe, q, *sx, *sxe;
+#ifdef ULLong
+    ULLong borrow, carry, y, ys;
+#else
+    ULong borrow, carry, y, ys;
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    ULong si, z, zs;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+    n = S->wds;
+#ifdef DEBUG
+    /*debug*/ if (b->wds > n)
+    /*debug*/   Bug("oversize b in quorem");
+#endif
+    if (b->wds < n)
+        return 0;
+    sx = S->x;
+    sxe = sx + --n;
+    bx = b->x;
+    bxe = bx + n;
+    q = *bxe / (*sxe + 1);  /* ensure q <= true quotient */
+#ifdef DEBUG
+    /*debug*/ if (q > 9)
+    /*debug*/   Bug("oversized quotient in quorem");
+#endif
+    if (q) {
+        borrow = 0;
+        carry = 0;
+        do {
+#ifdef ULLong
+            ys = *sx++ * (ULLong)q + carry;
+            carry = ys >> 32;
+            y = *bx - (ys & FFFFFFFF) - borrow;
+            borrow = y >> 32 & (ULong)1;
+            *bx++ = (ULong)(y & FFFFFFFF);
+#else
+#ifdef Pack_32
+            si = *sx++;
+            ys = (si & 0xffff) * q + carry;
+            zs = (si >> 16) * q + (ys >> 16);
+            carry = zs >> 16;
+            y = (*bx & 0xffff) - (ys & 0xffff) - borrow;
+            borrow = (y & 0x10000) >> 16;
+            z = (*bx >> 16) - (zs & 0xffff) - borrow;
+            borrow = (z & 0x10000) >> 16;
+            Storeinc(bx, z, y);
+#else
+            ys = *sx++ * q + carry;
+            carry = ys >> 16;
+            y = *bx - (ys & 0xffff) - borrow;
+            borrow = (y & 0x10000) >> 16;
+            *bx++ = y & 0xffff;
+#endif
+#endif
+        } while (sx <= sxe);
+        if (!*bxe) {
+            bx = b->x;
+            while (--bxe > bx && !*bxe)
+                --n;
+            b->wds = n;
+        }
+    }
+    if (bicmp(b, S) >= 0) {
+        q++;
+        borrow = 0;
+        carry = 0;
+        bx = b->x;
+        sx = S->x;
+        do {
+#ifdef ULLong
+            ys = *sx++ + carry;
+            carry = ys >> 32;
+            y = *bx - (ys & FFFFFFFF) - borrow;
+            borrow = y >> 32 & (ULong)1;
+            *bx++ = (ULong)(y & FFFFFFFF);
+#else
+#ifdef Pack_32
+            si = *sx++;
+            ys = (si & 0xffff) + carry;
+            zs = (si >> 16) + (ys >> 16);
+            carry = zs >> 16;
+            y = (*bx & 0xffff) - (ys & 0xffff) - borrow;
+            borrow = (y & 0x10000) >> 16;
+            z = (*bx >> 16) - (zs & 0xffff) - borrow;
+            borrow = (z & 0x10000) >> 16;
+            Storeinc(bx, z, y);
+#else
+            ys = *sx++ + carry;
+            carry = ys >> 16;
+            y = *bx - (ys & 0xffff) - borrow;
+            borrow = (y & 0x10000) >> 16;
+            *bx++ = y & 0xffff;
+#endif
+#endif
+        } while (sx <= sxe);
+        bx = b->x;
+        bxe = bx + n;
+        if (!*bxe) {
+            while (--bxe > bx && !*bxe)
+                --n;
+            b->wds = n;
+        }
+    }
+    return q;
+}
+
+#ifndef MULTIPLE_THREADS
+static char *dtoa_result;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MULTIPLE_THREADS
+static char *
+rv_alloc(int i)
+{
+    return dtoa_result = xmalloc(i);
+}
+#else
+#define rv_alloc(i) xmalloc(i)
+#endif
+
+static char *
+nrv_alloc(const char *s, char **rve, size_t n)
+{
+    char *rv, *t;
+
+    t = rv = rv_alloc(n);
+    while ((*t = *s++) != 0) t++;
+    if (rve)
+        *rve = t;
+    return rv;
+}
+
+#define rv_strdup(s, rve) nrv_alloc((s), (rve), strlen(s)+1)
+
+#ifndef MULTIPLE_THREADS
+/* freedtoa(s) must be used to free values s returned by dtoa
+ * when MULTIPLE_THREADS is #defined.  It should be used in all cases,
+ * but for consistency with earlier versions of dtoa, it is optional
+ * when MULTIPLE_THREADS is not defined.
+ */
+
+static void
+freedtoa(char *s)
+{
+    xfree(s);
+}
+#endif
+
+static const char INFSTR[] = "Infinity";
+static const char NANSTR[] = "NaN";
+static const char ZEROSTR[] = "0";
+
+/* dtoa for IEEE arithmetic (dmg): convert double to ASCII string.
+ *
+ * Inspired by "How to Print Floating-Point Numbers Accurately" by
+ * Guy L. Steele, Jr. and Jon L. White [Proc. ACM SIGPLAN '90, pp. 112-126].
+ *
+ * Modifications:
+ *  1. Rather than iterating, we use a simple numeric overestimate
+ *     to determine k = floor(log10(d)).  We scale relevant
+ *     quantities using O(log2(k)) rather than O(k) multiplications.
+ *  2. For some modes > 2 (corresponding to ecvt and fcvt), we don't
+ *     try to generate digits strictly left to right.  Instead, we
+ *     compute with fewer bits and propagate the carry if necessary
+ *     when rounding the final digit up.  This is often faster.
+ *  3. Under the assumption that input will be rounded nearest,
+ *     mode 0 renders 1e23 as 1e23 rather than 9.999999999999999e22.
+ *     That is, we allow equality in stopping tests when the
+ *     round-nearest rule will give the same floating-point value
+ *     as would satisfaction of the stopping test with strict
+ *     inequality.
+ *  4. We remove common factors of powers of 2 from relevant
+ *     quantities.
+ *  5. When converting floating-point integers less than 1e16,
+ *     we use floating-point arithmetic rather than resorting
+ *     to multiple-precision integers.
+ *  6. When asked to produce fewer than 15 digits, we first try
+ *     to get by with floating-point arithmetic; we resort to
+ *     multiple-precision integer arithmetic only if we cannot
+ *     guarantee that the floating-point calculation has given
+ *     the correctly rounded result.  For k requested digits and
+ *     "uniformly" distributed input, the probability is
+ *     something like 10^(k-15) that we must resort to the Long
+ *     calculation.
+ */
+
+char *
+ruby_dtoa(double d_, int mode, int ndigits, int *decpt, int *sign, char **rve)
+{
+ /* Arguments ndigits, decpt, sign are similar to those
+    of ecvt and fcvt; trailing zeros are suppressed from
+    the returned string.  If not null, *rve is set to point
+    to the end of the return value.  If d is +-Infinity or NaN,
+    then *decpt is set to 9999.
+
+    mode:
+        0 ==> shortest string that yields d when read in
+            and rounded to nearest.
+        1 ==> like 0, but with Steele & White stopping rule;
+            e.g. with IEEE P754 arithmetic , mode 0 gives
+            1e23 whereas mode 1 gives 9.999999999999999e22.
+        2 ==> max(1,ndigits) significant digits.  This gives a
+            return value similar to that of ecvt, except
+            that trailing zeros are suppressed.
+        3 ==> through ndigits past the decimal point.  This
+            gives a return value similar to that from fcvt,
+            except that trailing zeros are suppressed, and
+            ndigits can be negative.
+        4,5 ==> similar to 2 and 3, respectively, but (in
+            round-nearest mode) with the tests of mode 0 to
+            possibly return a shorter string that rounds to d.
+            With IEEE arithmetic and compilation with
+            -DHonor_FLT_ROUNDS, modes 4 and 5 behave the same
+            as modes 2 and 3 when FLT_ROUNDS != 1.
+        6-9 ==> Debugging modes similar to mode - 4:  don't try
+            fast floating-point estimate (if applicable).
+
+        Values of mode other than 0-9 are treated as mode 0.
+
+        Sufficient space is allocated to the return value
+        to hold the suppressed trailing zeros.
+    */
+
+    int bbits, b2, b5, be, dig, i, ieps, ilim, ilim0, ilim1,
+        j, j1, k, k0, k_check, leftright, m2, m5, s2, s5,
+        spec_case, try_quick;
+    Long L;
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+    int denorm;
+    ULong x;
+#endif
+    Bigint *b, *b1, *delta, *mlo = 0, *mhi = 0, *S;
+    double ds;
+    double_u d, d2, eps;
+    char *s, *s0;
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+    int rounding;
+#endif
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+    int inexact, oldinexact;
+#endif
+
+    dval(d) = d_;
+
+#ifndef MULTIPLE_THREADS
+    if (dtoa_result) {
+        freedtoa(dtoa_result);
+        dtoa_result = 0;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    if (word0(d) & Sign_bit) {
+        /* set sign for everything, including 0's and NaNs */
+        *sign = 1;
+        word0(d) &= ~Sign_bit;  /* clear sign bit */
+    }
+    else
+        *sign = 0;
+
+#if defined(IEEE_Arith) + defined(VAX)
+#ifdef IEEE_Arith
+    if ((word0(d) & Exp_mask) == Exp_mask)
+#else
+    if (word0(d)  == 0x8000)
+#endif
+    {
+        /* Infinity or NaN */
+        *decpt = 9999;
+#ifdef IEEE_Arith
+        if (!word1(d) && !(word0(d) & 0xfffff))
+            return rv_strdup(INFSTR, rve);
+#endif
+        return rv_strdup(NANSTR, rve);
+    }
+#endif
+#ifdef IBM
+    dval(d) += 0; /* normalize */
+#endif
+    if (!dval(d)) {
+        *decpt = 1;
+        return rv_strdup(ZEROSTR, rve);
+    }
+
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+    try_quick = oldinexact = get_inexact();
+    inexact = 1;
+#endif
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+    if ((rounding = Flt_Rounds) >= 2) {
+        if (*sign)
+            rounding = rounding == 2 ? 0 : 2;
+        else
+            if (rounding != 2)
+                rounding = 0;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    b = d2b(dval(d), &be, &bbits);
+#ifdef Sudden_Underflow
+    i = (int)(word0(d) >> Exp_shift1 & (Exp_mask>>Exp_shift1));
+#else
+    if ((i = (int)(word0(d) >> Exp_shift1 & (Exp_mask>>Exp_shift1))) != 0) {
+#endif
+        dval(d2) = dval(d);
+        word0(d2) &= Frac_mask1;
+        word0(d2) |= Exp_11;
+#ifdef IBM
+        if (j = 11 - hi0bits(word0(d2) & Frac_mask))
+            dval(d2) /= 1 << j;
+#endif
+
+        /* log(x)   ~=~ log(1.5) + (x-1.5)/1.5
+         * log10(x)  =  log(x) / log(10)
+         *      ~=~ log(1.5)/log(10) + (x-1.5)/(1.5*log(10))
+         * log10(d) = (i-Bias)*log(2)/log(10) + log10(d2)
+         *
+         * This suggests computing an approximation k to log10(d) by
+         *
+         * k = (i - Bias)*0.301029995663981
+         *  + ( (d2-1.5)*0.289529654602168 + 0.176091259055681 );
+         *
+         * We want k to be too large rather than too small.
+         * The error in the first-order Taylor series approximation
+         * is in our favor, so we just round up the constant enough
+         * to compensate for any error in the multiplication of
+         * (i - Bias) by 0.301029995663981; since |i - Bias| <= 1077,
+         * and 1077 * 0.30103 * 2^-52 ~=~ 7.2e-14,
+         * adding 1e-13 to the constant term more than suffices.
+         * Hence we adjust the constant term to 0.1760912590558.
+         * (We could get a more accurate k by invoking log10,
+         *  but this is probably not worthwhile.)
+         */
+
+        i -= Bias;
+#ifdef IBM
+        i <<= 2;
+        i += j;
+#endif
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+        denorm = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        /* d is denormalized */
+
+        i = bbits + be + (Bias + (P-1) - 1);
+        x = i > 32  ? word0(d) << (64 - i) | word1(d) >> (i - 32)
+	    : word1(d) << (32 - i);
+        dval(d2) = x;
+        word0(d2) -= 31*Exp_msk1; /* adjust exponent */
+        i -= (Bias + (P-1) - 1) + 1;
+        denorm = 1;
+    }
+#endif
+    ds = (dval(d2)-1.5)*0.289529654602168 + 0.1760912590558 + i*0.301029995663981;
+    k = (int)ds;
+    if (ds < 0. && ds != k)
+        k--;    /* want k = floor(ds) */
+    k_check = 1;
+    if (k >= 0 && k <= Ten_pmax) {
+        if (dval(d) < tens[k])
+            k--;
+        k_check = 0;
+    }
+    j = bbits - i - 1;
+    if (j >= 0) {
+        b2 = 0;
+        s2 = j;
+    }
+    else {
+        b2 = -j;
+        s2 = 0;
+    }
+    if (k >= 0) {
+        b5 = 0;
+        s5 = k;
+        s2 += k;
+    }
+    else {
+        b2 -= k;
+        b5 = -k;
+        s5 = 0;
+    }
+    if (mode < 0 || mode > 9)
+        mode = 0;
+
+#ifndef SET_INEXACT
+#ifdef Check_FLT_ROUNDS
+    try_quick = Rounding == 1;
+#else
+    try_quick = 1;
+#endif
+#endif /*SET_INEXACT*/
+
+    if (mode > 5) {
+        mode -= 4;
+        try_quick = 0;
+    }
+    leftright = 1;
+    ilim = ilim1 = -1;
+    switch (mode) {
+      case 0:
+      case 1:
+        i = 18;
+        ndigits = 0;
+        break;
+      case 2:
+        leftright = 0;
+        /* no break */
+      case 4:
+        if (ndigits <= 0)
+            ndigits = 1;
+        ilim = ilim1 = i = ndigits;
+        break;
+      case 3:
+        leftright = 0;
+        /* no break */
+      case 5:
+        i = ndigits + k + 1;
+        ilim = i;
+        ilim1 = i - 1;
+        if (i <= 0)
+            i = 1;
+    }
+    s = s0 = rv_alloc(i+1);
+
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+    if (mode > 1 && rounding != 1)
+        leftright = 0;
+#endif
+
+    if (ilim >= 0 && ilim <= Quick_max && try_quick) {
+
+        /* Try to get by with floating-point arithmetic. */
+
+        i = 0;
+        dval(d2) = dval(d);
+        k0 = k;
+        ilim0 = ilim;
+        ieps = 2; /* conservative */
+        if (k > 0) {
+            ds = tens[k&0xf];
+            j = k >> 4;
+            if (j & Bletch) {
+                /* prevent overflows */
+                j &= Bletch - 1;
+                dval(d) /= bigtens[n_bigtens-1];
+                ieps++;
+            }
+            for (; j; j >>= 1, i++)
+                if (j & 1) {
+                    ieps++;
+                    ds *= bigtens[i];
+                }
+            dval(d) /= ds;
+        }
+        else if ((j1 = -k) != 0) {
+            dval(d) *= tens[j1 & 0xf];
+            for (j = j1 >> 4; j; j >>= 1, i++)
+                if (j & 1) {
+                    ieps++;
+                    dval(d) *= bigtens[i];
+                }
+        }
+        if (k_check && dval(d) < 1. && ilim > 0) {
+            if (ilim1 <= 0)
+                goto fast_failed;
+            ilim = ilim1;
+            k--;
+            dval(d) *= 10.;
+            ieps++;
+        }
+        dval(eps) = ieps*dval(d) + 7.;
+        word0(eps) -= (P-1)*Exp_msk1;
+        if (ilim == 0) {
+            S = mhi = 0;
+            dval(d) -= 5.;
+            if (dval(d) > dval(eps))
+                goto one_digit;
+            if (dval(d) < -dval(eps))
+                goto no_digits;
+            goto fast_failed;
+        }
+#ifndef No_leftright
+        if (leftright) {
+            /* Use Steele & White method of only
+             * generating digits needed.
+             */
+            dval(eps) = 0.5/tens[ilim-1] - dval(eps);
+            for (i = 0;;) {
+                L = (int)dval(d);
+                dval(d) -= L;
+                *s++ = '0' + (int)L;
+                if (dval(d) < dval(eps))
+                    goto ret1;
+                if (1. - dval(d) < dval(eps))
+                    goto bump_up;
+                if (++i >= ilim)
+                    break;
+                dval(eps) *= 10.;
+                dval(d) *= 10.;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+#endif
+            /* Generate ilim digits, then fix them up. */
+            dval(eps) *= tens[ilim-1];
+            for (i = 1;; i++, dval(d) *= 10.) {
+                L = (Long)(dval(d));
+                if (!(dval(d) -= L))
+                    ilim = i;
+                *s++ = '0' + (int)L;
+                if (i == ilim) {
+                    if (dval(d) > 0.5 + dval(eps))
+                        goto bump_up;
+                    else if (dval(d) < 0.5 - dval(eps)) {
+                        while (*--s == '0') ;
+                        s++;
+                        goto ret1;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+#ifndef No_leftright
+        }
+#endif
+fast_failed:
+        s = s0;
+        dval(d) = dval(d2);
+        k = k0;
+        ilim = ilim0;
+    }
+
+    /* Do we have a "small" integer? */
+
+    if (be >= 0 && k <= Int_max) {
+        /* Yes. */
+        ds = tens[k];
+        if (ndigits < 0 && ilim <= 0) {
+            S = mhi = 0;
+            if (ilim < 0 || dval(d) <= 5*ds)
+                goto no_digits;
+            goto one_digit;
+        }
+        for (i = 1;; i++, dval(d) *= 10.) {
+            L = (Long)(dval(d) / ds);
+            dval(d) -= L*ds;
+#ifdef Check_FLT_ROUNDS
+            /* If FLT_ROUNDS == 2, L will usually be high by 1 */
+            if (dval(d) < 0) {
+                L--;
+                dval(d) += ds;
+            }
+#endif
+            *s++ = '0' + (int)L;
+            if (!dval(d)) {
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+                inexact = 0;
+#endif
+                break;
+            }
+            if (i == ilim) {
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+                if (mode > 1)
+                switch (rounding) {
+                  case 0: goto ret1;
+                  case 2: goto bump_up;
+                }
+#endif
+                dval(d) += dval(d);
+                if (dval(d) > ds || (dval(d) == ds && (L & 1))) {
+bump_up:
+                    while (*--s == '9')
+                        if (s == s0) {
+                            k++;
+                            *s = '0';
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    ++*s++;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        goto ret1;
+    }
+
+    m2 = b2;
+    m5 = b5;
+    if (leftright) {
+        i =
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+            denorm ? be + (Bias + (P-1) - 1 + 1) :
+#endif
+#ifdef IBM
+            1 + 4*P - 3 - bbits + ((bbits + be - 1) & 3);
+#else
+            1 + P - bbits;
+#endif
+        b2 += i;
+        s2 += i;
+        mhi = i2b(1);
+    }
+    if (m2 > 0 && s2 > 0) {
+        i = m2 < s2 ? m2 : s2;
+        b2 -= i;
+        m2 -= i;
+        s2 -= i;
+    }
+    if (b5 > 0) {
+        if (leftright) {
+            if (m5 > 0) {
+                mhi = pow5mult(mhi, m5);
+                b1 = mult(mhi, b);
+                Bfree(b);
+                b = b1;
+            }
+            if ((j = b5 - m5) != 0)
+                b = pow5mult(b, j);
+        }
+        else
+            b = pow5mult(b, b5);
+    }
+    S = i2b(1);
+    if (s5 > 0)
+        S = pow5mult(S, s5);
+
+    /* Check for special case that d is a normalized power of 2. */
+
+    spec_case = 0;
+    if ((mode < 2 || leftright)
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+            && rounding == 1
+#endif
+    ) {
+        if (!word1(d) && !(word0(d) & Bndry_mask)
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+            && word0(d) & (Exp_mask & ~Exp_msk1)
+#endif
+        ) {
+            /* The special case */
+            b2 += Log2P;
+            s2 += Log2P;
+            spec_case = 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Arrange for convenient computation of quotients:
+     * shift left if necessary so divisor has 4 leading 0 bits.
+     *
+     * Perhaps we should just compute leading 28 bits of S once
+     * and for all and pass them and a shift to quorem, so it
+     * can do shifts and ors to compute the numerator for q.
+     */
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    if ((i = ((s5 ? 32 - hi0bits(S->x[S->wds-1]) : 1) + s2) & 0x1f) != 0)
+        i = 32 - i;
+#else
+    if ((i = ((s5 ? 32 - hi0bits(S->x[S->wds-1]) : 1) + s2) & 0xf) != 0)
+        i = 16 - i;
+#endif
+    if (i > 4) {
+        i -= 4;
+        b2 += i;
+        m2 += i;
+        s2 += i;
+    }
+    else if (i < 4) {
+        i += 28;
+        b2 += i;
+        m2 += i;
+        s2 += i;
+    }
+    if (b2 > 0)
+        b = lshift(b, b2);
+    if (s2 > 0)
+        S = lshift(S, s2);
+    if (k_check) {
+        if (bicmp(b,S) < 0) {
+            k--;
+            b = multadd(b, 10, 0);  /* we botched the k estimate */
+            if (leftright)
+                mhi = multadd(mhi, 10, 0);
+            ilim = ilim1;
+        }
+    }
+    if (ilim <= 0 && (mode == 3 || mode == 5)) {
+        if (ilim < 0 || bicmp(b,S = multadd(S,5,0)) <= 0) {
+            /* no digits, fcvt style */
+no_digits:
+            k = -1 - ndigits;
+            goto ret;
+        }
+one_digit:
+        *s++ = '1';
+        k++;
+        goto ret;
+    }
+    if (leftright) {
+        if (m2 > 0)
+            mhi = lshift(mhi, m2);
+
+        /* Compute mlo -- check for special case
+         * that d is a normalized power of 2.
+         */
+
+        mlo = mhi;
+        if (spec_case) {
+            mhi = Balloc(mhi->k);
+            Bcopy(mhi, mlo);
+            mhi = lshift(mhi, Log2P);
+        }
+
+        for (i = 1;;i++) {
+            dig = quorem(b,S) + '0';
+            /* Do we yet have the shortest decimal string
+             * that will round to d?
+             */
+            j = bicmp(b, mlo);
+            delta = diff(S, mhi);
+            j1 = delta->sign ? 1 : bicmp(b, delta);
+            Bfree(delta);
+#ifndef ROUND_BIASED
+            if (j1 == 0 && mode != 1 && !(word1(d) & 1)
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+                && rounding >= 1
+#endif
+            ) {
+                if (dig == '9')
+                    goto round_9_up;
+                if (j > 0)
+                    dig++;
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+                else if (!b->x[0] && b->wds <= 1)
+                    inexact = 0;
+#endif
+                *s++ = dig;
+                goto ret;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (j < 0 || (j == 0 && mode != 1
+#ifndef ROUND_BIASED
+                && !(word1(d) & 1)
+#endif
+            )) {
+                if (!b->x[0] && b->wds <= 1) {
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+                    inexact = 0;
+#endif
+                    goto accept_dig;
+                }
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+                if (mode > 1)
+                    switch (rounding) {
+                      case 0: goto accept_dig;
+                      case 2: goto keep_dig;
+                    }
+#endif /*Honor_FLT_ROUNDS*/
+                if (j1 > 0) {
+                    b = lshift(b, 1);
+                    j1 = bicmp(b, S);
+                    if ((j1 > 0 || (j1 == 0 && (dig & 1))) && dig++ == '9')
+                        goto round_9_up;
+                }
+accept_dig:
+                *s++ = dig;
+                goto ret;
+            }
+            if (j1 > 0) {
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+                if (!rounding)
+                    goto accept_dig;
+#endif
+                if (dig == '9') { /* possible if i == 1 */
+round_9_up:
+                    *s++ = '9';
+                    goto roundoff;
+                }
+                *s++ = dig + 1;
+                goto ret;
+            }
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+keep_dig:
+#endif
+            *s++ = dig;
+            if (i == ilim)
+                break;
+            b = multadd(b, 10, 0);
+            if (mlo == mhi)
+                mlo = mhi = multadd(mhi, 10, 0);
+            else {
+                mlo = multadd(mlo, 10, 0);
+                mhi = multadd(mhi, 10, 0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+        for (i = 1;; i++) {
+            *s++ = dig = quorem(b,S) + '0';
+            if (!b->x[0] && b->wds <= 1) {
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+                inexact = 0;
+#endif
+                goto ret;
+            }
+            if (i >= ilim)
+                break;
+            b = multadd(b, 10, 0);
+        }
+
+    /* Round off last digit */
+
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+    switch (rounding) {
+      case 0: goto trimzeros;
+      case 2: goto roundoff;
+    }
+#endif
+    b = lshift(b, 1);
+    j = bicmp(b, S);
+    if (j > 0 || (j == 0 && (dig & 1))) {
+ roundoff:
+        while (*--s == '9')
+            if (s == s0) {
+                k++;
+                *s++ = '1';
+                goto ret;
+            }
+        ++*s++;
+    }
+    else {
+        while (*--s == '0') ;
+        s++;
+    }
+ret:
+    Bfree(S);
+    if (mhi) {
+        if (mlo && mlo != mhi)
+            Bfree(mlo);
+        Bfree(mhi);
+    }
+ret1:
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+    if (inexact) {
+        if (!oldinexact) {
+            word0(d) = Exp_1 + (70 << Exp_shift);
+            word1(d) = 0;
+            dval(d) += 1.;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (!oldinexact)
+        clear_inexact();
+#endif
+    Bfree(b);
+    *s = 0;
+    *decpt = k + 1;
+    if (rve)
+        *rve = s;
+    return s0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * copied from bignum.c
+ */
+
+#define BDIGITS(x) (RBIGNUM_DIGITS(x))
+
+static VALUE
+rb_big_uminus(VALUE x)
+{
+    VALUE z = rb_big_clone(x);
+
+    RBIGNUM_SET_SIGN(z, !RBIGNUM_SIGN(x));
+
+    return rb_big_norm(z); /* modified to use exported one */
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_big_hash(VALUE x)
+{
+    st_index_t hash;
+
+    hash = rb_memhash(BDIGITS(x), sizeof(BDIGIT)*RBIGNUM_LEN(x)) ^ RBIGNUM_SIGN(x);
+    return INT2FIX(hash);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_big_odd_p(VALUE num)
+{
+    if (BDIGITS(num)[0] & 1) {
+	return Qtrue;
+    }
+    return Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * copied from numeric.c
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+flo_to_s(VALUE flt)
+{
+    char *ruby_dtoa(double d_, int mode, int ndigits, int *decpt, int *sign, char **rve);
+    enum {decimal_mant = DBL_MANT_DIG-DBL_DIG};
+    enum {float_dig = DBL_DIG+1};
+    char buf[float_dig + (decimal_mant + CHAR_BIT - 1) / CHAR_BIT + 10];
+    double value = RFLOAT_VALUE(flt);
+    VALUE s;
+    char *p, *e;
+    int sign, decpt, digs;
+
+    if (isinf(value))
+	return rb_usascii_str_new2(value < 0 ? "-Infinity" : "Infinity");
+    else if (isnan(value))
+	return rb_usascii_str_new2("NaN");
+
+    p = ruby_dtoa(value, 0, 0, &decpt, &sign, &e);
+    s = sign ? rb_usascii_str_new_cstr("-") : rb_usascii_str_new(0, 0);
+    if ((digs = (int)(e - p)) >= (int)sizeof(buf)) digs = (int)sizeof(buf) - 1;
+    memcpy(buf, p, digs);
+    xfree(p);
+    if (decpt > 0) {
+	if (decpt < digs) {
+	    memmove(buf + decpt + 1, buf + decpt, digs - decpt);
+	    buf[decpt] = '.';
+	    rb_str_cat(s, buf, digs + 1);
+	}
+	else if (decpt <= DBL_DIG) {
+	    long len;
+	    char *ptr;
+	    rb_str_cat(s, buf, digs);
+	    rb_str_resize(s, (len = RSTRING_LEN(s)) + decpt - digs + 2);
+	    ptr = RSTRING_PTR(s) + len;
+	    if (decpt > digs) {
+		memset(ptr, '0', decpt - digs);
+		ptr += decpt - digs;
+	    }
+	    memcpy(ptr, ".0", 2);
+	}
+	else {
+	    goto exp;
+	}
+    }
+    else if (decpt > -4) {
+	long len;
+	char *ptr;
+	rb_str_cat(s, "0.", 2);
+	rb_str_resize(s, (len = RSTRING_LEN(s)) - decpt + digs);
+	ptr = RSTRING_PTR(s);
+	memset(ptr += len, '0', -decpt);
+	memcpy(ptr -= decpt, buf, digs);
+    }
+    else {
+      exp:
+	if (digs > 1) {
+	    memmove(buf + 2, buf + 1, digs - 1);
+	}
+	else {
+	    buf[2] = '0';
+	    digs++;
+	}
+	buf[1] = '.';
+	rb_str_cat(s, buf, digs + 1);
+	rb_str_catf(s, "e%+03d", decpt - 1);
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+fix_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
+	long a, b, c;
+	VALUE r;
+
+	a = FIX2LONG(x);
+	b = FIX2LONG(y);
+	c = a + b;
+	r = LONG2NUM(c);
+
+	return r;
+    }
+    return rb_big_plus(y, x); /* modified */
+}
+
+static VALUE
+fix_minus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
+	long a, b, c;
+	VALUE r;
+
+	a = FIX2LONG(x);
+	b = FIX2LONG(y);
+	c = a - b;
+	r = LONG2NUM(c);
+
+	return r;
+    }
+    /* modified */
+    x = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x));
+    return rb_big_minus(x, y);
+}
+
+#define SQRT_LONG_MAX ((SIGNED_VALUE)1<<((SIZEOF_LONG*CHAR_BIT-1)/2))
+/*tests if N*N would overflow*/
+#define FIT_SQRT_LONG(n) (((n)<SQRT_LONG_MAX)&&((n)>=-SQRT_LONG_MAX))
+
+static VALUE
+fix_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
+#ifdef __HP_cc
+/* avoids an optimization bug of HP aC++/ANSI C B3910B A.06.05 [Jul 25 2005] */
+	volatile
+#endif
+	long a, b;
+#if SIZEOF_LONG * 2 <= SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+	LONG_LONG d;
+#else
+	VALUE r;
+#endif
+
+	a = FIX2LONG(x);
+	b = FIX2LONG(y);
+
+#if SIZEOF_LONG * 2 <= SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+	d = (LONG_LONG)a * b;
+	if (FIXABLE(d)) return LONG2FIX(d);
+	return rb_ll2inum(d);
+#else
+	if (FIT_SQRT_LONG(a) && FIT_SQRT_LONG(b))
+	    return LONG2FIX(a*b);
+	if (a == 0) return x;
+        if (MUL_OVERFLOW_FIXNUM_P(a, b))
+	    r = rb_big_mul(rb_int2big(a), rb_int2big(b));
+        else
+            r = LONG2FIX(a * b);
+	return r;
+#endif
+    }
+    /* modified */
+    return rb_big_mul(y, x);
+}
+
+static void
+fixdivmod(long x, long y, long *divp, long *modp)
+{
+    long div, mod;
+
+    if (y == 0) rb_bug("fixdivmod(): not reached"); /* modified */
+    if (y < 0) {
+	if (x < 0)
+	    div = -x / -y;
+	else
+	    div = - (x / -y);
+    }
+    else {
+	if (x < 0)
+	    div = - (-x / y);
+	else
+	    div = x / y;
+    }
+    mod = x - div*y;
+    if ((mod < 0 && y > 0) || (mod > 0 && y < 0)) {
+	mod += y;
+	div -= 1;
+    }
+    if (divp) *divp = div;
+    if (modp) *modp = mod;
+}
+
+/* extracted from fix_divide() */
+static VALUE
+fix_div(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
+	long div;
+
+	fixdivmod(FIX2LONG(x), FIX2LONG(y), &div, 0);
+	return LONG2NUM(div);
+    }
+    /* modified */
+    x = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x));
+    return rb_big_div(x, y);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+fix_divmod(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
+	long div, mod;
+
+	fixdivmod(FIX2LONG(x), FIX2LONG(y), &div, &mod);
+
+	return rb_assoc_new(LONG2NUM(div), LONG2NUM(mod));
+    }
+    /* modified */
+    x = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x));
+    return rb_big_divmod(x, y);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+int_pow(long x, unsigned long y)
+{
+    int neg = x < 0;
+    long z = 1;
+
+    if (neg) x = -x;
+    if (y & 1)
+	z = x;
+    else
+	neg = 0;
+    y &= ~1;
+    do {
+	while (y % 2 == 0) {
+	    if (!FIT_SQRT_LONG(x)) {
+		VALUE v;
+	      bignum:
+		v = rb_big_pow(rb_int2big(x), LONG2NUM(y));
+		if (z != 1) v = rb_big_mul(rb_int2big(neg ? -z : z), v);
+		return v;
+	    }
+	    x = x * x;
+	    y >>= 1;
+	}
+	{
+            if (MUL_OVERFLOW_FIXNUM_P(x, z)) {
+		goto bignum;
+	    }
+	    z = x * z;
+	}
+    } while (--y);
+    if (neg) z = -z;
+    return LONG2NUM(z);
+}
+
+static VALUE fix_odd_p(VALUE num);
+
+static VALUE
+fix_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    long a = FIX2LONG(x);
+
+    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
+	long b = FIX2LONG(y);
+
+	if (a == 1) return INT2FIX(1);
+	if (a == -1) {
+	    if (b % 2 == 0)
+		return INT2FIX(1);
+	    else
+		return INT2FIX(-1);
+	}
+	if (b < 0)
+            rb_bug("fix_pow(): infinity returned");
+
+	if (b == 0) return INT2FIX(1);
+	if (b == 1) return x;
+	if (a == 0) {
+	    if (b > 0) return INT2FIX(0);
+	    return DBL2NUM(INFINITY);
+	}
+	return int_pow(a, b);
+    }
+    /* modified */
+    if (a == 1) return INT2FIX(1);
+    if (a == -1) {
+#define int_even_p(x) (FIXNUM_P(x) ? !fix_odd_p(x) : !rb_big_odd_p(x))
+	if (int_even_p(y)) return INT2FIX(1);
+	else return INT2FIX(-1);
+    }
+#define negative_int_p(x) (FIXNUM_P(x) ? (FIX2LONG(x) < 0) : !RBIGNUM_SIGN(x))
+    if (negative_int_p(y))
+	return rb_funcall(rb_rational_raw1(x), rb_intern("**"), 1, y);
+    if (a == 0) return INT2FIX(0);
+    x = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x));
+    return rb_big_pow(x, y);
+#undef int_even_p
+#undef negative_int_p
+}
+
+static VALUE
+fix_equal(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    if (x == y) return Qtrue;
+    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) return Qfalse;
+    return rb_big_eq(y, x); /* modified */
+}
+
+static VALUE
+fix_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    if (x == y) return INT2FIX(0);
+    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
+	if (FIX2LONG(x) > FIX2LONG(y)) return INT2FIX(1);
+	return INT2FIX(-1);
+    }
+    /* modified */
+    return rb_big_cmp(rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x)), y);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+fix_odd_p(VALUE num)
+{
+    if (num & 2) {
+        return Qtrue;
+    }
+    return Qfalse;
+}