ddtrace 1.0.0 → 1.1.0

data/ext/ddtrace_profiling_native_extension/collectors_stack.c

@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+#include <ruby.h>
+#include <ruby/debug.h>
+#include "extconf.h"
+#include "libddprof_helpers.h"
+#include "private_vm_api_access.h"
+#include "stack_recorder.h"
+
+// Gathers stack traces from running threads, storing them in a StackRecorder instance
+// This file implements the native bits of the Datadog::Profiling::Collectors::Stack class
+
+#define MAX_FRAMES_LIMIT            10000
+#define MAX_FRAMES_LIMIT_AS_STRING "10000"
+
+static VALUE missing_string = Qnil;
+
+// Used as scratch space during sampling
+typedef struct sampling_buffer {
+  unsigned int max_frames;
+  VALUE *stack_buffer;
+  int *lines_buffer;
+  bool *is_ruby_frame;
+  ddprof_ffi_Location *locations;
+  ddprof_ffi_Line *lines;
+} sampling_buffer;
+
+static VALUE _native_sample(VALUE self, VALUE thread, VALUE recorder_instance, VALUE metric_values_hash, VALUE labels_array, VALUE max_frames);
+void sample(VALUE thread, sampling_buffer* buffer, VALUE recorder_instance, ddprof_ffi_Slice_i64 metric_values, ddprof_ffi_Slice_label labels);
+void maybe_add_placeholder_frames_omitted(VALUE thread, sampling_buffer* buffer, char *frames_omitted_message, int frames_omitted_message_size);
+void record_placeholder_stack_in_native_code(VALUE recorder_instance, ddprof_ffi_Slice_i64 metric_values, ddprof_ffi_Slice_label labels);
+sampling_buffer *sampling_buffer_new(unsigned int max_frames);
+void sampling_buffer_free(sampling_buffer *buffer);
+
+void collectors_stack_init(VALUE profiling_module) {
+  VALUE collectors_module = rb_define_module_under(profiling_module, "Collectors");
+  VALUE collectors_stack_class = rb_define_class_under(collectors_module, "Stack", rb_cObject);
+
+  rb_define_singleton_method(collectors_stack_class, "_native_sample", _native_sample, 5);
+
+  missing_string = rb_str_new2("");
+  rb_global_variable(&missing_string);
+}
+
+// This method exists only to enable testing Collectors::Stack behavior using RSpec.
+// It SHOULD NOT be used for other purposes.
+static VALUE _native_sample(VALUE self, VALUE thread, VALUE recorder_instance, VALUE metric_values_hash, VALUE labels_array, VALUE max_frames) {
+  Check_Type(metric_values_hash, T_HASH);
+  Check_Type(labels_array, T_ARRAY);
+
+  if (RHASH_SIZE(metric_values_hash) != ENABLED_VALUE_TYPES_COUNT) {
+    rb_raise(
+      rb_eArgError,
+      "Mismatched values for metrics; expected %lu values and got %lu instead",
+      ENABLED_VALUE_TYPES_COUNT,
+      RHASH_SIZE(metric_values_hash)
+    );
+  }
+
+  int64_t metric_values[ENABLED_VALUE_TYPES_COUNT];
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ENABLED_VALUE_TYPES_COUNT; i++) {
+    VALUE metric_value = rb_hash_fetch(metric_values_hash, rb_str_new_cstr(enabled_value_types[i].type_.ptr));
+    metric_values[i] = NUM2LONG(metric_value);
+  }
+
+  long labels_count = RARRAY_LEN(labels_array);
+  ddprof_ffi_Label labels[labels_count];
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < labels_count; i++) {
+    VALUE key_str_pair = rb_ary_entry(labels_array, i);
+
+    labels[i] = (ddprof_ffi_Label) {
+      .key = char_slice_from_ruby_string(rb_ary_entry(key_str_pair, 0)),
+      .str = char_slice_from_ruby_string(rb_ary_entry(key_str_pair, 1))
+    };
+  }
+
+  int max_frames_requested = NUM2INT(max_frames);
+  if (max_frames_requested < 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Invalid max_frames: value must not be negative");
+
+  sampling_buffer *buffer = sampling_buffer_new(max_frames_requested);
+
+  sample(
+    thread,
+    buffer,
+    recorder_instance,
+    (ddprof_ffi_Slice_i64) {.ptr = metric_values, .len = ENABLED_VALUE_TYPES_COUNT},
+    (ddprof_ffi_Slice_label) {.ptr = labels, .len = labels_count}
+  );
+
+  sampling_buffer_free(buffer);
+
+  return Qtrue;
+}
+
+void sample(VALUE thread, sampling_buffer* buffer, VALUE recorder_instance, ddprof_ffi_Slice_i64 metric_values, ddprof_ffi_Slice_label labels) {
+  int captured_frames = ddtrace_rb_profile_frames(
+    thread,
+    0 /* stack starting depth */,
+    buffer->max_frames,
+    buffer->stack_buffer,
+    buffer->lines_buffer,
+    buffer->is_ruby_frame
+  );
+
+  // Idea: Should we release the global vm lock (GVL) after we get the data from `rb_profile_frames`? That way other Ruby threads
+  // could continue making progress while the sample was ingested into the profile.
+  //
+  // Other things to take into consideration if we go in that direction:
+  // * Is it safe to call `rb_profile_frame_...` methods on things from the `stack_buffer` without the GVL acquired?
+  // * We need to make `VALUE` references in the `stack_buffer` visible to the Ruby GC
+  // * Should we move this into a different thread entirely?
+  // * If we don't move it into a different thread, does releasing the GVL on a Ruby thread mean that we're introducing
+  //   a new thread switch point where there previously was none?
+
+  // Ruby does not give us path and line number for methods implemented using native code.
+  // The convention in Kernel#caller_locations is to instead use the path and line number of the first Ruby frame
+  // on the stack that is below (e.g. directly or indirectly has called) the native method.
+  // Thus, we keep that frame here to able to replicate that behavior.
+  // (This is why we also iterate the sampling buffers backwards below -- so that it's easier to keep the last_ruby_frame)
+  VALUE last_ruby_frame = Qnil;
+  int last_ruby_line = 0;
+
+  if (captured_frames == PLACEHOLDER_STACK_IN_NATIVE_CODE) {
+    record_placeholder_stack_in_native_code(recorder_instance, metric_values, labels);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (int i = captured_frames - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    VALUE name, filename;
+    int line;
+
+    if (buffer->is_ruby_frame[i]) {
+      last_ruby_frame = buffer->stack_buffer[i];
+      last_ruby_line = buffer->lines_buffer[i];
+
+      name = rb_profile_frame_base_label(buffer->stack_buffer[i]);
+      filename = rb_profile_frame_path(buffer->stack_buffer[i]);
+      line = buffer->lines_buffer[i];
+    } else {
+      // **IMPORTANT**: Be very careful when calling any `rb_profile_frame_...` API with a non-Ruby frame, as legacy
+      // Rubies may assume that what's in a buffer will lead to a Ruby frame.
+      //
+      // In particular for Ruby 2.2 and below the buffer contains a Ruby string (see the notes on our custom
+      // rb_profile_frames for Ruby 2.2 and below) and CALLING **ANY** OF THOSE APIs ON IT WILL CAUSE INSTANT VM CRASHES
+
+#ifndef USE_LEGACY_RB_PROFILE_FRAMES // Modern Rubies
+      name = ddtrace_rb_profile_frame_method_name(buffer->stack_buffer[i]);
+#else // Ruby < 2.3
+      name = buffer->stack_buffer[i];
+#endif
+
+      filename = NIL_P(last_ruby_frame) ? Qnil : rb_profile_frame_path(last_ruby_frame);
+      line = last_ruby_line;
+    }
+
+    name = NIL_P(name) ? missing_string : name;
+    filename = NIL_P(filename) ? missing_string : filename;
+
+    buffer->lines[i] = (ddprof_ffi_Line) {
+      .function = (ddprof_ffi_Function) {
+        .name = char_slice_from_ruby_string(name),
+        .filename = char_slice_from_ruby_string(filename)
+      },
+      .line = line,
+    };
+
+    buffer->locations[i] = (ddprof_ffi_Location) {.lines = (ddprof_ffi_Slice_line) {.ptr = &buffer->lines[i], .len = 1}};
+  }
+
+  // Used below; since we want to stack-allocate this, we must do it here rather than in maybe_add_placeholder_frames_omitted
+  const int frames_omitted_message_size = sizeof(MAX_FRAMES_LIMIT_AS_STRING " frames omitted");
+  char frames_omitted_message[frames_omitted_message_size];
+
+  // If we filled up the buffer, some frames may have been omitted. In that case, we'll add a placeholder frame
+  // with that info.
+  if (captured_frames == (long) buffer->max_frames) {
+    maybe_add_placeholder_frames_omitted(thread, buffer, frames_omitted_message, frames_omitted_message_size);
+  }
+
+  record_sample(
+    recorder_instance,
+    (ddprof_ffi_Sample) {
+      .locations = (ddprof_ffi_Slice_location) {.ptr = buffer->locations, .len = captured_frames},
+      .values = metric_values,
+      .labels = labels,
+    }
+  );
+}
+
+void maybe_add_placeholder_frames_omitted(VALUE thread, sampling_buffer* buffer, char *frames_omitted_message, int frames_omitted_message_size) {
+  ptrdiff_t frames_omitted = stack_depth_for(thread) - buffer->max_frames;
+
+  if (frames_omitted == 0) return; // Perfect fit!
+
+  // The placeholder frame takes over a space, so if 10 frames were left out and we consume one other space for the
+  // placeholder, then 11 frames are omitted in total
+  frames_omitted++;
+
+  snprintf(frames_omitted_message, frames_omitted_message_size, "%td frames omitted", frames_omitted);
+
+  // Important note: `frames_omitted_message` MUST have a lifetime that is at least as long as the call to
+  // `record_sample`. So be careful where it gets allocated. (We do have tests for this, at least!)
+  buffer->lines[buffer->max_frames - 1] = (ddprof_ffi_Line) {
+    .function = (ddprof_ffi_Function) {
+      .name = DDPROF_FFI_CHARSLICE_C(""),
+      .filename = ((ddprof_ffi_CharSlice) {.ptr = frames_omitted_message, .len = strlen(frames_omitted_message)})
+    },
+    .line = 0,
+  };
+}
+
+// Our custom rb_profile_frames returning PLACEHOLDER_STACK_IN_NATIVE_CODE is equivalent to when the
+// Ruby `Thread#backtrace` API returns an empty array: we know that a thread is alive but we don't know what it's doing:
+//
+// 1. It can be starting up
+//    ```
+//    > Thread.new { sleep }.backtrace
+//    => [] # <-- note the thread hasn't actually started running sleep yet, we got there first
+//    ```
+// 2. It can be running native code
+//    ```
+//    > t = Process.detach(fork { sleep })
+//    => #<Process::Waiter:0x00007ffe7285f7a0 run>
+//    > t.backtrace
+//    => [] # <-- this can happen even minutes later, e.g. it's not a race as in 1.
+//    ```
+//    This effect has been observed in threads created by the Iodine web server and the ffi gem,
+//    see for instance https://github.com/ffi/ffi/pull/883 and https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-rb/pull/1719 .
+//
+// To give customers visibility into these threads, rather than reporting an empty stack, we replace the empty stack
+// with one containing a placeholder frame, so that these threads are properly represented in the UX.
+void record_placeholder_stack_in_native_code(VALUE recorder_instance, ddprof_ffi_Slice_i64 metric_values, ddprof_ffi_Slice_label labels) {
+  ddprof_ffi_Line placeholder_stack_in_native_code_line = {
+    .function = (ddprof_ffi_Function) {
+      .name = DDPROF_FFI_CHARSLICE_C(""),
+      .filename = DDPROF_FFI_CHARSLICE_C("In native code")
+    },
+    .line = 0
+  };
+  ddprof_ffi_Location placeholder_stack_in_native_code_location =
+    {.lines = (ddprof_ffi_Slice_line) {.ptr = &placeholder_stack_in_native_code_line, .len = 1}};
+
+  record_sample(
+    recorder_instance,
+    (ddprof_ffi_Sample) {
+      .locations = (ddprof_ffi_Slice_location) {.ptr = &placeholder_stack_in_native_code_location, .len = 1},
+      .values = metric_values,
+      .labels = labels,
+    }
+  );
+}
+
+sampling_buffer *sampling_buffer_new(unsigned int max_frames) {
+  if (max_frames < 5) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Invalid max_frames: value must be >= 5");
+  if (max_frames > MAX_FRAMES_LIMIT) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Invalid max_frames: value must be <= " MAX_FRAMES_LIMIT_AS_STRING);
+
+  // Note: never returns NULL; if out of memory, it calls the Ruby out-of-memory handlers
+  sampling_buffer* buffer = ruby_xcalloc(1, sizeof(sampling_buffer));
+
+  buffer->max_frames = max_frames;
+
+  buffer->stack_buffer  = ruby_xcalloc(max_frames, sizeof(VALUE));
+  buffer->lines_buffer  = ruby_xcalloc(max_frames, sizeof(int));
+  buffer->is_ruby_frame = ruby_xcalloc(max_frames, sizeof(bool));
+  buffer->locations     = ruby_xcalloc(max_frames, sizeof(ddprof_ffi_Location));
+  buffer->lines         = ruby_xcalloc(max_frames, sizeof(ddprof_ffi_Line));
+
+  return buffer;
+}
+
+void sampling_buffer_free(sampling_buffer *buffer) {
+  ruby_xfree(buffer->stack_buffer);
+  ruby_xfree(buffer->lines_buffer);
+  ruby_xfree(buffer->is_ruby_frame);
+  ruby_xfree(buffer->locations);
+  ruby_xfree(buffer->lines);
+
+  ruby_xfree(buffer);
+}

data/ext/ddtrace_profiling_native_extension/extconf.rb

@@ -1,92 +1,40 @@
 # typed: ignore
 
 # rubocop:disable Style/StderrPuts
+# rubocop:disable Style/GlobalVars
 
-# Older Rubies don't have the MJIT header, used by the JIT compiler, so we need to use a different approach
-CAN_USE_MJIT_HEADER = RUBY_VERSION >= '2.6'
+require_relative 'native_extension_helpers'
 
-def on_jruby?
-  # We don't support JRuby for profiling, and JRuby doesn't support native extensions, so let's just skip this entire
-  # thing so that JRuby users of dd-trace-rb aren't impacted.
-  RUBY_ENGINE == 'jruby'
-end
-
-def on_truffleruby?
-  # We don't officially support TruffleRuby for dd-trace-rb at all BUT let's not break adventurous customers that
-  # want to give it a try.
-  RUBY_ENGINE == 'truffleruby'
-end
-
-def on_windows?
-  # Microsoft Windows is unsupported, so let's not build the extension there.
-  Gem.win_platform?
-end
-
-def expected_to_use_mjit_but_mjit_is_disabled?
-  # On some Rubies, we require the mjit header to be present. If Ruby was installed without MJIT support, we also skip
-  # building the extension.
-  mjit_disabled = CAN_USE_MJIT_HEADER && RbConfig::CONFIG['MJIT_SUPPORT'] != 'yes'
-
-  if mjit_disabled
-    $stderr.puts(%(
-+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-| Your Ruby has been compiled without JIT support (--disable-jit-support).     |
-| The profiling native extension requires a Ruby compiled with JIT support,    |
-| even if the JIT is not in use by the application itself.                     |
-|                                                                              |
-| WARNING: Without the profiling native extension, some profiling features     |
-| will not be available.                                                       |
-+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-
-))
-  end
-
-  mjit_disabled
-end
-
-def disabled_via_env?
-  # Experimental toggle to disable building the extension.
-  # Disabling the extension will lead to the profiler not working in future releases.
-  # If you needed to use this, please tell us why on <https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-rb/issues/new>.
-  ENV['DD_PROFILING_NO_EXTENSION'].to_s.downcase == 'true'
-end
-
-def skip_building_extension?
-  disabled_via_env? || on_jruby? || on_truffleruby? || on_windows? || expected_to_use_mjit_but_mjit_is_disabled?
-end
+SKIPPED_REASON_FILE = "#{__dir__}/skipped_reason.txt".freeze
+# Not a problem if the file doesn't exist or we can't delete it
+File.delete(SKIPPED_REASON_FILE) rescue nil
 
-# IMPORTANT: When adding flags, remember that our customers compile with a wide range of gcc/clang versions, so
-# doublecheck that what you're adding can be reasonably expected to work on their systems.
-def add_compiler_flag(flag)
-  $CFLAGS << ' ' << flag
-end
+def skip_building_extension!(reason)
+  $stderr.puts(Datadog::Profiling::NativeExtensionHelpers::Supported.failure_banner_for(**reason))
+  File.write(
+    SKIPPED_REASON_FILE,
+    Datadog::Profiling::NativeExtensionHelpers::Supported.render_skipped_reason_file(**reason),
+  )
 
-def skip_building_extension!
   File.write('Makefile', 'all install clean: # dummy makefile that does nothing')
   exit
 end
 
-if skip_building_extension?
-  $stderr.puts(%(
-+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-| Skipping build of profiling native extension and replacing it with a no-op   |
-| Makefile                                                                     |
-+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-
-))
-  skip_building_extension!
+unless Datadog::Profiling::NativeExtensionHelpers::Supported.supported?
+  skip_building_extension!(Datadog::Profiling::NativeExtensionHelpers::Supported.unsupported_reason)
 end
 
 $stderr.puts(%(
 +------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-| ** Preparing to build the ddtrace native extension... **                     |
+| ** Preparing to build the ddtrace profiling native extension... **           |
 |                                                                              |
 | If you run into any failures during this step, you can set the               |
 | `DD_PROFILING_NO_EXTENSION` environment variable to `true` e.g.              |
 | `$ DD_PROFILING_NO_EXTENSION=true bundle install` to skip this step.         |
 |                                                                              |
-| Disabling the extension will lead to the ddtrace profiling features not      |
-| working in future releases.                                                  |
+| If you disable this extension, the Datadog Continuous Profiler will          |
+| not be available, but all other ddtrace features will work fine!             |
+|                                                                              |
 | If you needed to use this, please tell us why on                             |
 | <https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-rb/issues/new> so we can fix it :\)      |
 |                                                                              |
@@ -99,6 +47,22 @@ $stderr.puts(%(
 # that may fail on an environment not properly setup for building Ruby extensions.
 require 'mkmf'
 
+# mkmf on modern Rubies actually has an append_cflags that does something similar
+# (see https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5760), but as usual we need a bit more boilerplate to deal with legacy Rubies
+def add_compiler_flag(flag)
+  if try_cflags(flag)
+    $CFLAGS << ' ' << flag
+  else
+    $stderr.puts("WARNING: '#{flag}' not accepted by compiler, skipping it")
+  end
+end
+
+# Older gcc releases may not default to C99 and we need to ask for this. This is also used:
+# * by upstream Ruby -- search for gnu99 in the codebase
+# * by msgpack, another ddtrace dependency
+#   (https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack-ruby/blob/18ce08f6d612fe973843c366ac9a0b74c4e50599/ext/msgpack/extconf.rb#L8)
+add_compiler_flag '-std=gnu99'
+
 # Gets really noisy when we include the MJIT header, let's omit it
 add_compiler_flag '-Wno-unused-function'
 
@@ -128,13 +92,41 @@ if RUBY_PLATFORM.include?('linux')
   $defs << '-DHAVE_PTHREAD_GETCPUCLOCKID'
 end
 
+# On older Rubies, we need to use a backported version of this function. See private_vm_api_access.h for details.
+$defs << '-DUSE_BACKPORTED_RB_PROFILE_FRAME_METHOD_NAME' if RUBY_VERSION < '3'
+
+# On older Rubies, we need to use rb_thread_t instead of rb_execution_context_t
+$defs << '-DUSE_THREAD_INSTEAD_OF_EXECUTION_CONTEXT' if RUBY_VERSION < '2.5'
+
+# On older Rubies...
+if RUBY_VERSION < '2.4'
+  # ...we need to use RUBY_VM_NORMAL_ISEQ_P instead of VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P
+  $defs << '-DUSE_ISEQ_P_INSTEAD_OF_RUBYFRAME_P'
+  # ...we use a legacy copy of rb_vm_frame_method_entry
+  $defs << '-DUSE_LEGACY_RB_VM_FRAME_METHOD_ENTRY'
+end
+
+# For REALLY OLD Rubies...
+if RUBY_VERSION < '2.3'
+  # ...there was no rb_time_timespec_new function
+  $defs << '-DNO_RB_TIME_TIMESPEC_NEW'
+  # ...the VM changed enough that we need an alternative legacy rb_profile_frames
+  $defs << '-DUSE_LEGACY_RB_PROFILE_FRAMES'
+end
+
+# If we got here, libddprof is available and loaded
+ENV['PKG_CONFIG_PATH'] = "#{ENV['PKG_CONFIG_PATH']}:#{Libddprof.pkgconfig_folder}"
+unless pkg_config('ddprof_ffi_with_rpath')
+  skip_building_extension!(Datadog::Profiling::NativeExtensionHelpers::Supported::FAILED_TO_CONFIGURE_LIBDDPROF)
+end
+
 # Tag the native extension library with the Ruby version and Ruby platform.
 # This makes it easier for development (avoids "oops I forgot to rebuild when I switched my Ruby") and ensures that
 # the wrong library is never loaded.
 # When requiring, we need to use the exact same string, including the version and the platform.
 EXTENSION_NAME = "ddtrace_profiling_native_extension.#{RUBY_VERSION}_#{RUBY_PLATFORM}".freeze
 
-if CAN_USE_MJIT_HEADER
+if Datadog::Profiling::NativeExtensionHelpers::CAN_USE_MJIT_HEADER
   mjit_header_file_name = "rb_mjit_min_header-#{RUBY_VERSION}.h"
 
   # Validate that the mjit header can actually be compiled on this system. We learned via
@@ -146,42 +138,15 @@ if CAN_USE_MJIT_HEADER
   original_common_headers = MakeMakefile::COMMON_HEADERS
   MakeMakefile::COMMON_HEADERS = ''.freeze
   unless have_macro('RUBY_MJIT_H', mjit_header_file_name)
-    $stderr.puts(%(
-+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-| WARNING: Unable to compile a needed component for ddtrace native extension.  |
-| Your C compiler or Ruby VM just-in-time compiler seems to be broken.         |
-|                                                                              |
-| You will be NOT be able to use ddtrace profiling features,                   |
-| but all other features will work fine!                                       |
-|                                                                              |
-| For help solving this issue, please contact Datadog support at               |
-| <https://docs.datadoghq.com/help/>.                                          |
-+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-
-))
-    skip_building_extension!
+    skip_building_extension!(Datadog::Profiling::NativeExtensionHelpers::Supported::COMPILATION_BROKEN)
   end
   MakeMakefile::COMMON_HEADERS = original_common_headers
 
-  $defs << '-DUSE_MJIT_HEADER'
+  $defs << "-DRUBY_MJIT_HEADER='\"#{mjit_header_file_name}\"'"
 
   # NOTE: This needs to come after all changes to $defs
   create_header
 
-  # The MJIT header is always (afaik?) suffixed with the exact Ruby VM version,
-  # including patch (e.g. 2.7.2). Thus, we add to the header file a definition
-  # containing the exact file, so that it can be used in a #include in the C code.
-  header_contents =
-    File.read($extconf_h)
-        .sub('#endif',
-             <<-EXTCONF_H.strip
-#define RUBY_MJIT_HEADER "#{mjit_header_file_name}"
-
-#endif
-             EXTCONF_H
-            )
-  File.open($extconf_h, 'w') { |file| file.puts(header_contents) }
-
   create_makefile EXTENSION_NAME
 else
   # On older Rubies, we use the debase-ruby_core_source gem to get access to private VM headers.
@@ -201,6 +166,11 @@ else
   dir_config('ruby') # allow user to pass in non-standard core include directory
 
   Debase::RubyCoreSource
-    .create_makefile_with_core(proc { have_header('vm_core.h') && thread_native_for_ruby_2_1.call }, EXTENSION_NAME)
+    .create_makefile_with_core(
+      proc { have_header('vm_core.h') && have_header('iseq.h') && thread_native_for_ruby_2_1.call },
+      EXTENSION_NAME,
+    )
 end
+
+# rubocop:enable Style/GlobalVars
 # rubocop:enable Style/StderrPuts

data/ext/ddtrace_profiling_native_extension/libddprof_helpers.h

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <ddprof/ffi.h>
+
+inline static ddprof_ffi_CharSlice char_slice_from_ruby_string(VALUE string) {
+  Check_Type(string, T_STRING);
+  ddprof_ffi_CharSlice char_slice = {.ptr = StringValuePtr(string), .len = RSTRING_LEN(string)};
+  return char_slice;
+}
+
+inline static VALUE ruby_string_from_vec_u8(ddprof_ffi_Vec_u8 string) {
+  return rb_str_new((char *) string.ptr, string.len);
+}