ddtrace 0.39.0 → 0.44.0

data/CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ We welcome code contributions to the library, which you can [submit as a pull re
 2. **Make any changes** for your patch.
 3. **Write tests** that demonstrate how the feature works or how the bug is fixed.
 4. **Update any documentation** such as `docs/GettingStarted.md`, especially for new features.
-5. **Submit the pull request** from your fork back to https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-rb. Bugs should merge back to `master`, and new features should merge back to the latest `dev` branch (e.g. `0.24-dev`).
+5. **Submit the pull request** from your fork back to the latest revision of the `master` branch on https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-rb.
 
 The pull request will be run through our CI pipeline, and a project member will review the changes with you. At a minimum, to be accepted and merged, pull requests must:
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ We also recommend that you share in your description:
 
 Pull requests will be reviewed and added to [our Community project](https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-rb/projects/2).
 
-For more information on common topics such as debugging locally, or how to write new integrations, check out [our development guide](https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-rb/docs/DevelopmentGuide.md). If at any point you have a question or need assistance with your pull request, feel free to mention a project member! We're always happy to help contributors with their pull requests.
+For more information on common topics such as debugging locally, or how to write new integrations, check out [our development guide](https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-rb/blob/master/docs/DevelopmentGuide.md). If at any point you have a question or need assistance with your pull request, feel free to mention a project member! We're always happy to help contributors with their pull requests.
 
 ## Final word
 

data/Gemfile

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
 gemspec
 
-# Add debugger for pry that's compatible with 0.10.4
-gem 'pry-nav', git: 'https://github.com/nixme/pry-nav.git', branch: 'master'
+if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.0.0'
+  gem 'webrick', '>= 1.7.0' # No longer bundled by default since Ruby 3.0
+end
+
 # This file was generated by Appraisal

data/Rakefile

@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ namespace :spec do
     :active_support,
     :aws,
     :concurrent_ruby,
+    :cucumber,
     :dalli,
     :delayed_job,
     :elasticsearch,
@@ -100,12 +101,15 @@ namespace :spec do
     :mongodb,
     :mysql2,
     :presto,
+    :qless,
+    :que,
     :racecar,
     :rack,
     :rake,
     :redis,
     :resque,
     :rest_client,
+    :rspec,
     :sequel,
     :shoryuken,
     :sidekiq,
@@ -142,8 +146,6 @@ namespace :test do
   end
 
   [
-    :grape,
-    :sucker_punch
   ].each do |contrib|
     Rake::TestTask.new(contrib) do |t|
       t.libs << %w[test lib]
@@ -185,6 +187,21 @@ task :'release:docs' => :docs do
   sh "aws s3 cp --recursive doc/ s3://#{S3_BUCKET}/#{S3_DIR}/docs/"
 end
 
+# Declare a command for execution.
+# Jobs are parallelized if running in CI.
+def declare(*args)
+  total_executors = ENV.key?('CIRCLE_NODE_TOTAL') ? ENV['CIRCLE_NODE_TOTAL'].to_i : nil
+  current_executor = ENV.key?('CIRCLE_NODE_INDEX') ? ENV['CIRCLE_NODE_INDEX'].to_i : nil
+
+  if total_executors && current_executor && total_executors > 1
+    @execution_count ||= 0
+    @execution_count += 1
+    sh(*args) if @execution_count % total_executors == current_executor
+  else
+    sh(*args)
+  end
+end
+
 desc 'CI task; it runs all tests for current version of Ruby'
 task :ci do
   if Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) < Gem::Version.new(Datadog::VERSION::MINIMUM_RUBY_VERSION)
@@ -192,564 +209,735 @@ task :ci do
   elsif Gem::Version.new('2.0.0') <= Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) \
         && Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) < Gem::Version.new('2.1.0')
     # Main library
-    sh 'bundle exec rake test:main'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:main'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:contrib'
-    # Benchmarks
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:benchmark'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake test:main'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:main'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:contrib'
 
     if RUBY_PLATFORM != 'java'
       # Contrib minitests
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake test:monkey'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake test:sucker_punch'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake test:monkey'
       # Contrib specs
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:active_model_serializers'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:active_record'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:active_support'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:aws'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:concurrent_ruby'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:dalli'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:delayed_job'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:elasticsearch'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:ethon'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:excon'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:faraday'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:http'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:httprb'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:mongodb'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:mysql2'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:rack'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:rake'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:redis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:resque'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:rest_client'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:sequel'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:sidekiq'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:sinatra'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:sucker_punch'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:suite'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:active_model_serializers'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:active_record'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:active_support'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:aws'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:concurrent_ruby'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:dalli'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:delayed_job'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:elasticsearch'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:ethon'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:excon'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:faraday'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:http'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:httprb'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:mongodb'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:mysql2'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:rack'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:rake'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:redis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:resque'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:rest_client'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:rspec'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:sequel'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:sidekiq'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:sinatra'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:sucker_punch'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:suite'
       # Rails minitests
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
       # Rails specs
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:rails'
       # Rails suite specs
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:action_pack'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:action_view'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake spec:active_record'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:active_support'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:action_pack'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:action_view'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake spec:active_record'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:active_support'
     end
   elsif Gem::Version.new('2.1.0') <= Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) \
         && Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) < Gem::Version.new('2.2.0')
     # Main library
-    sh 'bundle exec rake test:main'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:main'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:contrib'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:opentracer'
-    # Benchmarks
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:benchmark'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake test:main'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:main'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:contrib'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:opentracer'
 
     if RUBY_PLATFORM != 'java'
       # Contrib minitests
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake test:monkey'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake test:sucker_punch'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake test:monkey'
       # Contrib specs
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:active_model_serializers'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:active_record'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:active_support'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:aws'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:concurrent_ruby'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:dalli'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:delayed_job'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:elasticsearch'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:ethon'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:excon'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:faraday'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:http'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:httprb'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:mongodb'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:mysql2'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:presto'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:rack'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:rake'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:redis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:resque'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:rest_client'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:sequel'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:sidekiq'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:sinatra'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:sucker_punch'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:suite'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:active_model_serializers'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:active_record'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:active_support'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:aws'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:concurrent_ruby'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:dalli'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:delayed_job'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:elasticsearch'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:ethon'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:excon'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:faraday'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:http'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:httprb'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:kafka'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:mongodb'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:mysql2'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:presto'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:rack'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:rake'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:redis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:resque'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:rest_client'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:rspec'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:sequel'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:sidekiq'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:sinatra'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:sucker_punch'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:suite'
       # Rails minitests
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-mysql2 rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
       # Rails specs
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres rake spec:rails'
       # Rails suite specs
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:action_pack'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:action_view'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake spec:active_record'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:active_support'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:action_pack'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:action_view'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake spec:active_record'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:active_support'
     end
   elsif Gem::Version.new('2.2.0') <= Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION)\
         && Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) < Gem::Version.new('2.3.0')
     # Main library
-    sh 'bundle exec rake test:main'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:main'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:contrib'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:opentracer'
-    # Benchmarks
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:benchmark'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake test:main'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:main'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:contrib'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:opentracer'
 
     if RUBY_PLATFORM != 'java'
       # Contrib minitests
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake test:grape'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake test:sucker_punch'
       # Contrib specs
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_pack'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_view'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_model_serializers'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_record'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_support'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:aws'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:concurrent_ruby'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:dalli'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:delayed_job'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:elasticsearch'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:ethon'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:excon'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:faraday'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grape'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:graphql'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grpc'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:http'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:httprb'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mongodb'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mysql2'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:presto'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:racecar'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rack'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rake'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:redis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:resque'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rest_client'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sequel'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:shoryuken'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sidekiq'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sinatra'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sneakers'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sucker_punch'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:suite'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_pack'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_view'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_model_serializers'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_record'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_support'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:aws'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:concurrent_ruby'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:dalli'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:delayed_job'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:elasticsearch'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:ethon'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:excon'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:faraday'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grape'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:graphql'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grpc'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:http'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:httprb'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:kafka'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mongodb'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mysql2'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:presto'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:qless'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:que'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:racecar'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rack'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rake'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:redis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:resque'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rest_client'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rspec'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sequel'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:shoryuken'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sidekiq'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sinatra'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sneakers'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sucker_punch'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:suite'
       # Rails minitests
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-mysql2 rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis-activesupport rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis-activesupport rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
       # Rails specs
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:rails'
     end
   elsif Gem::Version.new('2.3.0') <= Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) \
         && Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) < Gem::Version.new('2.4.0')
     # Main library
-    sh 'bundle exec rake test:main'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:main'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:contrib'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:opentracer'
-    # Benchmarks
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:benchmark'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake test:main'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:main'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:contrib'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:opentracer'
 
     if RUBY_PLATFORM != 'java'
       # Contrib minitests
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake test:grape'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake test:sucker_punch'
       # Contrib specs
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_pack'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_view'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_model_serializers'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_record'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_support'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:aws'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:concurrent_ruby'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:dalli'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:delayed_job'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:elasticsearch'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:ethon'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:excon'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:faraday'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grape'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:graphql'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grpc'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:http'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:httprb'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mongodb'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mysql2'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:presto'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:racecar'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rack'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rake'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:redis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:resque'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rest_client'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sequel'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:shoryuken'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sidekiq'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sinatra'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sneakers'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sucker_punch'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:suite'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_pack'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_view'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_model_serializers'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_record'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_support'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:aws'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:concurrent_ruby'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:dalli'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:delayed_job'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:elasticsearch'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:ethon'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:excon'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:faraday'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grape'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:graphql'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grpc'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:http'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:httprb'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:kafka'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mongodb'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mysql2'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:presto'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:que'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:racecar'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rack'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rake'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:redis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:resque'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rest_client'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rspec'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sequel'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:shoryuken'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sidekiq'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sinatra'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sneakers'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sucker_punch'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:suite'
       # Contrib specs with old gem versions
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:faraday'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:faraday'
       # Rails minitests
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-mysql2 rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis-activesupport rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis-activesupport rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
       # Rails specs
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails30-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails32-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails4-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:rails'
+
+      # explicitly test resque-2x compatability
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal resque2-redis3 rake spec:resque'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal resque2-redis4 rake spec:resque'
     end
   elsif Gem::Version.new('2.4.0') <= Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) \
         && Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) < Gem::Version.new('2.5.0')
     # Main library
-    sh 'bundle exec rake test:main'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:main'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:contrib'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:opentracer'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:opentelemetry'
-    # Benchmarks
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:benchmark'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake test:main'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:main'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:contrib'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:opentracer'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:opentelemetry'
 
     if RUBY_PLATFORM != 'java'
-      # Benchmarks
-      sh 'bundle exec rake benchmark'
       # Contrib minitests
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake test:grape'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake test:sucker_punch'
       # Contrib specs
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_pack'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_view'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_model_serializers'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_record'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_support'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:aws'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:concurrent_ruby'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:dalli'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:delayed_job'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:elasticsearch'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:ethon'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:excon'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:faraday'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grape'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:graphql'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grpc'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:http'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:httprb'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mongodb'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mysql2'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:presto'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:racecar'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rack'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rake'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:redis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:resque'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rest_client'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sequel'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:shoryuken'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sidekiq'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sinatra'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sneakers'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sucker_punch'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:suite'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_pack'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_view'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_model_serializers'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_record'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_support'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:aws'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:concurrent_ruby'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:dalli'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:delayed_job'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:elasticsearch'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:ethon'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:excon'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:faraday'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grape'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:graphql'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grpc'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:http'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:httprb'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:kafka'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mongodb'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mysql2'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:presto'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:que'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:racecar'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rack'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rake'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:redis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:resque'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rest_client'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rspec'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sequel'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:shoryuken'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sidekiq'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sinatra'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sneakers'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sucker_punch'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:suite'
       # Contrib specs with old gem versions
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:faraday'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:faraday'
       # Rails minitests
       # We only test Rails 5+ because older versions require Bundler < 2.0
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis-activesupport rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis-activesupport rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
       # Rails specs
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:rails'
+
+      # explicitly test resque-2x compatability
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal resque2-redis3 rake spec:resque'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal resque2-redis4 rake spec:resque'
+
+      # explicitly test cucumber compatibility
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal cucumber3 rake spec:cucumber'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal cucumber4 rake spec:cucumber'
     end
   elsif Gem::Version.new('2.5.0') <= Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) \
         && Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) < Gem::Version.new('2.6.0')
     # Main library
-    sh 'bundle exec rake test:main'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:main'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:contrib'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:opentracer'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:opentelemetry'
-    # Benchmarks
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:benchmark' if RUBY_PLATFORM != 'java' # Too slow due to repeated JVM instantiation
-    sh 'bundle exec rake benchmark'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake test:main'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:main'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:contrib'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:opentracer'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:opentelemetry'
     # Contrib minitests
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake test:grape'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake test:sucker_punch'
     # Contrib specs
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_pack'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_view'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_model_serializers'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_record'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_support'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:aws'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:concurrent_ruby'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:dalli'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:delayed_job'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:elasticsearch'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:ethon'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:excon'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:faraday'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grape'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:graphql'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grpc' if RUBY_PLATFORM != 'java' # protobuf not supported
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:http'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:httprb'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mongodb'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mysql2' if RUBY_PLATFORM != 'java' # built-in jdbc is used instead
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:presto'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:racecar'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rack'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rake'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:redis'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:resque'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rest_client'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sequel'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:shoryuken'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sidekiq'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sinatra'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sneakers'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sucker_punch'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:suite'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_pack'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_view'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_model_serializers'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_record'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_support'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:aws'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:concurrent_ruby'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:cucumber'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:dalli'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:delayed_job'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:elasticsearch'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:ethon'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:excon'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:faraday'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grape'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:graphql'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grpc' if RUBY_PLATFORM != 'java' # protobuf not supported
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:http'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:httprb'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:kafka'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mongodb'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mysql2' if RUBY_PLATFORM != 'java' # built-in jdbc is used instead
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:presto'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:qless'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:que'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:racecar'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rack'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rake'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:redis'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:resque'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rest_client'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rspec'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sequel'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:shoryuken'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sidekiq'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sinatra'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sneakers'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sucker_punch'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:suite'
     # Contrib specs with old gem versions
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:faraday'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:faraday'
     # Rails minitests
     # We only test Rails 5+ because older versions require Bundler < 2.0
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake test:rails'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake test:rails'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis-activesupport rake spec:railsredis'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-mysql2 rake test:rails'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres rake test:rails'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres-redis-activesupport rake spec:railsredis'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake test:rails'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis-activesupport rake spec:railsredis'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres rake test:rails'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres-redis-activesupport rake spec:railsredis'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
     # Rails specs
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake spec:action_cable'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:rails'
-    # sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-mysql2 rake spec:action_cable' # TODO: Hangs CI jobs... fix and re-enable.
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
-    sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres rake spec:rails'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake spec:action_cable'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:rails'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-mysql2 rake spec:action_cable'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres rake spec:rails'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-mysql2 rake spec:action_cable'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres rake spec:rails'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres rake test:rails'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
+
+    # explicitly test resque-2x compatability
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal resque2-redis3 rake spec:resque'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal resque2-redis4 rake spec:resque'
+
+    # explicitly test cucumber compatibility
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal cucumber3 rake spec:cucumber'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal cucumber4 rake spec:cucumber'
+    declare 'bundle exec appraisal cucumber5 rake spec:cucumber'
   elsif Gem::Version.new('2.6.0') <= Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) \
       && Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) < Gem::Version.new('2.7.0')
     # Main library
-    sh 'bundle exec rake test:main'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:main'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:contrib'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:opentracer'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:opentelemetry'
-    # Benchmarks
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:benchmark'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake test:main'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:main'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:contrib'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:opentracer'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:opentelemetry'
 
     if RUBY_PLATFORM != 'java'
-      # Benchmarks
-      sh 'bundle exec rake benchmark'
       # Contrib minitests
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake test:grape'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake test:sucker_punch'
       # Contrib specs
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_pack'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_view'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_model_serializers'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_record'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_support'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:aws'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:concurrent_ruby'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:dalli'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:delayed_job'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:elasticsearch'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:ethon'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:excon'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:faraday'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grape'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:graphql'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grpc'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:http'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:httprb'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mongodb'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mysql2'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:presto'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:racecar'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rack'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rake'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:redis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:resque'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rest_client'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sequel'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:shoryuken'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sidekiq'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sinatra'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sneakers'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sucker_punch'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:suite'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_pack'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_view'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_model_serializers'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_record'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_support'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:aws'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:concurrent_ruby'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:cucumber'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:dalli'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:delayed_job'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:elasticsearch'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:ethon'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:excon'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:faraday'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grape'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:graphql'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grpc'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:http'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:httprb'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:kafka'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mongodb'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mysql2'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:presto'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:qless'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:que'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:racecar'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rack'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rake'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:redis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:resque'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rest_client'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rspec'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sequel'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:shoryuken'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sidekiq'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sinatra'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sneakers'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sucker_punch'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:suite'
+
       # Contrib specs with old gem versions
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:faraday'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:faraday'
       # Rails minitests
       # We only test Rails 5+ because older versions require Bundler < 2.0
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis-activesupport rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-mysql2 rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres-redis-activesupport rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis-activesupport rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres-redis-activesupport rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
       # Rails specs
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake spec:action_cable'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:rails'
-      # sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-mysql2 rake spec:action_cable' # TODO: Hangs CI jobs... fix and re-enable.
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake spec:action_cable'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-mysql2 rake spec:action_cable'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-mysql2 rake spec:action_cable'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
+
+      # explicitly test resque-2x compatability
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal resque2-redis3 rake spec:resque'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal resque2-redis4 rake spec:resque'
+
+      # explicitly test cucumber compatibility
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal cucumber3 rake spec:cucumber'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal cucumber4 rake spec:cucumber'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal cucumber5 rake spec:cucumber'
     end
-  elsif Gem::Version.new('2.7.0') <= Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION)
+  elsif Gem::Version.new('2.7.0') <= Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) \
+      && Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) < Gem::Version.new('3.0.0')
     # Main library
-    sh 'bundle exec rake test:main'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:main'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:contrib'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:opentracer'
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:opentelemetry'
-    # Benchmarks
-    sh 'bundle exec rake spec:benchmark'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake test:main'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:main'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:contrib'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:opentracer'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:opentelemetry'
 
     if RUBY_PLATFORM != 'java'
-      # Benchmarks
-      sh 'bundle exec rake benchmark'
       # Contrib minitests
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake test:grape'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake test:sucker_punch'
       # Contrib specs
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_pack'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_view'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_model_serializers'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_record'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_support'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:aws'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:concurrent_ruby'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:dalli'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:delayed_job'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:elasticsearch'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:ethon'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:excon'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:faraday'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grape'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:graphql'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grpc'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:http'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:httprb'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mongodb'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mysql2'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:presto'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:racecar'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rack'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rake'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:redis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:resque'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rest_client'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sequel'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:shoryuken'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sidekiq'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sinatra'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sneakers'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sucker_punch'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:suite'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_pack'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_view'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_model_serializers'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_record'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_support'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:aws'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:concurrent_ruby'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:cucumber'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:dalli'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:delayed_job'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:elasticsearch'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:ethon'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:excon'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:faraday'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grape'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:graphql'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grpc'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:http'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:httprb'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:kafka'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mongodb'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mysql2'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:presto'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:qless'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:que'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:racecar'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rack'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rake'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:redis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:resque'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rest_client'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rspec'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sequel'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:shoryuken'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sidekiq'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sinatra'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sneakers'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sucker_punch'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:suite'
+
       # Contrib specs with old gem versions
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:faraday'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib-old rake spec:faraday'
       # Rails minitests
       # We only test Rails 5+ because older versions require Bundler < 2.0
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis-activesupport rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-mysql2 rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres rake test:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres-redis-activesupport rake spec:railsredis'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-redis-activesupport rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres-redis-activesupport rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
       # Rails specs
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
-      sh 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails5-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-mysql2 rake spec:action_cable'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails6-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-mysql2 rake spec:action_cable'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
+
+      # explicitly test resque-2x compatability
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal resque2-redis3 rake spec:resque'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal resque2-redis4 rake spec:resque'
+
+      # explicitly test cucumber compatibility
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal cucumber3 rake spec:cucumber'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal cucumber4 rake spec:cucumber'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal cucumber5 rake spec:cucumber'
     end
+  elsif Gem::Version.new('3.0.0') <= Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION)
+    # Main library
+    declare 'bundle exec rake test:main'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:main'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:contrib'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:opentracer'
+    declare 'bundle exec rake spec:opentelemetry'
+
+    if RUBY_PLATFORM != 'java'
+      # Contrib minitests
+      # Contrib specs
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_pack'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:action_view'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_model_serializers'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_record'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:active_support'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:aws'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:concurrent_ruby'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:cucumber'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:dalli'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:delayed_job'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:elasticsearch'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:ethon'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:excon'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:faraday'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grape'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:graphql'
+      # declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:grpc' # Pending https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/issues/7922
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:http'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:httprb'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:kafka'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mongodb'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:mysql2'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:presto'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:qless'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:que'
+      # declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:racecar' # Pending release of our fix: https://github.com/appsignal/rdkafka-ruby/pull/144
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rack'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rake'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:redis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:resque'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rest_client'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:rspec'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sequel'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:shoryuken'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sidekiq'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sinatra'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sneakers'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:sucker_punch'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal contrib rake spec:suite'
+
+      # Rails
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-mysql2 rake spec:action_cable'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-mysql2 rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-mysql2 rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres rake spec:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres rake spec:railsdisableenv'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres rake test:rails'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres-redis rake spec:railsredis'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal rails61-postgres-sidekiq rake spec:railsactivejob'
+
+      # explicitly test resque-2x compatability
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal resque2-redis3 rake spec:resque'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal resque2-redis4 rake spec:resque'
+
+      # explicitly test cucumber compatibility
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal cucumber3 rake spec:cucumber'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal cucumber4 rake spec:cucumber'
+      declare 'bundle exec appraisal cucumber5 rake spec:cucumber'
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+namespace :coverage do
+  # Generates one global report for all tracer tests
+  task :report do
+    require 'simplecov'
+
+    resultset_files = Dir["#{ENV.fetch('COVERAGE_DIR', 'coverage')}/.resultset.json"] +
+                      Dir["#{ENV.fetch('COVERAGE_DIR', 'coverage')}/versions/**/.resultset.json"]
+
+    SimpleCov.collate resultset_files do
+      coverage_dir "#{ENV.fetch('COVERAGE_DIR', 'coverage')}/report"
+      if ENV['CI'] == 'true'
+        require 'codecov'
+        formatter SimpleCov::Formatter::MultiFormatter.new([SimpleCov::Formatter::HTMLFormatter,
+                                                            SimpleCov::Formatter::Codecov])
+      else
+        formatter SimpleCov::Formatter::HTMLFormatter
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Generates one report for each Ruby version
+  task :report_per_ruby_version do
+    require 'simplecov'
+
+    versions = Dir["#{ENV.fetch('COVERAGE_DIR', 'coverage')}/versions/*"].map { |f| File.basename(f) }
+    versions.map do |version|
+      puts "Generating report for: #{version}"
+      SimpleCov.collate Dir["#{ENV.fetch('COVERAGE_DIR', 'coverage')}/versions/#{version}/**/.resultset.json"] do
+        coverage_dir "#{ENV.fetch('COVERAGE_DIR', 'coverage')}/report/versions/#{version}"
+        formatter SimpleCov::Formatter::HTMLFormatter
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+namespace :changelog do
+  task :format do
+    require 'pimpmychangelog'
+
+    PimpMyChangelog::CLI.run!
   end
 end