ddtrace 0.35.2 → 1.1.0

data/ext/ddtrace_profiling_native_extension/private_vm_api_access.c

@@ -0,0 +1,607 @@
+#include "extconf.h"
+
+// This file exports functions used to access private Ruby VM APIs and internals.
+// To do this, it imports a few VM internal (private) headers.
+//
+// **Important Note**: Our medium/long-term plan is to stop relying on all private Ruby headers, and instead request and
+// contribute upstream changes so that they become official public VM APIs.
+//
+// In the meanwhile, be very careful when changing things here :)
+
+#ifdef RUBY_MJIT_HEADER
+  // Pick up internal structures from the private Ruby MJIT header file
+  #include RUBY_MJIT_HEADER
+#else
+  // On older Rubies, use a copy of the VM internal headers shipped in the debase-ruby_core_source gem
+  #include <vm_core.h>
+  #include <iseq.h>
+#endif
+
+#define PRIVATE_VM_API_ACCESS_SKIP_RUBY_INCLUDES
+#include "private_vm_api_access.h"
+
+// MRI has a similar rb_thread_ptr() function which we can't call it directly
+// because Ruby does not expose the thread_data_type publicly.
+// Instead, we have our own version of that function, and we lazily initialize the thread_data_type pointer
+// from a known-correct object: the current thread.
+//
+// Note that beyond returning the rb_thread_struct*, rb_check_typeddata() raises an exception
+// if the argument passed in is not actually a `Thread` instance.
+static inline rb_thread_t *thread_struct_from_object(VALUE thread) {
+  static const rb_data_type_t *thread_data_type = NULL;
+  if (thread_data_type == NULL) thread_data_type = RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(rb_thread_current());
+
+  return (rb_thread_t *) rb_check_typeddata(thread, thread_data_type);
+}
+
+rb_nativethread_id_t pthread_id_for(VALUE thread) {
+  return thread_struct_from_object(thread)->thread_id;
+}
+
+// Returns the stack depth by using the same approach as rb_profile_frames and backtrace_each: get the positions
+// of the end and current frame pointers and subtracting them.
+ptrdiff_t stack_depth_for(VALUE thread) {
+  #ifndef USE_THREAD_INSTEAD_OF_EXECUTION_CONTEXT // Modern Rubies
+    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = thread_struct_from_object(thread)->ec;
+  #else // Ruby < 2.5
+    const rb_thread_t *ec = thread_struct_from_object(thread);
+  #endif
+
+  const rb_control_frame_t *cfp = ec->cfp, *end_cfp = RUBY_VM_END_CONTROL_FRAME(ec);
+
+  if (end_cfp == NULL) return 0;
+
+  // Skip dummy frame, as seen in `backtrace_each` (`vm_backtrace.c`) and our custom rb_profile_frames
+  // ( https://github.com/ruby/ruby/blob/4bd38e8120f2fdfdd47a34211720e048502377f1/vm_backtrace.c#L890-L914 )
+  end_cfp = RUBY_VM_NEXT_CONTROL_FRAME(end_cfp);
+
+  return end_cfp <= cfp ? 0 : end_cfp - cfp - 1;
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// The sources below are modified versions of code extracted from the Ruby project.
+// Each function is annotated with its origin, why we imported it, and the changes made.
+//
+// The Ruby project copyright and license follow:
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Copyright (C) 1993-2013 Yukihiro Matsumoto. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+// are met:
+// 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+// 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+//    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+//    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+// ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+// ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+// FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+// DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+// OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+// HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+// LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+// OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+// SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#ifndef USE_LEGACY_RB_PROFILE_FRAMES // Modern Rubies
+
+// Taken from upstream vm_core.h at commit 5f10bd634fb6ae8f74a4ea730176233b0ca96954 (March 2022, Ruby 3.2 trunk)
+// Copyright (C) 2004-2007 Koichi Sasada
+// to support our custom rb_profile_frames (see below)
+// Modifications: None
+#define ISEQ_BODY(iseq) ((iseq)->body)
+
+// Taken from upstream vm_backtrace.c at commit 5f10bd634fb6ae8f74a4ea730176233b0ca96954 (March 2022, Ruby 3.2 trunk)
+// Copyright (C) 1993-2012 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+// to support our custom rb_profile_frames (see below)
+// Modifications: None
+inline static int
+calc_pos(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const VALUE *pc, int *lineno, int *node_id)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(iseq);
+    VM_ASSERT(ISEQ_BODY(iseq));
+    VM_ASSERT(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->iseq_encoded);
+    VM_ASSERT(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->iseq_size);
+    if (! pc) {
+        if (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_TOP) {
+            VM_ASSERT(! ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table);
+            VM_ASSERT(! ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table_size);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        if (lineno) *lineno = FIX2INT(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.first_lineno);
+#ifdef USE_ISEQ_NODE_ID
+        if (node_id) *node_id = -1;
+#endif
+        return 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        ptrdiff_t n = pc - ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->iseq_encoded;
+        VM_ASSERT(n <= ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->iseq_size);
+        VM_ASSERT(n >= 0);
+        ASSUME(n >= 0);
+        size_t pos = n; /* no overflow */
+        if (LIKELY(pos)) {
+            /* use pos-1 because PC points next instruction at the beginning of instruction */
+            pos--;
+        }
+#if VMDEBUG && defined(HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_TRAP)
+        else {
+            /* SDR() is not possible; that causes infinite loop. */
+            rb_print_backtrace();
+            __builtin_trap();
+        }
+#endif
+        if (lineno) *lineno = rb_iseq_line_no(iseq, pos);
+#ifdef USE_ISEQ_NODE_ID
+        if (node_id) *node_id = rb_iseq_node_id(iseq, pos);
+#endif
+        return 1;
+    }
+}
+
+// Taken from upstream vm_backtrace.c at commit 5f10bd634fb6ae8f74a4ea730176233b0ca96954 (March 2022, Ruby 3.2 trunk)
+// Copyright (C) 1993-2012 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+// to support our custom rb_profile_frames (see below)
+// Modifications: None
+inline static int
+calc_lineno(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const VALUE *pc)
+{
+    int lineno;
+    if (calc_pos(iseq, pc, &lineno, NULL)) return lineno;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// Taken from upstream vm_backtrace.c at commit 5f10bd634fb6ae8f74a4ea730176233b0ca96954 (March 2022, Ruby 3.2 trunk)
+// Copyright (C) 1993-2012 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+// Modifications:
+// * Renamed rb_profile_frames => ddtrace_rb_profile_frames
+// * Add thread argument
+// * Add is_ruby_frame argument
+// * Removed `if (lines)` tests -- require/assume that like `buff`, `lines` is always specified
+// * Support Ruby < 2.5 by using rb_thread_t instead of rb_execution_context_t (which did not exist and was just
+//   part of rb_thread_t)
+// * Support Ruby < 2.4 by using `RUBY_VM_NORMAL_ISEQ_P(cfp->iseq)` instead of `VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P(cfp)`.
+//   Given that the Ruby 2.3 version of `rb_profile_frames` did not support native methods and thus did not need this
+//   check, how did I figure out what to replace it with? I did it by looking at other places in the VM code where the
+//   code looks exactly the same but Ruby 2.4 uses `VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P` whereas Ruby 2.3 used `RUBY_VM_NORMAL_ISEQ_P`.
+//   Examples of these are `errinfo_place` in `eval.c`, `rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp` (among others) in `vm.c`, etc.
+// * Skip dummy frame that shows up in main thread
+// * Add `end_cfp == NULL` and `end_cfp <= cfp` safety checks. These are used in a bunch of places in
+//   `vm_backtrace.c` (`backtrace_each`, `backtrace_size`, `rb_ec_partial_backtrace_object`) but are conspicuously
+//   absent from `rb_profile_frames`. Oversight?
+// * Distinguish between `end_cfp == NULL` (dead thread or some other error, returns 0) and `end_cfp <= cfp`
+//   (alive thread which may just be executing native code and has not pushed anything on the Ruby stack, returns
+//   PLACEHOLDER_STACK_IN_NATIVE_CODE). See comments on `record_placeholder_stack_in_native_code` for more details.
+// * Skip frames where `cfp->iseq && !cfp->pc`. These seem to be internal and are skipped by `backtrace_each` in
+//   `vm_backtrace.c`.
+// * Check thread status and do not sample if thread has been killed.
+// * Match Ruby reference stack trace APIs that use the iseq instead of the callable method entry to get information
+//   for iseqs created from calls to `eval` and `instance_eval`. This makes it so that `rb_profile_frame_path` on
+//   the `VALUE` returned by rb_profile_frames returns `(eval)` instead of the path of the file where the `eval`
+//   was called from.
+//
+// **IMPORTANT: WHEN CHANGING THIS FUNCTION, CONSIDER IF THE SAME CHANGE ALSO NEEDS TO BE MADE TO THE VARIANT FOR
+// RUBY 2.2 AND BELOW WHICH IS ALSO PRESENT ON THIS FILE**
+//
+// What is rb_profile_frames?
+// `rb_profile_frames` is a Ruby VM debug API added for use by profilers for sampling the stack trace of a Ruby thread.
+// Its main other user is the stackprof profiler: https://github.com/tmm1/stackprof .
+//
+// Why do we need a custom version of rb_profile_frames?
+//
+// There are a few reasons:
+// 1. To backport improved behavior to older Rubies. Prior to Ruby 3.0 (https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/3299),
+//    rb_profile_frames skipped CFUNC frames, aka frames that are implemented with native code, and thus the resulting
+//    stacks were quite incomplete as a big part of the Ruby standard library is implemented with native code.
+//
+// 2. To extend this function to work with any thread. The upstream rb_profile_frames function only targets the current
+//    thread, and to support wall-clock profiling we require sampling other threads. This is only safe because of the
+//    Global VM Lock. (We don't yet support sampling Ractors beyond the main one; we'll need to find a way to do it
+//    safely first.)
+//
+// 3. To get more information out of the Ruby VM. The Ruby VM has a lot more information than is exposed through
+//    rb_profile_frames, and by making our own copy of this function we can extract more of this information.
+//    See for backtracie gem (https://github.com/ivoanjo/backtracie) for an exploration of what can potentially be done.
+//
+// 4. Because we haven't yet submitted patches to upstream Ruby. As with any changes on the `private_vm_api_access.c`,
+//    our medium/long-term plan is to contribute upstream changes and make it so that we don't need any of this
+//    on modern Rubies.
+//
+// 5. To make rb_profile_frames behave more like the Ruby-level reference stack trace APIs (`Thread#backtrace_locations`
+//    and friends). We've found quite a few situations where the data from rb_profile_frames and the reference APIs
+//    disagree, and quite a few of them seem oversights/bugs (speculation from my part) rather than deliberate
+//    decisions.
+int ddtrace_rb_profile_frames(VALUE thread, int start, int limit, VALUE *buff, int *lines, bool* is_ruby_frame)
+{
+    int i;
+    // Modified from upstream: Instead of using `GET_EC` to collect info from the current thread,
+    // support sampling any thread (including the current) passed as an argument
+    rb_thread_t *th = thread_struct_from_object(thread);
+#ifndef USE_THREAD_INSTEAD_OF_EXECUTION_CONTEXT // Modern Rubies
+    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = th->ec;
+#else // Ruby < 2.5
+    const rb_thread_t *ec = th;
+#endif
+    const rb_control_frame_t *cfp = ec->cfp, *end_cfp = RUBY_VM_END_CONTROL_FRAME(ec);
+    const rb_callable_method_entry_t *cme;
+
+    // `vm_backtrace.c` includes this check in several methods, and I think this happens on either dead or newly-created
+    // threads, but I'm not entirely sure
+    if (end_cfp == NULL) return 0;
+
+    // Avoid sampling dead threads
+    if (th->status == THREAD_KILLED) return 0;
+
+    // Fix: Skip dummy frame that shows up in main thread.
+    //
+    // According to a comment in `backtrace_each` (`vm_backtrace.c`), there's two dummy frames that we should ignore
+    // at the base of every thread's stack.
+    // (see https://github.com/ruby/ruby/blob/4bd38e8120f2fdfdd47a34211720e048502377f1/vm_backtrace.c#L890-L914 )
+    //
+    // One is being pointed to by `RUBY_VM_END_CONTROL_FRAME(ec)`, and so we need to advance to the next one, and
+    // reaching it will be used as a condition to break out of the loop below.
+    //
+    // Note that in `backtrace_each` there's two calls to `RUBY_VM_NEXT_CONTROL_FRAME`, but the loop bounds there
+    // are computed in a different way, so the two calls really are equivalent to one here.
+    end_cfp = RUBY_VM_NEXT_CONTROL_FRAME(end_cfp);
+
+    // See comment on `record_placeholder_stack_in_native_code` for a full explanation of what this means (and why we don't just return 0)
+    if (end_cfp <= cfp) return PLACEHOLDER_STACK_IN_NATIVE_CODE;
+
+    for (i=0; i<limit && cfp != end_cfp;) {
+        if (cfp->iseq && !cfp->pc) {
+          // Fix: Do nothing -- this frame should not be used
+          //
+          // rb_profile_frames does not do this check, but `backtrace_each` (`vm_backtrace.c`) does. This frame is not
+          // exposed by the Ruby backtrace APIs and for now we want to match its behavior 1:1
+        }
+#ifndef USE_ISEQ_P_INSTEAD_OF_RUBYFRAME_P // Modern Rubies
+        else if (VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P(cfp)) {
+#else // Ruby < 2.4
+        else if (RUBY_VM_NORMAL_ISEQ_P(cfp->iseq)) {
+#endif
+            if (start > 0) {
+                start--;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            /* record frame info */
+            cme = rb_vm_frame_method_entry(cfp);
+
+            if (cme && cme->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ &&
+              // Fix: Do not use callable method entry when iseq is for an eval.
+              // TL;DR: This fix is needed for us to match the Ruby reference API information in the
+              // "when sampling an eval/instance eval inside an object" spec.
+              //
+              // Longer note:
+              // When a frame is a ruby frame (VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P above), we can get information about it
+              // by introspecting both the callable method entry, as well as the iseq directly.
+              // Often they match... but sometimes they provide different info (as in the "iseq for an eval" situation
+              // here).
+              // If my reading of vm_backtrace.c is correct, the actual Ruby stack trace API **never** uses the
+              // callable method entry for Ruby frames, but only for VM_METHOD_TYPE_CFUNC (see `backtrace_each` method
+              // on that file).
+              // So... why does `rb_profile_frames` do something different? Is it a bug? Is it because it exposes
+              // more information than the Ruby stack frame API?
+              // As a final note, the `backtracie` gem (https://github.com/ivoanjo/backtracie) can be used to introspect
+              // the full metadata provided by both the callable method entry as well as the iseq, and is really useful
+              // to debug and learn more about these differences.
+              cfp->iseq->body->type != ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
+                buff[i] = (VALUE)cme;
+            }
+            else {
+                buff[i] = (VALUE)cfp->iseq;
+            }
+
+            lines[i] = calc_lineno(cfp->iseq, cfp->pc);
+            is_ruby_frame[i] = true;
+            i++;
+        }
+        else {
+            cme = rb_vm_frame_method_entry(cfp);
+            if (cme && cme->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_CFUNC) {
+                buff[i] = (VALUE)cme;
+                lines[i] = 0;
+                is_ruby_frame[i] = false;
+                i++;
+            }
+        }
+        cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp);
+    }
+
+    return i;
+}
+
+#ifdef USE_BACKPORTED_RB_PROFILE_FRAME_METHOD_NAME
+
+// Taken from upstream vm_backtrace.c at commit 5f10bd634fb6ae8f74a4ea730176233b0ca96954 (March 2022, Ruby 3.2 trunk)
+// Copyright (C) 1993-2012 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+// to support our custom rb_profile_frame_method_name (see below)
+// Modifications: None
+static VALUE
+id2str(ID id)
+{
+    VALUE str = rb_id2str(id);
+    if (!str) return Qnil;
+    return str;
+}
+#define rb_id2str(id) id2str(id)
+
+// Taken from upstream vm_backtrace.c at commit 5f10bd634fb6ae8f74a4ea730176233b0ca96954 (March 2022, Ruby 3.2 trunk)
+// Copyright (C) 1993-2012 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+// to support our custom rb_profile_frame_method_name (see below)
+// Modifications: None
+static const rb_iseq_t *
+frame2iseq(VALUE frame)
+{
+    if (NIL_P(frame)) return NULL;
+
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(frame, T_IMEMO)) {
+    switch (imemo_type(frame)) {
+      case imemo_iseq:
+        return (const rb_iseq_t *)frame;
+      case imemo_ment:
+        {
+        const rb_callable_method_entry_t *cme = (rb_callable_method_entry_t *)frame;
+        switch (cme->def->type) {
+          case VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ:
+            return cme->def->body.iseq.iseqptr;
+          default:
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        }
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+    }
+    rb_bug("frame2iseq: unreachable");
+}
+
+// Taken from upstream vm_backtrace.c at commit 5f10bd634fb6ae8f74a4ea730176233b0ca96954 (March 2022, Ruby 3.2 trunk)
+// Copyright (C) 1993-2012 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+// to support our custom rb_profile_frame_method_name (see below)
+// Modifications: None
+static const rb_callable_method_entry_t *
+cframe(VALUE frame)
+{
+    if (NIL_P(frame)) return NULL;
+
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(frame, T_IMEMO)) {
+    switch (imemo_type(frame)) {
+      case imemo_ment:
+            {
+        const rb_callable_method_entry_t *cme = (rb_callable_method_entry_t *)frame;
+        switch (cme->def->type) {
+          case VM_METHOD_TYPE_CFUNC:
+            return cme;
+          default:
+            return NULL;
+        }
+            }
+          default:
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+// Taken from upstream vm_backtrace.c at commit 5f10bd634fb6ae8f74a4ea730176233b0ca96954 (March 2022, Ruby 3.2 trunk)
+// Copyright (C) 1993-2012 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+//
+// Ruby 3.0 finally added support for showing CFUNC frames (frames for methods written using native code)
+// in stack traces gathered via `rb_profile_frames` (https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/3299).
+// To access this information on older Rubies, beyond using our custom `ddtrace_rb_profile_frames` above, we also need
+// to backport the Ruby 3.0+ version of `rb_profile_frame_method_name`.
+//
+// Modifications:
+// * Renamed rb_profile_frame_method_name => ddtrace_rb_profile_frame_method_name
+VALUE
+ddtrace_rb_profile_frame_method_name(VALUE frame)
+{
+    const rb_callable_method_entry_t *cme = cframe(frame);
+    if (cme) {
+        ID mid = cme->def->original_id;
+        return id2str(mid);
+    }
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = frame2iseq(frame);
+    return iseq ? rb_iseq_method_name(iseq) : Qnil;
+}
+
+#endif // USE_BACKPORTED_RB_PROFILE_FRAME_METHOD_NAME
+
+// Support code for older Rubies that cannot use the MJIT header
+#ifndef RUBY_MJIT_HEADER
+
+#define MJIT_STATIC // No-op on older Rubies
+
+// Taken from upstream include/ruby/backward/2/bool.h at commit 5f10bd634fb6ae8f74a4ea730176233b0ca96954 (March 2022, Ruby 3.2 trunk)
+// Copyright (C) Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+// to support our custom rb_profile_frames (see above)
+// Modifications: None
+#ifndef FALSE
+# define FALSE false
+#elif FALSE
+# error FALSE must be false
+#endif
+
+#ifndef TRUE
+# define TRUE true
+#elif ! TRUE
+# error TRUE must be true
+#endif
+
+// Taken from upstream vm_insnhelper.c at commit 5f10bd634fb6ae8f74a4ea730176233b0ca96954 (March 2022, Ruby 3.2 trunk)
+// Copyright (C) 2007 Koichi Sasada
+// to support our custom rb_profile_frames (see above)
+// Modifications: None
+static rb_callable_method_entry_t *
+check_method_entry(VALUE obj, int can_be_svar)
+{
+    if (obj == Qfalse) return NULL;
+
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_IMEMO)) rb_bug("check_method_entry: unknown type: %s", rb_obj_info(obj));
+#endif
+
+    switch (imemo_type(obj)) {
+      case imemo_ment:
+        return (rb_callable_method_entry_t *)obj;
+      case imemo_cref:
+        return NULL;
+      case imemo_svar:
+        if (can_be_svar) {
+            return check_method_entry(((struct vm_svar *)obj)->cref_or_me, FALSE);
+        }
+      default:
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0
+        rb_bug("check_method_entry: svar should not be there:");
+#endif
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef USE_LEGACY_RB_VM_FRAME_METHOD_ENTRY
+  // Taken from upstream vm_insnhelper.c at commit 5f10bd634fb6ae8f74a4ea730176233b0ca96954 (March 2022, Ruby 3.2 trunk)
+  // Copyright (C) 2007 Koichi Sasada
+  // to support our custom rb_profile_frames (see above)
+  //
+  // While older Rubies may have this function, the symbol is not exported which leads to dynamic loader issues, e.g.
+  // `dyld: lazy symbol binding failed: Symbol not found: _rb_vm_frame_method_entry`.
+  //
+  // Modifications: None
+  MJIT_STATIC const rb_callable_method_entry_t *
+  rb_vm_frame_method_entry(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
+  {
+      const VALUE *ep = cfp->ep;
+      rb_callable_method_entry_t *me;
+
+      while (!VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(ep)) {
+          if ((me = check_method_entry(ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ME_CREF], FALSE)) != NULL) return me;
+          ep = VM_ENV_PREV_EP(ep);
+      }
+
+      return check_method_entry(ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ME_CREF], TRUE);
+  }
+#else
+  // Taken from upstream vm_insnhelper.c at commit 556e9f726e2b80f6088982c6b43abfe68bfad591 (October 2018, ruby_2_3 branch)
+  // Copyright (C) 2007 Koichi Sasada
+  // to support our custom rb_profile_frames (see above)
+  //
+  // Quite a few macros in this function changed after Ruby 2.3. Rather than trying to fix the Ruby 3.2 version to work
+  // with 2.3 constants, I decided to import the Ruby 2.3 version.
+  //
+  // Modifications: None
+  const rb_callable_method_entry_t *
+  rb_vm_frame_method_entry(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
+  {
+      VALUE *ep = cfp->ep;
+      rb_callable_method_entry_t *me;
+
+      while (!VM_EP_LEP_P(ep)) {
+          if ((me = check_method_entry(ep[-1], FALSE)) != NULL) return me;
+          ep = VM_EP_PREV_EP(ep);
+      }
+
+      return check_method_entry(ep[-1], TRUE);
+  }
+#endif // USE_LEGACY_RB_VM_FRAME_METHOD_ENTRY
+
+#endif // RUBY_MJIT_HEADER
+
+#else // USE_LEGACY_RB_PROFILE_FRAMES, Ruby < 2.3
+
+// Taken from upstream vm_backtrace.c at commit bbda1a027475bf7ce5e1a9583a7b55d0be71c8fe (March 2018, ruby_2_2 branch)
+// Copyright (C) 1993-2012 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+// to support our custom rb_profile_frames (see below)
+// Modifications: None
+inline static int
+calc_lineno(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const VALUE *pc)
+{
+    return rb_iseq_line_no(iseq, pc - iseq->iseq_encoded);
+}
+
+// Taken from upstream vm_backtrace.c at commit bbda1a027475bf7ce5e1a9583a7b55d0be71c8fe (March 2018, ruby_2_2 branch)
+// Copyright (C) 1993-2012 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+// Modifications:
+// * Renamed rb_profile_frames => ddtrace_rb_profile_frames
+// * Add thread argument
+// * Add is_ruby_frame argument
+// * Removed `if (lines)` tests -- require/assume that like `buff`, `lines` is always specified
+// * Added support for getting the name from native methods by getting inspiration from `backtrace_each` in
+//   `vm_backtrace.c`. Note that unlike the `rb_profile_frames` for modern Rubies, this version actually returns the
+//   method name as as `VALUE` containing a Ruby string in the `buff`.
+// * Skip dummy frame that shows up in main thread
+// * Add `end_cfp == NULL` and `end_cfp <= cfp` safety checks. These are used in a bunch of places in
+//   `vm_backtrace.c` (`backtrace_each`, `backtrace_size`, `rb_ec_partial_backtrace_object`) but are conspicuously
+//   absent from `rb_profile_frames`. Oversight?
+// * Distinguish between `end_cfp == NULL` (dead thread or some other error, returns 0) and `end_cfp <= cfp`
+//   (alive thread which may just be executing native code and has not pushed anything on the Ruby stack, returns
+//   PLACEHOLDER_STACK_IN_NATIVE_CODE). See comments on `record_placeholder_stack_in_native_code` for more details.
+// * Check thread status and do not sample if thread has been killed.
+//
+// The `rb_profile_frames` function changed quite a bit between Ruby 2.2 and 2.3. Since the change was quite complex
+// I opted not to try to extend support to Ruby 2.2 and below using the same custom function, and instead I started
+// anew from the Ruby 2.2 version of the function, applying some of the same fixes that we have for the modern version.
+int ddtrace_rb_profile_frames(VALUE thread, int start, int limit, VALUE *buff, int *lines, bool* is_ruby_frame)
+{
+    // **IMPORTANT: THIS IS A CUSTOM RB_PROFILE_FRAMES JUST FOR RUBY 2.2 AND BELOW;
+    // SEE ABOVE FOR THE FUNCTION THAT GETS USED FOR MODERN RUBIES**
+
+    int i;
+    rb_thread_t *th = thread_struct_from_object(thread);
+    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = th->cfp, *end_cfp = RUBY_VM_END_CONTROL_FRAME(th);
+
+    // `vm_backtrace.c` includes this check in several methods, and I think this happens on either dead or newly-created
+    // threads, but I'm not entirely sure
+    if (end_cfp == NULL) return 0;
+
+    // Avoid sampling dead threads
+    if (th->status == THREAD_KILLED) return 0;
+
+    // Fix: Skip dummy frame that shows up in main thread.
+    //
+    // According to a comment in `backtrace_each` (`vm_backtrace.c`), there's two dummy frames that we should ignore
+    // at the base of every thread's stack.
+    // (see https://github.com/ruby/ruby/blob/4bd38e8120f2fdfdd47a34211720e048502377f1/vm_backtrace.c#L890-L914 )
+    //
+    // One is being pointed to by `RUBY_VM_END_CONTROL_FRAME(ec)`, and so we need to advance to the next one, and
+    // reaching it will be used as a condition to break out of the loop below.
+    //
+    // Note that in `backtrace_each` there's two calls to `RUBY_VM_NEXT_CONTROL_FRAME`, but the loop bounds there
+    // are computed in a different way, so the two calls really are equivalent to one here.
+    end_cfp = RUBY_VM_NEXT_CONTROL_FRAME(end_cfp);
+
+    // See comment on `record_placeholder_stack_in_native_code` for a full explanation of what this means (and why we don't just return 0)
+    if (end_cfp <= cfp) return PLACEHOLDER_STACK_IN_NATIVE_CODE;
+
+    for (i=0; i<limit && cfp != end_cfp;) {
+        if (cfp->iseq && cfp->pc) { /* should be NORMAL_ISEQ */
+            if (start > 0) {
+                start--;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            /* record frame info */
+            buff[i] = cfp->iseq->self;
+            lines[i] = calc_lineno(cfp->iseq, cfp->pc);
+            is_ruby_frame[i] = true;
+            i++;
+        } else if (RUBYVM_CFUNC_FRAME_P(cfp)) {
+            ID mid = cfp->me->def ? cfp->me->def->original_id : cfp->me->called_id;
+            buff[i] = rb_id2str(mid);
+            lines[i] = 0;
+            is_ruby_frame[i] = false;
+            i++;
+        }
+        cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp);
+    }
+
+    return i;
+}
+
+#endif // USE_LEGACY_RB_PROFILE_FRAMES

data/ext/ddtrace_profiling_native_extension/private_vm_api_access.h

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+// The private_vm_api_access.c includes the RUBY_MJIT_HEADER which replaces and conflicts with any other Ruby headers;
+// so we use PRIVATE_VM_API_ACCESS_SKIP_RUBY_INCLUDES to be able to include private_vm_api_access.h on that file
+// without also dragging the incompatible includes
+#ifndef PRIVATE_VM_API_ACCESS_SKIP_RUBY_INCLUDES
+  #ifdef RUBY_2_1_WORKAROUND
+    #include <thread_native.h>
+  #else
+    #include <ruby/thread_native.h>
+  #endif
+#endif
+
+#include "extconf.h"
+
+rb_nativethread_id_t pthread_id_for(VALUE thread);
+ptrdiff_t stack_depth_for(VALUE thread);
+int ddtrace_rb_profile_frames(VALUE thread, int start, int limit, VALUE *buff, int *lines, bool* is_ruby_frame);
+
+// Ruby 3.0 finally added support for showing CFUNC frames (frames for methods written using native code)
+// in stack traces gathered via `rb_profile_frames` (https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/3299).
+// To access this information on older Rubies, beyond using our custom `ddtrace_rb_profile_frames` above, we also need
+// to backport the Ruby 3.0+ version of `rb_profile_frame_method_name`.
+#ifdef USE_BACKPORTED_RB_PROFILE_FRAME_METHOD_NAME
+  VALUE ddtrace_rb_profile_frame_method_name(VALUE frame);
+#else // Ruby > 3.0, just use the stock functionality
+  #define ddtrace_rb_profile_frame_method_name rb_profile_frame_method_name
+#endif
+
+// See comment on `record_placeholder_stack_in_native_code` for a full explanation of what this means (and why we don't just return 0)
+#define PLACEHOLDER_STACK_IN_NATIVE_CODE -1

data/ext/ddtrace_profiling_native_extension/profiling.c

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#include <ruby.h>
+
+#include "clock_id.h"
+
+// Each class/module here is implemented in their separate file
+void collectors_stack_init(VALUE profiling_module);
+void stack_recorder_init(VALUE profiling_module);
+
+static VALUE native_working_p(VALUE self);
+
+#define DDTRACE_EXPORT __attribute__ ((visibility ("default")))
+
+void DDTRACE_EXPORT Init_ddtrace_profiling_native_extension(void) {
+  VALUE datadog_module = rb_define_module("Datadog");
+  VALUE profiling_module = rb_define_module_under(datadog_module, "Profiling");
+  VALUE native_extension_module = rb_define_module_under(profiling_module, "NativeExtension");
+
+  rb_define_singleton_method(native_extension_module, "native_working?", native_working_p, 0);
+  rb_funcall(native_extension_module, rb_intern("private_class_method"), 1, ID2SYM(rb_intern("native_working?")));
+
+  rb_define_singleton_method(native_extension_module, "clock_id_for", clock_id_for, 1); // from clock_id.h
+
+  collectors_stack_init(profiling_module);
+  stack_recorder_init(profiling_module);
+}
+
+static VALUE native_working_p(VALUE self) {
+  self_test_clock_id();
+
+  return Qtrue;
+}