db2 2.5.6

data/lib/IBM_DB.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+require (RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin32/ || RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mingw32/ ) ? 'mswin32/ibm_db' : 'ibm_db.so'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/ibm_db_adapter'

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/ibm_db_adapter.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2558 @@
+# +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+# |  Licensed Materials - Property of IBM                                |
+# |                                                                      |
+# | (C) Copyright IBM Corporation 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010           |
+# +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+# |  Authors: Antonio Cangiano <cangiano@ca.ibm.com>                     |
+# |         : Mario Ds Briggs  <mario.briggs@in.ibm.com>                 |
+# |         : Praveen Devarao  <praveendrl@in.ibm.com>                   |
+# +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Base
+    # Method required to handle LOBs and XML fields. 
+    # An after save callback checks if a marker has been inserted through
+    # the insert or update, and then proceeds to update that record with 
+    # the actual large object through a prepared statement (param binding).
+    after_save :handle_lobs
+    def handle_lobs()
+      if connection.kind_of?(ConnectionAdapters::IBM_DBAdapter)
+        # Checks that the insert or update had at least a BLOB, CLOB or XML field
+        connection.sql.each do |clob_sql|
+          if clob_sql =~ /BLOB\('(.*)'\)/i || 
+             clob_sql =~ /@@@IBMTEXT@@@/i || 
+             clob_sql =~ /@@@IBMXML@@@/i ||
+             clob_sql =~ /@@@IBMBINARY@@@/i 
+            update_query = "UPDATE #{self.class.table_name} SET ("
+            counter = 0
+            values = []
+            params = []
+            # Selects only binary, text and xml columns
+            self.class.columns.select{|col| col.type == :binary || 
+                                            col.type == :text || 
+                                            col.type == :xml}.each do |col|
+              # Adds the selected columns to the query
+              if counter == 0
+                update_query << "#{col.name}"
+              else
+                update_query << ",#{col.name}"
+              end
+
+              # Add a '?' for the parameter or a NULL if the value is nil or empty 
+              # (except for a CLOB field where '' can be a value)
+              if self[col.name].nil? || 
+                 self[col.name] == {} || 
+                (self[col.name] == '' && col.type != :text)
+                params << 'NULL'
+              else
+                values << self[col.name]
+                params << '?'
+              end
+              counter += 1
+            end
+            # no subsequent update is required if no relevant columns are found
+            next if counter == 0
+
+            update_query << ") = "
+            # IBM_DB accepts 'SET (column) = NULL'  but not (NULL),
+            # therefore the sql needs to be changed for a single NULL field.
+            if params.size==1 && params[0] == 'NULL'
+              update_query << "NULL"
+            else
+              update_query << "(" + params.join(',') + ")"
+            end
+
+            update_query << " WHERE #{self.class.primary_key} = ?"
+            values << self[self.class.primary_key.downcase]
+
+            begin
+              unless stmt = IBM_DB.prepare(connection.connection, update_query)
+                error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg( connection.connection, IBM_DB::DB_CONN )
+                if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+                  raise "Statement prepare for updating LOB/XML column failed : #{error_msg}"
+                else
+                  raise StandardError.new('An unexpected error occurred during update of LOB/XML column')
+                end
+              end
+              connection.log_query(update_query,'update of LOB/XML field(s)in handle_lobs')
+
+              # rollback any failed LOB/XML field updates (and remove associated marker)
+              unless IBM_DB.execute(stmt, values)
+                error_msg = "Failed to insert/update LOB/XML field(s) due to: #{IBM_DB.getErrormsg( stmt, IBM_DB::DB_STMT )}"
+                connection.execute("ROLLBACK")
+                raise error_msg
+              end
+            rescue StandardError => error
+              raise error
+            ensure
+              IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+            end
+          end # if clob_sql
+        end #connection.sql.each
+        connection.handle_lobs_triggered = true
+      end # if connection.kind_of?
+    end # handle_lobs
+    private :handle_lobs
+
+    # Establishes a connection to a specified database using the credentials provided
+    # with the +config+ argument. All the ActiveRecord objects will use this connection
+    def self.ibm_db_connection(config)
+      # Attempts to load the Ruby driver IBM databases
+      # while not already loaded or raises LoadError in case of failure.
+      begin
+        require 'ibm_db' unless defined? IBM_DB
+      rescue LoadError
+        raise LoadError, "Failed to load IBM_DB Ruby driver."
+      end
+
+      if( config.has_key?(:parameterized) && config[:parameterized] == true )
+        require 'active_record/connection_adapters/ibm_db_pstmt'
+      end
+
+      # Converts all +config+ keys to symbols
+      config = config.symbolize_keys
+
+      # Flag to decide if quoted literal replcement should take place. By default it is ON. Set it to OFF if using Pstmt
+      set_quoted_literal_replacement = IBM_DB::QUOTED_LITERAL_REPLACEMENT_ON
+
+      # Retrieves the database alias (local catalog name) or remote name
+      # (for remote TCP/IP connections) from the +config+ hash
+      # or raises ArgumentError in case of failure.
+      if config.has_key?(:database)
+        database = config[:database].to_s
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "Missing argument: a database name needs to be specified."
+      end
+
+      # Retrieves database user credentials from the +config+ hash
+      # or raises ArgumentError in case of failure.
+      if !config.has_key?(:username) || !config.has_key?(:password)
+        raise ArgumentError, "Missing argument(s): Username/Password for #{config[:database]} is not specified"
+      else
+        username = config[:username].to_s
+        password = config[:password].to_s
+      end
+
+      # Providing default schema (username) when not specified
+      config[:schema] = config.has_key?(:schema) ? config[:schema].to_s : config[:username].to_s
+
+      if(config.has_key?(:parameterized) && config[:parameterized] == true )
+        set_quoted_literal_replacement = IBM_DB::QUOTED_LITERAL_REPLACEMENT_OFF
+      end
+
+      # Extract connection options from the database configuration
+      # (in support to formatting, audit and billing purposes):
+      # Retrieve database objects fields in lowercase
+      conn_options = {IBM_DB::ATTR_CASE => IBM_DB::CASE_LOWER}
+      config.each do |key, value|
+        if !value.nil?
+          case key
+            when :app_user        # Set connection's user info
+              conn_options[IBM_DB::SQL_ATTR_INFO_USERID]     = value
+            when :account         # Set connection's account info
+              conn_options[IBM_DB::SQL_ATTR_INFO_ACCTSTR]    = value
+            when :application     # Set connection's application info
+              conn_options[IBM_DB::SQL_ATTR_INFO_APPLNAME]   = value
+            when :workstation     # Set connection's workstation info
+              conn_options[IBM_DB::SQL_ATTR_INFO_WRKSTNNAME] = value
+          end    
+        end
+      end
+
+      begin
+        # Checks if a host name or address has been specified. If so, this implies a TCP/IP connection
+        # Returns IBM_DB.Connection object upon succesful DB connection to the database
+        # If otherwise the connection fails, +false+ is returned
+        if config.has_key?(:host)
+          # Retrieves the host address/name
+          host = config[:host]
+          # A net address connection requires a port. If no port has been specified, 50000 is used by default
+          port = config[:port] || 50000
+          # Connects to the database specified using the hostname, port, authentication type, username and password info
+          # Starting with DB2 9.1FP5 secure connections using SSL are supported. 
+          # On the client side using CLI this is supported from CLI version V95FP2 and onwards.
+          # This feature is set by specifying SECURITY=SSL in the connection string.
+          # Below connection string is constructed and SECURITY parameter is appended if the user has specified the :security option
+          conn_string = "DRIVER={IBM DB2 ODBC DRIVER};\
+                         DATABASE=#{database};\
+                         HOSTNAME=#{host};\
+                         PORT=#{port};\
+                         PROTOCOL=TCPIP;\
+                         UID=#{username};\
+                         PWD=#{password};"
+          conn_string << "SECURITY=#{config[:security]};" if config.has_key?(:security)
+          conn_string << "AUTHENTICATION=#{config[:authentication]};" if config.has_key?(:authentication)
+          conn_string << "CONNECTTIMEOUT=#{config[:timeout]};" if config.has_key?(:timeout)
+        
+          connection = IBM_DB.connect( conn_string, '', '', conn_options, set_quoted_literal_replacement )
+        else
+          # No host implies a local catalog-based connection: +database+ represents catalog alias
+          connection = IBM_DB.connect( database, username, password, conn_options,  set_quoted_literal_replacement )
+        end
+      rescue StandardError => connect_err
+        raise "Failed to connect to [#{database}] due to: #{connect_err}"
+      end
+      # Verifies that the connection was successful
+      if connection
+        # Creates an instance of *IBM_DBAdapter* based on the +connection+
+        # and credentials provided in +config+
+        ConnectionAdapters::IBM_DBAdapter.new(connection, logger, config, conn_options)
+      else
+        # If the connection failure was not caught previoulsy, it raises a Runtime error
+        raise "An unexpected error occured during connect attempt to [#{database}]"
+      end
+    end # method self.ibm_db_connection
+  end # class Base
+
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class IBM_DBColumn < Column
+
+      # Casts value (which is a String) to an appropriate instance
+      def type_cast(value)
+        # Casts the database NULL value to nil
+        return nil if value == 'NULL'
+        # Invokes parent's method for default casts
+        super
+      end
+
+      # Used to convert from BLOBs to Strings
+      def self.binary_to_string(value)
+        # Returns a string removing the eventual BLOB scalar function
+        value.to_s.gsub(/"SYSIBM"."BLOB"\('(.*)'\)/i,'\1')
+      end
+
+       private
+      # Mapping IBM data servers SQL datatypes to Ruby data types
+      def simplified_type(field_type)
+        case field_type
+          # if +field_type+ contains 'for bit data' handle it as a binary
+          when /for bit data/i
+            :binary
+          when /smallint/i
+            :boolean
+          when /bigint/i
+            :bigint
+          when /int|serial/i
+            :integer
+          when /decimal|numeric|decfloat/i
+            :decimal
+          when /float|double|real/i
+            :float
+          when /timestamp|datetime/i
+            :timestamp
+          when /time/i
+            :time
+          when /date/i
+            :date
+          when /vargraphic/i
+            :vargraphic
+          when /graphic/i
+            :graphic
+          when /clob|text/i
+            :text
+          when /xml/i
+            :xml
+          when /blob|binary/i
+            :binary
+          when /char/i
+            :string
+          when /boolean/i
+            :boolean
+          when /rowid/i  # rowid is a supported datatype on z/OS and i/5
+            :rowid
+        end
+      end # method simplified_type
+    end #class IBM_DBColumn
+
+    class Table
+      
+      #Method to parse the passed arguments and create the ColumnDefinition object of the specified type
+      def ibm_parse_column_attributes_args(type, *args)
+        options = {}
+        if args.last.is_a?(Hash) 
+          options = args.delete_at(args.length-1)
+        end
+        args.each do | name | 
+          column name,type.to_sym,options
+        end # end args.each
+      end
+      private :ibm_parse_column_attributes_args
+    
+      #Method to support the new syntax of rails 2.0 migrations (short-hand definitions) for columns of type xml 
+      #This method is different as compared to def char (sql is being issued explicitly 
+      #as compared to def char where method column(which will generate the sql is being called)
+      #in order to handle the DEFAULT and NULL option for the native XML datatype
+      def xml(*args ) 
+        options = {}
+        if args.last.is_a?(Hash) 
+          options = args.delete_at(args.length-1)
+        end
+        sql_segment = "ALTER TABLE #{@base.quote_table_name(@table_name)} ADD COLUMN "
+        args.each do | name | 
+          sql =  sql_segment + " #{@base.quote_column_name(name)} xml"
+          @base.execute(sql,"add_xml_column")
+        end  
+        return self
+      end
+
+      #Method to support the new syntax of rails 2.0 migrations (short-hand definitions) for columns of type double
+      def double(*args)
+        ibm_parse_column_attributes_args('double',*args)
+        return self
+      end
+
+      #Method to support the new syntax of rails 2.0 migrations (short-hand definitions) for columns of type decfloat
+      def decfloat(*args)
+        ibm_parse_column_attributes_args('decfloat',*args)
+        return self
+      end
+
+      def graphic(*args)
+        ibm_parse_column_attributes_args('graphic',*args)
+        return self
+      end
+
+      def vargraphic(*args)
+        ibm_parse_column_attributes_args('vargraphic',*args)
+        return self
+      end
+
+      def bigint(*args)
+        ibm_parse_column_attributes_args('bigint',*args)
+        return self
+      end
+
+      #Method to support the new syntax of rails 2.0 migrations (short-hand definitions) for columns of type char [character]
+      def char(*args)
+        ibm_parse_column_attributes_args('char',*args)
+        return self
+      end
+      alias_method :character, :char
+    end
+
+    class TableDefinition
+      
+      #Method to parse the passed arguments and create the ColumnDefinition object of the specified type
+      def ibm_parse_column_attributes_args(type, *args)
+        options = {}
+        if args.last.is_a?(Hash)
+          options = args.delete_at(args.length-1)
+        end
+        args.each do | name |
+          column(name,type,options)
+        end
+      end
+      private :ibm_parse_column_attributes_args
+
+      #Method to support the new syntax of rails 2.0 migrations for columns of type xml 
+      def xml(*args )
+        ibm_parse_column_attributes_args('xml', *args)
+        return self
+      end
+
+      #Method to support the new syntax of rails 2.0 migrations (short-hand definitions) for columns of type double
+      def double(*args)
+        ibm_parse_column_attributes_args('double',*args)
+        return self
+      end
+
+      #Method to support the new syntax of rails 2.0 migrations (short-hand definitions) for columns of type decfloat
+      def decfloat(*args)
+        ibm_parse_column_attributes_args('decfloat',*args)
+        return self
+      end
+
+      def graphic(*args)
+        ibm_parse_column_attributes_args('graphic',*args)
+        return self
+      end
+
+      def vargraphic(*args)
+        ibm_parse_column_attributes_args('vargraphic',*args)
+        return self
+      end
+
+      def bigint(*args)
+        ibm_parse_column_attributes_args('bigint',*args)
+        return self
+      end
+
+      #Method to support the new syntax of rails 2.0 migrations (short-hand definitions) for columns of type char [character]
+      def char(*args)
+        ibm_parse_column_attributes_args('char',*args)
+        return self
+      end
+      alias_method :character, :char
+    end
+
+    # The IBM_DB Adapter requires the native Ruby driver (ibm_db)
+    # for IBM data servers (ibm_db.so).
+    # +config+ the hash passed as an initializer argument content:
+    # == mandatory parameters 
+    #   adapter:         'ibm_db'        // IBM_DB Adapter name
+    #   username:        'db2user'       // data server (database) user
+    #   password:        'secret'        // data server (database) password
+    #   database:        'ARUNIT'        // remote database name (or catalog entry alias)
+    # == optional (highly recommended for data server auditing and monitoring purposes)
+    #   schema:          'rails123'      // name space qualifier
+    #   account:         'tester'        // OS account (client workstation)
+    #   app_user:        'test11'        // authenticated application user
+    #   application:     'rtests'        // application name
+    #   workstation:     'plato'         // client workstation name
+    # == remote TCP/IP connection (required when no local database catalog entry available)
+    #   host:            'socrates'      // fully qualified hostname or IP address
+    #   port:            '50000'         // data server TCP/IP port number
+    #   security:        'SSL'           // optional parameter enabling SSL encryption -
+    #                                    // - Available only from CLI version V95fp2 and above
+    #   authentication:  'SERVER'        // AUTHENTICATION type which the client uses - 
+    #                                    // - to connect to the database server. By default value is SERVER
+    #   timeout:         10              // Specifies the time in seconds (0 - 32767) to wait for a reply from server -
+    #                                    //- when trying to establish a connection before generating a timeout
+    # == Parameterized Queries Support
+    #   parameterized:  false            // Specifies if the prepared statement support of 
+    #                                    //- the IBM_DB Adapter is to be turned on or off
+    # 
+    # When schema is not specified, the username value is used instead.
+    # The default setting of parameterized is false.
+    # 
+    class IBM_DBAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+      attr_reader :connection, :servertype
+      attr_accessor :sql,:handle_lobs_triggered, :sql_parameter_values
+      attr_reader :schema, :app_user, :account, :application, :workstation
+      attr_reader :pstmt_support_on, :set_quoted_literal_replacement
+
+      # Name of the adapter
+      def adapter_name
+        'IBM_DB'
+      end
+
+      def initialize(connection, logger, config, conn_options)
+        # Caching database connection configuration (+connect+ or +reconnect+ support)
+        @connection       = connection
+        @conn_options     = conn_options
+        @database         = config[:database]
+        @username         = config[:username]
+        @password         = config[:password]
+        if config.has_key?(:host)
+          @host           = config[:host]
+          @port           = config[:port] || 50000 # default port
+        end
+        @schema           = config[:schema]
+        @security         = config[:security] || nil
+        @authentication   = config[:authentication] || nil
+        @timeout          = config[:timeout] || 0  # default timeout value is 0
+
+        if( config.has_key?(:parameterized) && config[:parameterized] == true )
+          @pstmt_support_on = true
+          @set_quoted_literal_replacement = IBM_DB::QUOTED_LITERAL_REPLACEMENT_OFF
+        else
+          @pstmt_support_on = false
+          @set_quoted_literal_replacement = IBM_DB::QUOTED_LITERAL_REPLACEMENT_ON
+        end
+        
+        @app_user = @account = @application = @workstation = nil
+        # Caching database connection options (auditing and billing support)
+        @app_user         = conn_options[:app_user]     if conn_options.has_key?(:app_user)
+        @account          = conn_options[:account]      if conn_options.has_key?(:account)
+        @application      = conn_options[:application]  if conn_options.has_key?(:application)
+        @workstation      = conn_options[:workstation]  if conn_options.has_key?(:workstation)
+        
+        @sql                  = []
+        @sql_parameter_values = [] #Used only if pstmt support is turned on
+
+        @handle_lobs_triggered = false
+
+        # Calls the parent class +ConnectionAdapters+' initializer
+        # which sets @connection, @logger, @runtime and @last_verification
+        super(@connection, logger)
+
+        if @connection
+          server_info = IBM_DB.server_info( @connection )
+          if( server_info )
+            case server_info.DBMS_NAME
+              when /DB2\//i             # DB2 for Linux, Unix and Windows (LUW)
+                case server_info.DBMS_VER
+                  when /09.07/i          # DB2 Version 9.7 (Cobra)
+                    @servertype = IBM_DB2_LUW_COBRA.new(self)
+                  else                  # DB2 Version 9.5 or below
+                    @servertype = IBM_DB2_LUW.new(self)
+                end
+              when /DB2/i               # DB2 for zOS
+                case server_info.DBMS_VER
+                  when /09/             # DB2 for zOS version 9
+                    @servertype = IBM_DB2_ZOS.new(self)
+                  when /08/             # DB2 for zOS version 8
+                    @servertype = IBM_DB2_ZOS_8.new(self)
+                  else                  # DB2 for zOS version 7
+                    raise "Only DB2 z/OS version 8 and above are currently supported"
+                end
+              when /AS/i                # DB2 for i5 (iSeries)
+                @servertype = IBM_DB2_I5.new(self)
+              when /IDS/i               # Informix Dynamic Server
+                @servertype = IBM_IDS.new(self)
+              else
+                log( "server_info", "Forcing servertype to LUW: DBMS name could not be retrieved. Check if your client version is of the right level")
+                warn "Forcing servertype to LUW: DBMS name could not be retrieved. Check if your client version is of the right level"
+                @servertype = IBM_DB2_LUW.new(self)
+            end
+          else
+            error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg( @connection, IBM_DB::DB_CONN )
+            IBM_DB.close( @connection )
+            raise "Cannot retrieve server information: #{error_msg}"
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Executes the +set schema+ statement using the schema identifier provided
+        @servertype.set_schema(@schema) if @schema && @schema != @username
+
+        # Check for the start value for id (primary key column). By default it is 1
+        if config.has_key?(:start_id)
+          @start_id = config[:start_id]
+        else
+          @start_id = 1
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Optional connection attribute: database name space qualifier
+      def schema=(name)
+        unless name == @schema
+          @schema = name
+          @servertype.set_schema(@schema)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Optional connection attribute: authenticated application user
+      def app_user=(name)
+        unless name == @app_user
+          option = {IBM_DB::SQL_ATTR_INFO_USERID => "#{name}"}
+          if IBM_DB.set_option( @connection, option, 1 )
+            @app_user = IBM_DB.get_option( @connection, IBM_DB::SQL_ATTR_INFO_USERID, 1 )
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Optional connection attribute: OS account (client workstation)
+      def account=(name)
+        unless name == @account
+          option = {IBM_DB::SQL_ATTR_INFO_ACCTSTR => "#{name}"}
+          if IBM_DB.set_option( @connection, option, 1 )
+            @account = IBM_DB.get_option( @connection, IBM_DB::SQL_ATTR_INFO_ACCTSTR, 1 )
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Optional connection attribute: application name
+      def application=(name)
+        unless name == @application
+          option = {IBM_DB::SQL_ATTR_INFO_APPLNAME => "#{name}"}
+          if IBM_DB.set_option( @connection, option, 1 )
+            @application = IBM_DB.get_option( @connection, IBM_DB::SQL_ATTR_INFO_APPLNAME, 1 )
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Optional connection attribute: client workstation name
+      def workstation=(name)
+        unless name == @workstation
+          option = {IBM_DB::SQL_ATTR_INFO_WRKSTNNAME => "#{name}"}
+          if IBM_DB.set_option( @connection, option, 1 )
+            @workstation = IBM_DB.get_option( @connection, IBM_DB::SQL_ATTR_INFO_WRKSTNNAME, 1 )
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # This adapter supports migrations.
+      # Current limitations:
+      # +rename_column+ is not currently supported by the IBM data servers
+      # +remove_column+ is not currently supported by the DB2 for zOS data server
+      # Tables containing columns of XML data type do not support +remove_column+
+      def supports_migrations?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # This Adapter supports DDL transactions.
+      # This means CREATE TABLE and other DDL statements can be carried out as a transaction. 
+      # That is the statements executed can be ROLLED BACK in case of any error during the process.
+      def supports_ddl_transactions?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def log_query(sql, name) #:nodoc:
+        # Used by handle_lobs
+        log(sql,name){}
+      end
+
+      #==============================================
+      # CONNECTION MANAGEMENT
+      #==============================================
+
+      # Tests the connection status
+      def active?
+        IBM_DB.active @connection
+        rescue
+          false
+      end
+
+      # Private method used by +reconnect!+.
+      # It connects to the database with the initially provided credentials
+      def connect
+        # If the type of connection is net based
+        begin
+          if @host
+            @conn_string = "DRIVER={IBM DB2 ODBC DRIVER};\
+                            DATABASE=#{@database};\
+                            HOSTNAME=#{@host};\
+                            PORT=#{@port};\
+                            PROTOCOL=TCPIP;\
+                            UID=#{@username};\
+                            PWD=#{@password};"
+            @conn_string << "SECURITY=#{@security};" if @security
+            @conn_string << "AUTHENTICATION=#{@authentication};" if @authentication
+            @conn_string << "CONNECTTIMEOUT=#{@timeout};"
+            # Connects and assigns the resulting IBM_DB.Connection to the +@connection+ instance variable
+            @connection = IBM_DB.connect(@conn_string, '', '', @conn_options, @set_quoted_literal_replacement)
+          else
+            # Connects to the database using the local alias (@database)
+            # and assigns the connection object (IBM_DB.Connection) to @connection
+            @connection = IBM_DB.connect(@database, @username, @password, @conn_options, @set_quoted_literal_replacement)
+          end
+        rescue StandardError => connect_err
+          warn "Connection to database #{@database} failed: #{connect_err}"
+          @connection = false
+        end
+        # Sets the schema if different from default (username)
+        if @schema && @schema != @username
+          @servertype.set_schema(@schema)
+        end
+      end
+      private :connect
+
+      # Closes the current connection and opens a new one
+      def reconnect!
+        disconnect!
+        connect
+      end
+
+      # Closes the current connection
+      def disconnect!
+        # Attempts to close the connection. The methods will return:
+        # * true if succesfull
+        # * false if the connection is already closed
+        # * nil if an error is raised
+        IBM_DB.close(@connection) rescue nil
+      end
+
+      #==============================================
+      # DATABASE STATEMENTS
+      #==============================================
+
+      def create_table(name, options = {})
+        @servertype.setup_for_lob_table
+        super
+        
+        #Table definition is complete only when a unique index is created on the primarykey column for DB2 V8 on zOS
+        
+        #create index on id column if options[:id] is nil or id ==true
+        #else check if options[:primary_key]is not nil then create an unique index on that column
+        if  !options[:id].nil? || !options[:primary_key].nil?
+          if (!options[:id].nil? && options[:id] == true)
+            @servertype.create_index_after_table(name,"id")
+          elsif !options[:primary_key].nil?
+            @servertype.create_index_after_table(name,options[:primary_key].to_s)
+          end
+        else
+          @servertype.create_index_after_table(name,"id")
+        end 
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of hashes with the column names as keys and
+      # column values as values. +sql+ is the select query, 
+      # and +name+ is an optional description for logging
+      def prepared_select(sql_param_hash, name = nil)
+        # Replaces {"= NULL" with " IS NULL"} OR {"IN (NULL)" with " IS NULL"}
+
+        results = []
+        # Invokes the method +prepare+ in order prepare the SQL
+        # IBM_DB.Statement is returned from which the statement is executed and results fetched
+        pstmt = prepare(sql_param_hash["sqlSegment"], name)
+        if(execute_prepared_stmt(pstmt, sql_param_hash["paramArray"]))
+          begin
+            @servertype.select(sql_param_hash["sqlSegment"], name, pstmt, results)
+          rescue StandardError => fetch_error # Handle driver fetch errors
+            error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(pstmt, IBM_DB::DB_STMT )
+            if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+              raise StatementInvalid,"Failed to retrieve data: #{error_msg}"
+            else
+              error_msg = "An unexpected error occurred during data retrieval"
+              error_msg = error_msg + ": #{fetch_error.message}" if !fetch_error.message.empty?
+              raise error_msg
+            end
+          ensure
+            # Ensures to free the resources associated with the statement
+            IBM_DB.free_stmt(pstmt) if pstmt
+          end
+        end
+        # The array of record hashes is returned
+        results
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of hashes with the column names as keys and
+      # column values as values. +sql+ is the select query, 
+      # and +name+ is an optional description for logging
+      def prepared_select_values(sql_param_hash, name = nil)
+        # Replaces {"= NULL" with " IS NULL"} OR {"IN (NULL)" with " IS NULL"}
+
+        results = []
+        # Invokes the method +prepare+ in order prepare the SQL
+        # IBM_DB.Statement is returned from which the statement is executed and results fetched
+        pstmt = prepare(sql_param_hash["sqlSegment"], name)
+        if(execute_prepared_stmt(pstmt, sql_param_hash["paramArray"]))
+          begin
+            @servertype.select_rows(sql_param_hash["sqlSegment"], name, pstmt, results)
+            if results
+              return results.map { |v| v[0] }
+            else
+              nil
+            end
+          rescue StandardError => fetch_error # Handle driver fetch errors
+            error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(pstmt, IBM_DB::DB_STMT )
+            if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+              raise StatementInvalid,"Failed to retrieve data: #{error_msg}"
+            else
+              error_msg = "An unexpected error occurred during data retrieval"
+              error_msg = error_msg + ": #{fetch_error.message}" if !fetch_error.message.empty?
+              raise error_msg
+            end
+          ensure
+            # Ensures to free the resources associated with the statement
+            IBM_DB.free_stmt(pstmt) if pstmt
+          end
+        end
+        # The array of record hashes is returned
+        results
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of hashes with the column names as keys and
+      # column values as values. +sql+ is the select query, 
+      # and +name+ is an optional description for logging
+      def select(sql, name = nil)
+        # Replaces {"= NULL" with " IS NULL"} OR {"IN (NULL)" with " IS NULL"}
+        sql.gsub!( /(=\s*NULL|IN\s*\(NULL\))/i, " IS NULL" )
+        
+        results = []
+        # Invokes the method +execute+ in order to log and execute the SQL
+        # IBM_DB.Statement is returned from which results can be fetched
+        stmt = execute(sql, name)
+        if(stmt)
+          begin
+            @servertype.select(sql, name, stmt, results)
+          rescue StandardError => fetch_error # Handle driver fetch errors
+            error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(stmt, IBM_DB::DB_STMT )
+            if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+              raise StatementInvalid,"Failed to retrieve data: #{error_msg}"
+            else
+              error_msg = "An unexpected error occurred during data retrieval"
+              error_msg = error_msg + ": #{fetch_error.message}" if !fetch_error.message.empty?
+              raise error_msg
+            end
+          ensure
+            # Ensures to free the resources associated with the statement
+            IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+          end
+        end
+        # The array of record hashes is returned
+        results
+      end
+
+      #Returns an array of arrays containing the field values.
+      #This is an implementation for the abstract method
+      #+sql+ is the select query and +name+ is an optional description for logging
+      def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
+        # Replaces {"= NULL" with " IS NULL"} OR {"IN (NULL)" with " IS NULL"}
+        sql.gsub!( /(=\s*NULL|IN\s*\(NULL\))/i, " IS NULL" )
+        
+        results = []
+        # Invokes the method +execute+ in order to log and execute the SQL
+        # IBM_DB.Statement is returned from which results can be fetched
+        stmt = execute(sql, name)
+        if(stmt)
+          begin
+            @servertype.select_rows(sql, name, stmt, results)
+          rescue StandardError => fetch_error  # Handle driver fetch errors
+            error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(stmt, IBM_DB::DB_STMT )
+            if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+              raise StatementInvalid,"Failed to retrieve data: #{error_msg}"
+            else
+              error_msg = "An unexpected error occurred during data retrieval"
+              error_msg = error_msg + ": #{fetch_error.message}" if !fetch_error.message.empty?
+              raise error_msg
+            end
+          ensure
+            # Ensures to free the resources associated with the statement
+            IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+          end
+        end
+        # The array of record hashes is returned
+        results
+      end
+
+      # Returns a record hash with the column names as keys and column values
+      # as values.
+      def select_one(sql, name = nil)
+        # Gets the first hash from the array of hashes returned by
+        # select_all
+        select_all(sql,name).first
+      end
+
+      #inserts values from fixtures
+      #overridden to handle LOB's fixture insertion, as, in normal inserts callbacks are triggered but during fixture insertion callbacks are not triggered
+      #hence only markers like @@@IBMBINARY@@@ will be inserted and are not updated to actual data
+      def insert_fixture(fixture, table_name)
+        insert_query = "INSERT INTO #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ( #{fixture.key_list})"
+        insert_values = []
+        params = []
+        if @servertype.instance_of? IBM_IDS
+          super
+          return
+        end
+        column_list = columns(table_name)
+        fixture.each do |item|
+          col = nil
+          column_list.each do |column|
+            if column.name.downcase == item.at(0).downcase
+              col= column
+              break
+            end
+          end
+          if item.at(1).nil? || 
+              item.at(1) == {} || 
+              (item.at(1) == '' && !(col.type.to_sym == :text))
+          
+                params << 'NULL'
+          
+          elsif col.type.to_sym == :xml ||
+                 col.type.to_sym == :text ||
+                    col.type.to_sym == :binary 
+            #  Add a '?' for the parameter or a NULL if the value is nil or empty 
+            # (except for a CLOB field where '' can be a value)
+             insert_values << item.at(1)
+             params << '?'
+          else
+            insert_values << quote(item.at(1),col)
+            params << '?'
+          end 
+        end
+    
+        insert_query << " VALUES ("+ params.join(',') + ")"
+        unless stmt = IBM_DB.prepare(@connection, insert_query)
+           error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg( @connection, IBM_DB::DB_CONN )
+           if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+             raise "Failed to prepare statement for fixtures insert due to : #{error_msg}"
+           else
+             raise StandardError.new('An unexpected error occurred during preparing SQL for fixture insert')
+           end
+        end
+    
+        #log_query(insert_query,'fixture insert')
+        log(insert_query,'fixture insert') do
+          unless IBM_DB.execute(stmt, insert_values)
+            error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(stmt, IBM_DB::DB_STMT )
+            IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+            raise "Failed to insert due to: #{error_msg}"
+          else
+            IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Perform an insert and returns the last ID generated.
+      # This can be the ID passed to the method or the one auto-generated by the database,
+      # and retrieved by the +last_generated_id+ method.
+      def insert(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil)
+        if @handle_lobs_triggered  #Ensure the array of sql is cleared if they have been handled in the callback
+          @sql = []
+          @handle_lobs_triggered = false
+        end
+
+        clear_query_cache if defined? clear_query_cache
+
+        if stmt = execute(sql, name)
+          begin
+            @sql << sql
+            return id_value || @servertype.last_generated_id(stmt)
+            # Ensures to free the resources associated with the statement
+          ensure
+            IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Praveen
+      # Performs an insert using the prepared statement and returns the last ID generated.
+      # This can be the ID passed to the method or the one auto-generated by the database,
+      # and retrieved by the +last_generated_id+ method.
+      def prepared_insert(pstmt, param_array = nil)
+        if @handle_lobs_triggered  #Ensure the array of sql is cleared if they have been handled in the callback
+          @sql                   = []
+          @sql_parameter_values  = []
+          @handle_lobs_triggered = false
+        end
+
+        clear_query_cache if defined? clear_query_cache
+
+        begin
+          if execute_prepared_stmt(pstmt, param_array)
+            @sql << @prepared_sql
+            @sql_parameter_values << param_array
+            return @servertype.last_generated_id(pstmt)
+          end
+        rescue StandardError => insert_err
+          raise insert_err
+        ensure
+          IBM_DB.free_stmt(pstmt) if pstmt
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Praveen
+      # Prepares and logs +sql+ commands and
+      # returns a +IBM_DB.Statement+ object.
+      def prepare(sql,name = nil)
+        # The +log+ method is defined in the parent class +AbstractAdapter+
+        @prepared_sql = sql
+        log(sql,name) do
+          @servertype.prepare(sql, name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Praveen
+      #Executes the prepared statement
+      #ReturnsTrue on success and False on Failure
+      def execute_prepared_stmt(pstmt, param_array = nil)
+        if !param_array.nil? && param_array.size < 1
+          param_array = nil
+        end
+
+        if( !IBM_DB.execute(pstmt, param_array) )
+          error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(pstmt, IBM_DB::DB_STMT)
+          if !error_msg.empty?
+            error_msg = "Statement execution failed: " + error_msg
+          else
+            error_msg = "Statement execution failed"
+          end
+          IBM_DB.free_stmt(pstmt) if pstmt
+          raise StatementInvalid, error_msg
+        else
+          return true
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Executes and logs +sql+ commands and
+      # returns a +IBM_DB.Statement+ object.
+      def execute(sql, name = nil)
+        # Logs and execute the sql instructions.
+        # The +log+ method is defined in the parent class +AbstractAdapter+
+        log(sql, name) do
+          @servertype.execute(sql, name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Executes an "UPDATE" SQL statement
+      def update(sql, name = nil)
+        if @handle_lobs_triggered  #Ensure the array of sql is cleared if they have been handled in the callback
+          @sql = []
+          @handle_lobs_triggered = false
+        end
+
+        clear_query_cache if defined? clear_query_cache
+        
+        # Make sure the WHERE clause handles NULL's correctly
+        sqlarray = sql.split(/\s*WHERE\s*/)
+        size = sqlarray.size
+        if size > 1
+          sql = sqlarray[0] + " WHERE "
+          if size > 2
+            1.upto size-2 do |index|
+              sqlarray[index].gsub!( /(=\s*NULL|IN\s*\(NULL\))/i, " IS NULL" ) unless sqlarray[index].nil?
+              sql = sql + sqlarray[index] + " WHERE "
+            end
+          end
+          sqlarray[size-1].gsub!( /(=\s*NULL|IN\s*\(NULL\))/i, " IS NULL" ) unless sqlarray[size-1].nil?
+          sql = sql + sqlarray[size-1]
+        end
+
+        # Logs and execute the given sql query.
+        if stmt = execute(sql, name)
+          begin
+            @sql << sql
+            # Retrieves the number of affected rows
+            IBM_DB.num_rows(stmt)
+            # Ensures to free the resources associated with the statement
+          ensure
+            IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      #Praveen
+      def prepared_update(pstmt, param_array = nil )
+        if @handle_lobs_triggered  #Ensure the array of sql is cleared if they have been handled in the callback
+          @sql                   = []
+          @sql_parameter_values  = []
+          @handle_lobs_triggered = false
+        end
+
+        clear_query_cache if defined? clear_query_cache
+
+        begin
+          if execute_prepared_stmt(pstmt, param_array)
+            @sql << @prepared_sql
+            @sql_parameter_values << param_array
+            # Retrieves the number of affected rows
+            IBM_DB.num_rows(pstmt)
+            # Ensures to free the resources associated with the statement
+		  end
+        rescue StandardError => updt_err
+          raise updt_err
+        ensure
+          IBM_DB.free_stmt(pstmt) if pstmt
+        end
+      end
+      # The delete method executes the delete
+      # statement and returns the number of affected rows.
+      # The method is an alias for +update+
+      alias_method :delete, :update
+      alias_method :prepared_delete, :prepared_update
+
+      # Begins the transaction (and turns off auto-committing)
+      def begin_db_transaction
+        # Turns off the auto-commit
+        IBM_DB.autocommit(@connection, IBM_DB::SQL_AUTOCOMMIT_OFF)
+      end
+
+      # Commits the transaction and turns on auto-committing
+      def commit_db_transaction
+        # Commits the transaction
+        IBM_DB.commit @connection rescue nil
+        # Turns on auto-committing
+        IBM_DB.autocommit @connection, IBM_DB::SQL_AUTOCOMMIT_ON
+      end
+
+      # Rolls back the transaction and turns on auto-committing. Must be
+      # done if the transaction block raises an exception or returns false
+      def rollback_db_transaction
+        # ROLLBACK the transaction
+        IBM_DB.rollback(@connection) rescue nil
+        # Turns on auto-committing
+        IBM_DB.autocommit @connection, IBM_DB::SQL_AUTOCOMMIT_ON
+      end
+
+
+      # Modifies a sql statement in order to implement a LIMIT and an OFFSET.
+      # A LIMIT defines the number of rows that should be fetched, while
+      # an OFFSET defines from what row the records must be fetched.
+      # IBM data servers implement a LIMIT in SQL statements through:
+      # FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY, where n is the number of rows required.
+      # The implementation of OFFSET is more elaborate, and requires the usage of
+      # subqueries and the ROW_NUMBER() command in order to add row numbering
+      # as an additional column to a copy of the existing table.
+      # ==== Examples
+      # add_limit_offset!('SELECT * FROM staff', {:limit => 10})
+      # generates: "SELECT * FROM staff FETCH FIRST 10 ROWS ONLY"
+      #
+      # add_limit_offset!('SELECT * FROM staff', {:limit => 10, :offset => 30})
+      # generates "SELECT O.* FROM (SELECT I.*, ROW_NUMBER() OVER () sys_rownum
+      # FROM (SELECT * FROM staff) AS I) AS O WHERE sys_row_num BETWEEN 31 AND 40"
+      def add_limit_offset!(sql, options)
+        # If there is a limit
+        if limit = options[:limit]
+          # if the limit is zero
+          if limit == 0
+            # Returns a query that will always generate zero records
+            # (e.g. WHERE sys_row_num BETWEEN 1 and 0)
+            if( @pstmt_support_on )
+              sql = @servertype.query_offset_limit!(sql, 0, limit, options)
+            else
+              sql = @servertype.query_offset_limit(sql, 0, limit)
+            end
+          # If there is a non-zero limit
+          else
+            offset = options[:offset]
+            # If an offset is specified builds the query with offset and limit,
+            # otherwise retrieves only the first +limit+ rows
+            if( @pstmt_support_on )
+              sql = @servertype.query_offset_limit!(sql, offset, limit, options)
+            else
+              sql = @servertype.query_offset_limit(sql, offset, limit)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        # Returns the sql query in any case
+        sql
+      end # method add_limit_offset!
+
+      def default_sequence_name(table, column) # :nodoc:
+        "#{table}_#{column}_seq"
+      end
+
+
+      #==============================================
+      # QUOTING
+      #==============================================
+
+      #Praveen
+      def quote_value_for_pstmt(value, column=nil)
+
+        return value.quoted_id if value.respond_to?(:quoted_id)
+
+        case value
+          when String, ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars then
+            value = value.to_s
+            if column && [:integer, :float].include?(column.type)
+              value = column.type == :integer ? value.to_i : value.to_f
+              value
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          when NilClass                 then nil
+          when TrueClass                then 1
+          when FalseClass               then 0
+          when Float, Fixnum, Bignum    then value
+          # BigDecimals need to be output in a non-normalized form and quoted.
+          when BigDecimal               then value.to_s('F')
+          else
+            if value.acts_like?(:date) || value.acts_like?(:time)
+              quoted_date(value)
+            else
+              value.to_yaml
+            end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Properly quotes the various data types.
+      # +value+ contains the data, +column+ is optional and contains info on the field
+      def quote(value, column = nil)
+        case value
+          # If it's a numeric value and the column type is not a string, it shouldn't be quoted
+          # (IBM_DB doesn't accept quotes on numeric types)
+          when Numeric
+            # If the column type is text or string, return the quote value
+            if column && column.type.to_sym == :text || column && column.type.to_sym == :string
+              unless caller[0] =~ /insert_fixture/i
+                  "'#{value}'"
+              else
+                  "#{value}"
+              end 
+            else
+              # value is Numeric, column.type is not a string,
+              # therefore it converts the number to string without quoting it
+              value.to_s
+            end
+          when String, ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
+          if column && column.type.to_sym == :binary && !(column.sql_type =~ /for bit data/i)
+            # If quoting is required for the insert/update of a BLOB
+              unless caller[0] =~ /add_column_options/i
+                 # Invokes a convertion from string to binary
+                @servertype.set_binary_value
+              else
+                # Quoting required for the default value of a column
+                @servertype.set_binary_default(value)
+              end
+          elsif column && column.type.to_sym == :text
+              unless caller[0] =~ /add_column_options/i
+                "'@@@IBMTEXT@@@'"
+              else
+                @servertype.set_text_default(quote_string(value))
+              end
+          elsif column && column.type.to_sym == :xml
+              unless caller[0] =~ /add_column_options/i
+                "'<ibm>@@@IBMXML@@@</ibm>'"
+              else
+                "#{value}"
+              end
+          else
+              unless caller[0] =~ /insert_fixture/i
+                "'#{quote_string(value)}'"
+              else
+                "#{value}"
+              end 
+          end
+          when TrueClass then quoted_true    # return '1' for true
+          when FalseClass then quoted_false  # return '0' for false
+          else super                         # rely on superclass handling
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Quotes a given string, escaping single quote (') characters.
+      def quote_string(string)
+        string.gsub(/'/, "''")
+      end
+
+      # *true* is represented by a smallint 1, *false*
+      # by 0, as no native boolean type exists in DB2.
+      # Numerics are not quoted in DB2.
+      def quoted_true
+        "1"
+      end
+
+      def quoted_false
+        "0"
+      end
+
+      def quote_column_name(name)
+         @servertype.check_reserved_words(name)
+      end
+
+      #==============================================
+      # SCHEMA STATEMENTS
+      #==============================================
+
+      # Returns a Hash of mappings from the abstract data types to the native
+      # database types
+      def native_database_types
+        {
+          :primary_key => { :name => @servertype.primary_key_definition(@start_id)},
+          :string      => { :name => "varchar", :limit => 255 },
+          :text        => { :name => "clob" },
+          :integer     => { :name => "integer" },
+          :float       => { :name => "float" },
+          :datetime    => { :name => @servertype.get_datetime_mapping },
+          :timestamp   => { :name => @servertype.get_datetime_mapping },
+          :time        => { :name => @servertype.get_time_mapping },
+          :date        => { :name => "date" },
+          :binary      => { :name => "blob" },
+
+          # IBM data servers don't have a native boolean type.
+          # A boolean can be represented  by a smallint,
+          # adopting the convention that False is 0 and True is 1
+          :boolean     => { :name => "smallint"},
+          :xml         => { :name => "xml"},
+          :decimal     => { :name => "decimal" },
+          :rowid       => { :name => "rowid" }, # rowid is a supported datatype on z/OS and i/5
+          :serial      => { :name => "serial" }, # rowid is a supported datatype on Informix Dynamic Server
+          :char        => { :name => "char" },
+          :double      => { :name => @servertype.get_double_mapping },
+          :decfloat    => { :name => "decfloat"},
+          :graphic     => { :name => "graphic", :limit => 1},
+          :vargraphic  => { :name => "vargraphic", :limit => 1},
+          :bigint      => { :name => "bigint"}
+        }
+      end
+
+      # IBM data servers do not support limits on certain data types (unlike MySQL)
+      # Limit is supported for the {float, decimal, numeric, varchar, clob, blob, graphic, vargraphic} data types.
+      def type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil)
+        if type.to_sym == :decfloat
+          sql_segment = native_database_types[type.to_sym][:name].to_s
+          sql_segment << "(#{precision})" if !precision.nil?
+          return sql_segment
+        end
+        
+        return super if limit.nil?
+
+        # strip off limits on data types not supporting them
+        if @servertype.limit_not_supported_types.include? type.to_sym
+          return native_database_types[type.to_sym][:name].to_s
+        elsif type.to_sym == :boolean
+          return "smallint"
+        else
+          return super
+        end
+      end 
+
+      # Returns the maximum length a table alias identifier can be.
+      # IBM data servers (cross-platform) table limit is 128 characters
+      def table_alias_length
+        128
+      end
+
+      # Retrieves table's metadata for a specified shema name
+      def tables(name = nil)
+        # Initializes the tables array
+        tables = []
+        # Retrieve table's metadata through IBM_DB driver
+        stmt = IBM_DB.tables(@connection, nil, 
+                            @servertype.set_case(@schema))
+        if(stmt)
+          begin
+            # Fetches all the records available
+            while tab = IBM_DB.fetch_assoc(stmt)
+              # Adds the lowercase table name to the array
+              if(tab["table_type"]== 'TABLE')  #check, so that only tables are dumped,IBM_DB.tables also returns views,alias etc in the schema
+                tables << tab["table_name"].downcase    
+              end
+            end
+          rescue StandardError => fetch_error # Handle driver fetch errors
+            error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(stmt, IBM_DB::DB_STMT )
+            if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+              raise "Failed to retrieve table metadata during fetch: #{error_msg}"
+            else
+              error_msg = "An unexpected error occurred during retrieval of table metadata"
+              error_msg = error_msg + ": #{fetch_error.message}" if !fetch_error.message.empty?
+              raise error_msg
+            end
+          ensure
+            IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt)  if stmt # Free resources associated with the statement
+          end
+        else # Handle driver execution errors
+          error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(@connection, IBM_DB::DB_CONN )
+          if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+            raise "Failed to retrieve tables metadata due to error: #{error_msg}"
+          else
+            raise StandardError.new('An unexpected error occurred during retrieval of table metadata')
+          end
+        end
+        # Returns the tables array
+        return tables
+      end
+
+      # Returns the primary key of the mentioned table
+      def primary_key(table_name)
+        pk_name = nil
+        stmt = IBM_DB.primary_keys( @connection, nil, 
+                                    @servertype.set_case(@schema), 
+                                    @servertype.set_case(table_name))
+        if(stmt) 
+          begin
+            if ( pk_index_row = IBM_DB.fetch_array(stmt) )
+              pk_name = pk_index_row[3].downcase
+            end
+          rescue StandardError => fetch_error # Handle driver fetch errors
+            error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg( stmt, IBM_DB::DB_STMT )
+            if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+              raise "Failed to retrieve primarykey metadata during fetch: #{error_msg}"
+            else
+              error_msg = "An unexpected error occurred during retrieval of primary key metadata"
+              error_msg = error_msg + ": #{fetch_error.message}" if !fetch_error.message.empty?
+              raise error_msg
+            end
+          ensure  # Free resources associated with the statement
+            IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+          end
+        else
+          error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg( @connection, IBM_DB::DB_CONN )
+          if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+            raise "Failed to retrieve primary key metadata due to error: #{error_msg}"
+          else
+            raise StandardError.new('An unexpected error occurred during primary key retrieval')
+          end
+        end
+        return pk_name
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of non-primary key indexes for a specified table name
+      def indexes(table_name, name = nil)
+                # to_s required because +table_name+ may be a symbol.
+        table_name = table_name.to_s
+        # Checks if a blank table name has been given.
+        # If so it returns an empty array of columns.
+        return [] if table_name.strip.empty?
+
+        indexes = []
+        pk_index = nil
+        index_schema = []
+        
+        #fetch the primary keys of the table using function primary_keys
+        #TABLE_SCHEM:: pk_index[1]
+        #TABLE_NAME:: pk_index[2]
+        #COLUMN_NAME:: pk_index[3]
+        #PK_NAME:: pk_index[5]
+        stmt = IBM_DB.primary_keys( @connection, nil, 
+                                   @servertype.set_case(@schema), 
+                                   @servertype.set_case(table_name))
+        if(stmt)
+          begin
+            while ( pk_index_row = IBM_DB.fetch_array(stmt) )
+              if pk_index_row[5] 
+                pk_index_name = pk_index_row[5].downcase
+                pk_index_columns = [pk_index_row[3].downcase]           # COLUMN_NAME
+                if pk_index 
+                  pk_index.columns = pk_index.columns + pk_index_columns
+                else
+                  pk_index = IndexDefinition.new(table_name, pk_index_name, true, pk_index_columns)
+                end
+              end 
+            end
+          rescue StandardError => fetch_error # Handle driver fetch errors
+            error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(stmt, IBM_DB::DB_STMT )
+            if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+              raise "Failed to retrieve primarykey metadata during fetch: #{error_msg}"
+            else
+              error_msg = "An unexpected error occurred during retrieval of primary key metadata"
+              error_msg = error_msg + ": #{fetch_error.message}" if !fetch_error.message.empty?
+              raise error_msg
+            end
+          ensure  # Free resources associated with the statement
+            IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+          end
+        else  # Handle driver execution errors
+          error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(@connection, IBM_DB::DB_CONN )
+          if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+            raise "Failed to retrieve primary key metadata due to error: #{error_msg}"
+          else
+            raise StandardError.new('An unexpected error occurred during primary key retrieval')
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Query table statistics for all indexes on the table
+        # "TABLE_NAME:   #{index_stats[2]}"
+        # "NON_UNIQUE:   #{index_stats[3]}"
+        # "INDEX_NAME:   #{index_stats[5]}"
+        # "COLUMN_NAME:  #{index_stats[8]}"
+        stmt = IBM_DB.statistics( @connection, nil, 
+                                  @servertype.set_case(@schema), 
+                                  @servertype.set_case(table_name), 1 )
+        if(stmt)
+          begin
+            while ( index_stats = IBM_DB.fetch_array(stmt) )
+                is_composite = false
+              if index_stats[5]             # INDEX_NAME
+                index_name = index_stats[5].downcase
+                index_unique = (index_stats[3] == 0)
+                index_columns = [index_stats[8].downcase]     # COLUMN_NAME
+                index_qualifier = index_stats[4].downcase             #Index_Qualifier
+                # Create an IndexDefinition object and add to the indexes array
+                i = 0;
+                indexes.each do |index|
+                  if index.name == index_name && index_schema[i] == index_qualifier
+                     index.columns = index.columns + index_columns
+                     is_composite = true
+                  end 
+                  i = i+1
+                end
+              
+                unless is_composite 
+                  indexes << IndexDefinition.new(table_name, index_name, index_unique, index_columns)
+                  index_schema << index_qualifier
+                end 
+              end
+            end
+          rescue StandardError => fetch_error # Handle driver fetch errors
+            error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(stmt, IBM_DB::DB_STMT )
+            if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+              raise "Failed to retrieve index metadata during fetch: #{error_msg}"
+            else
+              error_msg = "An unexpected error occurred during retrieval of index metadata"
+              error_msg = error_msg + ": #{fetch_error.message}" if !fetch_error.message.empty?
+              raise error_msg
+            end
+          ensure  # Free resources associated with the statement
+            IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+          end
+        else  # Handle driver execution errors
+          error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(@connection, IBM_DB::DB_CONN )
+          if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+            raise "Failed to retrieve index metadata due to error: #{error_msg}"
+          else
+            raise StandardError.new('An unexpected error occurred during index retrieval')
+          end
+        end
+    
+        # remove the primary key index entry.... should not be dumped by the dumper
+    
+        i = 0
+        indexes.each do |index|
+          if pk_index && index.columns == pk_index.columns
+            indexes.delete_at(i)
+          end
+          i = i+1
+        end 
+        # Returns the indexes array
+        return indexes
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of Column objects for the table specified by +table_name+
+      def columns(table_name, name = nil)
+        # to_s required because it may be a symbol.
+        table_name = @servertype.set_case(table_name.to_s)
+        # Checks if a blank table name has been given.
+        # If so it returns an empty array
+        return [] if table_name.strip.empty?
+        # +columns+ will contain the resulting array
+        columns = []
+        # Statement required to access all the columns information
+        stmt = IBM_DB.columns( @connection, nil, 
+                                   @servertype.set_case(@schema), 
+                                   @servertype.set_case(table_name) )
+        if(stmt)
+          begin
+            # Fetches all the columns and assigns them to col.
+            # +col+ is an hash with keys/value pairs for a column
+            while col = IBM_DB.fetch_assoc(stmt)
+              column_name = col["column_name"].downcase
+              # Assigns the column default value.
+              column_default_value = col["column_def"]
+              # If there is no default value, it assigns NIL
+              column_default_value = nil if (column_default_value && column_default_value.upcase == 'NULL')
+              # Removes single quotes from the default value
+              column_default_value.gsub!(/^'(.*)'$/, '\1') unless column_default_value.nil?
+              # Assigns the column type
+              column_type = col["type_name"].downcase
+              # Assigns the field length (size) for the column
+              column_length = col["column_size"]
+              column_scale = col["decimal_digits"]
+              # The initializer of the class Column, requires the +column_length+ to be declared 
+              # between brackets after the datatype(e.g VARCHAR(50)) for :string and :text types. 
+              # If it's a "for bit data" field it does a subsitution in place, if not
+              # it appends the (column_length) string on the supported data types
+              unless column_length.nil? || 
+                     column_length == '' || 
+                     column_type.sub!(/ \(\) for bit data/i,"(#{column_length}) FOR BIT DATA") || 
+                     !column_type =~ /char|lob|graphic/i
+                if column_type =~ /decimal/i
+                  column_type << "(#{column_length},#{column_scale})"
+                elsif column_type =~ /smallint|integer|double|date|time|timestamp|xml|bigint/i
+                  column_type << ""  # override native limits incompatible with table create
+                else
+                  column_type << "(#{column_length})"
+                end
+              end
+              # col["NULLABLE"] is 1 if the field is nullable, 0 if not.
+              column_nullable = (col["nullable"] == 1) ? true : false
+              # Make sure the hidden column (db2_generated_rowid_for_lobs) in DB2 z/OS isn't added to the list
+              if !(column_name =~ /db2_generated_rowid_for_lobs/i)
+                # Pushes into the array the *IBM_DBColumn* object, created by passing to the initializer
+                # +column_name+, +default_value+, +column_type+ and +column_nullable+.
+                columns << IBM_DBColumn.new(column_name, column_default_value, column_type, column_nullable)
+              end
+            end
+          rescue StandardError => fetch_error # Handle driver fetch errors
+            error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(stmt, IBM_DB::DB_STMT )
+            if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+              raise "Failed to retrieve column metadata during fetch: #{error_msg}"
+            else
+              error_msg = "An unexpected error occurred during retrieval of column metadata"
+              error_msg = error_msg + ": #{fetch_error.message}" if !fetch_error.message.empty?
+              raise error_msg
+            end
+          ensure  # Free resources associated with the statement
+            IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+          end
+        else  # Handle driver execution errors
+          error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(@connection, IBM_DB::DB_CONN )
+          if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+            raise "Failed to retrieve column metadata due to error: #{error_msg}"
+          else
+            raise StandardError.new('An unexpected error occurred during retrieval of columns metadata')
+          end
+        end
+        # Returns the columns array
+        return columns
+      end
+
+      # Renames a table.
+      # ==== Example
+      # rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
+      # Overriden to satisfy IBM data servers syntax
+      def rename_table(name, new_name)
+        # SQL rename table statement
+        rename_table_sql = "RENAME TABLE #{name} TO #{new_name}"
+        stmt = execute(rename_table_sql)
+        # Ensures to free the resources associated with the statement
+        ensure
+          IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+      end
+
+      # Renames a column.
+      # ===== Example
+      #  rename_column(:suppliers, :description, :name)
+      def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+        @servertype.rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+      end
+
+      # Removes the column from the table definition.
+      # ===== Examples
+      #  remove_column(:suppliers, :qualification)
+      def remove_column(table_name, column_name)
+        @servertype.remove_column(table_name, column_name)
+      end
+
+      # Changes the column's definition according to the new options.
+      # See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.
+      # ===== Examples
+      #  change_column(:suppliers, :name, :string, :limit => 80)
+      #  change_column(:accounts, :description, :text)
+      def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
+        @servertype.change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options)
+      end
+
+=begin
+      #overrides the abstract adapter method to generate proper sql
+      #specifying the column options, like default value and nullability clause
+      def add_column_options!(sql,options={})
+        #add default null option only if :default option is not specified and 
+        #:null option is not specified or is true
+        if (options[:default].nil? && (options[:null].nil? || options[:null] == true))
+          sql << " DEFAULT NULL"
+        else  
+          if( !options[:default].nil?)
+              #check, :column option is passed only in case of create_table but not in case of add_column
+            if (!options[:column].nil?)   
+              sql << " DEFAULT #{quote(options[:default],options[:column])}"
+            else
+              sql << " DEFAULT #{quote(options[:default])}" 
+            end 
+          end 
+          #append NOT NULL to sql only---
+          #---if options[:null] is not nil and is equal to false
+          unless options[:null] == nil 
+             sql << " NOT NULL" if (options[:null] == false)
+          end
+        end   
+      end
+=end
+
+      # Sets a new default value for a column. This does not set the default
+      # value to +NULL+, instead, it needs DatabaseStatements#execute which
+      # can execute the appropriate SQL statement for setting the value.
+      # ==== Examples
+      #  change_column_default(:suppliers, :qualification, 'new')
+      #  change_column_default(:accounts, :authorized, 1)
+      # Method overriden to satisfy IBM data servers syntax.
+      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
+        @servertype.change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
+      end
+
+      #Changes the nullability value of a column
+      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
+        @servertype.change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default)
+      end
+
+      # Remove the given index from the table.
+      #
+      # Remove the suppliers_name_index in the suppliers table (legacy support, use the second or third forms).
+      #   remove_index :suppliers, :name
+      # Remove the index named accounts_branch_id in the accounts table.
+      #   remove_index :accounts, :column => :branch_id
+      # Remove the index named by_branch_party in the accounts table.
+      #   remove_index :accounts, :name => :by_branch_party
+      #
+      # You can remove an index on multiple columns by specifying the first column.
+      #   add_index :accounts, [:username, :password]
+      #   remove_index :accounts, :username
+      # Overriden to use the IBM data servers SQL syntax.
+      def remove_index(table_name, options = {})
+        execute("DROP INDEX #{index_name(table_name, options)}")
+      end
+    end # class IBM_DBAdapter
+
+    # This class contains common code across DB's (DB2 LUW, zOS, i5 and IDS)
+    class IBM_DataServer
+      def initialize(adapter)
+        @adapter = adapter
+      end
+
+      def last_generated_id(stmt)
+      end
+
+      def create_index_after_table (table_name,cloumn_name)
+      end
+
+      def setup_for_lob_table ()
+      end
+
+      def reorg_table(table_name)
+      end
+
+      def check_reserved_words(col_name)
+        col_name
+      end
+
+      # This is supported by the DB2 for Linux, UNIX, Windows data servers
+      # and by the DB2 for i5 data servers
+      def remove_column(table_name, column_name)
+        begin
+          @adapter.execute "ALTER TABLE #{table_name} DROP #{column_name}"
+          reorg_table(table_name)
+        rescue StandardError => exec_err
+          # Provide details on the current XML columns support
+          if exec_err.message.include?('SQLCODE=-1242') && exec_err.message.include?('42997')
+            raise StatementInvalid, 
+                  "A column that is part of a table containing an XML column cannot be dropped. \
+To remove the column, the table must be dropped and recreated without the #{column_name} column: #{exec_err}"
+          else
+            raise "#{exec_err}"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def select(sql, name, stmt, results)
+        # Fetches all the results available. IBM_DB.fetch_assoc(stmt) returns
+        # an hash for each single record.
+        # The loop stops when there aren't any more valid records to fetch
+        begin
+          while single_hash = IBM_DB.fetch_assoc(stmt)
+            # Add the record to the +results+ array
+            results <<  single_hash
+          end
+        rescue StandardError => fetch_error # Handle driver fetch errors
+          error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(stmt, IBM_DB::DB_STMT )
+          if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+            raise StatementInvalid,"Failed to retrieve data: #{error_msg}"
+          else
+            error_msg = "An unexpected error occurred during data retrieval"
+            error_msg = error_msg + ": #{fetch_error.message}" if !fetch_error.message.empty?
+            raise error_msg
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def select_rows(sql, name, stmt, results)
+        # Fetches all the results available. IBM_DB.fetch_array(stmt) returns
+        # an array representing a row in a result set.
+        # The loop stops when there aren't any more valid records to fetch
+        begin
+          while single_array = IBM_DB.fetch_array(stmt)
+            #Add the array to results array
+            results <<  single_array
+          end
+        rescue StandardError => fetch_error # Handle driver fetch errors
+          error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(stmt, IBM_DB::DB_STMT )
+          if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+            raise StatementInvalid,"Failed to retrieve data: #{error_msg}"
+          else
+            error_msg = "An unexpected error occurred during data retrieval"
+            error_msg = error_msg + ": #{fetch_error.message}" if !fetch_error.message.empty?
+            raise error_msg
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Praveen
+      def prepare(sql,name = nil)
+        begin
+          stmt = IBM_DB.prepare(@adapter.connection, sql)
+          if( stmt )
+            stmt
+          else
+            raise StatementInvalid, IBM_DB.getErrormsg(@adapter.connection, IBM_DB::DB_CONN )
+          end
+        rescue StandardError => prep_err
+          if prep_err && !prep_err.message.empty?
+            raise "Failed to prepare sql #{sql} due to: #{prep_err}"
+          else 
+            raise
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def execute(sql, name = nil)
+        begin
+          if stmt = IBM_DB.exec(@adapter.connection, sql)
+            stmt   # Return the statement object
+          else
+            raise StatementInvalid, IBM_DB.getErrormsg(@adapter.connection, IBM_DB::DB_CONN )
+          end
+        rescue StandardError => exec_err
+          if exec_err && !exec_err.message.empty?
+            raise "Failed to execute statement due to: #{exec_err}"
+          else 
+            raise
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def set_schema(schema)
+        @adapter.execute("SET SCHEMA #{schema}")
+      end
+
+      def query_offset_limit(sql, offset, limit)
+      end
+
+      def query_offset_limit!(sql, offset, limit, options)
+      end
+      
+      def get_datetime_mapping
+      end
+
+      def get_time_mapping
+      end
+
+      def get_double_mapping
+      end
+    
+      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
+      end
+
+      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default)
+      end
+  
+      def set_binary_default(value)
+      end
+
+      def set_binary_value
+      end
+
+      def set_text_default
+      end
+
+      def set_case(value)
+      end
+
+      def limit_not_supported_types
+        [:integer, :double, :date, :time, :timestamp, :xml, :bigint]
+      end
+    end # class IBM_DataServer
+
+    class IBM_DB2 < IBM_DataServer
+      def initialize(adapter)
+        super(adapter)
+        @limit = @offset = nil
+      end
+
+      def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "rename_column is not implemented yet in the IBM_DB Adapter"
+      end
+
+      def primary_key_definition(start_id)
+        return "INTEGER GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY (START WITH #{start_id}) PRIMARY KEY"
+      end
+
+      # Returns the last automatically generated ID.
+      # This method is required by the +insert+ method
+      # The "stmt" parameter is ignored for DB2 but used for IDS
+      def last_generated_id(stmt)
+        # Queries the db to obtain the last ID that was automatically generated
+        sql = "SELECT IDENTITY_VAL_LOCAL() FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1"
+        stmt = IBM_DB.prepare(@adapter.connection, sql)
+        if(stmt)
+          if(IBM_DB.execute(stmt, nil))
+            begin
+              # Fetches the only record available (containing the last id)
+              IBM_DB.fetch_row(stmt)
+              # Retrieves and returns the result of the query with the last id.
+              IBM_DB.result(stmt,0)
+            rescue StandardError => fetch_error # Handle driver fetch errors
+              error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(stmt, IBM_DB::DB_STMT )
+              if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+                raise "Failed to retrieve last generated id: #{error_msg}"
+              else
+                error_msg = "An unexpected error occurred during retrieval of last generated id"
+                error_msg = error_msg + ": #{fetch_error.message}" if !fetch_error.message.empty?
+                raise error_msg
+              end
+            ensure  # Free resources associated with the statement
+              IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+            end
+          else
+            error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(stmt, IBM_DB::DB_STMT )
+            IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+            if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+              raise "Failed to retrieve last generated id: #{error_msg}"
+            else
+              error_msg = "An unexpected error occurred during retrieval of last generated id"
+              raise error_msg
+            end
+          end
+        else
+          error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(@adapter.connection, IBM_DB::DB_CONN )
+          if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+            raise "Failed to retrieve last generated id due to error: #{error_msg}"
+          else
+            raise StandardError.new('An unexpected error occurred during retrieval of last generated id')
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options)
+        data_type = @adapter.type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])
+        begin
+          execute "ALTER TABLE #{table_name} ALTER #{column_name} SET DATA TYPE #{data_type}"
+        rescue StandardError => exec_err
+          if exec_err.message.include?('SQLCODE=-190')
+            raise StatementInvalid, 
+            "Please consult documentation for compatible data types while changing column datatype. \
+The column datatype change to [#{data_type}] is not supported by this data server: #{exec_err}"
+          else
+            raise "#{exec_err}"
+          end
+        end
+        reorg_table(table_name)
+        change_column_null(table_name,column_name,options[:null],nil)
+        change_column_default(table_name, column_name, options[:default])
+        reorg_table(table_name)
+      end
+
+      # DB2 specific ALTER TABLE statement to add a default clause
+      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
+        # SQL statement which alters column's default value
+        change_column_sql = "ALTER TABLE #{table_name} ALTER COLUMN #{column_name} \
+SET WITH DEFAULT #{@adapter.quote(default)}"
+
+        stmt = execute(change_column_sql)
+        reorg_table(table_name)
+        ensure
+          IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+      end
+
+      #DB2 specific ALTER TABLE statement to change the nullability of a column
+      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default)
+        if !default.nil?
+          change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
+        end 
+
+        if !null.nil? 
+          if null
+            change_column_sql = "ALTER TABLE #{table_name} ALTER #{column_name} DROP NOT NULL"
+          else
+            change_column_sql = "ALTER TABLE #{table_name} ALTER #{column_name} SET NOT NULL"
+          end
+          stmt = execute(change_column_sql)
+          reorg_table(table_name)
+        end
+
+        ensure
+          IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt   
+      end
+    
+      # This method returns the DB2 SQL type corresponding to the Rails
+      # datetime/timestamp type
+      def get_datetime_mapping
+        return "timestamp"
+      end
+
+      # This method returns the DB2 SQL type corresponding to the Rails
+      # time type
+      def get_time_mapping
+        return "time"
+      end
+
+      #This method returns the DB2 SQL type corresponding to Rails double type
+      def get_double_mapping
+        return "double"
+      end
+
+      # Fetches all the results available. IBM_DB.fetch_assoc(stmt) returns
+      # an hash for each single record.
+      # The loop stops when there aren't any more valid records to fetch
+      def select(sql, name, stmt, results)
+        begin
+          if (!@offset.nil? && @offset >= 0) || (!@limit.nil? && @limit > 0)
+            # We know at this point that there is an offset and/or a limit
+            # Check if the cursor type is set correctly
+            cursor_type = IBM_DB.get_option stmt, IBM_DB::SQL_ATTR_CURSOR_TYPE, 0
+            @offset = 0 if @offset.nil?
+            if (cursor_type == IBM_DB::SQL_CURSOR_STATIC)
+              index = 0
+              # Get @limit rows starting at @offset
+              while (index < @limit)
+                # We increment the offset by 1 because for DB2 the offset of the initial row is 1 instead of 0
+                if single_hash = IBM_DB.fetch_assoc(stmt, @offset + index + 1)
+                  # Add the record to the +results+ array
+                  results <<  single_hash
+                  index = index + 1
+                else
+                  # break from the while loop
+                  break 
+                end
+              end
+            else # cursor != IBM_DB::SQL_CURSOR_STATIC
+              # If the result set contains a LOB, the cursor type will never be SQL_CURSOR_STATIC
+              # because DB2 does not allow this. We can't use the offset mechanism because the cursor 
+              # is not scrollable. In this case, ignore first @offset rows and return rows starting 
+              # at @offset to @offset + @limit
+              index = 0
+              while (index < @offset + @limit)
+                if single_hash = IBM_DB.fetch_assoc(stmt)
+                  # Add the record to the +results+ array only from row @offset to @offset + @limit
+                  if (index >= @offset)
+                    results <<  single_hash
+                  end
+                  index = index + 1
+                else
+                  # break from the while loop
+                  break
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          # This is the case where limit is set to zero
+          # Simply return an empty +results+
+          elsif (!@limit.nil? && @limit == 0)
+            results
+          # No limits or offsets specified
+          else
+            while single_hash = IBM_DB.fetch_assoc(stmt)
+              # Add the record to the +results+ array
+              results <<  single_hash
+            end
+          end
+        rescue StandardError => fetch_error # Handle driver fetch errors
+          error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(stmt, IBM_DB::DB_STMT )
+          if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+            raise StatementInvalid,"Failed to retrieve data: #{error_msg}"
+          else
+            error_msg = "An unexpected error occurred during data retrieval"
+            error_msg = error_msg + ": #{fetch_error.message}" if !fetch_error.message.empty?
+            raise error_msg
+          end
+        ensure
+          # Assign the instance variables to nil. We will not be using them again
+          @offset = nil
+          @limit = nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Fetches all the results available. IBM_DB.fetch_array(stmt) returns
+      # an array for each single record.
+      # The loop stops when there aren't any more valid records to fetch
+      def select_rows(sql, name, stmt, results)
+        begin
+          if (!@offset.nil? && @offset >= 0) || (!@limit.nil? && @limit > 0)
+            # We know at this point that there is an offset and/or a limit
+            # Check if the cursor type is set correctly
+            cursor_type = IBM_DB.get_option stmt, IBM_DB::SQL_ATTR_CURSOR_TYPE, 0
+            @offset = 0 if @offset.nil?
+            if (cursor_type == IBM_DB::SQL_CURSOR_STATIC)
+              index = 0
+              # Get @limit rows starting at @offset
+              while (index < @limit)
+                # We increment the offset by 1 because for DB2 the offset of the initial row is 1 instead of 0
+                if single_array = IBM_DB.fetch_array(stmt, @offset + index + 1)
+                  # Add the array to the +results+ array
+                  results <<  single_array
+                  index = index + 1
+                else
+                  # break from the while loop
+                  break 
+                end
+              end
+            else # cursor != IBM_DB::SQL_CURSOR_STATIC
+              # If the result set contains a LOB, the cursor type will never be SQL_CURSOR_STATIC
+              # because DB2 does not allow this. We can't use the offset mechanism because the cursor 
+              # is not scrollable. In this case, ignore first @offset rows and return rows starting 
+              # at @offset to @offset + @limit
+              index = 0
+              while (index < @offset + @limit)
+                if single_array = IBM_DB.fetch_array(stmt)
+                  # Add the array to the +results+ array only from row @offset to @offset + @limit
+                  if (index >= @offset)
+                    results <<  single_array
+                  end
+                  index = index + 1
+                else
+                  # break from the while loop
+                  break
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          # This is the case where limit is set to zero
+          # Simply return an empty +results+
+          elsif (!@limit.nil? && @limit == 0)
+            results
+          # No limits or offsets specified
+          else
+            while single_array = IBM_DB.fetch_array(stmt)
+              # Add the array to the +results+ array
+              results <<  single_array
+            end
+          end
+        rescue StandardError => fetch_error # Handle driver fetch errors
+          error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(stmt, IBM_DB::DB_STMT )
+          if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+            raise StatementInvalid,"Failed to retrieve data: #{error_msg}"
+          else
+            error_msg = "An unexpected error occurred during data retrieval"
+            error_msg = error_msg + ": #{fetch_error.message}" if !fetch_error.message.empty?
+            raise error_msg
+          end
+        ensure
+          # Assign the instance variables to nil. We will not be using them again
+          @offset = nil
+          @limit = nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Praveen
+      def prepare(sql,name = nil)
+        # Check if there is a limit and/or an offset
+        # If so then make sure and use a static cursor type
+        begin
+          if (!@offset.nil? && @offset >= 0) || (!@limit.nil? && @limit > 0)
+            # Set the cursor type to static so we can later utilize the offset and limit correctly
+            if stmt = IBM_DB.prepare(@adapter.connection, sql, 
+                      {IBM_DB::SQL_ATTR_CURSOR_TYPE => IBM_DB::SQL_CURSOR_STATIC})
+              stmt   # Return the statement object
+            else
+              raise StatementInvalid, IBM_DB.getErrormsg(@adapter.connection, IBM_DB::DB_CONN )
+            end
+          else
+            if stmt = IBM_DB.prepare(@adapter.connection, sql)
+              stmt   # Return the statement object
+            else
+              raise StatementInvalid, IBM_DB.getErrormsg(@adapter.connection, IBM_DB::DB_CONN )
+            end
+          end
+        rescue StandardError => prep_err
+          error_msg = "Failed to prepare sql #{sql}"
+          error_msg = error_msg + ": #{prep_err.message}" if !prep_err.message.empty?     
+          raise error_msg
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Praveen
+      def execute(sql, name = nil)
+        # Check if there is a limit and/or an offset
+        # If so then make sure and use a static cursor type
+        begin
+          if (!@offset.nil? && @offset >= 0) || (!@limit.nil? && @limit > 0)
+            # Set the cursor type to static so we can later utilize the offset and limit correctly
+            if stmt = IBM_DB.exec(@adapter.connection, sql, 
+                      {IBM_DB::SQL_ATTR_CURSOR_TYPE => IBM_DB::SQL_CURSOR_STATIC})
+              stmt   # Return the statement object
+            else
+              raise StatementInvalid, IBM_DB.getErrormsg(@adapter.connection, IBM_DB::DB_CONN )
+            end
+          else
+            if stmt = IBM_DB.exec(@adapter.connection, sql)
+              stmt   # Return the statement object
+            else
+              raise StatementInvalid, IBM_DB.getErrormsg(@adapter.connection, IBM_DB::DB_CONN )
+            end
+          end
+        rescue StandardError => exec_err
+          error_msg = "Failed to execute statement"
+          error_msg = error_msg + ": #{exec_err.message}" if !exec_err.message.empty?     
+          raise error_msg
+        end
+      end
+
+      def query_offset_limit(sql, offset, limit)
+        @limit = limit
+        @offset = offset
+        if (offset.nil?)
+           sql << " FETCH FIRST #{limit} ROWS ONLY"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def query_offset_limit!(sql, offset, limit, options)
+        @limit = limit
+        @offset = offset
+        if (offset.nil?)
+           sql << " FETCH FIRST #{limit} ROWS ONLY"
+        end
+        options[:paramArray] = []
+      end
+
+      # This method generates the default blob value specified for 
+      # DB2 Dataservers
+      def set_binary_default(value)
+        "BLOB('#{value}')"
+      end
+
+      # This method generates the blob value specified for DB2 Dataservers
+      def set_binary_value
+        "BLOB('?')"       
+      end
+
+      # This method generates the default clob value specified for 
+      # DB2 Dataservers
+      def set_text_default(value)
+        "'#{value}'"
+      end
+
+      # For DB2 Dataservers , the arguments to the meta-data functions
+      # need to be in upper-case
+      def set_case(value)
+        value.upcase
+      end
+    end # class IBM_DB2
+
+    class IBM_DB2_LUW < IBM_DB2
+      # Reorganizes the table for column changes
+      def reorg_table(table_name)
+        execute("CALL ADMIN_CMD('REORG TABLE #{table_name}')")
+      end
+
+      def query_offset_limit(sql, offset, limit)
+        if (offset.nil?)
+           return sql << " FETCH FIRST #{limit} ROWS ONLY"
+        end
+        # Defines what will be the last record
+        last_record = offset + limit
+        # Transforms the SELECT query in order to retrieve/fetch only
+        # a number of records after the specified offset.
+        # 'select' or 'SELECT' is replaced with the partial query below that adds the sys_row_num column
+        # to select with the condition of this column being between offset+1 and the offset+limit
+        sql.sub!(/SELECT/i,"SELECT O.* FROM (SELECT I.*, ROW_NUMBER() OVER () sys_row_num FROM (SELECT")
+        # The final part of the query is appended to include a WHERE...BETWEEN...AND condition,
+        # and retrieve only a LIMIT number of records starting from the OFFSET+1
+        sql << ") AS I) AS O WHERE sys_row_num BETWEEN #{offset+1} AND #{last_record}"
+      end
+
+      def query_offset_limit!(sql, offset, limit, options)
+        if (offset.nil?)
+           options[:paramArray] = []
+           return sql << " FETCH FIRST #{limit} ROWS ONLY"
+        end
+        # Defines what will be the last record
+        last_record = offset + limit
+        # Transforms the SELECT query in order to retrieve/fetch only
+        # a number of records after the specified offset.
+        # 'select' or 'SELECT' is replaced with the partial query below that adds the sys_row_num column
+        # to select with the condition of this column being between offset+1 and the offset+limit
+        sql.sub!(/SELECT/i,"SELECT O.* FROM (SELECT I.*, ROW_NUMBER() OVER () sys_row_num FROM (SELECT")
+        # The final part of the query is appended to include a WHERE...BETWEEN...AND condition,
+        # and retrieve only a LIMIT number of records starting from the OFFSET+1
+        sql << ") AS I) AS O WHERE sys_row_num BETWEEN ? AND ?"
+        options[:paramArray] = [offset+1, last_record]
+      end
+    end # class IBM_DB2_LUW
+
+    class IBM_DB2_LUW_COBRA < IBM_DB2_LUW
+      # Cobra supports parameterised timestamp, 
+      # hence overriding following method to allow timestamp datatype to be parameterised
+      def limit_not_supported_types
+        [:integer, :double, :date, :time, :xml, :bigint]
+      end
+
+      # Alter table column for renaming a column
+      # This feature is supported for against DB2 V97 and above only
+      def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+        _table_name      = table_name.to_s
+        _column_name     = column_name.to_s
+        _new_column_name = new_column_name.to_s
+
+        nil_condition    = _table_name.nil? || _column_name.nil? || _new_column_name.nil?
+        empty_condition  = _table_name.empty? || 
+                             _column_name.empty? || 
+                               _new_column_name.empty? unless nil_condition
+
+        if nil_condition || empty_condition
+          raise ArgumentError,"One of the arguments passed to rename_column is empty or nil"
+        end
+
+        begin
+          rename_column_sql = "ALTER TABLE #{_table_name} RENAME COLUMN #{_column_name} \
+                   TO #{_new_column_name}"
+
+          unless stmt = execute(rename_column_sql)
+            error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(@adapter.connection, IBM_DB::DB_CONN )
+            if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+              raise "Rename column failed : #{error_msg}"
+            else
+              raise StandardError.new('An unexpected error occurred during renaming the column')
+            end
+          end
+
+          reorg_table(_table_name)
+
+        ensure
+          IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+        end #End of begin
+      end # End of rename_column
+    end #IBM_DB2_LUW_COBRA
+
+    module HostedDataServer
+      require 'pathname'
+      #find DB2-i5-zOS rezerved words file relative path
+      rfile = Pathname.new(File.dirname(__FILE__)).parent + 'vendor' + 'db2-i5-zOS.yaml'
+      if rfile
+        RESERVED_WORDS = open(rfile.to_s) {|f| YAML.load(f) }
+        def check_reserved_words(col_name)
+          if RESERVED_WORDS[col_name]
+            '"' + RESERVED_WORDS[col_name] + '"'
+          else
+            col_name
+          end
+        end
+      else
+        raise "Failed to locate IBM_DB Adapter dependency: #{rfile}"
+      end
+    end # module HostedDataServer
+
+    class IBM_DB2_ZOS < IBM_DB2
+      # since v9 doesn't need, suggest putting it in HostedDataServer?      
+      def create_index_after_table(table_name,column_name)
+        @adapter.add_index(table_name, column_name, :unique => true) 
+      end
+
+      def remove_column(table_name, column_name)
+        raise NotImplementedError,
+        "remove_column is not supported by the DB2 for zOS data server"
+      end  
+
+      #Alter table column for renaming a column
+      def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+        _table_name      = table_name.to_s
+        _column_name     = column_name.to_s
+        _new_column_name = new_column_name.to_s
+
+        nil_condition    = _table_name.nil? || _column_name.nil? || _new_column_name.nil?
+        empty_condition  = _table_name.empty? || 
+                             _column_name.empty? || 
+                               _new_column_name.empty? unless nil_condition
+
+        if nil_condition || empty_condition
+          raise ArgumentError,"One of the arguments passed to rename_column is empty or nil"
+        end
+
+        begin
+          rename_column_sql = "ALTER TABLE #{_table_name} RENAME COLUMN #{_column_name} \
+                   TO #{_new_column_name}"
+
+          unless stmt = execute(rename_column_sql)
+            error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(@adapter.connection, IBM_DB::DB_CONN )
+            if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+              raise "Rename column failed : #{error_msg}"
+            else
+              raise StandardError.new('An unexpected error occurred during renaming the column')
+            end
+          end
+
+          reorg_table(_table_name)
+
+        ensure
+          IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+        end #End of begin
+      end # End of rename_column
+
+      # DB2 z/OS only allows NULL or "" (empty) string as DEFAULT value for a BLOB column. 
+      # For non-empty string and non-NULL values, the server returns error
+      def set_binary_default(value)
+        "#{value}"
+      end
+
+      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
+        unless default
+          raise NotImplementedError,
+          "DB2 for zOS data server version 9 does not support changing the column default to NULL"
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default)
+        raise NotImplementedError,
+        "DB2 for zOS data server does not support changing the column's nullability"
+      end
+    end # class IBM_DB2_ZOS
+
+    class IBM_DB2_ZOS_8 < IBM_DB2_ZOS
+      include HostedDataServer
+
+      # This call is needed on DB2 z/OS v8 for the creation of tables
+      # with LOBs.  When issued, this call does the following:
+      #   DB2 creates LOB table spaces, auxiliary tables, and indexes on auxiliary
+      #   tables for LOB columns.
+      def setup_for_lob_table()
+        execute "SET CURRENT RULES = 'STD'"
+      end
+
+      def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "rename_column is not implemented for DB2 on zOS 8"
+      end
+
+      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
+        raise NotImplementedError,
+        "DB2 for zOS data server version 8 does not support changing the column default"
+      end
+     
+    end # class IBM_DB2_ZOS_8
+    
+    class IBM_DB2_I5 < IBM_DB2
+      include HostedDataServer
+    end # class IBM_DB2_I5
+
+    class IBM_IDS < IBM_DataServer
+      # IDS does not support the SET SCHEMA syntax
+      def set_schema(schema)
+      end
+
+      # IDS specific ALTER TABLE statement to rename a column
+      def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+        _table_name      = table_name.to_s
+        _column_name     = column_name.to_s
+        _new_column_name = new_column_name.to_s
+
+        nil_condition    = _table_name.nil? || _column_name.nil? || _new_column_name.nil?
+        empty_condition  = _table_name.empty? || 
+                             _column_name.empty? || 
+                               _new_column_name.empty? unless nil_condition
+
+        if nil_condition || empty_condition
+          raise ArgumentError,"One of the arguments passed to rename_column is empty or nil"
+        end
+
+        begin
+          rename_column_sql = "RENAME COLUMN #{table_name}.#{column_name} TO \
+               #{new_column_name}"
+
+          unless stmt = execute(rename_column_sql)
+            error_msg = IBM_DB.getErrormsg(@adapter.connection, IBM_DB::DB_CONN )
+            if error_msg && !error_msg.empty?
+              raise "Rename column failed : #{error_msg}"
+            else
+              raise StandardError.new('An unexpected error occurred during renaming the column')
+            end
+          end
+
+          reorg_table(_table_name)
+
+        ensure
+          IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+        end #End of begin
+      end # End of rename_column
+
+      def primary_key_definition(start_id)
+        return "SERIAL(#{start_id}) PRIMARY KEY"
+      end
+
+      def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options)
+        if !options[:null].nil? && !options[:null]
+          execute "ALTER TABLE #{table_name} MODIFY #{column_name} #{@adapter.type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])} NOT NULL"
+        else
+          execute "ALTER TABLE #{table_name} MODIFY #{column_name} #{@adapter.type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])}"  
+        end 
+        if !options[:default].nil?
+           change_column_default(table_name, column_name, options[:default])
+        end
+        reorg_table(table_name)
+      end
+
+      # IDS specific ALTER TABLE statement to add a default clause
+      # IDS requires the data type to be explicitly specified when adding the 
+      # DEFAULT clause
+      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
+        sql_type = nil
+        is_nullable = true
+        @adapter.columns(table_name).select do |col| 
+           if (col.name == column_name)
+              sql_type =  @adapter.type_to_sql(col.type, col.limit, col.precision, col.scale)
+              is_nullable = col.null 
+           end
+        end
+        # SQL statement which alters column's default value
+        change_column_sql = "ALTER TABLE #{table_name} MODIFY #{column_name} #{sql_type} DEFAULT #{@adapter.quote(default)}"
+        change_column_sql << " NOT NULL" unless is_nullable 
+        stmt = execute(change_column_sql)
+        reorg_table(table_name)
+        # Ensures to free the resources associated with the statement
+        ensure
+          IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+      end
+
+      # IDS specific ALTER TABLE statement to change the nullability of a column
+      def change_column_null(table_name,column_name,null,default)
+        if !default.nil?
+          change_column_default table_name, column_name, default
+        end
+        sql_type = nil
+        @adapter.columns(table_name).select do |col| 
+          if (col.name == column_name)
+            sql_type =  @adapter.type_to_sql(col.type, col.limit, col.precision, col.scale)
+          end
+        end
+        if !null.nil?
+          if !null
+            change_column_sql = "ALTER TABLE #{table_name} MODIFY #{column_name} #{sql_type} NOT NULL"
+          else
+            change_column_sql = "ALTER TABLE #{table_name} MODIFY #{column_name} #{sql_type}"     
+          end
+          stmt = execute(change_column_sql)
+          reorg_table(table_name)
+        end
+
+        ensure
+          IBM_DB.free_stmt(stmt) if stmt
+      end
+
+      # Reorganizes the table for column changes
+      def reorg_table(table_name)
+        execute("UPDATE STATISTICS FOR TABLE #{table_name}")
+      end
+
+      # This method returns the IDS SQL type corresponding to the Rails
+      # datetime/timestamp type
+      def get_datetime_mapping
+        return "datetime year to fraction(5)"
+      end
+
+      # This method returns the IDS SQL type corresponding to the Rails
+      # time type
+      def get_time_mapping
+        return "datetime hour to second"
+      end
+
+      # This method returns the IDS SQL type corresponding to Rails double type
+      def get_double_mapping
+        return "double precision"
+      end
+
+      # Handling offset/limit as per Informix requirements
+      def query_offset_limit(sql, offset, limit)
+        if limit != 0
+          if !offset.nil?
+            # Modifying the SQL to utilize the skip and limit amounts
+            sql.gsub!(/SELECT/i,"SELECT SKIP #{offset} LIMIT #{limit}")
+          else
+            # Modifying the SQL to retrieve only the first #{limit} rows
+            sql = sql.gsub!("SELECT","SELECT FIRST #{limit}")
+          end
+        else
+          # Modifying the SQL to ensure that no rows will be returned
+          sql.gsub!(/SELECT/i,"SELECT * FROM (SELECT")
+          sql << ") WHERE 0 = 1"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Handling offset/limit as per Informix requirements
+      def query_offset_limit!(sql, offset, limit, options)
+        if limit != 0
+          if !offset.nil?
+            # Modifying the SQL to utilize the skip and limit amounts
+            sql.gsub!(/SELECT/i,"SELECT SKIP #{offset} LIMIT #{limit}")
+          else
+            # Modifying the SQL to retrieve only the first #{limit} rows
+            sql = sql.gsub!("SELECT","SELECT FIRST #{limit}")
+          end
+        else
+          # Modifying the SQL to ensure that no rows will be returned
+          sql.gsub!(/SELECT/i,"SELECT * FROM (SELECT")
+          sql << ") WHERE 0 = 1"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Method that returns the last automatically generated ID
+      # on the given +@connection+. This method is required by the +insert+ 
+      # method. IDS returns the last generated serial value in the SQLCA unlike 
+      # DB2 where the generated value has to be retrieved using the 
+      # IDENTITY_VAL_LOCAL function. We used the "stmt" parameter to identify 
+      # the statement resource from which to get the last generated value
+      def last_generated_id(stmt)
+        IBM_DB.get_last_serial_value(stmt)
+      end
+
+      # This method throws an error when trying to create a default value on a 
+      # BLOB/CLOB column for IDS. The documentation states: "if the column is a 
+      # BLOB or CLOB datatype, NULL is the only valid default value."
+      def set_binary_default(value)
+        unless (value == 'NULL')
+          raise "Informix Dynamic Server only allows NULL as a valid default value for a BLOB data type"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # For Informix Dynamic Server, we treat binary value same as we treat a 
+      # text value. We support literals by converting the insert into a dummy 
+      # insert and an update (See handle_lobs method above)
+      def set_binary_value
+        "'@@@IBMBINARY@@@'"
+      end
+
+      # This method throws an error when trying to create a default value on a 
+      # BLOB/CLOB column for IDS.  The documentation states: "if the column is 
+      # a BLOB or CLOB datatype, NULL is the only valid default value."
+      def set_text_default(value)
+        unless (value == 'NULL')
+          raise "Informix Dynamic Server only allows NULL as a valid default value for a CLOB data type"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # For Informix Dynamic Server, the arguments to the meta-data functions
+      # need to be in lower-case
+      def set_case(value)
+        value.downcase
+      end
+    end # class IBM_IDS
+  end # module ConnectionAdapters
+end # module ActiveRecord