datadog-ruby_core_source 3.4.2 → 3.4.3

data/lib/datadog/ruby_core_source/ruby-4.0.0-preview3/vm_core.h

@@ -0,0 +1,2397 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_VM_CORE_H
+#define RUBY_VM_CORE_H
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  vm_core.h -
+
+  $Author$
+  created at: 04/01/01 19:41:38 JST
+
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2007 Koichi Sasada
+
+**********************************************************************/
+
+/*
+ * Enable check mode.
+ *   1: enable local assertions.
+ */
+#ifndef VM_CHECK_MODE
+
+// respect RUBY_DUBUG: if given n is 0, then use RUBY_DEBUG
+#define N_OR_RUBY_DEBUG(n) (((n) > 0) ? (n) : RUBY_DEBUG)
+
+#define VM_CHECK_MODE N_OR_RUBY_DEBUG(0)
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * VM Debug Level
+ *
+ * debug level:
+ *  0: no debug output
+ *  1: show instruction name
+ *  2: show stack frame when control stack frame is changed
+ *  3: show stack status
+ *  4: show register
+ *  5:
+ * 10: gc check
+ */
+
+#ifndef VMDEBUG
+#define VMDEBUG 0
+#endif
+
+#if 0
+#undef  VMDEBUG
+#define VMDEBUG 3
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+#include "ruby_assert.h"
+
+#define RVALUE_SIZE (sizeof(struct RBasic) + sizeof(VALUE[RBIMPL_RVALUE_EMBED_LEN_MAX]))
+
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0
+#define VM_ASSERT(expr, ...) \
+    RUBY_ASSERT_MESG_WHEN(VM_CHECK_MODE > 0, expr, #expr RBIMPL_VA_OPT_ARGS(__VA_ARGS__))
+#define VM_UNREACHABLE(func) rb_bug(#func ": unreachable")
+#define RUBY_ASSERT_CRITICAL_SECTION
+#define RUBY_DEBUG_THREAD_SCHEDULE() rb_thread_schedule()
+#else
+#define VM_ASSERT(/*expr, */...) ((void)0)
+#define VM_UNREACHABLE(func) UNREACHABLE
+#define RUBY_DEBUG_THREAD_SCHEDULE()
+#endif
+
+#define RUBY_ASSERT_MUTEX_OWNED(mutex) VM_ASSERT(rb_mutex_owned_p(mutex))
+
+#if defined(RUBY_ASSERT_CRITICAL_SECTION)
+/*
+# Critical Section Assertions
+
+These assertions are used to ensure that context switching does not occur between two points in the code. In theory,
+such code should already be protected by a mutex, but these assertions are used to ensure that the mutex is held.
+
+The specific case where it can be useful is where a mutex is held further up the call stack, and the code in question
+may not directly hold the mutex. In this case, the critical section assertions can be used to ensure that the mutex is
+held by someone else.
+
+These assertions are only enabled when RUBY_ASSERT_CRITICAL_SECTION is defined, which is only defined if VM_CHECK_MODE
+is set.
+
+## Example Usage
+
+```c
+RUBY_ASSERT_CRITICAL_SECTION_ENTER();
+// ... some code which does not invoke rb_vm_check_ints() ...
+RUBY_ASSERT_CRITICAL_SECTION_LEAVE();
+```
+
+If `rb_vm_check_ints()` is called between the `RUBY_ASSERT_CRITICAL_SECTION_ENTER()` and
+`RUBY_ASSERT_CRITICAL_SECTION_LEAVE()`, a failed assertion will result.
+*/
+extern int ruby_assert_critical_section_entered;
+#define RUBY_ASSERT_CRITICAL_SECTION_ENTER() do{ruby_assert_critical_section_entered += 1;}while(false)
+#define RUBY_ASSERT_CRITICAL_SECTION_LEAVE() do{VM_ASSERT(ruby_assert_critical_section_entered > 0);ruby_assert_critical_section_entered -= 1;}while(false)
+#else
+#define RUBY_ASSERT_CRITICAL_SECTION_ENTER()
+#define RUBY_ASSERT_CRITICAL_SECTION_LEAVE()
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__wasm__) && !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+# include "wasm/setjmp.h"
+#else
+# include <setjmp.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
+# define RB_THREAD_T_HAS_NATIVE_ID
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
+#include "ccan/list/list.h"
+#include "id.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "internal/basic_operators.h"
+#include "internal/box.h"
+#include "internal/sanitizers.h"
+#include "internal/serial.h"
+#include "internal/set_table.h"
+#include "internal/vm.h"
+#include "method.h"
+#include "node.h"
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/st.h"
+#include "ruby_atomic.h"
+#include "vm_opts.h"
+
+#include "ruby/thread_native.h"
+/*
+ * implementation selector of get_insn_info algorithm
+ *   0: linear search
+ *   1: binary search
+ *   2: succinct bitvector
+ */
+#ifndef VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL
+# define VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL 2
+#endif
+
+#if defined(NSIG_MAX)           /* POSIX issue 8 */
+# undef NSIG
+# define NSIG NSIG_MAX
+#elif defined(_SIG_MAXSIG)      /* FreeBSD */
+# undef NSIG
+# define NSIG _SIG_MAXSIG
+#elif defined(_SIGMAX)          /* QNX */
+# define NSIG (_SIGMAX + 1)
+#elif defined(NSIG)             /* 99% of everything else */
+# /* take it */
+#else                           /* Last resort */
+# define NSIG (sizeof(sigset_t) * CHAR_BIT + 1)
+#endif
+
+#define RUBY_NSIG NSIG
+
+#if defined(SIGCLD)
+#  define RUBY_SIGCHLD (SIGCLD)
+#elif defined(SIGCHLD)
+#  define RUBY_SIGCHLD (SIGCHLD)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(SIGSEGV) && defined(HAVE_SIGALTSTACK) && defined(SA_SIGINFO) && !defined(__NetBSD__)
+#  define USE_SIGALTSTACK
+void *rb_allocate_sigaltstack(void);
+void *rb_register_sigaltstack(void *);
+#  define RB_ALTSTACK_INIT(var, altstack) var = rb_register_sigaltstack(altstack)
+#  define RB_ALTSTACK_FREE(var) free(var)
+#  define RB_ALTSTACK(var)  var
+#else /* noop */
+#  define RB_ALTSTACK_INIT(var, altstack)
+#  define RB_ALTSTACK_FREE(var)
+#  define RB_ALTSTACK(var) (0)
+#endif
+
+#include THREAD_IMPL_H
+#define RUBY_VM_THREAD_MODEL 2
+
+/*****************/
+/* configuration */
+/*****************/
+
+/* gcc ver. check */
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 2
+
+#if OPT_TOKEN_THREADED_CODE
+#if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE
+#undef OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#else /* defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 2 */
+
+/* disable threaded code options */
+#if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE
+#undef OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE
+#endif
+#if OPT_TOKEN_THREADED_CODE
+#undef OPT_TOKEN_THREADED_CODE
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* call threaded code */
+#if    OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
+#if    OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE
+#undef OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE
+#endif /* OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE */
+#endif /* OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE */
+
+void rb_vm_encoded_insn_data_table_init(void);
+typedef unsigned long rb_num_t;
+typedef   signed long rb_snum_t;
+
+enum ruby_tag_type {
+    RUBY_TAG_NONE	= 0x0,
+    RUBY_TAG_RETURN	= 0x1,
+    RUBY_TAG_BREAK	= 0x2,
+    RUBY_TAG_NEXT	= 0x3,
+    RUBY_TAG_RETRY	= 0x4,
+    RUBY_TAG_REDO	= 0x5,
+    RUBY_TAG_RAISE	= 0x6,
+    RUBY_TAG_THROW	= 0x7,
+    RUBY_TAG_FATAL	= 0x8,
+    RUBY_TAG_MASK	= 0xf
+};
+
+#define TAG_NONE	RUBY_TAG_NONE
+#define TAG_RETURN	RUBY_TAG_RETURN
+#define TAG_BREAK	RUBY_TAG_BREAK
+#define TAG_NEXT	RUBY_TAG_NEXT
+#define TAG_RETRY	RUBY_TAG_RETRY
+#define TAG_REDO	RUBY_TAG_REDO
+#define TAG_RAISE	RUBY_TAG_RAISE
+#define TAG_THROW	RUBY_TAG_THROW
+#define TAG_FATAL	RUBY_TAG_FATAL
+#define TAG_MASK	RUBY_TAG_MASK
+
+enum ruby_vm_throw_flags {
+    VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG = 0x8000,
+    VM_THROW_STATE_MASK = 0xff
+};
+
+/* forward declarations */
+struct rb_thread_struct;
+struct rb_control_frame_struct;
+
+/* iseq data type */
+typedef struct rb_compile_option_struct rb_compile_option_t;
+
+union ic_serial_entry {
+    rb_serial_t raw;
+    VALUE data[2];
+};
+
+#define IMEMO_CONST_CACHE_SHAREABLE IMEMO_FL_USER0
+
+// imemo_constcache
+struct iseq_inline_constant_cache_entry {
+    VALUE flags;
+
+    VALUE value;
+    const rb_cref_t *ic_cref;
+};
+STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_iseq_inline_constant_cache_entry,
+              (offsetof(struct iseq_inline_constant_cache_entry, ic_cref) +
+               sizeof(const rb_cref_t *)) <= RVALUE_SIZE);
+
+struct iseq_inline_constant_cache {
+    struct iseq_inline_constant_cache_entry *entry;
+
+    /**
+     * A null-terminated list of ids, used to represent a constant's path
+     * idNULL is used to represent the :: prefix, and 0 is used to donate the end
+     * of the list.
+     *
+     * For example
+     *   FOO        {rb_intern("FOO"), 0}
+     *   FOO::BAR   {rb_intern("FOO"), rb_intern("BAR"), 0}
+     *   ::FOO      {idNULL, rb_intern("FOO"), 0}
+     *   ::FOO::BAR {idNULL, rb_intern("FOO"), rb_intern("BAR"), 0}
+     */
+    const ID *segments;
+};
+
+struct iseq_inline_iv_cache_entry {
+    uint64_t value; // dest_shape_id in former half, attr_index in latter half
+    ID iv_set_name;
+};
+
+struct iseq_inline_cvar_cache_entry {
+    struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry *entry;
+};
+
+union iseq_inline_storage_entry {
+    struct {
+        struct rb_thread_struct *running_thread;
+        VALUE value;
+    } once;
+    struct iseq_inline_constant_cache ic_cache;
+    struct iseq_inline_iv_cache_entry iv_cache;
+};
+
+struct rb_calling_info {
+    const struct rb_call_data *cd;
+    const struct rb_callcache *cc;
+    VALUE block_handler;
+    VALUE recv;
+    int argc;
+    bool kw_splat;
+    VALUE heap_argv;
+};
+
+#ifndef VM_ARGC_STACK_MAX
+#define VM_ARGC_STACK_MAX 128
+#endif
+
+#define VM_KW_SPECIFIED_BITS_MAX (32-1) /* TODO: 32 -> Fixnum's max bits */
+
+# define CALLING_ARGC(calling) ((calling)->heap_argv ? RARRAY_LENINT((calling)->heap_argv) : (calling)->argc)
+
+struct rb_execution_context_struct;
+
+#if 1
+#define CoreDataFromValue(obj, type) (type*)DATA_PTR(obj)
+#else
+#define CoreDataFromValue(obj, type) (type*)rb_data_object_get(obj)
+#endif
+#define GetCoreDataFromValue(obj, type, ptr) ((ptr) = CoreDataFromValue((obj), type))
+
+typedef struct rb_iseq_location_struct {
+    VALUE pathobj;      /* String (path) or Array [path, realpath]. Frozen. */
+    VALUE base_label;   /* String */
+    VALUE label;        /* String */
+    int first_lineno;
+    int node_id;
+    rb_code_location_t code_location;
+} rb_iseq_location_t;
+
+#define PATHOBJ_PATH     0
+#define PATHOBJ_REALPATH 1
+
+static inline VALUE
+pathobj_path(VALUE pathobj)
+{
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(pathobj, T_STRING)) {
+        return pathobj;
+    }
+    else {
+        VM_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(pathobj, T_ARRAY));
+        return RARRAY_AREF(pathobj, PATHOBJ_PATH);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+pathobj_realpath(VALUE pathobj)
+{
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(pathobj, T_STRING)) {
+        return pathobj;
+    }
+    else {
+        VM_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(pathobj, T_ARRAY));
+        return RARRAY_AREF(pathobj, PATHOBJ_REALPATH);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Forward declarations */
+typedef uintptr_t iseq_bits_t;
+
+#define ISEQ_IS_SIZE(body) (body->ic_size + body->ivc_size + body->ise_size + body->icvarc_size)
+
+/* [ TS_IVC | TS_ICVARC | TS_ISE | TS_IC ] */
+#define ISEQ_IS_IC_ENTRY(body, idx) (body->is_entries[(idx) + body->ise_size + body->icvarc_size + body->ivc_size].ic_cache);
+
+/* instruction sequence type */
+enum rb_iseq_type {
+    ISEQ_TYPE_TOP,
+    ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD,
+    ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK,
+    ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS,
+    ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE,
+    ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE,
+    ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL,
+    ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN,
+    ISEQ_TYPE_PLAIN
+};
+
+// Attributes specified by Primitive.attr!
+enum rb_builtin_attr {
+    // The iseq does not call methods.
+    BUILTIN_ATTR_LEAF = 0x01,
+    // This iseq only contains single `opt_invokebuiltin_delegate_leave` instruction with 0 arguments.
+    BUILTIN_ATTR_SINGLE_NOARG_LEAF = 0x02,
+    // This attribute signals JIT to duplicate the iseq for each block iseq so that its `yield` will be monomorphic.
+    BUILTIN_ATTR_INLINE_BLOCK = 0x04,
+    // The iseq acts like a C method in backtraces.
+    BUILTIN_ATTR_C_TRACE = 0x08,
+};
+
+typedef VALUE (*rb_jit_func_t)(struct rb_execution_context_struct *, struct rb_control_frame_struct *);
+typedef VALUE (*rb_zjit_func_t)(struct rb_execution_context_struct *, struct rb_control_frame_struct *, rb_jit_func_t);
+
+struct rb_iseq_constant_body {
+    enum rb_iseq_type type;
+
+    unsigned int iseq_size;
+    VALUE *iseq_encoded; /* encoded iseq (insn addr and operands) */
+
+    /**
+     * parameter information
+     *
+     *  def m(a1, a2, ..., aM,                    # mandatory
+     *        b1=(...), b2=(...), ..., bN=(...),  # optional
+     *        *c,                                 # rest
+     *        d1, d2, ..., dO,                    # post
+     *        e1:(...), e2:(...), ..., eK:(...),  # keyword
+     *        **f,                                # keyword_rest
+     *        &g)                                 # block
+     * =>
+     *
+     *  lead_num     = M
+     *  opt_num      = N
+     *  rest_start   = M+N
+     *  post_start   = M+N+(*1)
+     *  post_num     = O
+     *  keyword_num  = K
+     *  block_start  = M+N+(*1)+O+K
+     *  keyword_bits = M+N+(*1)+O+K+(&1)
+     *  size         = M+N+O+(*1)+K+(&1)+(**1) // parameter size.
+     */
+
+    struct rb_iseq_parameters {
+        struct {
+            unsigned int has_lead   : 1;
+            unsigned int has_opt    : 1;
+            unsigned int has_rest   : 1;
+            unsigned int has_post   : 1;
+            unsigned int has_kw     : 1;
+            unsigned int has_kwrest : 1;
+            unsigned int has_block  : 1;
+
+            unsigned int ambiguous_param0 : 1; /* {|a|} */
+            unsigned int accepts_no_kwarg : 1;
+            unsigned int ruby2_keywords: 1;
+            unsigned int anon_rest: 1;
+            unsigned int anon_kwrest: 1;
+            unsigned int use_block: 1;
+            unsigned int forwardable: 1;
+        } flags;
+
+        unsigned int size;
+
+        int lead_num;
+        int opt_num;
+        int rest_start;
+        int post_start;
+        int post_num;
+        int block_start;
+
+        const VALUE *opt_table; /* (opt_num + 1) entries. */
+        /* opt_num and opt_table:
+         *
+         * def foo o1=e1, o2=e2, ..., oN=eN
+         * #=>
+         *   # prologue code
+         *   A1: e1
+         *   A2: e2
+         *   ...
+         *   AN: eN
+         *   AL: body
+         * opt_num = N
+         * opt_table = [A1, A2, ..., AN, AL]
+         */
+
+        const struct rb_iseq_param_keyword {
+            int num;
+            int required_num;
+            int bits_start;
+            int rest_start;
+            const ID *table;
+            VALUE *default_values;
+        } *keyword;
+    } param;
+
+    rb_iseq_location_t location;
+
+    /* insn info, must be freed */
+    struct iseq_insn_info {
+        const struct iseq_insn_info_entry *body;
+        unsigned int *positions;
+        unsigned int size;
+#if VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 2
+        struct succ_index_table *succ_index_table;
+#endif
+    } insns_info;
+
+    const ID *local_table;		/* must free */
+
+    enum lvar_state {
+        lvar_uninitialized,
+        lvar_initialized,
+        lvar_reassigned,
+    } *lvar_states;
+
+    /* catch table */
+    struct iseq_catch_table *catch_table;
+
+    /* for child iseq */
+    const struct rb_iseq_struct *parent_iseq;
+    struct rb_iseq_struct *local_iseq; /* local_iseq->flip_cnt can be modified */
+
+    union iseq_inline_storage_entry *is_entries; /* [ TS_IVC | TS_ICVARC | TS_ISE | TS_IC ] */
+    struct rb_call_data *call_data; //struct rb_call_data calls[ci_size];
+
+    struct {
+        rb_snum_t flip_count;
+        VALUE script_lines;
+        VALUE coverage;
+        VALUE pc2branchindex;
+        VALUE *original_iseq;
+    } variable;
+
+    unsigned int local_table_size;
+    unsigned int ic_size;     // Number of IC caches
+    unsigned int ise_size;    // Number of ISE caches
+    unsigned int ivc_size;    // Number of IVC caches
+    unsigned int icvarc_size; // Number of ICVARC caches
+    unsigned int ci_size;
+    unsigned int stack_max; /* for stack overflow check */
+
+    unsigned int builtin_attrs; // Union of rb_builtin_attr
+
+    bool prism; // ISEQ was generated from prism compiler
+
+    union {
+        iseq_bits_t * list; /* Find references for GC */
+        iseq_bits_t single;
+    } mark_bits;
+
+    struct rb_id_table *outer_variables;
+
+    const rb_iseq_t *mandatory_only_iseq;
+
+#if USE_YJIT || USE_ZJIT
+    // Function pointer for JIT code on jit_exec()
+    rb_jit_func_t jit_entry;
+    // Number of calls on jit_exec()
+    long unsigned jit_entry_calls;
+    // Function pointer for JIT code on jit_exec_exception()
+    rb_jit_func_t jit_exception;
+    // Number of calls on jit_exec_exception()
+    long unsigned jit_exception_calls;
+#endif
+
+#if USE_YJIT
+    // YJIT stores some data on each iseq.
+    void *yjit_payload;
+    // Used to estimate how frequently this ISEQ gets called
+    uint64_t yjit_calls_at_interv;
+#endif
+
+#if USE_ZJIT
+    // ZJIT stores some data on each iseq.
+    void *zjit_payload;
+#endif
+};
+
+/* T_IMEMO/iseq */
+/* typedef rb_iseq_t is in method.h */
+struct rb_iseq_struct {
+    VALUE flags; /* 1 */
+    VALUE wrapper; /* 2 */
+
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body;  /* 3 */
+
+    union { /* 4, 5 words */
+        struct iseq_compile_data *compile_data; /* used at compile time */
+
+        struct {
+            VALUE obj;
+            int index;
+        } loader;
+
+        struct {
+            unsigned int local_hooks_cnt;
+            rb_event_flag_t global_trace_events;
+        } exec;
+    } aux;
+};
+
+#define ISEQ_BODY(iseq) ((iseq)->body)
+
+#if !defined(USE_LAZY_LOAD) || !(USE_LAZY_LOAD+0)
+#define USE_LAZY_LOAD 0
+#endif
+
+#if !USE_LAZY_LOAD
+static inline const rb_iseq_t *rb_iseq_complete(const rb_iseq_t *iseq) {return 0;}
+#endif
+const rb_iseq_t *rb_iseq_complete(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+
+static inline const rb_iseq_t *
+rb_iseq_check(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    if (USE_LAZY_LOAD && ISEQ_BODY(iseq) == NULL) {
+        rb_iseq_complete((rb_iseq_t *)iseq);
+    }
+    return iseq;
+}
+
+static inline bool
+rb_iseq_attr_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, enum rb_builtin_attr attr)
+{
+    return (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->builtin_attrs & attr) == attr;
+}
+
+static inline const rb_iseq_t *
+def_iseq_ptr(rb_method_definition_t *def)
+{
+//TODO: re-visit. to check the bug, enable this assertion.
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0
+    if (def->type != VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ) rb_bug("def_iseq_ptr: not iseq (%d)", def->type);
+#endif
+    return rb_iseq_check(def->body.iseq.iseqptr);
+}
+
+enum ruby_special_exceptions {
+    ruby_error_reenter,
+    ruby_error_nomemory,
+    ruby_error_sysstack,
+    ruby_error_stackfatal,
+    ruby_error_stream_closed,
+    ruby_special_error_count
+};
+
+#define GetVMPtr(obj, ptr) \
+  GetCoreDataFromValue((obj), rb_vm_t, (ptr))
+
+struct rb_vm_struct;
+typedef void rb_vm_at_exit_func(struct rb_vm_struct*);
+
+typedef struct rb_at_exit_list {
+    rb_vm_at_exit_func *func;
+    struct rb_at_exit_list *next;
+} rb_at_exit_list;
+
+void *rb_objspace_alloc(void);
+void rb_objspace_free(void *objspace);
+void rb_objspace_call_finalizer(void);
+
+enum rb_hook_list_type {
+    hook_list_type_ractor_local,
+    hook_list_type_targeted_iseq,
+    hook_list_type_targeted_def, // C function
+    hook_list_type_global
+};
+
+typedef struct rb_hook_list_struct {
+    struct rb_event_hook_struct *hooks;
+    rb_event_flag_t events;
+    unsigned int running;
+    enum rb_hook_list_type type;
+    bool need_clean;
+} rb_hook_list_t;
+
+// see builtin.h for definition
+typedef const struct rb_builtin_function *RB_BUILTIN;
+
+struct global_object_list {
+    VALUE *varptr;
+    struct global_object_list *next;
+};
+
+typedef struct rb_vm_struct {
+    VALUE self;
+
+    struct {
+        struct ccan_list_head set;
+        unsigned int cnt;
+        unsigned int blocking_cnt;
+
+        struct rb_ractor_struct *main_ractor;
+        struct rb_thread_struct *main_thread; // == vm->ractor.main_ractor->threads.main
+
+        struct {
+            // monitor
+            rb_nativethread_lock_t lock;
+            struct rb_ractor_struct *lock_owner;
+            unsigned int lock_rec;
+
+            // join at exit
+            rb_nativethread_cond_t terminate_cond;
+            bool terminate_waiting;
+
+#ifndef RUBY_THREAD_PTHREAD_H
+            // win32
+            bool barrier_waiting;
+            unsigned int barrier_cnt;
+            rb_nativethread_cond_t barrier_complete_cond;
+            rb_nativethread_cond_t barrier_release_cond;
+#endif
+        } sync;
+
+#ifdef RUBY_THREAD_PTHREAD_H
+        // ractor scheduling
+        struct {
+            rb_nativethread_lock_t lock;
+            struct rb_ractor_struct *lock_owner;
+            bool locked;
+
+            rb_nativethread_cond_t cond; // GRQ
+            unsigned int snt_cnt; // count of shared NTs
+            unsigned int dnt_cnt; // count of dedicated NTs
+
+            unsigned int running_cnt;
+
+            unsigned int max_cpu;
+            struct ccan_list_head grq; // // Global Ready Queue
+            unsigned int grq_cnt;
+
+            // running threads
+            struct ccan_list_head running_threads;
+
+            // threads which switch context by timeslice
+            struct ccan_list_head timeslice_threads;
+
+            struct ccan_list_head zombie_threads;
+
+            // true if timeslice timer is not enable
+            bool timeslice_wait_inf;
+
+            // barrier
+            rb_nativethread_cond_t barrier_complete_cond;
+            rb_nativethread_cond_t barrier_release_cond;
+            bool barrier_waiting;
+            unsigned int barrier_waiting_cnt;
+            unsigned int barrier_serial;
+            struct rb_ractor_struct *barrier_ractor;
+            unsigned int barrier_lock_rec;
+        } sched;
+#endif
+    } ractor;
+
+#ifdef USE_SIGALTSTACK
+    void *main_altstack;
+#endif
+
+    rb_serial_t fork_gen;
+
+    /* set in single-threaded processes only: */
+    volatile int ubf_async_safe;
+
+    unsigned int running: 1;
+    unsigned int thread_abort_on_exception: 1;
+    unsigned int thread_report_on_exception: 1;
+    unsigned int thread_ignore_deadlock: 1;
+
+    /* object management */
+    VALUE mark_object_ary;
+    struct global_object_list *global_object_list;
+    const VALUE special_exceptions[ruby_special_error_count];
+
+    /* Ruby Box */
+    rb_box_t *root_box;
+    rb_box_t *main_box;
+
+    /* load */
+    // For running the init function of statically linked
+    // extensions when they are loaded
+    struct st_table *static_ext_inits;
+
+    /* signal */
+    struct {
+        VALUE cmd[RUBY_NSIG];
+    } trap_list;
+
+    /* hook (for internal events: NEWOBJ, FREEOBJ, GC events, etc.) */
+    rb_hook_list_t global_hooks;
+
+    /* postponed_job (async-signal-safe, and thread-safe) */
+    struct rb_postponed_job_queue *postponed_job_queue;
+
+    int src_encoding_index;
+
+    /* workqueue (thread-safe, NOT async-signal-safe) */
+    struct ccan_list_head workqueue; /* <=> rb_workqueue_job.jnode */
+    rb_nativethread_lock_t workqueue_lock;
+
+    VALUE orig_progname, progname;
+    VALUE coverages, me2counter;
+    int coverage_mode;
+
+    struct {
+        struct rb_objspace *objspace;
+        struct gc_mark_func_data_struct {
+            void *data;
+            void (*mark_func)(VALUE v, void *data);
+        } *mark_func_data;
+    } gc;
+
+    rb_at_exit_list *at_exit;
+
+    const struct rb_builtin_function *builtin_function_table;
+
+    st_table *ci_table;
+    struct rb_id_table *negative_cme_table;
+    st_table *overloaded_cme_table; // cme -> overloaded_cme
+    set_table *unused_block_warning_table;
+    set_table *cc_refinement_table;
+
+    // This id table contains a mapping from ID to ICs. It does this with ID
+    // keys and nested st_tables as values. The nested tables have ICs as keys
+    // and Qtrue as values. It is used when inline constant caches need to be
+    // invalidated or ISEQs are being freed.
+    struct rb_id_table *constant_cache;
+    ID inserting_constant_cache_id;
+
+#ifndef VM_GLOBAL_CC_CACHE_TABLE_SIZE
+#define VM_GLOBAL_CC_CACHE_TABLE_SIZE 1023
+#endif
+    const struct rb_callcache *global_cc_cache_table[VM_GLOBAL_CC_CACHE_TABLE_SIZE]; // vm_eval.c
+
+#if defined(USE_VM_CLOCK) && USE_VM_CLOCK
+    uint32_t clock;
+#endif
+
+    /* params */
+    struct { /* size in byte */
+        size_t thread_vm_stack_size;
+        size_t thread_machine_stack_size;
+        size_t fiber_vm_stack_size;
+        size_t fiber_machine_stack_size;
+    } default_params;
+} rb_vm_t;
+
+extern bool ruby_vm_during_cleanup;
+
+/* default values */
+
+#define RUBY_VM_SIZE_ALIGN 4096
+
+#define RUBY_VM_THREAD_VM_STACK_SIZE          ( 128 * 1024 * sizeof(VALUE)) /*  512 KB or 1024 KB */
+#define RUBY_VM_THREAD_VM_STACK_SIZE_MIN      (   2 * 1024 * sizeof(VALUE)) /*    8 KB or   16 KB */
+#define RUBY_VM_THREAD_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE     ( 128 * 1024 * sizeof(VALUE)) /*  512 KB or 1024 KB */
+#define RUBY_VM_THREAD_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE_MIN (  16 * 1024 * sizeof(VALUE)) /*   64 KB or  128 KB */
+
+#define RUBY_VM_FIBER_VM_STACK_SIZE           (  16 * 1024 * sizeof(VALUE)) /*   64 KB or  128 KB */
+#define RUBY_VM_FIBER_VM_STACK_SIZE_MIN       (   2 * 1024 * sizeof(VALUE)) /*    8 KB or   16 KB */
+#define RUBY_VM_FIBER_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE      (  64 * 1024 * sizeof(VALUE)) /*  256 KB or  512 KB */
+#if defined(__powerpc64__) || defined(__ppc64__) // macOS has __ppc64__
+#define RUBY_VM_FIBER_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE_MIN  (  32 * 1024 * sizeof(VALUE)) /*  128 KB or  256 KB */
+#else
+#define RUBY_VM_FIBER_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE_MIN  (  16 * 1024 * sizeof(VALUE)) /*   64 KB or  128 KB */
+#endif
+
+#if __has_feature(memory_sanitizer) || __has_feature(address_sanitizer) || __has_feature(leak_sanitizer)
+/* It seems sanitizers consume A LOT of machine stacks */
+#undef  RUBY_VM_THREAD_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE
+#define RUBY_VM_THREAD_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE     (1024 * 1024 * sizeof(VALUE))
+#undef  RUBY_VM_THREAD_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE_MIN
+#define RUBY_VM_THREAD_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE_MIN ( 512 * 1024 * sizeof(VALUE))
+#undef  RUBY_VM_FIBER_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE
+#define RUBY_VM_FIBER_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE      ( 256 * 1024 * sizeof(VALUE))
+#undef  RUBY_VM_FIBER_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE_MIN
+#define RUBY_VM_FIBER_MACHINE_STACK_SIZE_MIN  ( 128 * 1024 * sizeof(VALUE))
+#endif
+
+#ifndef VM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK
+#define VM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef VM_DEBUG_VERIFY_METHOD_CACHE
+#define VM_DEBUG_VERIFY_METHOD_CACHE (VMDEBUG != 0)
+#endif
+
+struct rb_captured_block {
+    VALUE self;
+    const VALUE *ep;
+    union {
+        const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+        const struct vm_ifunc *ifunc;
+        VALUE val;
+    } code;
+};
+
+enum rb_block_handler_type {
+    block_handler_type_iseq,
+    block_handler_type_ifunc,
+    block_handler_type_symbol,
+    block_handler_type_proc
+};
+
+enum rb_block_type {
+    block_type_iseq,
+    block_type_ifunc,
+    block_type_symbol,
+    block_type_proc
+};
+
+struct rb_block {
+    union {
+        struct rb_captured_block captured;
+        VALUE symbol;
+        VALUE proc;
+    } as;
+    enum rb_block_type type;
+};
+
+typedef struct rb_control_frame_struct {
+    const VALUE *pc;        // cfp[0]
+    VALUE *sp;              // cfp[1]
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq;  // cfp[2]
+    VALUE self;             // cfp[3] / block[0]
+    const VALUE *ep;        // cfp[4] / block[1]
+    const void *block_code; // cfp[5] / block[2] -- iseq, ifunc, or forwarded block handler
+    void *jit_return;       // cfp[6] -- return address for JIT code
+#if VM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK
+    VALUE *bp_check;        // cfp[7]
+#endif
+} rb_control_frame_t;
+
+extern const rb_data_type_t ruby_threadptr_data_type;
+
+static inline struct rb_thread_struct *
+rb_thread_ptr(VALUE thval)
+{
+    return (struct rb_thread_struct *)rb_check_typeddata(thval, &ruby_threadptr_data_type);
+}
+
+enum rb_thread_status {
+    THREAD_RUNNABLE,
+    THREAD_STOPPED,
+    THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER,
+    THREAD_KILLED
+};
+
+#ifdef RUBY_JMP_BUF
+typedef RUBY_JMP_BUF rb_jmpbuf_t;
+#else
+typedef void *rb_jmpbuf_t[5];
+#endif
+
+/*
+  `rb_vm_tag_jmpbuf_t` type represents a buffer used to
+  long jump to a C frame associated with `rb_vm_tag`.
+
+  Use-site of `rb_vm_tag_jmpbuf_t` is responsible for calling the
+  following functions:
+  - `rb_vm_tag_jmpbuf_init` once `rb_vm_tag_jmpbuf_t` is allocated.
+  - `rb_vm_tag_jmpbuf_deinit` once `rb_vm_tag_jmpbuf_t` is no longer necessary.
+
+  `RB_VM_TAG_JMPBUF_GET` transforms a `rb_vm_tag_jmpbuf_t` into a
+  `rb_jmpbuf_t` to be passed to `rb_setjmp/rb_longjmp`.
+*/
+#if defined(__wasm__) && !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+/*
+  WebAssembly target with Asyncify-based SJLJ needs
+  to capture the execution context by unwind/rewind-ing
+  call frames into a jump buffer. The buffer space tends
+  to be considerably large unlike other architectures'
+  register-based buffers.
+  Therefore, we allocates the buffer on the heap on such
+  environments.
+*/
+typedef rb_jmpbuf_t *rb_vm_tag_jmpbuf_t;
+
+#define RB_VM_TAG_JMPBUF_GET(buf) (*buf)
+
+static inline void
+rb_vm_tag_jmpbuf_init(rb_vm_tag_jmpbuf_t *jmpbuf)
+{
+    *jmpbuf = ruby_xmalloc(sizeof(rb_jmpbuf_t));
+}
+
+static inline void
+rb_vm_tag_jmpbuf_deinit(const rb_vm_tag_jmpbuf_t *jmpbuf)
+{
+    ruby_xfree(*jmpbuf);
+}
+#else
+typedef rb_jmpbuf_t rb_vm_tag_jmpbuf_t;
+
+#define RB_VM_TAG_JMPBUF_GET(buf) (buf)
+
+static inline void
+rb_vm_tag_jmpbuf_init(rb_vm_tag_jmpbuf_t *jmpbuf)
+{
+    // no-op
+}
+
+static inline void
+rb_vm_tag_jmpbuf_deinit(const rb_vm_tag_jmpbuf_t *jmpbuf)
+{
+    // no-op
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+  the members which are written in EC_PUSH_TAG() should be placed at
+  the beginning and the end, so that entire region is accessible.
+*/
+struct rb_vm_tag {
+    VALUE tag;
+    VALUE retval;
+    rb_vm_tag_jmpbuf_t buf;
+    struct rb_vm_tag *prev;
+    enum ruby_tag_type state;
+    unsigned int lock_rec;
+};
+
+STATIC_ASSERT(rb_vm_tag_buf_offset, offsetof(struct rb_vm_tag, buf) > 0);
+STATIC_ASSERT(rb_vm_tag_buf_end,
+              offsetof(struct rb_vm_tag, buf) + sizeof(rb_vm_tag_jmpbuf_t) <
+              sizeof(struct rb_vm_tag));
+
+struct rb_unblock_callback {
+    rb_unblock_function_t *func;
+    void *arg;
+};
+
+struct rb_mutex_struct;
+
+typedef struct rb_fiber_struct rb_fiber_t;
+
+struct rb_waiting_list {
+    struct rb_waiting_list *next;
+    struct rb_thread_struct *thread;
+    struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber;
+};
+
+struct rb_execution_context_struct {
+    /* execution information */
+    VALUE *vm_stack;		/* must free, must mark */
+    size_t vm_stack_size;       /* size in word (byte size / sizeof(VALUE)) */
+    rb_control_frame_t *cfp;
+
+    struct rb_vm_tag *tag;
+
+    /* interrupt flags */
+    rb_atomic_t interrupt_flag;
+    rb_atomic_t interrupt_mask; /* size should match flag */
+#if defined(USE_VM_CLOCK) && USE_VM_CLOCK
+    uint32_t checked_clock;
+#endif
+
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber_ptr;
+    struct rb_thread_struct *thread_ptr;
+    rb_serial_t serial;
+
+    /* storage (ec (fiber) local) */
+    struct rb_id_table *local_storage;
+    VALUE local_storage_recursive_hash;
+    VALUE local_storage_recursive_hash_for_trace;
+
+    /* Inheritable fiber storage. */
+    VALUE storage;
+
+    /* eval env */
+    const VALUE *root_lep;
+    VALUE root_svar;
+
+    /* trace information */
+    struct rb_trace_arg_struct *trace_arg;
+
+    /* temporary places */
+    VALUE errinfo;
+    VALUE passed_block_handler; /* for rb_iterate */
+
+    uint8_t raised_flag; /* only 3 bits needed */
+
+    /* n.b. only 7 bits needed, really: */
+    BITFIELD(enum method_missing_reason, method_missing_reason, 8);
+
+    VALUE private_const_reference;
+
+    struct {
+        VALUE obj;
+        VALUE fields_obj;
+    } gen_fields_cache;
+
+    /* for GC */
+    struct {
+        VALUE *stack_start;
+        VALUE *stack_end;
+        size_t stack_maxsize;
+        RUBY_ALIGNAS(SIZEOF_VALUE) jmp_buf regs;
+
+#ifdef RUBY_ASAN_ENABLED
+        void *asan_fake_stack_handle;
+#endif
+    } machine;
+};
+
+#ifndef rb_execution_context_t
+typedef struct rb_execution_context_struct rb_execution_context_t;
+#define rb_execution_context_t rb_execution_context_t
+#endif
+
+// for builtin.h
+#define VM_CORE_H_EC_DEFINED 1
+
+// Set the vm_stack pointer in the execution context.
+void rb_ec_set_vm_stack(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE *stack, size_t size);
+
+// Initialize the vm_stack pointer in the execution context and push the initial stack frame.
+// @param ec the execution context to update.
+// @param stack a pointer to the stack to use.
+// @param size the size of the stack, as in `VALUE stack[size]`.
+void rb_ec_initialize_vm_stack(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE *stack, size_t size);
+
+// Clear (set to `NULL`) the vm_stack pointer.
+// @param ec the execution context to update.
+void rb_ec_clear_vm_stack(rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+
+// Close an execution context and free related resources that are no longer needed.
+// @param ec the execution context to close.
+void rb_ec_close(rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+
+struct rb_ext_config {
+    bool ractor_safe;
+};
+
+typedef struct rb_ractor_struct rb_ractor_t;
+
+struct rb_native_thread;
+
+typedef struct rb_thread_struct {
+    struct ccan_list_node lt_node; // managed by a ractor (r->threads.set)
+    VALUE self;
+    rb_ractor_t *ractor;
+    rb_vm_t *vm;
+    struct rb_native_thread *nt;
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec;
+
+    struct rb_thread_sched_item sched;
+    bool mn_schedulable;
+    rb_atomic_t serial; // only for RUBY_DEBUG_LOG()
+
+    VALUE last_status; /* $? */
+
+    /* for cfunc */
+    struct rb_calling_info *calling;
+
+    /* for load(true) */
+    VALUE top_self;
+    VALUE top_wrapper;
+
+    /* thread control */
+
+    BITFIELD(enum rb_thread_status, status, 2);
+    /* bit flags */
+    unsigned int has_dedicated_nt : 1;
+    unsigned int to_kill : 1;
+    unsigned int abort_on_exception: 1;
+    unsigned int report_on_exception: 1;
+    unsigned int pending_interrupt_queue_checked: 1;
+    int8_t priority; /* -3 .. 3 (RUBY_THREAD_PRIORITY_{MIN,MAX}) */
+    uint32_t running_time_us; /* 12500..800000 */
+
+    void *blocking_region_buffer;
+
+    VALUE thgroup;
+    VALUE value;
+
+    /* temporary place of retval on OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE */
+#if OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
+    VALUE retval;
+#endif
+
+    /* async errinfo queue */
+    VALUE pending_interrupt_queue;
+    VALUE pending_interrupt_mask_stack;
+
+    /* interrupt management */
+    rb_nativethread_lock_t interrupt_lock;
+    struct rb_unblock_callback unblock;
+    VALUE locking_mutex;
+    struct rb_mutex_struct *keeping_mutexes;
+    struct ccan_list_head interrupt_exec_tasks;
+
+    struct rb_waiting_list *join_list;
+
+    union {
+        struct {
+            VALUE proc;
+            VALUE args;
+            int kw_splat;
+        } proc;
+        struct {
+            VALUE (*func)(void *);
+            void *arg;
+        } func;
+    } invoke_arg;
+
+    enum thread_invoke_type {
+        thread_invoke_type_none = 0,
+        thread_invoke_type_proc,
+        thread_invoke_type_ractor_proc,
+        thread_invoke_type_func
+    } invoke_type;
+
+    /* fiber */
+    rb_fiber_t *root_fiber;
+
+    VALUE scheduler;
+    unsigned int blocking;
+
+    /* misc */
+    VALUE name;
+    void **specific_storage;
+
+    struct rb_ext_config ext_config;
+} rb_thread_t;
+
+static inline unsigned int
+rb_th_serial(const rb_thread_t *th)
+{
+    return th ? (unsigned int)th->serial : 0;
+}
+
+typedef enum {
+    VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_CLASS           = 0x00,
+    VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_SINGLETON_CLASS = 0x01,
+    VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_MODULE          = 0x02,
+    /* 0x03..0x06 is reserved */
+    VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_MASK            = 0x07
+} rb_vm_defineclass_type_t;
+
+#define VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE(x) ((rb_vm_defineclass_type_t)(x) & VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_MASK)
+#define VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_SCOPED         0x08
+#define VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_HAS_SUPERCLASS 0x10
+#define VM_DEFINECLASS_SCOPED_P(x) ((x) & VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_SCOPED)
+#define VM_DEFINECLASS_HAS_SUPERCLASS_P(x) \
+    ((x) & VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_HAS_SUPERCLASS)
+
+/* iseq.c */
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+
+/* node -> iseq */
+rb_iseq_t *rb_iseq_new         (const VALUE ast_value, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath,                   const rb_iseq_t *parent, enum rb_iseq_type);
+rb_iseq_t *rb_iseq_new_top     (const VALUE ast_value, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath,                   const rb_iseq_t *parent);
+rb_iseq_t *rb_iseq_new_main    (const VALUE ast_value,             VALUE path, VALUE realpath,                   const rb_iseq_t *parent, int opt);
+rb_iseq_t *rb_iseq_new_eval    (const VALUE ast_value, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath, int first_lineno, const rb_iseq_t *parent, int isolated_depth);
+rb_iseq_t *rb_iseq_new_with_opt(      VALUE ast_value, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath, int first_lineno, const rb_iseq_t *parent, int isolated_depth,
+                                enum rb_iseq_type, const rb_compile_option_t*,
+                                VALUE script_lines);
+
+struct iseq_link_anchor;
+struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func {
+    VALUE flags;
+    VALUE reserved;
+    void (*func)(rb_iseq_t *, struct iseq_link_anchor *, const void *);
+    const void *data;
+};
+static inline struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func *
+rb_iseq_new_with_callback_new_callback(
+    void (*func)(rb_iseq_t *, struct iseq_link_anchor *, const void *), const void *ptr)
+{
+    struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func *memo =
+        IMEMO_NEW(struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func, imemo_ifunc, Qfalse);
+    memo->func = func;
+    memo->data = ptr;
+
+    return memo;
+}
+rb_iseq_t *rb_iseq_new_with_callback(const struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func * ifunc,
+    VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath, int first_lineno,
+    const rb_iseq_t *parent, enum rb_iseq_type, const rb_compile_option_t*);
+
+VALUE rb_iseq_disasm(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+int rb_iseq_disasm_insn(VALUE str, const VALUE *iseqval, size_t pos, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE child);
+
+VALUE rb_iseq_coverage(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cISeq;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cRubyVM;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mRubyVMFrozenCore;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_block_param_proxy;
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#define GetProcPtr(obj, ptr) \
+  GetCoreDataFromValue((obj), rb_proc_t, (ptr))
+
+typedef struct {
+    const struct rb_block block;
+    unsigned int is_from_method: 1;	/* bool */
+    unsigned int is_lambda: 1;		/* bool */
+    unsigned int is_isolated: 1;        /* bool */
+} rb_proc_t;
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+VALUE rb_proc_isolate(VALUE self);
+VALUE rb_proc_isolate_bang(VALUE self, VALUE replace_self);
+VALUE rb_proc_ractor_make_shareable(VALUE proc, VALUE replace_self);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+typedef struct {
+    VALUE flags; /* imemo header */
+    rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+    const VALUE *ep;
+    const VALUE *env;
+    unsigned int env_size;
+} rb_env_t;
+
+extern const rb_data_type_t ruby_binding_data_type;
+
+#define GetBindingPtr(obj, ptr) \
+  GetCoreDataFromValue((obj), rb_binding_t, (ptr))
+
+typedef struct {
+    const struct rb_block block;
+    const VALUE pathobj;
+    int first_lineno;
+} rb_binding_t;
+
+/* used by compile time and send insn */
+
+enum vm_check_match_type {
+    VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_WHEN = 1,
+    VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE = 2,
+    VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE = 3
+};
+
+#define VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_MASK   0x03
+#define VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY       0x04
+
+enum vm_opt_newarray_send_type {
+    VM_OPT_NEWARRAY_SEND_MAX = 1,
+    VM_OPT_NEWARRAY_SEND_MIN = 2,
+    VM_OPT_NEWARRAY_SEND_HASH = 3,
+    VM_OPT_NEWARRAY_SEND_PACK = 4,
+    VM_OPT_NEWARRAY_SEND_PACK_BUFFER = 5,
+    VM_OPT_NEWARRAY_SEND_INCLUDE_P = 6,
+};
+
+enum vm_special_object_type {
+    VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE = 1,
+    VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CBASE,
+    VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CONST_BASE
+};
+
+enum vm_svar_index {
+    VM_SVAR_LASTLINE = 0,      /* $_ */
+    VM_SVAR_BACKREF = 1,       /* $~ */
+
+    VM_SVAR_EXTRA_START = 2,
+    VM_SVAR_FLIPFLOP_START = 2 /* flipflop */
+};
+
+/* inline cache */
+typedef struct iseq_inline_constant_cache *IC;
+typedef struct iseq_inline_iv_cache_entry *IVC;
+typedef struct iseq_inline_cvar_cache_entry *ICVARC;
+typedef union iseq_inline_storage_entry *ISE;
+typedef const struct rb_callinfo *CALL_INFO;
+typedef const struct rb_callcache *CALL_CACHE;
+typedef struct rb_call_data *CALL_DATA;
+
+typedef VALUE CDHASH;
+
+#ifndef FUNC_FASTCALL
+#define FUNC_FASTCALL(x) x
+#endif
+
+typedef rb_control_frame_t *
+  (FUNC_FASTCALL(*rb_insn_func_t))(rb_execution_context_t *, rb_control_frame_t *);
+
+#define VM_TAGGED_PTR_SET(p, tag)  ((VALUE)(p) | (tag))
+#define VM_TAGGED_PTR_REF(v, mask) ((void *)((v) & ~mask))
+
+#define GC_GUARDED_PTR(p)     VM_TAGGED_PTR_SET((p), 0x01)
+#define GC_GUARDED_PTR_REF(p) VM_TAGGED_PTR_REF((p), 0x03)
+#define GC_GUARDED_PTR_P(p)   (((VALUE)(p)) & 0x01)
+
+enum vm_frame_env_flags {
+    /* Frame/Environment flag bits:
+     *   MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM ___F FFFF FFFE EEEX (LSB)
+     *
+     * X   : tag for GC marking (It seems as Fixnum)
+     * EEE : 4 bits Env flags
+     * FF..: 8 bits Frame flags
+     * MM..: 15 bits frame magic (to check frame corruption)
+     */
+
+    /* frame types */
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_METHOD = 0x11110001,
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_BLOCK  = 0x22220001,
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CLASS  = 0x33330001,
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_TOP    = 0x44440001,
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CFUNC  = 0x55550001,
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_IFUNC  = 0x66660001,
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_EVAL   = 0x77770001,
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_RESCUE = 0x78880001,
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_DUMMY  = 0x79990001,
+
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_MASK   = 0x7fff0001,
+
+    /* frame flag */
+    VM_FRAME_FLAG_FINISH    = 0x0020,
+    VM_FRAME_FLAG_BMETHOD   = 0x0040,
+    VM_FRAME_FLAG_CFRAME    = 0x0080,
+    VM_FRAME_FLAG_LAMBDA    = 0x0100,
+    VM_FRAME_FLAG_MODIFIED_BLOCK_PARAM = 0x0200,
+    VM_FRAME_FLAG_CFRAME_KW  = 0x0400,
+    VM_FRAME_FLAG_PASSED     = 0x0800,
+    VM_FRAME_FLAG_BOX_REQUIRE = 0x1000,
+
+    /* env flag */
+    VM_ENV_FLAG_LOCAL       = 0x0002,
+    VM_ENV_FLAG_ESCAPED     = 0x0004,
+    VM_ENV_FLAG_WB_REQUIRED = 0x0008,
+    VM_ENV_FLAG_ISOLATED    = 0x0010,
+};
+
+#define VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE             ( 3)
+
+#define VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ME_CREF    (-2) /* ep[-2] */
+#define VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL    (-1) /* ep[-1] */
+#define VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_FLAGS      ( 0) /* ep[ 0] */
+#define VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ENV        ( 1) /* ep[ 1] */
+
+#define VM_ENV_INDEX_LAST_LVAR              (-VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE)
+
+static inline void VM_FORCE_WRITE_SPECIAL_CONST(const VALUE *ptr, VALUE special_const_value);
+
+static inline void
+VM_ENV_FLAGS_SET(const VALUE *ep, VALUE flag)
+{
+    VALUE flags = ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_FLAGS];
+    VM_ASSERT(FIXNUM_P(flags));
+    VM_FORCE_WRITE_SPECIAL_CONST(&ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_FLAGS], flags | flag);
+}
+
+static inline void
+VM_ENV_FLAGS_UNSET(const VALUE *ep, VALUE flag)
+{
+    VALUE flags = ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_FLAGS];
+    VM_ASSERT(FIXNUM_P(flags));
+    VM_FORCE_WRITE_SPECIAL_CONST(&ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_FLAGS], flags & ~flag);
+}
+
+static inline unsigned long
+VM_ENV_FLAGS(const VALUE *ep, long flag)
+{
+    VALUE flags = ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_FLAGS];
+    VM_ASSERT(FIXNUM_P(flags));
+    return flags & flag;
+}
+
+static inline unsigned long
+VM_ENV_FLAGS_UNCHECKED(const VALUE *ep, long flag)
+{
+    VALUE flags = ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_FLAGS];
+    return flags & flag;
+}
+
+static inline unsigned long
+VM_ENV_FRAME_TYPE_P(const VALUE *ep, unsigned long frame_type)
+{
+    return VM_ENV_FLAGS(ep, VM_FRAME_MAGIC_MASK) == frame_type;
+}
+
+static inline unsigned long
+VM_FRAME_TYPE(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
+{
+    return VM_ENV_FLAGS(cfp->ep, VM_FRAME_MAGIC_MASK);
+}
+
+static inline unsigned long
+VM_FRAME_TYPE_UNCHECKED(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
+{
+    return VM_ENV_FLAGS_UNCHECKED(cfp->ep, VM_FRAME_MAGIC_MASK);
+}
+
+static inline int
+VM_FRAME_LAMBDA_P(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
+{
+    return VM_ENV_FLAGS(cfp->ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_LAMBDA) != 0;
+}
+
+static inline int
+VM_FRAME_CFRAME_KW_P(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
+{
+    return VM_ENV_FLAGS(cfp->ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_CFRAME_KW) != 0;
+}
+
+static inline int
+VM_FRAME_FINISHED_P(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
+{
+    return VM_ENV_FLAGS(cfp->ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_FINISH) != 0;
+}
+
+static inline int
+VM_FRAME_FINISHED_P_UNCHECKED(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
+{
+    return VM_ENV_FLAGS_UNCHECKED(cfp->ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_FINISH) != 0;
+}
+
+static inline int
+VM_FRAME_BMETHOD_P(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
+{
+    return VM_ENV_FLAGS(cfp->ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_BMETHOD) != 0;
+}
+
+static inline int
+rb_obj_is_iseq(VALUE iseq)
+{
+    return imemo_type_p(iseq, imemo_iseq);
+}
+
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0
+#define RUBY_VM_NORMAL_ISEQ_P(iseq)  rb_obj_is_iseq((VALUE)iseq)
+#endif
+
+static inline int
+VM_FRAME_CFRAME_P(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
+{
+    int cframe_p = VM_ENV_FLAGS(cfp->ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_CFRAME) != 0;
+    VM_ASSERT(RUBY_VM_NORMAL_ISEQ_P(cfp->iseq) != cframe_p ||
+              (VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) & VM_FRAME_MAGIC_MASK) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_DUMMY);
+    return cframe_p;
+}
+
+static inline int
+VM_FRAME_CFRAME_P_UNCHECKED(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
+{
+    return VM_ENV_FLAGS_UNCHECKED(cfp->ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_CFRAME) != 0;
+}
+
+static inline int
+VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
+{
+    return !VM_FRAME_CFRAME_P(cfp);
+}
+
+static inline int
+VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P_UNCHECKED(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
+{
+    return !VM_FRAME_CFRAME_P_UNCHECKED(cfp);
+}
+
+static inline int
+VM_FRAME_NS_REQUIRE_P(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
+{
+    return VM_ENV_FLAGS(cfp->ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_BOX_REQUIRE) != 0;
+}
+
+#define RUBYVM_CFUNC_FRAME_P(cfp) \
+  (VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CFUNC)
+
+#define VM_GUARDED_PREV_EP(ep)         GC_GUARDED_PTR(ep)
+#define VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE 0
+
+static inline int
+VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(const VALUE *ep)
+{
+    return VM_ENV_FLAGS(ep, VM_ENV_FLAG_LOCAL) ? 1 : 0;
+}
+
+static inline int
+VM_ENV_LOCAL_P_UNCHECKED(const VALUE *ep)
+{
+    return VM_ENV_FLAGS_UNCHECKED(ep, VM_ENV_FLAG_LOCAL) ? 1 : 0;
+}
+
+static inline const VALUE *
+VM_ENV_PREV_EP_UNCHECKED(const VALUE *ep)
+{
+    return GC_GUARDED_PTR_REF(ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL]);
+}
+
+static inline const VALUE *
+VM_ENV_PREV_EP(const VALUE *ep)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(ep) == 0);
+    return VM_ENV_PREV_EP_UNCHECKED(ep);
+}
+
+static inline bool
+VM_ENV_BOXED_P(const VALUE *ep)
+{
+    return VM_ENV_FRAME_TYPE_P(ep, VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CLASS) || VM_ENV_FRAME_TYPE_P(ep, VM_FRAME_MAGIC_TOP);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+VM_ENV_BLOCK_HANDLER(const VALUE *ep)
+{
+    if (VM_ENV_BOXED_P(ep)) {
+        VM_ASSERT(VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(ep));
+        return VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE;
+    }
+
+    VM_ASSERT(VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(ep));
+    return ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL];
+}
+
+static inline const rb_box_t *
+VM_ENV_BOX(const VALUE *ep)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(VM_ENV_BOXED_P(ep));
+    VM_ASSERT(VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(ep));
+    return (const rb_box_t *)GC_GUARDED_PTR_REF(ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL]);
+}
+
+static inline const rb_box_t *
+VM_ENV_BOX_UNCHECKED(const VALUE *ep)
+{
+    return (const rb_box_t *)GC_GUARDED_PTR_REF(ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL]);
+}
+
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0
+int rb_vm_ep_in_heap_p(const VALUE *ep);
+#endif
+
+static inline int
+VM_ENV_ESCAPED_P(const VALUE *ep)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(rb_vm_ep_in_heap_p(ep) == !!VM_ENV_FLAGS(ep, VM_ENV_FLAG_ESCAPED));
+    return VM_ENV_FLAGS(ep, VM_ENV_FLAG_ESCAPED) ? 1 : 0;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
+static inline VALUE
+VM_ENV_ENVVAL(const VALUE *ep)
+{
+    VALUE envval = ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ENV];
+    VM_ASSERT(VM_ENV_ESCAPED_P(ep));
+    VM_ASSERT(envval == Qundef || imemo_type_p(envval, imemo_env));
+    return envval;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
+static inline const rb_env_t *
+VM_ENV_ENVVAL_PTR(const VALUE *ep)
+{
+    return (const rb_env_t *)VM_ENV_ENVVAL(ep);
+}
+
+static inline const rb_env_t *
+vm_env_new(VALUE *env_ep, VALUE *env_body, unsigned int env_size, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    rb_env_t *env = IMEMO_NEW(rb_env_t, imemo_env, (VALUE)iseq);
+    env->ep = env_ep;
+    env->env = env_body;
+    env->env_size = env_size;
+    env_ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ENV] = (VALUE)env;
+    return env;
+}
+
+static inline void
+VM_FORCE_WRITE(const VALUE *ptr, VALUE v)
+{
+    *((VALUE *)ptr) = v;
+}
+
+static inline void
+VM_FORCE_WRITE_SPECIAL_CONST(const VALUE *ptr, VALUE special_const_value)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(special_const_value));
+    VM_FORCE_WRITE(ptr, special_const_value);
+}
+
+static inline void
+VM_STACK_ENV_WRITE(const VALUE *ep, int index, VALUE v)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(VM_ENV_FLAGS(ep, VM_ENV_FLAG_WB_REQUIRED) == 0);
+    VM_FORCE_WRITE(&ep[index], v);
+}
+
+const VALUE *rb_vm_ep_local_ep(const VALUE *ep);
+const VALUE *rb_vm_proc_local_ep(VALUE proc);
+void rb_vm_block_ep_update(VALUE obj, const struct rb_block *dst, const VALUE *ep);
+void rb_vm_block_copy(VALUE obj, const struct rb_block *dst, const struct rb_block *src);
+
+VALUE rb_vm_frame_block_handler(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp);
+
+#define RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp) ((cfp)+1)
+#define RUBY_VM_NEXT_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp) ((cfp)-1)
+
+#define RUBY_VM_VALID_CONTROL_FRAME_P(cfp, ecfp) \
+  ((void *)(ecfp) > (void *)(cfp))
+
+static inline const rb_control_frame_t *
+RUBY_VM_END_CONTROL_FRAME(const rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+    return (rb_control_frame_t *)(ec->vm_stack + ec->vm_stack_size);
+}
+
+static inline int
+RUBY_VM_CONTROL_FRAME_STACK_OVERFLOW_P(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
+{
+    return !RUBY_VM_VALID_CONTROL_FRAME_P(cfp, RUBY_VM_END_CONTROL_FRAME(ec));
+}
+
+static inline int
+VM_BH_ISEQ_BLOCK_P(VALUE block_handler)
+{
+    if ((block_handler & 0x03) == 0x01) {
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0
+        struct rb_captured_block *captured = VM_TAGGED_PTR_REF(block_handler, 0x03);
+        VM_ASSERT(imemo_type_p(captured->code.val, imemo_iseq));
+#endif
+        return 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+VM_BH_FROM_ISEQ_BLOCK(const struct rb_captured_block *captured)
+{
+    VALUE block_handler = VM_TAGGED_PTR_SET(captured, 0x01);
+    VM_ASSERT(VM_BH_ISEQ_BLOCK_P(block_handler));
+    return block_handler;
+}
+
+static inline const struct rb_captured_block *
+VM_BH_TO_ISEQ_BLOCK(VALUE block_handler)
+{
+    struct rb_captured_block *captured = VM_TAGGED_PTR_REF(block_handler, 0x03);
+    VM_ASSERT(VM_BH_ISEQ_BLOCK_P(block_handler));
+    return captured;
+}
+
+static inline int
+VM_BH_IFUNC_P(VALUE block_handler)
+{
+    if ((block_handler & 0x03) == 0x03) {
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0
+        struct rb_captured_block *captured = (void *)(block_handler & ~0x03);
+        VM_ASSERT(imemo_type_p(captured->code.val, imemo_ifunc));
+#endif
+        return 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+VM_BH_FROM_IFUNC_BLOCK(const struct rb_captured_block *captured)
+{
+    VALUE block_handler = VM_TAGGED_PTR_SET(captured, 0x03);
+    VM_ASSERT(VM_BH_IFUNC_P(block_handler));
+    return block_handler;
+}
+
+static inline const struct rb_captured_block *
+VM_BH_TO_IFUNC_BLOCK(VALUE block_handler)
+{
+    struct rb_captured_block *captured = VM_TAGGED_PTR_REF(block_handler, 0x03);
+    VM_ASSERT(VM_BH_IFUNC_P(block_handler));
+    return captured;
+}
+
+static inline const struct rb_captured_block *
+VM_BH_TO_CAPT_BLOCK(VALUE block_handler)
+{
+    struct rb_captured_block *captured = VM_TAGGED_PTR_REF(block_handler, 0x03);
+    VM_ASSERT(VM_BH_IFUNC_P(block_handler) || VM_BH_ISEQ_BLOCK_P(block_handler));
+    return captured;
+}
+
+static inline enum rb_block_handler_type
+vm_block_handler_type(VALUE block_handler)
+{
+    if (VM_BH_ISEQ_BLOCK_P(block_handler)) {
+        return block_handler_type_iseq;
+    }
+    else if (VM_BH_IFUNC_P(block_handler)) {
+        return block_handler_type_ifunc;
+    }
+    else if (SYMBOL_P(block_handler)) {
+        return block_handler_type_symbol;
+    }
+    else {
+        VM_ASSERT(rb_obj_is_proc(block_handler));
+        return block_handler_type_proc;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline void
+vm_block_handler_verify(MAYBE_UNUSED(VALUE block_handler))
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(block_handler == VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE ||
+              (vm_block_handler_type(block_handler), 1));
+}
+
+static inline enum rb_block_type
+vm_block_type(const struct rb_block *block)
+{
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0
+    switch (block->type) {
+      case block_type_iseq:
+        VM_ASSERT(imemo_type_p(block->as.captured.code.val, imemo_iseq));
+        break;
+      case block_type_ifunc:
+        VM_ASSERT(imemo_type_p(block->as.captured.code.val, imemo_ifunc));
+        break;
+      case block_type_symbol:
+        VM_ASSERT(SYMBOL_P(block->as.symbol));
+        break;
+      case block_type_proc:
+        VM_ASSERT(rb_obj_is_proc(block->as.proc));
+        break;
+    }
+#endif
+    return block->type;
+}
+
+static inline void
+vm_block_type_set(const struct rb_block *block, enum rb_block_type type)
+{
+    struct rb_block *mb = (struct rb_block *)block;
+    mb->type = type;
+}
+
+static inline const struct rb_block *
+vm_proc_block(VALUE procval)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(rb_obj_is_proc(procval));
+    return &((rb_proc_t *)RTYPEDDATA_DATA(procval))->block;
+}
+
+static inline const rb_iseq_t *vm_block_iseq(const struct rb_block *block);
+static inline const VALUE *vm_block_ep(const struct rb_block *block);
+
+static inline const rb_iseq_t *
+vm_proc_iseq(VALUE procval)
+{
+    return vm_block_iseq(vm_proc_block(procval));
+}
+
+static inline const VALUE *
+vm_proc_ep(VALUE procval)
+{
+    return vm_block_ep(vm_proc_block(procval));
+}
+
+static inline const rb_iseq_t *
+vm_block_iseq(const struct rb_block *block)
+{
+    switch (vm_block_type(block)) {
+      case block_type_iseq: return rb_iseq_check(block->as.captured.code.iseq);
+      case block_type_proc: return vm_proc_iseq(block->as.proc);
+      case block_type_ifunc:
+      case block_type_symbol: return NULL;
+    }
+    VM_UNREACHABLE(vm_block_iseq);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static inline const VALUE *
+vm_block_ep(const struct rb_block *block)
+{
+    switch (vm_block_type(block)) {
+      case block_type_iseq:
+      case block_type_ifunc:  return block->as.captured.ep;
+      case block_type_proc:   return vm_proc_ep(block->as.proc);
+      case block_type_symbol: return NULL;
+    }
+    VM_UNREACHABLE(vm_block_ep);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+vm_block_self(const struct rb_block *block)
+{
+    switch (vm_block_type(block)) {
+      case block_type_iseq:
+      case block_type_ifunc:
+        return block->as.captured.self;
+      case block_type_proc:
+        return vm_block_self(vm_proc_block(block->as.proc));
+      case block_type_symbol:
+        return Qundef;
+    }
+    VM_UNREACHABLE(vm_block_self);
+    return Qundef;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+VM_BH_TO_SYMBOL(VALUE block_handler)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(SYMBOL_P(block_handler));
+    return block_handler;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+VM_BH_FROM_SYMBOL(VALUE symbol)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(SYMBOL_P(symbol));
+    return symbol;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+VM_BH_TO_PROC(VALUE block_handler)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(rb_obj_is_proc(block_handler));
+    return block_handler;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+VM_BH_FROM_PROC(VALUE procval)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(rb_obj_is_proc(procval));
+    return procval;
+}
+
+/* VM related object allocate functions */
+VALUE rb_thread_alloc(VALUE klass);
+VALUE rb_binding_alloc(VALUE klass);
+VALUE rb_proc_alloc(VALUE klass);
+VALUE rb_proc_dup(VALUE self);
+
+/* for debug */
+extern bool rb_vmdebug_stack_dump_raw(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_control_frame_t *cfp, FILE *);
+extern bool rb_vmdebug_debug_print_pre(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_control_frame_t *cfp, const VALUE *_pc, FILE *);
+extern bool rb_vmdebug_debug_print_post(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_control_frame_t *cfp, FILE *);
+
+#define SDR() rb_vmdebug_stack_dump_raw(GET_EC(), GET_EC()->cfp, stderr)
+#define SDR2(cfp) rb_vmdebug_stack_dump_raw(GET_EC(), (cfp), stderr)
+bool rb_vm_bugreport(const void *, FILE *);
+typedef void (*ruby_sighandler_t)(int);
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORMAT(RBIMPL_PRINTF_FORMAT, 4, 5)
+NORETURN(void rb_bug_for_fatal_signal(ruby_sighandler_t default_sighandler, int sig, const void *, const char *fmt, ...));
+
+/* functions about thread/vm execution */
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+VALUE rb_iseq_eval(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const rb_box_t *box);
+VALUE rb_iseq_eval_main(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+VALUE rb_iseq_path(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+VALUE rb_iseq_realpath(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+VALUE rb_iseq_pathobj_new(VALUE path, VALUE realpath);
+void rb_iseq_pathobj_set(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE path, VALUE realpath);
+
+int rb_ec_frame_method_id_and_class(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, ID *idp, ID *called_idp, VALUE *klassp);
+void rb_ec_setup_exception(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE mesg, VALUE cause);
+
+VALUE rb_vm_invoke_proc(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_proc_t *proc, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat, VALUE block_handler);
+
+VALUE rb_vm_make_proc_lambda(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const struct rb_captured_block *captured, VALUE klass, int8_t is_lambda);
+static inline VALUE
+rb_vm_make_proc(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const struct rb_captured_block *captured, VALUE klass)
+{
+    return rb_vm_make_proc_lambda(ec, captured, klass, 0);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_vm_make_lambda(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const struct rb_captured_block *captured, VALUE klass)
+{
+    return rb_vm_make_proc_lambda(ec, captured, klass, 1);
+}
+
+VALUE rb_vm_make_binding(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_control_frame_t *src_cfp);
+VALUE rb_vm_env_local_variables(const rb_env_t *env);
+VALUE rb_vm_env_numbered_parameters(const rb_env_t *env);
+const rb_env_t *rb_vm_env_prev_env(const rb_env_t *env);
+const VALUE *rb_binding_add_dynavars(VALUE bindval, rb_binding_t *bind, int dyncount, const ID *dynvars);
+void rb_vm_inc_const_missing_count(void);
+VALUE rb_vm_call_kw(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE recv, VALUE id, int argc,
+                 const VALUE *argv, const rb_callable_method_entry_t *me, int kw_splat);
+void rb_vm_pop_frame_no_int(rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+void rb_vm_pop_frame(rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+
+void rb_thread_start_timer_thread(void);
+void rb_thread_stop_timer_thread(void);
+void rb_thread_reset_timer_thread(void);
+void rb_thread_wakeup_timer_thread(int);
+
+static inline void
+rb_vm_living_threads_init(rb_vm_t *vm)
+{
+    ccan_list_head_init(&vm->workqueue);
+    ccan_list_head_init(&vm->ractor.set);
+#ifdef RUBY_THREAD_PTHREAD_H
+    ccan_list_head_init(&vm->ractor.sched.zombie_threads);
+#endif
+}
+
+typedef int rb_backtrace_iter_func(void *, VALUE, int, VALUE);
+rb_control_frame_t *rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_control_frame_t *cfp);
+rb_control_frame_t *rb_vm_get_binding_creatable_next_cfp(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_control_frame_t *cfp);
+VALUE *rb_vm_svar_lep(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_control_frame_t *cfp);
+int rb_vm_get_sourceline(const rb_control_frame_t *);
+void rb_vm_stack_to_heap(rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+void ruby_thread_init_stack(rb_thread_t *th, void *local_in_parent_frame);
+void rb_thread_malloc_stack_set(rb_thread_t *th, void *stack);
+rb_thread_t * ruby_thread_from_native(void);
+int ruby_thread_set_native(rb_thread_t *th);
+int rb_vm_control_frame_id_and_class(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp, ID *idp, ID *called_idp, VALUE *klassp);
+void rb_vm_rewind_cfp(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_control_frame_t *cfp);
+void rb_vm_env_write(const VALUE *ep, int index, VALUE v);
+VALUE rb_vm_bh_to_procval(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE block_handler);
+
+void rb_vm_register_special_exception_str(enum ruby_special_exceptions sp, VALUE exception_class, VALUE mesg);
+
+#define rb_vm_register_special_exception(sp, e, m) \
+    rb_vm_register_special_exception_str(sp, e, rb_usascii_str_new_static((m), (long)rb_strlen_lit(m)))
+
+void rb_gc_mark_machine_context(const rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+
+rb_cref_t *rb_vm_rewrite_cref(rb_cref_t *node, VALUE old_klass, VALUE new_klass);
+
+const rb_callable_method_entry_t *rb_vm_frame_method_entry(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp);
+const rb_callable_method_entry_t *rb_vm_frame_method_entry_unchecked(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp);
+
+#define sysstack_error GET_VM()->special_exceptions[ruby_error_sysstack]
+
+#define CHECK_VM_STACK_OVERFLOW0(cfp, sp, margin) do {                       \
+    STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_sp,  sizeof(*(sp))  == sizeof(VALUE));              \
+    STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_cfp, sizeof(*(cfp)) == sizeof(rb_control_frame_t)); \
+    const struct rb_control_frame_struct *bound = (void *)&(sp)[(margin)];   \
+    if (UNLIKELY((cfp) <= &bound[1])) {                                      \
+        vm_stackoverflow();                                                  \
+    }                                                                        \
+} while (0)
+
+#define CHECK_VM_STACK_OVERFLOW(cfp, margin) \
+    CHECK_VM_STACK_OVERFLOW0((cfp), (cfp)->sp, (margin))
+
+VALUE rb_catch_protect(VALUE t, rb_block_call_func *func, VALUE data, enum ruby_tag_type *stateptr);
+
+rb_execution_context_t *rb_vm_main_ractor_ec(rb_vm_t *vm); // ractor.c
+
+/* for thread */
+
+#if RUBY_VM_THREAD_MODEL == 2
+
+RUBY_EXTERN struct rb_ractor_struct *ruby_single_main_ractor; // ractor.c
+RUBY_EXTERN rb_vm_t *ruby_current_vm_ptr;
+RUBY_EXTERN rb_event_flag_t ruby_vm_event_flags;
+RUBY_EXTERN rb_event_flag_t ruby_vm_event_enabled_global_flags; // only ever added to
+RUBY_EXTERN unsigned int ruby_vm_iseq_events_enabled;
+RUBY_EXTERN unsigned int ruby_vm_c_events_enabled;
+
+#define GET_VM()     rb_current_vm()
+#define GET_RACTOR() rb_current_ractor()
+#define GET_THREAD() rb_current_thread()
+#define GET_EC()     rb_current_execution_context(true)
+
+static inline rb_serial_t
+rb_ec_serial(struct rb_execution_context_struct *ec)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(ec->serial >= 1);
+    return ec->serial;
+}
+
+static inline rb_thread_t *
+rb_ec_thread_ptr(const rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+    return ec->thread_ptr;
+}
+
+static inline rb_ractor_t *
+rb_ec_ractor_ptr(const rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+    const rb_thread_t *th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);
+    if (th) {
+        VM_ASSERT(th->ractor != NULL);
+        return th->ractor;
+    }
+    else {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline rb_vm_t *
+rb_ec_vm_ptr(const rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+    const rb_thread_t *th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);
+    if (th) {
+        return th->vm;
+    }
+    else {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+NOINLINE(struct rb_execution_context_struct *rb_current_ec_noinline(void));
+
+static inline rb_execution_context_t *
+rb_current_execution_context(bool expect_ec)
+{
+#ifdef RB_THREAD_LOCAL_SPECIFIER
+  #ifdef RB_THREAD_CURRENT_EC_NOINLINE
+    rb_execution_context_t * volatile ec = rb_current_ec();
+  #else
+    rb_execution_context_t * volatile ec = ruby_current_ec;
+  #endif
+
+    /* On the shared objects, `__tls_get_addr()` is used to access the TLS
+     * and the address of the `ruby_current_ec` can be stored on a function
+     * frame. However, this address can be mis-used after native thread
+     * migration of a coroutine.
+     *   1) Get `ptr = &ruby_current_ec` on NT1 and store it on the frame.
+     *   2) Context switch and resume it on the NT2.
+     *   3) `ptr` is used on NT2 but it accesses the TLS of NT1.
+     * This assertion checks such misusage.
+     *
+     * To avoid accidents, `GET_EC()` should be called once on the frame.
+     * Note that inlining can produce the problem.
+     */
+    VM_ASSERT(ec == rb_current_ec_noinline());
+#else
+    rb_execution_context_t * volatile ec = native_tls_get(ruby_current_ec_key);
+#endif
+    VM_ASSERT(!expect_ec || ec != NULL);
+    return ec;
+}
+
+static inline rb_thread_t *
+rb_current_thread(void)
+{
+    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    return rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);
+}
+
+static inline rb_ractor_t *
+rb_current_ractor_raw(bool expect)
+{
+    if (ruby_single_main_ractor) {
+        return ruby_single_main_ractor;
+    }
+    else {
+        const rb_execution_context_t *ec = rb_current_execution_context(expect);
+        return (expect || ec) ? rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec) : NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline rb_ractor_t *
+rb_current_ractor(void)
+{
+    return rb_current_ractor_raw(true);
+}
+
+static inline rb_vm_t *
+rb_current_vm(void)
+{
+#if 0 // TODO: reconsider the assertions
+    VM_ASSERT(ruby_current_vm_ptr == NULL ||
+              ruby_current_execution_context_ptr == NULL ||
+              rb_ec_thread_ptr(GET_EC()) == NULL ||
+              rb_ec_thread_ptr(GET_EC())->status == THREAD_KILLED ||
+              rb_ec_vm_ptr(GET_EC()) == ruby_current_vm_ptr);
+#endif
+
+    return ruby_current_vm_ptr;
+}
+
+void rb_ec_vm_lock_rec_release(const rb_execution_context_t *ec,
+                               unsigned int recorded_lock_rec,
+                               unsigned int current_lock_rec);
+
+/* This technically is a data race, as it's checked without the lock, however we
+ * check against a value only our own thread will write. */
+NO_SANITIZE("thread", static inline bool
+vm_locked_by_ractor_p(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_ractor_t *cr))
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(cr == GET_RACTOR());
+    return vm->ractor.sync.lock_owner == cr;
+}
+
+static inline unsigned int
+rb_ec_vm_lock_rec(const rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+    rb_vm_t *vm = rb_ec_vm_ptr(ec);
+
+    if (!vm_locked_by_ractor_p(vm, rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec))) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        return vm->ractor.sync.lock_rec;
+    }
+}
+
+#else
+#error "unsupported thread model"
+#endif
+
+enum {
+    TIMER_INTERRUPT_MASK         = 0x01,
+    PENDING_INTERRUPT_MASK       = 0x02,
+    POSTPONED_JOB_INTERRUPT_MASK = 0x04,
+    TRAP_INTERRUPT_MASK	         = 0x08,
+    TERMINATE_INTERRUPT_MASK     = 0x10,
+    VM_BARRIER_INTERRUPT_MASK    = 0x20,
+};
+
+#define RUBY_VM_SET_TIMER_INTERRUPT(ec)		ATOMIC_OR((ec)->interrupt_flag, TIMER_INTERRUPT_MASK)
+#define RUBY_VM_SET_INTERRUPT(ec)		ATOMIC_OR((ec)->interrupt_flag, PENDING_INTERRUPT_MASK)
+#define RUBY_VM_SET_POSTPONED_JOB_INTERRUPT(ec)	ATOMIC_OR((ec)->interrupt_flag, POSTPONED_JOB_INTERRUPT_MASK)
+#define RUBY_VM_SET_TRAP_INTERRUPT(ec)		ATOMIC_OR((ec)->interrupt_flag, TRAP_INTERRUPT_MASK)
+#define RUBY_VM_SET_TERMINATE_INTERRUPT(ec)     ATOMIC_OR((ec)->interrupt_flag, TERMINATE_INTERRUPT_MASK)
+#define RUBY_VM_SET_VM_BARRIER_INTERRUPT(ec)    ATOMIC_OR((ec)->interrupt_flag, VM_BARRIER_INTERRUPT_MASK)
+
+static inline bool
+RUBY_VM_INTERRUPTED(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+    return (ATOMIC_LOAD_RELAXED(ec->interrupt_flag) & ~(ec->interrupt_mask) & (PENDING_INTERRUPT_MASK|TRAP_INTERRUPT_MASK));
+}
+
+static inline bool
+RUBY_VM_INTERRUPTED_ANY(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+#if defined(USE_VM_CLOCK) && USE_VM_CLOCK
+    uint32_t current_clock = rb_ec_vm_ptr(ec)->clock;
+
+    if (current_clock != ec->checked_clock) {
+        ec->checked_clock = current_clock;
+        RUBY_VM_SET_TIMER_INTERRUPT(ec);
+    }
+#endif
+    return ATOMIC_LOAD_RELAXED(ec->interrupt_flag) & ~(ec)->interrupt_mask;
+}
+
+VALUE rb_exc_set_backtrace(VALUE exc, VALUE bt);
+int rb_signal_buff_size(void);
+int rb_signal_exec(rb_thread_t *th, int sig);
+void rb_threadptr_check_signal(rb_thread_t *mth);
+void rb_threadptr_signal_raise(rb_thread_t *th, int sig);
+void rb_threadptr_signal_exit(rb_thread_t *th);
+int rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts(rb_thread_t *, int);
+void rb_threadptr_interrupt(rb_thread_t *th);
+void rb_threadptr_unlock_all_locking_mutexes(rb_thread_t *th);
+void rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_clear(rb_thread_t *th);
+void rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_enque(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE v);
+VALUE rb_ec_get_errinfo(const rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+void rb_ec_error_print(rb_execution_context_t * volatile ec, volatile VALUE errinfo);
+void rb_execution_context_update(rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+void rb_execution_context_mark(const rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+void rb_fiber_close(rb_fiber_t *fib);
+void Init_native_thread(rb_thread_t *th);
+int rb_vm_check_ints_blocking(rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+
+// vm_sync.h
+void rb_vm_cond_wait(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_nativethread_cond_t *cond);
+void rb_vm_cond_timedwait(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_nativethread_cond_t *cond, unsigned long msec);
+
+#define RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(ec) rb_vm_check_ints(ec)
+static inline void
+rb_vm_check_ints(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+#ifdef RUBY_ASSERT_CRITICAL_SECTION
+    VM_ASSERT(ruby_assert_critical_section_entered == 0);
+#endif
+
+    VM_ASSERT(ec == rb_current_ec_noinline());
+
+    if (UNLIKELY(RUBY_VM_INTERRUPTED_ANY(ec))) {
+        rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts(rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec), 0);
+    }
+}
+
+/* tracer */
+
+struct rb_trace_arg_struct {
+    rb_event_flag_t event;
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec;
+    const rb_control_frame_t *cfp;
+    VALUE self;
+    ID id;
+    ID called_id;
+    VALUE klass;
+    VALUE data;
+
+    int klass_solved;
+
+    /* calc from cfp */
+    int lineno;
+    VALUE path;
+};
+
+void rb_hook_list_mark(rb_hook_list_t *hooks);
+void rb_hook_list_mark_and_move(rb_hook_list_t *hooks);
+void rb_hook_list_free(rb_hook_list_t *hooks);
+void rb_hook_list_connect_local_tracepoint(rb_hook_list_t *list, VALUE tpval, unsigned int target_line);
+bool rb_hook_list_remove_local_tracepoint(rb_hook_list_t *list, VALUE tpval);
+unsigned int rb_hook_list_count(rb_hook_list_t *list);
+
+void rb_exec_event_hooks(struct rb_trace_arg_struct *trace_arg, rb_hook_list_t *hooks, int pop_p);
+
+#define EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_ORIG(ec_, hooks_, flag_, self_, id_, called_id_, klass_, data_, pop_p_) do { \
+    const rb_event_flag_t flag_arg_ = (flag_); \
+    rb_hook_list_t *hooks_arg_ = (hooks_); \
+    if (UNLIKELY((hooks_arg_)->events & (flag_arg_))) { \
+        /* defer evaluating the other arguments */ \
+        rb_exec_event_hook_orig(ec_, hooks_arg_, flag_arg_, self_, id_, called_id_, klass_, data_, pop_p_); \
+    } \
+} while (0)
+
+static inline void
+rb_exec_event_hook_orig(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_hook_list_t *hooks, rb_event_flag_t flag,
+                        VALUE self, ID id, ID called_id, VALUE klass, VALUE data, int pop_p)
+{
+    struct rb_trace_arg_struct trace_arg;
+
+    VM_ASSERT((hooks->events & flag) != 0);
+
+    trace_arg.event = flag;
+    trace_arg.ec = ec;
+    trace_arg.cfp = ec->cfp;
+    trace_arg.self = self;
+    trace_arg.id = id;
+    trace_arg.called_id = called_id;
+    trace_arg.klass = klass;
+    trace_arg.data = data;
+    trace_arg.path = Qundef;
+    trace_arg.klass_solved = 0;
+
+    rb_exec_event_hooks(&trace_arg, hooks, pop_p);
+}
+
+struct rb_ractor_pub {
+    VALUE self;
+    uint32_t id;
+    rb_hook_list_t hooks;
+    st_table *targeted_hooks; // also called "local hooks". {ISEQ => hook_list, def => hook_list...}
+    unsigned int targeted_hooks_cnt; // ex: tp.enabled(target: method(:puts))
+};
+
+static inline rb_hook_list_t *
+rb_ec_ractor_hooks(const rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+    struct rb_ractor_pub *cr_pub = (struct rb_ractor_pub *)rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec);
+    return &cr_pub->hooks;
+}
+
+static inline rb_hook_list_t *
+rb_vm_global_hooks(const rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+    return &rb_ec_vm_ptr(ec)->global_hooks;
+}
+
+static inline rb_hook_list_t *
+rb_ec_hooks(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_event_flag_t event)
+{
+    // Should be a single bit set
+    VM_ASSERT(event != 0 && ((event - 1) & event) == 0);
+
+    if (event & RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_OBJSPACE_MASK) {
+        return rb_vm_global_hooks(ec);
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_ec_ractor_hooks(ec);
+    }
+}
+
+#define EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(ec_, flag_, self_, id_, called_id_, klass_, data_) \
+  EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_ORIG(ec_, rb_ec_hooks(ec_, flag_), flag_, self_, id_, called_id_, klass_, data_, 0)
+
+#define EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_AND_POP_FRAME(ec_, flag_, self_, id_, called_id_, klass_, data_) \
+  EXEC_EVENT_HOOK_ORIG(ec_, rb_ec_hooks(ec_, flag_), flag_, self_, id_, called_id_, klass_, data_, 1)
+
+static inline void
+rb_exec_event_hook_script_compiled(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE eval_script)
+{
+    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(ec, RUBY_EVENT_SCRIPT_COMPILED, ec->cfp->self, 0, 0, 0,
+                    NIL_P(eval_script) ? (VALUE)iseq :
+                    rb_ary_new_from_args(2, eval_script, (VALUE)iseq));
+}
+
+void rb_vm_trap_exit(rb_vm_t *vm);
+void rb_vm_postponed_job_atfork(void); /* vm_trace.c */
+void rb_vm_postponed_job_free(void); /* vm_trace.c */
+size_t rb_vm_memsize_postponed_job_queue(void); /* vm_trace.c */
+void rb_vm_postponed_job_queue_init(rb_vm_t *vm); /* vm_trace.c */
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+
+int rb_thread_check_trap_pending(void);
+
+/* #define RUBY_EVENT_RESERVED_FOR_INTERNAL_USE 0x030000 */ /* from vm_core.h */
+#define RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_LINE                0x010000
+#define RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_BRANCH              0x020000
+
+extern VALUE rb_get_coverages(void);
+extern void rb_set_coverages(VALUE, int, VALUE);
+extern void rb_clear_coverages(void);
+extern void rb_reset_coverages(void);
+extern void rb_resume_coverages(void);
+extern void rb_suspend_coverages(void);
+
+void rb_postponed_job_flush(rb_vm_t *vm);
+
+// ractor.c
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eRactorUnsafeError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eRactorIsolationError;
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#endif /* RUBY_VM_CORE_H */