danabr75-ashton 0.1.5

data/ext/ashton/ashton.c

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * module Ashton
+ *
+ * Ruby module extension for Gosu, implementing shaders and textures.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "ashton.h"
+
+VALUE rb_mAshton;
+
+void Init_ashton()
+{
+    rb_mAshton = rb_define_module("Ashton");
+
+    srand((float)time(NULL));
+
+    Init_Gosu();
+
+    Init_Ashton_Texture(rb_mAshton);
+    Init_Ashton_ParticleEmitter(rb_mAshton);
+    Init_Ashton_Shader(rb_mAshton);
+    Init_Ashton_PixelCache(rb_mAshton);
+    //Init_Ashton_WindowBuffer(rb_mAshton);
+
+
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mAshton, "fast_sin", Ashton_fast_sin, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mAshton, "fast_cos", Ashton_fast_cos, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mAshton, "fast_sin", Ashton_fast_sin, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mAshton, "fast_cos", Ashton_fast_cos, 1);
+}
+
+VALUE Ashton_fast_sin(VALUE self, VALUE angle)
+{
+    return rb_float_new(fast_sin_deg(NUM2DBL(angle)));
+}
+
+VALUE Ashton_fast_cos(VALUE self, VALUE angle)
+{
+   return rb_float_new(fast_cos_deg(NUM2DBL(angle)));
+}
+

data/ext/ashton/ashton.h

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * module Ashton
+ *
+ * Ruby module extension for Gosu, implementing shaders and textures.
+ *
+ */
+
+
+#ifndef ASHTON_H
+#define ASHTON_H
+
+#include <ruby.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+#include "common.h"
+#include "fast_math.h"
+
+#include "gosu.h"
+
+#include "texture.h"
+#include "particle_emitter.h"
+#include "pixel_cache.h"
+#include "shader.h"
+//#include "window_buffer.h"
+
+void Init_ashton();
+VALUE Ashton_fast_sin(VALUE self, VALUE angle);
+VALUE Ashton_fast_cos(VALUE self, VALUE angle);
+
+#endif // ASHTON_H
+

data/ext/ashton/color.c

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#include "color.h"
+
+VALUE rb_cColor;
+
+void Init_Gosu_Color(VALUE module)
+{
+    rb_cColor = rb_define_class_under(module, "Color", rb_cObject);
+
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cColor, "from_opengl", Gosu_Color_from_opengl, 1);
+
+    rb_define_method(rb_cColor, "to_opengl", Gosu_Color_to_opengl, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cColor, "to_i", Gosu_Color_to_i, 0);
+}
+
+VALUE Gosu_Color_from_opengl(VALUE klass, VALUE array)
+{
+    VALUE red = INT2NUM(round(NUM2DBL(rb_ary_entry(array, 0)) * 255.0));
+    VALUE green = INT2NUM(round(NUM2DBL(rb_ary_entry(array, 1)) * 255.0));
+    VALUE blue = INT2NUM(round(NUM2DBL(rb_ary_entry(array, 2)) * 255.0));
+    VALUE alpha = INT2NUM(round(NUM2DBL(rb_ary_entry(array, 3)) * 255.0));
+
+    return rb_funcall(klass, rb_intern("rgba"), 4, red, green, blue, alpha);
+}
+
+VALUE Gosu_Color_to_opengl(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE array = rb_ary_new();
+
+    rb_ary_push(array, rb_float_new(NUM2INT(rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("red"),   0)) / 255.0));
+    rb_ary_push(array, rb_float_new(NUM2INT(rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("green"), 0)) / 255.0));
+    rb_ary_push(array, rb_float_new(NUM2INT(rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("blue"),  0)) / 255.0));
+    rb_ary_push(array, rb_float_new(NUM2INT(rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("alpha"), 0)) / 255.0));
+
+    return array;
+}
+
+VALUE Gosu_Color_to_i(VALUE self)
+{
+   uint argb = (NUM2UINT(rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("alpha"), 0)) << 24) +
+               (NUM2UINT(rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("red"),   0)) << 16) +
+               (NUM2UINT(rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("green"), 0)) << 8) +
+                NUM2UINT(rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("blue"),  0));
+
+   return UINT2NUM(argb);
+}

data/ext/ashton/color.h

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * class Gosu::Color
+ *
+ *
+ */
+
+
+#ifndef GOSU_COLOR_H
+#define GOSU_COLOR_H
+
+#include <math.h>
+
+#include "common.h"
+
+void Init_Gosu_Color(VALUE module);
+
+// Singleton methods
+VALUE Gosu_Color_from_opengl(VALUE klass, VALUE array);
+
+// Methods
+VALUE Gosu_Color_to_opengl(VALUE self);
+VALUE Gosu_Color_to_i(VALUE self);
+
+#endif // GOSU_COLOR_H
+

data/ext/ashton/common.h

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#ifndef COMMON_H
+#define COMMON_H
+
+#include <ruby.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include "GLee.h"
+
+typedef unsigned char uchar;
+typedef unsigned int uint;
+typedef unsigned long ulong;
+
+// Colour based on integer values (0..255)
+typedef struct _color_i
+{
+    uchar red, green, blue, alpha;
+} Color_i;
+
+
+// Colour based on float values (0.0..1.0)
+typedef struct _color_f
+{
+    float red, green, blue, alpha;
+} Color_f;
+
+#define SYMBOL(STR) ID2SYM(rb_intern(STR))
+
+// Global variables for each Gosu module/class.
+extern VALUE rb_mGosu;
+extern VALUE rb_cColor;
+extern VALUE rb_cFont;
+extern VALUE rb_cImage;
+extern VALUE rb_cWindow;
+
+// Global variables for each Ashton module/class.
+extern VALUE rb_mAshton;
+extern VALUE rb_cPixelCache;
+extern VALUE rb_cShader;
+extern VALUE rb_cTexture;
+
+#endif // COMMON_H

data/ext/ashton/extconf.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+require 'mkmf'
+
+RUBY_VERSION =~ /(\d+.\d+)/
+extension_name = "ashton/#{$1}/ashton"
+
+dir_config(extension_name)
+
+case RUBY_PLATFORM
+  when /darwin/
+    # Everyone on OSX has plenty of OpenGL to go around.
+    $LDFLAGS <<  " -framework OpenGL"
+
+  when /win32|mingw/
+    gl_path = File.expand_path("../vendor/gl", __FILE__)
+    $LDFLAGS << %{ -L"#{gl_path}/lib"}
+    $CFLAGS  << %{ -I"#{gl_path}/include"}
+    exit unless have_library('opengl32.lib', 'glVertex3d') || have_library('opengl32')
+
+    exit unless have_header 'GL/gl.h'
+
+  else
+    $LDFLAGS << " -lGL"
+
+    # You are on Linux, so everything is hunky dory!
+    exit unless have_library 'GL'
+end
+
+# 1.9 compatibility
+$CFLAGS << ' -DRUBY_19' if RUBY_VERSION =~ /^1.9/
+
+# let's use a nicer C (rather than C90)
+$CFLAGS << " -std=gnu99"
+
+# Make it possible to use a debugger.
+#$CFLAGS << " -g -O0"
+
+if $warnflags
+  # Stop getting annoying warnings for valid C99 code.
+  $warnflags.gsub!('-Wdeclaration-after-statement', '') 
+  # Let's be good boys and girls!
+  $warnflags << ' -Wall' 
+end
+
+create_header
+create_makefile extension_name

data/ext/ashton/fast_math.c

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#include "fast_math.h"
+
+float sin_lookup[NUM_LOOKUP_VALUES];
+
+//
+void initialize_fast_math()
+{
+    for(int i = 0; i < NUM_LOOKUP_VALUES; i++)
+    {
+        float angle = (float)i / LOOKUPS_PER_DEGREE;
+        sin_lookup[i] = sin(DEGREES_TO_RADIANS(angle + LOOKUP_PRECISION));
+    }
+
+    // Ensure the cardinal directions are 100% accurate.
+    for (int i = 0; i <= 270; i += 90)
+    {
+        sin_lookup[i * LOOKUPS_PER_DEGREE] = sin(DEGREES_TO_RADIANS(i));
+    }
+}
+
+float fast_sin_deg(float degrees)
+{
+    // Normalize to 0..360 (i.e. 0..2PI)
+    degrees = fmod(degrees, 360.0f);
+    if(degrees < 0.0f) degrees += 360.0f;
+
+    int index = (int)(degrees * LOOKUPS_PER_DEGREE);
+
+    return sin_lookup[index % NUM_LOOKUP_VALUES];
+}

data/ext/ashton/fast_math.h

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// Lookup table based sin/cos using degrees.
+//
+// MUST call initialize_fast_math() before using the fast_ functions.
+
+#ifndef FAST_MATH_H
+#define FAST_MATH_H
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#define DEGREES_TO_RADIANS(ANGLE) ((ANGLE - 90) * (M_PI / 180.0f))
+
+#define LOOKUPS_PER_DEGREE 10
+
+// Enough for values from 0..360 inclusive
+#define NUM_LOOKUP_VALUES (360 * LOOKUPS_PER_DEGREE)
+
+#define LOOKUP_PRECISION (1.0f / LOOKUPS_PER_DEGREE)
+
+extern float sin_lookup[NUM_LOOKUP_VALUES];
+
+void initialize_fast_math();
+
+// sin implementation using lookup table, accepting degrees rather than radians.
+float fast_sin_deg(float degrees);
+
+// cos implementation using lookup table, accepting degrees rather than radians.
+#define fast_cos_deg(degrees) fast_sin_deg((degrees) + 90.0f)
+
+#endif // FAST_MATH_H

data/ext/ashton/font.c

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#include "font.h"
+
+VALUE rb_cFont;
+
+void Init_Gosu_Font(VALUE module)
+{
+    rb_cFont = rb_define_class_under(module, "Font", rb_cObject);
+}

data/ext/ashton/font.h

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/*
+ * class Gosu::Font
+ *
+ *
+ */
+
+
+#ifndef GOSU_FONT_H
+#define GOSU_FONT_H
+
+#include "common.h"
+
+void Init_Gosu_Font(VALUE module);
+
+#endif // GOSU_FONT_H
+

data/ext/ashton/gosu.c

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*
+ * module Gosu being extended.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "gosu.h"
+
+VALUE rb_mGosu;
+
+void Init_Gosu()
+{
+    rb_mGosu = rb_define_module("Gosu");
+
+    Init_Gosu_Color(rb_mGosu);
+    Init_Gosu_Font(rb_mGosu);
+    Init_Gosu_Image(rb_mGosu);
+    Init_Gosu_Window(rb_mGosu);
+}

data/ext/ashton/gosu.h

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/*
+ * module Gosu being extended.
+ *
+ */
+
+
+#ifndef GOSU_H
+#define GOSU_H
+
+#include "common.h"
+
+#include "color.h"
+#include "font.h"
+#include "image.h"
+#include "window.h"
+
+void Init_Gosu();
+
+#endif // GOSU_H

data/ext/ashton/image.c

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#include "image.h"
+
+VALUE rb_cImage;
+
+void Init_Gosu_Image(VALUE module)
+{
+    rb_cImage = rb_define_class_under(module, "Image", rb_cObject);
+}

data/ext/ashton/image.h

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/*
+ * class Gosu::Image
+ *
+ *
+ */
+
+
+#ifndef GOSU_IMAGE_H
+#define GOSU_IMAGE_H
+
+#include "common.h"
+
+void Init_Gosu_Image(VALUE module);
+
+#endif // GOSU_IMAGE_H
+

data/ext/ashton/particle_emitter.c

@@ -0,0 +1,788 @@
+#include "particle_emitter.h"
+
+// Helpers.
+inline static float randf();
+inline static float deviate(Range * range);
+static bool color_changes(ParticleEmitter* emitter);
+static bool texture_changes(ParticleEmitter* emitter);
+
+static void update_particle(ParticleEmitter* emitter, Particle* particle, const float delta);
+static void update_vbo(ParticleEmitter* emitter);
+static void draw_vbo(ParticleEmitter* emitter);
+
+static Vertex2d* write_particle_vertices(Vertex2d* vertex,
+                                         Particle* particle,
+                                         const uint width, const uint height);
+static uint write_vertices_for_particles(Vertex2d* vertex,
+                                         Particle* first, Particle* last,
+                                         const uint width, const uint height);
+
+static Vertex2d* write_particle_texture_coords(Vertex2d* texture_coord,
+                                               TextureInfo* texture_info);
+static void write_texture_coords_for_particles(Vertex2d* texture_coord,
+                                               Particle* first, Particle* last,
+                                               TextureInfo* texture_info);
+static void write_texture_coords_for_all_particles(Vertex2d *texture_coord,
+                                                   TextureInfo* texture_info,
+                                                   const uint num_particles);
+
+static Color_i* write_particle_colors(Color_i* color_out, Color_f* color_in);
+static void write_colors_for_particles(Color_i* color,
+                                       Particle* first, Particle* last);
+
+static uint color_to_argb(Color_f* color);
+
+static void init_vbo(ParticleEmitter* emitter);
+static VALUE particle_emitter_allocate(VALUE klass);
+static void particle_emitter_mark(ParticleEmitter* emitter);
+static void particle_emitter_free(ParticleEmitter* emitter);
+
+
+// === GETTERS & SETTERS ===
+GET_SET_EMITTER_DATA(x, rb_float_new, (float)NUM2DBL);
+GET_SET_EMITTER_DATA(y, rb_float_new, (float)NUM2DBL);
+GET_SET_EMITTER_DATA(z, rb_float_new, (float)NUM2DBL);
+GET_SET_EMITTER_DATA(gravity, rb_float_new, (float)NUM2DBL);
+
+GET_SET_EMITTER_DATA_RANGE(center_x, rb_float_new, (float)NUM2DBL);
+GET_SET_EMITTER_DATA_RANGE(center_y, rb_float_new, (float)NUM2DBL);
+
+GET_SET_EMITTER_DATA_RANGE(angular_velocity, rb_float_new, (float)NUM2DBL);
+GET_SET_EMITTER_DATA_RANGE(fade, rb_float_new, (float)NUM2DBL);
+GET_SET_EMITTER_DATA_RANGE(friction, rb_float_new, (float)NUM2DBL);
+GET_SET_EMITTER_DATA_RANGE(offset, rb_float_new, (float)NUM2DBL);
+GET_SET_EMITTER_DATA_RANGE(scale, rb_float_new, (float)NUM2DBL);
+GET_SET_EMITTER_DATA_RANGE(speed, rb_float_new, (float)NUM2DBL);
+GET_SET_EMITTER_DATA_RANGE(time_to_live, rb_float_new, (float)NUM2DBL);
+GET_SET_EMITTER_DATA_RANGE(zoom, rb_float_new, (float)NUM2DBL);
+
+GET_EMITTER_DATA(max_particles, max_particles, UINT2NUM);
+GET_EMITTER_DATA(count, count, UINT2NUM);
+
+// Special case of interval, since that should also alter the time until emission.
+
+//
+VALUE Ashton_ParticleEmitter_set_interval_min(VALUE self, VALUE value)
+{
+    EMITTER();
+    emitter->interval.min = (float)NUM2DBL(value);
+    emitter->time_until_emit = deviate(&emitter->interval);
+    return value;
+}
+
+//
+VALUE Ashton_ParticleEmitter_get_interval_min(VALUE self)
+{
+    EMITTER();
+    return rb_float_new(emitter->interval.min);
+}
+
+//
+VALUE Ashton_ParticleEmitter_set_interval_max(VALUE self, VALUE value)
+{
+    EMITTER();
+    emitter->interval.max = (float)NUM2DBL(value);
+    emitter->time_until_emit = deviate(&emitter->interval);
+    return value;
+}
+
+//
+VALUE Ashton_ParticleEmitter_get_interval_max(VALUE self)
+{
+    EMITTER();
+    return rb_float_new(emitter->interval.max);
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+void Init_Ashton_ParticleEmitter(VALUE module)
+{
+    initialize_fast_math(); // Needed to save HUGE amount of time calculating sin/cos all the time!
+
+    VALUE rb_cParticleEmitter = rb_define_class_under(module, "ParticleEmitter", rb_cObject);
+
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cParticleEmitter, particle_emitter_allocate);
+
+    rb_define_method(rb_cParticleEmitter, "initialize_", Ashton_ParticleEmitter_init, 4);
+
+    // Getters & Setters
+    DEFINE_METHOD_GET_SET(x);
+    DEFINE_METHOD_GET_SET(y);
+    DEFINE_METHOD_GET_SET(z);
+    DEFINE_METHOD_GET_SET(gravity);
+
+    DEFINE_METHOD_GET_SET_RANGE(angular_velocity);
+    DEFINE_METHOD_GET_SET_RANGE(center_x);
+    DEFINE_METHOD_GET_SET_RANGE(center_y);
+    DEFINE_METHOD_GET_SET_RANGE(fade);
+    DEFINE_METHOD_GET_SET_RANGE(friction);
+    DEFINE_METHOD_GET_SET_RANGE(interval);
+    DEFINE_METHOD_GET_SET_RANGE(offset);
+    DEFINE_METHOD_GET_SET_RANGE(scale);
+    DEFINE_METHOD_GET_SET_RANGE(speed);
+    DEFINE_METHOD_GET_SET_RANGE(time_to_live);
+    DEFINE_METHOD_GET_SET_RANGE(zoom);
+
+    // Getters
+    rb_define_method(rb_cParticleEmitter, "count", Ashton_ParticleEmitter_get_count, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cParticleEmitter, "max_particles", Ashton_ParticleEmitter_get_max_particles, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cParticleEmitter, "color_argb", Ashton_ParticleEmitter_get_color_argb, 0);
+
+    // Setters
+    rb_define_method(rb_cParticleEmitter, "color_argb=", Ashton_ParticleEmitter_set_color_argb, 1);
+
+    // Public methods.
+    rb_define_method(rb_cParticleEmitter, "draw", Ashton_ParticleEmitter_draw, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cParticleEmitter, "emit", Ashton_ParticleEmitter_emit, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cParticleEmitter, "update", Ashton_ParticleEmitter_update, 1);
+
+    rb_define_protected_method(rb_cParticleEmitter, "shader", Ashton_ParticleEmitter_get_shader, 0);
+    rb_define_protected_method(rb_cParticleEmitter, "shader=", Ashton_ParticleEmitter_set_shader, 1);
+
+    rb_define_protected_method(rb_cParticleEmitter, "image", Ashton_ParticleEmitter_get_image, 0);
+    rb_define_protected_method(rb_cParticleEmitter, "image=", Ashton_ParticleEmitter_set_image, 1);
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+// Ashton::ParticleEmitter#initialize
+VALUE Ashton_ParticleEmitter_init(VALUE self, VALUE x, VALUE y, VALUE z, VALUE max_particles)
+{
+    EMITTER();
+
+    emitter->x = (float)NUM2DBL(x);
+    emitter->y = (float)NUM2DBL(y);
+    emitter->z = (float)NUM2DBL(z);
+
+    // Create space for all the particles we'll ever need!
+    emitter->max_particles = NUM2UINT(max_particles);
+
+    init_vbo(emitter);
+
+    emitter->particles = ALLOC_N(Particle, emitter->max_particles);
+    memset(emitter->particles, 0, emitter->max_particles * sizeof(Particle));
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+//
+static void init_vbo(ParticleEmitter* emitter)
+{
+    if(!GL_ARB_vertex_buffer_object)
+    {
+       rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Ashton::ParticleEmitter requires GL_ARB_vertex_buffer_object, which is not supported by your OpenGL");
+    }
+
+    int num_vertices = emitter->max_particles * VERTICES_IN_PARTICLE;
+
+    emitter->color_array = ALLOC_N(Color_i, num_vertices);
+    emitter->color_array_offset = 0;
+
+    emitter->texture_coords_array = ALLOC_N(Vertex2d, num_vertices);
+    emitter->texture_coords_array_offset = sizeof(Color_i) * num_vertices;
+
+    emitter->vertex_array = ALLOC_N(Vertex2d, num_vertices);
+    emitter->vertex_array_offset = (sizeof(Color_i) + sizeof(Vertex2d)) * num_vertices;
+
+    // Create the VBO, but don't upload any data yet.
+    int data_size = (sizeof(Color_i) + sizeof(Vertex2d) + sizeof(Vertex2d)) * num_vertices;
+    glGenBuffersARB(1, &emitter->vbo_id);
+    glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, emitter->vbo_id);
+    glBufferDataARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, data_size, NULL, GL_STREAM_DRAW_ARB);
+
+    // Check the buffer was actually created.
+    int buffer_size = 0;
+    glGetBufferParameterivARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, GL_BUFFER_SIZE_ARB, &buffer_size);
+    if(buffer_size != data_size)
+    {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Failed to create a VBO [%d bytes] to hold emitter data.", data_size);
+    }
+
+    glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, 0);
+
+    return;
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+VALUE Ashton_ParticleEmitter_set_shader(VALUE self, VALUE shader)
+{
+    EMITTER();
+    emitter->rb_shader = shader;
+    return shader;
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+VALUE Ashton_ParticleEmitter_get_shader(VALUE self)
+{
+    EMITTER();
+    return emitter->rb_shader;
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+VALUE Ashton_ParticleEmitter_get_image(VALUE self)
+{
+    EMITTER();
+    return emitter->rb_image;
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+// Update the texture coordinates when a new image is chosen.
+VALUE Ashton_ParticleEmitter_set_image(VALUE self, VALUE image)
+{
+    EMITTER();
+
+    emitter->rb_image = image;
+
+    // Pixel size of image.
+    emitter->width = NUM2UINT(rb_funcall(image, rb_intern("width"), 0));
+    emitter->height = NUM2UINT(rb_funcall(image, rb_intern("height"), 0));
+
+    // Fill the array with all the same coords (won't be used if the image changes dynamically).
+    VALUE tex_info = rb_funcall(image, rb_intern("gl_tex_info"), 0);
+    emitter->texture_info.id     = FIX2UINT(rb_funcall(tex_info, rb_intern("tex_name"), 0));
+    emitter->texture_info.left   = (float)NUM2DBL(rb_funcall(tex_info, rb_intern("left"), 0));
+    emitter->texture_info.right  = (float)NUM2DBL(rb_funcall(tex_info, rb_intern("right"), 0));
+    emitter->texture_info.top    = (float)NUM2DBL(rb_funcall(tex_info, rb_intern("top"), 0));
+    emitter->texture_info.bottom = (float)NUM2DBL(rb_funcall(tex_info, rb_intern("bottom"), 0));
+
+    write_texture_coords_for_all_particles(emitter->texture_coords_array,
+                                           &emitter->texture_info,
+                                           emitter->max_particles);
+
+    // Push whole array to graphics card.
+    glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, emitter->vbo_id);
+
+    glBufferSubDataARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, emitter->texture_coords_array_offset,
+                       sizeof(Vertex2d) * VERTICES_IN_PARTICLE * emitter->max_particles,
+                       emitter->texture_coords_array);
+
+    glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, 0);
+
+    return image;
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+static VALUE particle_emitter_allocate(VALUE klass)
+{
+    ParticleEmitter* emitter = ALLOC(ParticleEmitter);
+    memset(emitter, 0, sizeof(ParticleEmitter));
+
+    return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, particle_emitter_mark, particle_emitter_free, emitter);
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+static void particle_emitter_mark(ParticleEmitter* emitter)
+{
+    if(!NIL_P(emitter->rb_shader)) rb_gc_mark(emitter->rb_shader);
+    rb_gc_mark(emitter->rb_image);
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+// Deallocate data structure and its contents.
+static void particle_emitter_free(ParticleEmitter* emitter)
+{
+    glDeleteBuffersARB(1, &emitter->vbo_id);
+    xfree(emitter->color_array);
+    xfree(emitter->texture_coords_array);
+    xfree(emitter->vertex_array);
+
+    xfree(emitter->particles);
+    xfree(emitter);
+}
+
+// === HELPERS ===
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+// Simple random numbers used by #deviate (0.0 <= randf() < 1.0)
+inline static float randf()
+{
+    return (float)rand() / RAND_MAX;
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+// Deviate a value from a median value within a range.
+inline static float deviate(Range * range)
+{
+    if(isfinite(range->min) && isfinite(range->max))
+    {
+        float deviation = (range->max - range->min) / 2.0;
+        return range->min + deviation + randf() * deviation - randf() * deviation;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return range->max;
+    }
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+static Vertex2d* write_particle_vertices(Vertex2d* vertex, Particle* particle,
+                                         const uint width, const uint height)
+{
+    // Totally ripped this code from Gosu :$
+    float sizeX = width * particle->scale;
+    float sizeY = height * particle->scale;
+
+    float offsX = fast_sin_deg(particle->angle);
+    float offsY = fast_cos_deg(particle->angle);
+
+    float distToLeftX   = +offsY * sizeX * particle->center_x;
+    float distToLeftY   = -offsX * sizeX * particle->center_x;
+    float distToRightX  = -offsY * sizeX * (1 - particle->center_x);
+    float distToRightY  = +offsX * sizeX * (1 - particle->center_x);
+    float distToTopX    = +offsX * sizeY * particle->center_y;
+    float distToTopY    = +offsY * sizeY * particle->center_y;
+    float distToBottomX = -offsX * sizeY * (1 - particle->center_y);
+    float distToBottomY = -offsY * sizeY * (1 - particle->center_y);
+
+    vertex->x = particle->x + distToLeftX  + distToTopX;
+    vertex->y = particle->y + distToLeftY  + distToTopY;
+    vertex++;
+
+    vertex->x = particle->x + distToRightX + distToTopX;
+    vertex->y = particle->y + distToRightY + distToTopY;
+    vertex++;
+
+    vertex->x = particle->x + distToRightX + distToBottomX;
+    vertex->y = particle->y + distToRightY + distToBottomY;
+    vertex++;
+
+    vertex->x = particle->x + distToLeftX  + distToBottomX;
+    vertex->y = particle->y + distToLeftY  + distToBottomY;
+    vertex++;
+
+    return vertex;
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+// Calculate the vertices for all active particles
+static uint write_vertices_for_particles(Vertex2d *vertex,
+                                         Particle* first, Particle* last,
+                                         const uint width, const uint height)
+{
+    int num_particles_written = 0;
+
+    for(Particle* particle = first; particle <= last; particle++)
+    {
+        if(particle->time_to_live > 0)
+        {
+            vertex = write_particle_vertices(vertex, particle, width, height);
+            num_particles_written++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return num_particles_written;
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+static Vertex2d* write_particle_texture_coords(Vertex2d* texture_coord,
+                                               TextureInfo* texture_info)
+{
+    texture_coord->x = texture_info->left;
+    texture_coord->y = texture_info->top;
+    texture_coord++;
+
+    texture_coord->x = texture_info->right;
+    texture_coord->y = texture_info->top;
+    texture_coord++;
+
+    texture_coord->x = texture_info->right;
+    texture_coord->y = texture_info->bottom;
+    texture_coord++;
+
+    texture_coord->x = texture_info->left;
+    texture_coord->y = texture_info->bottom;
+    texture_coord++;
+
+    return texture_coord;
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+// Write out texture coords, assuming image is animated.
+static void write_texture_coords_for_particles(Vertex2d *texture_coord,
+                                               Particle* first, Particle* last,
+                                               TextureInfo * texture_info)
+{
+    for(Particle* particle = first; particle <= last; particle++)
+    {
+        if(particle->time_to_live > 0)
+        {
+            texture_coord = write_particle_texture_coords(texture_coord, texture_info);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+// Write all texture coords, assuming the image isn't animated.
+static void write_texture_coords_for_all_particles(Vertex2d *texture_coord,
+                                                   TextureInfo * texture_info,
+                                                   const uint num_particles)
+{
+    for(uint i = 0; i < num_particles; i++)
+    {
+        texture_coord = write_particle_texture_coords(texture_coord, texture_info);
+    }
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+static Color_i* write_particle_colors(Color_i* color_out, Color_f* color_in)
+{
+    // Convert the color from float to int (1/4 the data size).
+    Color_i color;
+    color.red = color_in->red * 255;
+    color.green = color_in->green * 255;
+    color.blue = color_in->blue * 255;
+    color.alpha = color_in->alpha * 255;
+
+    *color_out = color;
+    color_out++;
+    *color_out = color;
+    color_out++;
+    *color_out = color;
+    color_out++;
+    *color_out = color;
+    color_out++;
+
+    return color_out;
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+static void write_colors_for_particles(Color_i *color,
+                                       Particle* first, Particle* last)
+{
+    for(Particle* particle = first; particle <= last; particle++)
+    {
+        if(particle->time_to_live > 0)
+        {
+            color = write_particle_colors(color, &particle->color);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------
+// Is the colour animated (e.g. is fade set)?
+static bool color_changes(ParticleEmitter* emitter)
+{
+   return ((emitter->fade.min != 0.0) || (emitter->fade.max != 0.0));
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------
+// Is the texture animated?
+static bool texture_changes(ParticleEmitter* emitter)
+{
+   return false;
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------
+static void update_vbo(ParticleEmitter* emitter)
+{
+    // Ensure that drawing order is correct by drawing in order of creation...
+
+    // First, we draw all those from after the current, going up to the last one.
+    Particle* first = &emitter->particles[emitter->next_particle_index];
+    Particle* last = &emitter->particles[emitter->max_particles - 1];
+    if(color_changes(emitter))
+    {
+        write_colors_for_particles(emitter->color_array,
+                                   first, last);
+    }
+    if(texture_changes(emitter))
+    {
+        write_texture_coords_for_particles(emitter->texture_coords_array,
+                                           first, last,
+                                           &emitter->texture_info);
+    }
+    uint num_particles_written = write_vertices_for_particles(emitter->vertex_array,
+                                                              first, last,
+                                                              emitter->width, emitter->height);
+
+    // When we copy the second half of the particles, we want to start writing further on.
+    uint offset = num_particles_written * VERTICES_IN_PARTICLE;
+
+    // Then go from the first to the current.
+    if(emitter->next_particle_index > 0)
+    {
+        Particle* first = &emitter->particles[0];
+        Particle* last = &emitter->particles[emitter->next_particle_index - 1];
+        if(color_changes(emitter))
+        {
+            write_colors_for_particles(&emitter->color_array[offset],
+                                       first, last);
+        }
+
+        if(texture_changes(emitter))
+        {
+            write_texture_coords_for_particles(&emitter->texture_coords_array[offset],
+                                               first, last,
+                                               &emitter->texture_info);
+        }
+
+        write_vertices_for_particles(&emitter->vertex_array[offset],
+                                     first, last,
+                                     emitter->width, emitter->height);
+    }
+
+    // Upload the data, but only as much as we are actually using.
+    glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, emitter->vbo_id);
+    if(color_changes(emitter))
+    {
+        glBufferSubDataARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, emitter->color_array_offset,
+                           sizeof(Color_i) * VERTICES_IN_PARTICLE * emitter->count,
+                           emitter->color_array);
+    }
+
+    if(texture_changes(emitter))
+    {
+        glBufferSubDataARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, emitter->texture_coords_array_offset,
+                           sizeof(Vertex2d) * VERTICES_IN_PARTICLE * emitter->count,
+                           emitter->texture_coords_array);
+    }
+
+    glBufferSubDataARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, emitter->vertex_array_offset,
+                       sizeof(Vertex2d) * VERTICES_IN_PARTICLE * emitter->count,
+                       emitter->vertex_array);
+
+    glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, 0);
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------
+static void draw_vbo(ParticleEmitter* emitter)
+{
+    glEnable(GL_BLEND);
+    glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, emitter->texture_info.id);
+
+    glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, emitter->vbo_id);
+
+    // Only use colour array if colours are dynamic. Otherwise a single colour setting is enough.
+    if(color_changes(emitter))
+    {
+        glEnableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY);
+        glColorPointer(4, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, 0, (void*)emitter->color_array_offset);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        glColor4fv((GLfloat*)&emitter->color);
+    }
+
+    // Always use the texture array, even if it is static.
+    glEnableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY);
+    glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, (void*)emitter->texture_coords_array_offset);
+
+    // Vertex array will always be dynamic.
+    glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
+    glVertexPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, (void*)emitter->vertex_array_offset);
+
+    glDrawArrays(GL_QUADS, 0, emitter->count * VERTICES_IN_PARTICLE);
+
+    if(color_changes(emitter)) glDisableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY);
+    glDisableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY);
+    glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
+
+    glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, 0);
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+static VALUE draw_block(VALUE yield_value, VALUE self, int argc, VALUE argv[])
+{
+    EMITTER();
+
+    if(!NIL_P(emitter->rb_shader))
+    {
+        rb_funcall(emitter->rb_shader, rb_intern("image="), 1, emitter->rb_image);
+        rb_funcall(emitter->rb_shader, rb_intern("color="), 1, UINT2NUM(color_to_argb(&emitter->color)));
+    }
+
+    draw_vbo(emitter);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+// Convert Color structure into 0xAARRGGBB value.
+static uint color_to_argb(Color_f* color)
+{
+    uint argb = ((((uint)(color->alpha * 255.0)) & 0xff) << 24) +
+                ((((uint)(color->red   * 255.0)) & 0xff) << 16) +
+                ((((uint)(color->green * 255.0)) & 0xff) <<  8) +
+                 (((uint)(color->blue  * 255.0)) & 0xff);
+
+    return argb;
+}
+
+// === Getters & setters ===
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+// #color
+VALUE Ashton_ParticleEmitter_get_color_argb(VALUE self)
+{
+    EMITTER();
+
+    uint color = color_to_argb(&emitter->color);
+
+    return UINT2NUM(color);
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+// #color=
+VALUE Ashton_ParticleEmitter_set_color_argb(VALUE self, VALUE color)
+{
+    EMITTER();
+
+    uint argb = NUM2UINT(color);
+
+    emitter->color.alpha = ((argb >> 24) & 0xff) / 255.0;
+    emitter->color.red   = ((argb >> 16) & 0xff) / 255.0;
+    emitter->color.green = ((argb >>  8) & 0xff) / 255.0;
+    emitter->color.blue  =  (argb        & 0xff) / 255.0;
+
+    return color;
+}
+
+// === METHODS ===
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+// #draw
+VALUE Ashton_ParticleEmitter_draw(VALUE self)
+{
+    EMITTER();
+
+    if(emitter->count == 0) return Qnil;
+
+    VALUE window = rb_gv_get("$window");
+    VALUE z = rb_float_new(emitter->z);
+
+    // Enable the shader, if provided.
+    if(!NIL_P(emitter->rb_shader)) rb_funcall(emitter->rb_shader, rb_intern("enable"), 1, z);
+
+    // Run the actual drawing operation at the correct Z-order.
+    rb_block_call(window, rb_intern("gl"), 1, &z,
+                  RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(draw_block), self);
+
+    // Disable the shader, if provided.
+    if(!NIL_P(emitter->rb_shader)) rb_funcall(emitter->rb_shader, rb_intern("disable"), 1, z);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+// #emit
+// Generate a single particle.
+VALUE Ashton_ParticleEmitter_emit(VALUE self)
+{
+    EMITTER();
+
+    // Find the first dead particle in the heap, or overwrite the oldest one.
+    Particle* particle = &emitter->particles[emitter->next_particle_index];
+
+    // If we are replacing an old one, remove it from the count and clear it to fresh.
+    if(particle->time_to_live > 0)
+    {
+        // Kill off and replace one with time to live :(
+        memset(particle, 0, sizeof(Particle));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        emitter->count++; // Dead or never been used.
+    }
+
+    // Lets move the index onto the next one, or loop around.
+    emitter->next_particle_index = (emitter->next_particle_index + 1) % emitter->max_particles;
+
+    // Which way will the particle move?
+    float movement_angle = randf() * 360;
+    float speed = deviate(&emitter->speed);
+
+    // How far away from the origin will the particle spawn?
+    float offset = deviate(&emitter->offset);
+    float position_angle = randf() * 360;
+
+    particle->angle = position_angle; // TODO: Which initial facing?
+    particle->x = emitter->x + fast_sin_deg(position_angle) * offset;
+    particle->y = emitter->y + fast_cos_deg(position_angle) * offset;
+    particle->velocity_x = sin(movement_angle) * speed;
+    particle->velocity_y = cos(movement_angle) * speed;
+
+    particle->color = emitter->color;
+
+    particle->angular_velocity = deviate(&emitter->angular_velocity);
+    particle->center_x = deviate(&emitter->center_x);
+    particle->center_y = deviate(&emitter->center_y);
+    particle->fade = deviate(&emitter->fade);
+    particle->friction = deviate(&emitter->friction);
+    particle->scale = deviate(&emitter->scale);
+    particle->time_to_live = deviate(&emitter->time_to_live);
+    particle->zoom = deviate(&emitter->zoom);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+static void update_particle(ParticleEmitter* emitter, Particle* particle,
+                            const float delta)
+{
+    // Apply friction
+    particle->velocity_x *= 1.0 - particle->friction * delta;
+    particle->velocity_y *= 1.0 - particle->friction * delta;
+
+    // Gravity.
+    particle->velocity_y += emitter->gravity * delta;
+
+    // Move
+    particle->x += particle->velocity_x * delta;
+    particle->y += particle->velocity_y * delta;
+
+    // Rotate.
+    particle->angle += particle->angular_velocity * delta;
+
+    // Resize.
+    particle->scale += particle->zoom * delta;
+
+    // Fade out.
+    particle->color.alpha -= (particle->fade / 255.0) * delta;
+
+    particle->time_to_live -= delta;
+
+    // Die if out of time, invisible or shrunk to nothing.
+    if((particle->time_to_live <= 0) ||
+            (particle->color.alpha <= 0) ||
+            (particle->scale <= 0))
+    {
+        particle->time_to_live = 0;
+        emitter->count -= 1;
+    }
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------
+// #update(delta)
+VALUE Ashton_ParticleEmitter_update(VALUE self, VALUE delta)
+{
+    EMITTER();
+
+    float _delta = (float)NUM2DBL(delta);
+    if(_delta < 0.0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "delta must be >= 0");
+
+    if(emitter->count > 0)
+    {
+        Particle* particle = emitter->particles;
+        Particle* last = &emitter->particles[emitter->max_particles - 1];
+        for(; particle <= last; particle++)
+        {
+            // Ignore particles that are already dead.
+            if(particle->time_to_live > 0)
+            {
+                update_particle(emitter, particle, _delta);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Time to emit one (or more) new particles?
+    emitter->time_until_emit -= _delta;
+    while(emitter->time_until_emit <= 0)
+    {
+        rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("emit"), 0);
+        emitter->time_until_emit += deviate(&emitter->interval);
+    }
+
+    // Copy all the current data onto the graphics card.
+    if(emitter->count > 0) update_vbo(emitter);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}